A DISPLACEMENT SENSOR FOR USE IN MEASURING BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS

Abstract

The present disclosure concerns a sensor assembly for measuring displacement of a contact surface at least along a central axis of the assembly caused by pressure applied on the surface by the skin of a user during measurement of at least one biological parameter of the user.

Claims

1-58. (canceled)

59. A system for determining a biological parameter of a subject, the system comprising: (i) a displacement sensor comprising: a contact surface configured to contact skin surface of the subject; a sensing unit having at least one light detector and at least one light source with an optical axis defined between them, the light source being configured to emit light directly toward the sensor which is configured to detect the light; and a light blocking member associated with the sensing unit, such that displacement of the contact surface induces the blocking member to block light propagating along said axis in a manner proportional to the displacement of the contact surface, in response to pressure change of the skin on the contact surface, to obtain data indicative of displacement of the contact surface; (ii) a control unit in data communication with the displacement sensor for receiving data indicative of said movement of the contact surface; said control unit comprises extractor module for extracting the biological parameter from the data indicative of movement of a skin surface.

60. The system of claim 59, wherein the displacement sensor comprises: a contact surface facing towards an exterior of the assembly and configured to be brought into at least an indirect contact with the skin of a user, the contact surface being movable along a central axis of the assembly when pressure is applied thereto from the exterior of the assembly; a sensing unit having an optical axis and comprising at least one detector and at least one light source configured to emit light along the optical axis directly towards the detector; a light blocking member associated with the sensing unit; and a mounting arrangement, by virtue of which the sensing unit and the blocking member are mounted within an interior of the assembly so that one of these members is fixedly associated with the contact surface so as to be movable therewith, and the other one of these members is free of such fixed association with the contact surface, the arrangement being such that movement of the member associated with the contact surface relative to the member, which is free of such association, is configured to cause the light blocking member to at least partially block light emitted by the light source towards the detector, allowing that light from the light source received by the light detector to be indicative of the displacement of the contact surface.

61. The system of claim 59, wherein the biological parameter comprises blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation or respiration rate; and wherein the extractor configured and operable for at least one of (i) applying at least one of pulse pressure wave analysis models, (ii) identifying the DC component of the data; or (iii) applying a signal filter.

62. The system of claim 59, further comprising an optical biological sensor having a common contact surface with the displacement sensor.

63. The system of claim 59, further comprising an electric-based biological sensor that comprises a sensing surface continuously surrounding the contact surface of the displacement sensor.

64. The system of claim 59, further comprising a first displacement sensor and a second displacement sensor, at least one of the first and second displacement sensors is in data communication with an optical biological sensor and having a common contact surface therewith, and being configured for providing said optical biological sensor data indicative of the movement of the common sensing surface.

65. A measuring device comprising the system of claim 59.

66. The measuring device of claim 64, wherein the measuring device is configured as a wristwatch or in the form of a ring-shaped element configured to be worn on a finger of a subject.

67. A displacement sensor assembly configured for use in measuring a biological parameter at the skin of a user, the displacement sensor assembly comprising: a skin contact surface facing towards an exterior of the assembly and configured for contacting the skin of a user, and movable along a central axis of the assembly in response to pressure change at the skin; a sensing unit disposed within an interior of the assembly and having an optical axis lying in a plane perpendicular to the central axis of the assembly; the sensing unit comprises a light source configured to emit light along the optical axis and a light detector facing towards the light source and configured to detect light emitted by the light source directly towards the detector; and a light blocking member operative to change the amount of light reaching the detector directly from the light source in consequence with displacement of the contact surface, whereby the light received by the light detector being indicative of the displacement of the contact surface.

68. The sensor assembly of claim 67, further comprising a contact surface holding member having a central axis perpendicular to the contact surface, the contact surface holding member being movable along said central axis when pressure is applied to the contact surface from the exterior of the assembly.

69. The sensor assembly of claim 68, wherein the contact surface holding member has the contact surface at its distal end and a base surface at its proximal end spaced from the distal end along the central axis, and the assembly further comprises a static supporting structure, and wherein one of the sensing unit and the light blocking member is fixedly mounted to the base surface and is thus movable together with the contact surface holding member, and the other of these members is fixedly mounted to the static supporting structure; and wherein the base surface is perpendicular to the central axis of the assembly and the sensing unit is fixedly mounted thereto.

70. The sensor assembly of claim 67, constituting an artifact sensor assembly in a measuring device comprising, in addition thereto, at least one biological sensor configured to measure at least one biological parameter.

