The invention provides the art with a powerful diagnostic method of distinguishing relapse-remitting MS subjects from progressive MS subjects, based on the measurement of serum concentrations of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc,), for the first time enabling rapid diagnosis of the progressive form of MS. GlcNAc serum concentration can also be used to assess neurodegenerative status and MS progression in subjects suffering from MS or other neurological conditions. The methods of the invention also allow for the identification of new therapeutics for MS and other neurological conditions and also enables the personalized efficacy assessment of a potential therapy for an MS subject.

Examination of a test sample to determine the presence or quantity of succination of proteins is described. Examination can be via protein hydrolysis in total succination determination or via enzymatic digestion of isolated proteins and determination of the presence or quantity of modified peptides. The methods can be utilized for determination of excessive succination of lymph system proteins, which can be utilized in prevention or early detection of lymphopenia. Methods can be utilized for test samples of subjects under treatment with dimethyl fumarate suffering from multiple sclerosis. Methods can be utilized as a determination that treatment of the subject with DMF should be slowed or stopped.

Disclosed are methods, compositions and kits for detecting Multiple Sclerosis (MS) as well as for distinguishing relapsing-remitting (RRMS) and secondary progressive (SPMS) MS subtypes with high overall accuracy. Autoantibody antigens and biomarkers, for the diagnosis of MS in general, RRMS and SPMS, as well as for the identification of a subject at risk for developing MS, and for the generation of patient-specific MS autoantibody biomarker profiles are also provided.

The serotonin receptor 5HT2A (5HT2aR) and membrane NADPH oxidases (NOX enzymes) are found to be a target of autoantibodies present in Multiple Sclerosis patients. The present invention refers to peptides comprised in the extracellular regions of the human 5HT2aR and/or NOXs for diagnosis and therapy of Multiple Sclerosis.

The present invention relates to methods for providing the state of a disease in a subject comprising the steps of determining at least two parameters indicative of the state of a disease in the subject at a first time point; combining the determined parameters to provide a signature indicative of the disease state at the first time point; repeating the previous steps to provide at least one further signature at a later time point; and combining the provided signatures in the previous step to provide a progression marker indicative of the disease state in the subject. The invention furthermore relates to a pharmaceutical composition for use in treating a disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Also provided is a mobile device carrying out the methods of the invention.

Provided is a novel high sensitive method for assaying misfolded SOD1 in a body fluid of a subject, in particular in the cerebrospinal fluid. This method is based on a novel highly sensitive immunoassay making use of a unique epitope of SOD1 and corresponding anti-SOD1 antibodies. In addition, kits comprising the components of the immunoassay are provided.

An antibody for being specifically bound to a pro brain-derived neurotrophic factor (pro-BDNF) and a bound epitope. The antibody and the protein are used for treating autoimmune diseases. By inhibiting the activity induced by the pro-BDNF, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosus, lupus nephriti, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, asthma or cystic fibrosis, multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune diseases are treated.

Disclosed herein, are methods of detecting multiple sclerosis in a subject by measuring relative abundances of multiple oral microbiota in sample. Also, disclosed herein are methods of treatment and prophylaxis of MS.

The present disclosure provides treatments for neurodegenerative disorders and more particularly to methods for treatment of patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), or Alzheimer's disease of different degrees of severity. The methods for treatment of patients who have suffered neurodegenerative diseases and specifically MS, ALS, or Alzheimer's disease includes administering a xenon gas mixture in subjects with elevated levels of neurodegenerative microglia (MGnD), e.g., determined based on levels of inflammatory biomarkers, measured in blood, serum and CSF, or levels of CLEC7A (Dectin-1)/Translocator Protein (TSPO) expression, e.g., measured using TSPO imaging.

Provided is a novel kit and assay for free and lipid-bound (exosomal) Hsp70. In particular, an ELISA is described for determining the level of Hsp70 in sample derived from a body fluid of a subject, characterized in that the level of Hsp70 is determined by an anti-Hsp70 antibody.