71. A measuring device comprising at least one biological sensor and further comprising a sensor assembly according to claim 67, configured to increase accuracy of operation of the biological sensor, the biological sensor being configured for optically measuring at least one biological parameter of a user, optionally at least one of a heart rate and heart rate variability.

72. The measuring device of claim 71, wherein the biological sensor faces in the same direction as the contact surface; and wherein the biological sensor is fixed to the contact surface.

73. The measuring device of claim 71, wherein the contact surface constitutes part of a structure, which holds the at least one biological sensor configured for said optical measuring through the contact surface.

74. The measuring device of claim 71, further comprising a control unit in data communication with the detector of the sensor assembly, said control unit comprising an analyzer configured to analyze the data received from the detector and generate data indicative of displacement of the contact surface; and an output module for communicating said data.

75. The measuring device of claim 71, wherein the biological sensor is one of Electroencephalogram (EEG), Electrocardiography (ECG), photoplethysmograph (PPG), and Galvanic Skin Response (GSR).

76. A measuring device, comprising: a displacement sensor assembly configured for use in measuring a biological parameter at the skin of a user, the displacement sensor assembly including: a contact surface facing towards an exterior of the assembly for contacting the skin of a user, the contact surface being movable along a central axis of the assembly in response to pressure change at the skin; a sensing unit having an optical axis and comprising at least one detector and at least one light source configured to emit light along the optical axis directly towards the detector; a light blocking member associated with the sensing unit; and a mounting arrangement, by virtue of which the sensing unit and the blocking member are mounted within an interior of the assembly so that one of the sensing unit and the blocking member members is fixedly associated with the contact surface so as to be movable therewith, and the other one is free of such fixed association with the contact surface, the arrangement being such that movement of the member associated with the contact surface relative to the member, which is free of such association, is configured to cause the light blocking member to at least partially block light emitted by the light source towards the detector, allowing that light from the light source received by the light detector to be indicative of the displacement of the contact surface; and at least one biological sensor configured for optically measuring at least one biological parameter of a user, optionally at least one of a heart rate and heart rate variability, the biological sensor is being fixed to the contact surface and facing the same direction as the contact surface for performing the optical measurement via the contact surface.

77. A measuring device, comprising: a displacement sensor assembly configured for use in measuring a biological parameter at the skin of a user, the displacement sensor assembly comprises a contact surface facing towards an exterior of the assembly and configured for contacting the skin of a user, and movable along a central axis of the assembly in response to pressure change at the skin; a sensing unit disposed within an interior of the assembly and having an optical axis lying in a plane perpendicular to the central axis of the assembly; the sensing unit comprises a light source configured to emit light along the optical axis and a light detector facing towards the light source and configured to detect light emitted by the light source directly towards the detector; and a light blocking member operative to change the amount of light reaching the detector directly from the light source in consequence with displacement of the contact surface, whereby the light received by the light detector being indicative of the displacement of the contact surface; at least one biological sensor fixed to the contact surface and faces in the same direction as the contact surface, the biological sensor is configured for optically measuring at least one biological parameter of a user, optionally at least one of a heart rate and heart rate variability, the contact surface constituting part of a structure, which hold the at least one biological sensor.

78. A system for determining a biological parameter of a subject, the system comprising: (i) a displacement sensor comprising: a contact surface configured to contact skin surface of the subject; a sensing unit having at least one light detector and at least one light source with an optical axis defined between them, the light source being configured to emit light directly toward the sensor which is configured to detect the light; and a light blocking member associated with the sensing unit, such that displacement of the contact surface induces the blocking member to block light propagating along said axis in a manner proportional to the displacement of the contact surface to obtain data indicative of displacement of the contact surface; (ii) a control unit in data communication with the displacement sensor for receiving data indicative of said movement of the contact surface; said control unit comprises extractor module for extracting the biological parameter from the data indicative of movement of a skin surface; and (iii) an optical biological sensor having a common contact surface with the displacement sensor.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0128] In order to better understand the subject matter that is disclosed herein and to exemplify how it may be carried out in practice, embodiments will now be described, by way of non-limiting examples only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0129] FIG. 1A is an isomeric side view of a sensor assembly according to an example of one aspect of the present disclosure;

[0130] FIG. 1B is a schematic top view of the sensor assembly shown in FIG. 1B;

[0131] FIG. 1C is a schematic side view of the sensor assembly shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B;

[0132] FIGS. 2A and 2B are schematic illustrations of the relative movement of a blocking member with respect to a contact surface holding member of a sensor assembly according to another example of the present disclosure;

[0133] FIGS. 3A and 3B are schematic illustrations the relative movement of a blocking member with respect to a substrate of a sensor assembly according to a still further example of the present disclosure;

[0134] FIG. 4 is a schematic bottom view of a measuring device, according to a further example of the present disclosure;

[0135] FIG. 5 is perspective bottom view of a measuring device according to a still further example of the present disclosure;

[0136] FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating operational components of a measuring device of the kind shown in FIGS. 4 and 5;

[0137] FIGS. 7A-7B are block diagrams illustrating operational components of a measuring system including displacement sensor according to the present disclosure;

[0138] FIGS. 8A-8B are schematic perspective views of examples of the system of the present disclosure integrated into a wrist watch;

[0139] FIGS. 9A-9B are schematic side views of examples of a fixation element in a form of a clip comprising the displacement sensor of the present disclosure. FIG. 9A shows the clip as a whole; FIG. 9B shows the interior elements of the clip;

[0140] FIG. 10 is a schematic illustration of an example of fixation of the displacement sensor of the present disclosure onto a ring-shaped element;

[0141] FIG. 11 is a block diagram exemplifying the flow of the method for measuring a biological parameter of a subject according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0142] FIG. 12 is an example of comparative results of signals obtained from the skin of a subject between a PPG sensor and the displacement sensor of the present disclosure;

[0143] FIGS. 13A-13B are block diagrams of non-limiting example of embodiments of a displacement sensor and measuring device according to the present disclosure; and

[0144] FIG. 14 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a non-limiting example of an embodiment of the Hall-effect based displacement sensor according to the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

[0145] FIGS. 1A to 1C illustrate one example of a sensor assembly configured for measuring displacements of its contact surface along a central axis Z of the assembly, caused by pressure externally exerted thereon, by the skin of a user during measurements of at least one biological parameter thereat.

[0146] The sensor assembly 100 further comprises a detection unit 109 mounted within the interior INT of the sensor assembly and configured to measure the displacement of the member 101 caused by the application of pressure to the contact surface 102 from the exterior of the sensor assembly.

[0147] The member 101 is held by a flexible membrane 110 so that a distal part 103 of the member 101 associated with the contact surface 102 is disposed at one side of the membrane 110 and a proximal part 105 of the member 101 associated with its proximal end 104 is disposed at the other, opposite side of the membrane 110. If the sensor assembly 101 is used in a disposition as shown in FIG. 1A, where its contact surface and the flexible membrane are oriented generally horizontally, the distal part 103 of the member 101 with the contact surface 102 itself is located below the membrane 110, and the proximal part 105 is located above the membrane 110. It is to be noted that the terms “below” and “above” are used for convenience purposes only and are not limiting in any way.

[0148] The flexible membrane 110 has a central area 121, at which the member 101 is held thereby, and a peripheral area 111 along which it is fixedly mounted to a static supporting structure 114 so as to allow the central area to flex along the central axis Z of the assembly, which in the present example constitutes an axis of symmetry of the member 101 and the flexible membrane 110. A plane X-Y defined by the membrane in its original state is perpendicular to the central axis Z. Any suitable fixation means can be used for the fixation of the circumferential periphery 111 of the flexible membrane 110 to the supporting structure 114 such as for example a glue, a plurality of fixation screws or bolts, or the like.

[0149] The member 101 can be in the form of a unitary body or it can be integrally assembled from a number of elements to function as a unitary body. Furthermore, the member 101 can be formed as an integral assembly with the flexible membrane 110. Alternatively, the membrane 110 can have an opening with a rim received within a corresponding groove of the contact surface holding member disposed between its distal and proximal parts (not seen). Member 101 can have a hollow structure and its internal space may be used to accommodate electric or optical components, or one or more biological sensors, e.g. a PPG and/or ECG sensor. In some embodiments, the biological sensor is a PPG sensor surrounded by an ECG electrode. The ECG electrode is typically made of stainless steel and can be coated with silver chloride or silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) coating.

[0150] The proximal part 105 of the member 101 constitutes a base and its proximal end 104 constitutes a base surface, to which a part of the detection unit 109 is fixedly mounted so as to be moved together with the member 101 relative to another part of the detection unit 109 fixedly mounted to the supporting structure 114. In the present example the base surface 105 at least partially lies in a plane which is perpendicular to the central axis Z.

[0151] The detection unit 109 comprises a light source 106 and a detector 108 constituting a sensing unit 107 of the sensor assembly 100, and a light blocking member 112. The light source 106 and the detector 108 face each other along an optical axis O of the sensing unit 107, as can be best seen in FIG. 1B, such that light emitted from the light source 106, if not blocked, can be directly received by the detector 108. Namely, the light emitted from the light source 106 propagates freely, without any particular reflections, towards the detector 108.

[0152] In the present example, the sensing unit 107 constitutes the part of the detection unit 109 that is fixedly mounted to the base surface 104 of the contact surface holding member 101, and the light blocking member 112 constitutes the part of the detection unit 109 that is mounted to the supporting structure. The mutual disposition of the sensing unit 107 and the light blocking member 112 is such that the light source and the detector are located on two sides of the light blocking member 112 at least during blocking operation thereof. More particularly, the above mutual disposition is such that, when the sensing unit 107 moves together with the contact surface holding member 101 relative to the light blocking member 112 and the supporting structure 114, the position of the light blocking member 112 in the direction perpendicular to the optical axis O of the sensing unit 107 changes between a minimal blocking position, in which a minimum amount of light propagating from the light source 106 to the detector 108 reaches the detector, and a maximal blocking position, in which a maximal amount of light propagating from the light source 106 to the detector 108 is blocked. This results in the light received by the light detector to be indicative of the displacement of the contact surface 102.

[0153] The light source 106 can be of any type capable of continuous or pulsed emission of light, e.g. a LED or laser source, and the detector 108 can be of any type configured to detect at least a part of the light emitted by the specific light source. The light source 106 can be configured to emit light comprising any pre-determined wavelength band, e.g. from the visible and non-visible parts of the spectrum, and the detector should be configured to detect light of such wavelength band. The detector thus can comprise at least one photodiode or phototransistor.

[0154] The sensing unit 107 can be configured so as to make sure that light reaching the detector 108 is only that coming directly from the light source 106. This can be achieved by at least one of the following: [0155] providing the light source with a divergence angle reducing element configured to reduce a divergence angle of the light source in at least one plane comprising the optical axis O; or [0156] providing the detector with a field of view reducing element configured to reduce field of view of the detector in at least one plane comprising the optical axis O

[0157] For example, the light source 106 can have an original diverging angle of 140 degrees in a first plane perpendicular to the central axis Z and a divergence angle of 140 degrees in a second plane perpendicular to the first plane, and it can be provided with the divergence reducing element to reduce at least one of these angles by 60 degrees In the present example, a divergence reducing element 122, having an open aperture 123, is used to reduce the divergence angle of the light source in the first plane while maintaining its original divergence angle in the second plane. In other words, in the present example, the horizontal divergence angle of the light source is reduced whilst its vertical divergence angle is maintained.

[0158] The detector 108 can have an original field of view of 160 degrees in the first plane perpendicular to the central axis Z and field of view of 160 degrees in the second plane perpendicular to the first plane, and it can be provided with a field of view reducing element to reduce at least one of these angles by 60 degrees In the present example, a field of view reducing element 120 having an open aperture 124 is used to reduce the field of view of the detector in the first plane while maintaining its original field of view in the second plane. In other words, in the present example, the horizontal divergence angle of the light source is reduced by the element 120 while its original vertical divergence angle is maintained, and the horizontal field of view of the detector is reduced by the element 122 while maintaining its original vertical field of view.

[0159] The divergence reducing element 122 is disposed adjacent the light source's transmitting region and it prevents light emitted from the light source 106 from reaching any elements of the assembly that can be disposed to the right or to the left from the optical axis O as seen from the direction of the light source. The field of view reducing element 120 is disposed adjacent the detector's detecting region and it prevents light other than that received directly from the light source from reaching the detector 108.

[0160] The light blocking member 112 has such dimensions in a plane perpendicular to the optical axis as to enable it to block to a desired maximal extent either the aperture 123 of the divergence reducing element 122 or the aperture 124 of the field of view reducing element 124 or both. In the present example, the blocking member 112 is disposed adjacent the light detector 108 and it is configured to block entrance of light into the detector to an extent depending on the position of the contact surface holding member 101 with the sensing unit 107 along the axis Z during operation of the sensor assembly.

[0161] More particularly, the light blocking member 112 has a blocking member edge 113, which is configured to be disposed at a maximal distance from the contact surface 102, when no pressure is applied to the contact surface 102 and the flexible membrane 110 is in its normal, non-flexed position. In this position, the light blocking member 112 is configured not to block or to only minimally block the light from the light source incident on the detector 108 and the amount light detected by the detector 108 is thus maximal. This position of the light blocking member will further be referred to as its ‘minimally blocking state’.

[0162] When in operation pressure is applied on the contact surface 102 from the EXT in the direction Z, the central area 121 of the flexible membrane 110 flexes in the same direction, thus moving the contact surface holding member 101 in this direction, thereby gradually reducing the distance between the contact surface 102 and the light blocking member edge 113. This results in the light blocking member 112 gradually blocking more and more light from entering the detector 108 as the pressure on the contact surface 102 increases. The light blocking member 112 is thus configured to reach its ‘maximally blocking state’, in which a minimal amount of light reaches the detector 108, if at all, when the pressure on the contact surface 102 reaches a predetermined maximal level. In this state, the edge 113 of the blocking member 113 is brought to a minimal distance from the contact surface 102 of the contact surface holding member 101.

[0163] In order to increase the range of possible movement of the sensing unit 107 relative to the light blocking member 112 and thus allow reaching the maximal or full blockage of light received by the detector 108, without increasing corresponding dimensions of the sensor assembly 100 along the axis Z, the contact surface holding member 101 can be configured to allow a portion of the light blocking member 112 with its edge 113 to be received in a corresponding groove, slit or any other receiving space extending within the contact surface holding member 101. FIGS. 2A to 3B schematically illustrate two examples of such design of the contact surface holding member. In the figures throughout the application, like elements of different figures were given similar reference numerals shifted by the number of hundreds corresponding to the number of the figures. For example, element 204 in FIGS. 2A and 2B serves the same function as element 104 in FIGS. 1A-1D.

[0164] Thus, in FIGS. 2A-2B and 3A-3B, the proximal parts 205 and 305 of the contact surface holding members 201 and 301 with their proximal ends 205 and 305 are shown as having a receiving space, which is in the form of a slit 217 and a depression 317 extending from the proximal end 204, 304 of the contact surface holding member 201, 301 into its interior and configured to receive therein the light blocking member 212 and 312 with its edge 213, and the light blocking member 312 with its edge 313, respectively. FIGS. 2A and 3A illustrate a minimal blocking state of the blocking members 212 and 312, in which a distance D between the blocking member edge 213, 313 and the contact surface 202, 302 is maximal, and FIGS. 2B and 3B illustrate a maximal blocking state of the blocking members 212 and 312, in which the distance D between the blocking member edge 213 and the contact surface 202, 203 is minimal.

[0165] The sensor assembly described above, as well as any other sensor assembly according to the presently disclosed subject matter, can be used in a measuring device configured for measuring at least one biological parameter of a patient by contacting the patient's skin surface. The measuring device can thus comprise a biological parameter measuring sensor, such as e.g. photoplethysmograph (PPG) sensor, configured to be brought into contact with the patient's skin surface for measuring the biological parameter thereat. Such biological parameter can be, for example, a heart rate and/or heart rate variability. Since measurements performed by a biological parameter measuring sensor can be affected by the pressure occasionally applied to the measurement device by the skin surface, a sensor assembly according to the presently disclosed subject matter can be used to continuously measure and monitor displacements of the biological parameter measuring sensor, thereby allowing artifacts identified thereby to be taken into consideration in the analysis of the measured biological parameter/s, due to which accuracy of the measurements of the biological parameter/s can be essentially increased.

[0166] Thus, in accordance with the presently disclosed subject matter there is provided a measuring device of the above kind, comprising a biological parameter measuring sensor and a displacement sensor assembly of the kind described above with reference to FIGS. 1A to 3B, with a difference being in that, the contact surface of the displacement sensor assembly of the measuring device is configured to incorporate the biological parameter measuring sensor. The latter sensor can be a PPG sensor of the kind described in US 2017/0020399, whose description is incorporated herein by reference.

[0167] FIGS. 4 and 5 illustrate examples of such measuring devices M′ and M″ each comprising a PPG sensor 430, 530 and a displacement sensor assembly 400, 500 having a contact surface 402, 502, respectively, which incorporates the PPG sensor. As best seen in FIG. 4, the PPG sensor in this example comprises two LED light sources 432 and 434 and a photodiode detector 436 therebetween, all mounted to the contact surface 402 and constituting an integral part thereof for the purpose of its functioning as a part of the displacement sensor assembly of the measuring device M′. In FIG. 5 the measuring device M″ is in the form of a wrist watch, in which the biological sensor 530 is mounted to and constitutes a part of the contact surface 502.

[0168] As schematically illustrated in FIG. 6, each of the above measuring devices M′ and M″ can comprises, in addition to the biological parameter measuring sensor and the displacement sensor assembly, a control unit 660 comprising an analyzer 662 that is configured to analyze data SD sensed by the biological parameter measuring sensor and by the sensor assembly to identify the artifacts therein and generate analyzed data AD indicative thereof. The measuring device illustrated in FIG. 6 further comprises an output module 664 configured to communicate the analyzed data AD to a data storage device or a processor for further processing thereof. When the measuring device is in the form of a wrist watch, the analyzed data AD can be communicated to the wrist watch and can undergo further processing. It is to be noted that the analyzed data AD can comprise compensation data for compensating the undesired sensed artifacts.

[0169] Reference is now made to FIGS. 7A-7B which provide a block diagram of a measuring system for measuring a biological parameter in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. The measuring system MS comprises a displacement sensor 700 that includes a sensing unit 707 and is configured to collect data indicative of movement (DIM) of the skin. DIM is communicated to a control unit 760 the comprises an extracting module to analyze and extract the biological parameter from the DIM. As shown in FIG. 7B, displacement sensor 700 configured to contact the skin surface of a subject through a contact surface 702 to obtain DIM of the skin of the subject. In accordance with this embodiment, the displacement sensor 700 comprises sensing unit 707 that includes a light source 706 and a light detector 708, the light source is configured to emit light directly towards the light detector 708.

[0170] Displacement sensor 700 also includes a blocking member 712 that is configured to block a portion of the light emitted from light source 706 towards light detector 708 according to movement of contact surface 702 or the pressure applied thereon. In that manner, light detected by light detector 708 is indicative of the displacement of contact surface 702 with respect to movement of the skin surface. Displacement sensor 700 collects DIM of the skin and a communication module 772 communicates the DIM to a control unit 760, either by wired or wireless connection. The control unit may be a part of wrist watch processing unit or a remote computing unit, e.g. a mobile phone or a cloud-based computing unit.

[0171] Control unit 760 comprises an extracting module 770 configured to analyze the DIM and extract one or more biological parameters BP therefrom.

[0172] The BP may be communicated to an output unit 774 that outputs the biological parameter, e.g. visually on a monitor, vocally through speakers and/or as a print out.

[0173] As an illustration for the use of a displacement sensor of a kind disclosed herein, FIG. 12 provides a signal comparison received by a PPG sensor (the upper signal) and the displacement sensor (the lower signal) of measurement taken from the radial artery. Based on this data, respiration cycles RC are extracted by analyzing the DC signal or extracting the AC signal by a predetermined signal filter similarly, other biological parameters can be extracted such as heart rate and/or blood pressure.

[0174] Reference is now made to FIGS. 13A-13B which are block diagrams of non-limiting examples of embodiments of a displacement sensor and measuring device according to the present disclosure. FIG. 13A shows a displacement sensor 1300 that is based on measurement of a Hall-effect sensor. The displacement sensor 1300 includes a housing 1390 that defines a volume that comprises the elements of the displaceable sensor 1300. A skin contact surface 1302 is configured to be brought into contact with the skin of a subject and is displaceable with respect to the housing 1390 along at least one axis. Typically, the displacement of the contact surface 1302 is along a vertical axis that is perpendicular to a plane spanned by the contact surface 1302. In some embodiments, the contact surface 1302 has more degrees of freedom with respect to the plane to thereby allow tilt and roll with respect to the plane. The contact surface 1302 is responsive to application of force profile thereon, e.g. by pressure applied by expansion and contraction of blood vessels at the vicinity of the skin surface, to perform displacement that is proportional to the amount of applied force. One or more sensing units 1307.sub.i (where ‘i’=the number of sensing units) are configured to sense the displacement of the contact surface and provide data thereof. Each of the sensing units 1307.sub.i includes a Hall-effect sensing pair, wherein one is a constant magnet and the other is a Hall-effect sensor. The sensing pair provides a Hall-effect measurement data that is corresponding to the gap between members of the sensing pair. The Hall-effect measurement data typically comprises voltage data that is indicative of a gap/distance between the members of the sensing pair. One of the members is a displaceable member 1392 that is displaceable together with the skin contact surface 1302 and the other is a stationary member 1394 that is stationary with respect to the housing 1390 and does not move when pressure applied on the contact surface 1302. The two members define a non-biased gap therebetween which is the gap when no pressure is applied on the contact surface 1302, namely a reference, steady state of the displacement sensor 1300. When pressure is applied on the contact surface 1302, the contact surface and the displaceable member are displaced together, and the gap between the sensing pair varies, e.g. decreases. The Hall-effect measurement data that is then provided by the sensing unit 1307.sub.i is indicative of the displacement of the contact surface 1302.

[0175] FIG. 13B shows an embodiment of a measuring device MD that includes a displacement sensor 1300. The measuring device MD further includes a biological sensor(s) 1330 and a control unit 1360 that is in data communication with the sensing unit(s) 1307.sub.i and configured to receive a Hall-effect measurement data HEMD therefrom. The biological sensor(s) 1330 may include an optical sensor, e.g. PPG, or an electrical sensor, e.g. ECG. The biological sensor(s) 1330 is configured to sense parameters that are indicative of biological parameters of the subject and generate biological sensing data BSD based thereon. The biological sensor(s) transmits the biological sensing data BSD to the control unit 1360 for processing and extracting a biological parameter BP of the subject. An artifact identifier module 1371 of the control unit 1360 receives the Hall-effect measurement data HEMD and generates artifact data AD based thereon that is indicative of artifact movements of the skin surface that are sensed by the displacement sensor 1300. The artifact identifier module 1371 transmits the artifact data AD to an extracting module 1370 that is configured to extract biological parameter BP based on the artifact data AD and the biological sensing data BSD. Optionally, the biological parameter is communicated to an output unit 1374.

[0176] It should be noted that system elements from FIGS. 13A-13B may be combined between them to provide the displacement sensor or the measuring device of the present invention.

[0177] FIG. 14 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a non-limiting example of an embodiment of the Hall-effect based displacement sensor that is integrated into a measuring device for measuring biological parameters. Measuring device MD comprises displacement sensor 1400 that includes a housing 1490 that is integrated with a skin contact surface 1402. The contact surface 1402 is displaceable together with a displaceable plate 1498, which displaceable members 1492′ and 1492″ of Hall-effect sensing pairs are formed thereon. Stationary members 1494′ and 1494″ are formed on a stationary plate 1496, e.g. a PCB of the motherboard of the measuring device MD. Each displaceable member 1492′, 1492″ and their respective Stationary members 1494′, 1494″ constitute a Hall-effect sensing pair. Gaps 1497′ and 1497″ that are spanned between displaceable members 1492′, 1492″ and stationary members 1494′, 1494″ of each Hall-effect sensing pair are varied with the displacement of the contact surface 1402 and the displaceable plate 1498. Hall-effect measurement data that is generated by each sensing pair is indicative of the displacement of the contact surface 1402 that is resulted from skin movement of the subject. In an exemplary embodiment, the displaceable members 1492′ and 1492″ may be configured as constant magnets and stationary members 1494′ and 1494″ may be configured as Hall-effect sensors.

[0178] The contact surface 1402 is attached to the housing 1490 by a flexible member 1410 that allows the movement of the contact surface 1402 at least along axis Z that is generally perpendicular to a plane spanned by the contact surface 1402. In some embodiments, the flexible member 1410 is configured to allow the contact surface to tilt or roll with respect to a plane spanned by the contact surface 1410 in a steady state. Namely, in the instance that uneven pressure is applied on the contact surface 1410, some portions thereof are biased to one side of the plane and other portions are biased to the other side of the plane.

[0179] An optical sensor 1410, e.g. a PPG sensor, is attached to the displaceable plate 1498 and displaceable therewith. The optical sensor 1410 is configured to obtain optical measurements through the contact surface 1402 that are indicative of physiological parameters of the subject, e.g. heart rate, blood pressure or respiration rate. An electrical sensor 1433, e.g. an ECG sensor, is formed on the housing 1490 and is configured to provide electrical-based measurements indicative of physiological parameters of the subject.

[0180] Reference is now made to FIGS. 8A-8B that provide a schematic perspective view of a measuring system 880 of any of its embodiments as disclosed herein, integrated into a wrist watch 882. According to this embodiment, displacement sensor 800 is clipped onto a wristband 884 by a fixation element 886 illustrated in this exemplary embodiment as a clip, best shown as element 986 in FIGS. 9A-9B.

[0181] Sensor assembly 800 comprises contact surface 802 placed along wristband 884 so as to be fixed in proximity, or precisely over the radial artery, when worn on the wrist of the subject.

[0182] The displacement sensor 800 has in this embodiment a curved contact surface 802 with a generally hemispheric shape. Without being bound by theory, it is considered that this curved contour may allow the contact surface 802 to fit into a body depression proximal to the radial artery of the subject thereby increasing the sensitivity and thus accuracy of the sensor.

[0183] The extracted biological parameter may then be presented on a display unit 888. In some embodiments, display unit 888 is integral into a watch.

[0184] Wrist watch 882 may comprise an additional displacement sensor illustrated in FIG. 8B as element 800′, placed at the bottom side, opposite to the display unit 888 of the main body of the watch 889 having its contact surface facing the wrist of the subject when worn thereon. Contact surface 802′ is a joint surface of displacement sensor 800′ and an optical biological sensor, e.g. a PPG sensor embedded within the wrist watch 882. In this exemplary embodiment, contact surface 802′ would then be formed of transparent or translucent materials so as to permit the transmission of light illuminated from and received by the optical biological sensor.

[0185] In some embodiments, the additional displacement sensor 800′ may be included in a sensor set 891, some may have a shared sensing surface and some may have a functionally independent sensing surface. As illustrated in FIG. 8B, the sensor set 891 includes two circular contact surfaces 802′ and 802″, one having a shape of a circular disc, with a diameter smaller than that of the other contact surface 802″, the latter having a shape of a ring continuously surrounding and confining the disc-shape surface, the two shapes are co-centric. The sensors set 891 may include an optical biological sensor, e.g. a PPG sensor, a displacement sensor, the optical sensor and the displacement sensor having a shared sensing surface, and an electric based biological sensor, e.g. an ECG sensor, having its independent sensing surface surrounding the shared sensing surface.

[0186] A second ECG electrode is formed at the periphery of main body 889, as seen best in FIG. 8A, so as to permit, together with a first ECG sensor 802″ that is disposed at the bottom of main body 889 an ECG measurement. First electrode 802″ is configured to be in contact with a wrist of a first hand of a subject and the second electrode 890 is configured to brought into contact with a finger of a second hand of the subject to obtain the ECG measurement.

[0187] Further illustrated in FIG. 8B are electrical connectors 898 in this illustration, in a form of pogo pins for enabling updates of the software application of the control unit of the display unit 888 or for charging the same.

[0188] Reference is now made to FIGS. 9A-9B providing a schematic illustration of side views of a clip 986 for attaching displacement sensors, such as those illustrated in FIGS. 8A-8B to a band.

[0189] FIG. 9A differs from FIG. 9B in that the latter is showing the interior elements of the clip. In this non-limiting example, the displacement sensor integrated into the clip is the light-based embodiment, however the Hall-effect based displacement sensor can be integrated into such clip as well.

[0190] A flexible membrane 910 is fixedly attached to contact surface 902 in its one side and to a base surface 904 in the other, on which the sensing unit 907 is mounted. The flexible membrane allows contact surface 902 and sensing unit 907 to move at least along the axis Z therewith, and the blocking member 912 remains stationary. The displacement sensor 900 is comprised within the clip 986 and the clipping arrangement 983 is configured to fix the displacement sensor 900 on a desired position along a wristband of a wrist watch. The clipping arrangement 983 has a first and a second clipping members 993 and 995 respectively. The first clipping member 993 comprises the displacement sensor 900, part of it is housed within the interior of the member 993, the sensing unit 907 and the blocking member 912, and the contact surface 902 protrudes therefrom.

[0191] Another example for fixing a displacement sensor of a kind disclosed herein, over an artery is shown in FIG. 10. Displacement sensor 1000 is fixed on the interior side of a ring shaped element 1084 that is configured to be worn on a finger of the subject and allow contact between contact surface 1002 and the subject's skin surface The ring-shaped element 1084 can be have constant dimensions or it can be adjustable to fit over various finger sizes. As finger arteries are located on the side thereof, preferably that the contact surface 1002 of the displacement sensor 1000 is placed on the side of the finger. The ring-shaped element 1084 may comprise a sensor set 1091 including a PPG and ECG sensor as described with respect to FIGS. 8A-8B. The external side of the ring-shaped element 1084 may comprise a second ECG electrode configured to be brought into contact with a finger of a second hand on which the ring in not worn. This may allow to support measurement of blood pressure and other parameters such as Pulse Transit Time.

[0192] Turning now to FIG. 11, there is provided a block diagram illustrating a method of determining one or more biological parameters making use of a displacement sensor and/or a system in any one of their embodiments as disclosed herein.

[0193] Specifically, at first, a displacement sensor is brought into contact with a subject's skin A at a location proximal or over the artery. Once in place, in B, movement of the skin surface is detected. The measured data is transmitted in C to a control unit for further extracting therefrom, as indicated in D, one or more biological parameters. The extracted biological parameter may be outputted as a final E, e.g. on a display unit, by vocal means or as a print out.