TUBE-SHAPED ROBOTIC DEVICE WITH ANISOTROPIC SURFACE STRUCTURE

Abstract

The invention relates to a tube (100) with a hollow cylindrical elastic base structure (102) for insertion into a blood vessel (200) of a vascular system (202). The tube (100) comprises an outer anisotropic surface structure (104) comprising a geometrical anisotropy between a direction circumferential to the tube and a direction longitudinal to the tube (100). The anisotropic surface structure (104) is configured for establishing an anisotropic friction between the anisotropic surface structure (104) and an inner surface of the blood vessel (200). The anisotropic friction results in a surface propulsion of the tube (100), when the tube (100) is rotated around a central longitudinal body axis (106) of the tube (100). The tube (100) further comprises a magnetic material (108) distributed circumferentially around the tube (100) and configured for establishing within an external magnetic field a rotation of the tube (100) around the central longitudinal body axis (106) of the tube (100).

Claims

1. A tube (100) with a hollow cylindrical elastic base structure (102) for insertion into a blood vessel (200) of a vascular system (202), the elastic base structure (102) being configured for providing a radial elastic force (Fr) configured for establishing a contact between an outer anisotropic surface structure (104) of the tube (100) and an inner surface of the blood vessel (200), the anisotropic surface structure (104) comprising a geometrical anisotropy between a direction circumferential to the tube (100) and a direction longitudinal to the tube (100), the anisotropic surface structure (104) being configured for establishing by the contact an anisotropic friction between the anisotropic surface structure (104) and the inner surface of the blood vessel (200), the anisotropic friction resulting in a surface propulsion of the tube (100) when being rotated around a central longitudinal body axis (106) of the tube (100), the tube (100) further comprising a magnetic material (108) distributed circumferentially around the tube (100) and configured for establishing within an external magnetic field a rotation of the tube (100) around the central longitudinal body axis (106) of the tube (100).

2. The tube (100) of claim 1, the anisotropic surface structure (104) comprising one or more protrusions added onto the elastic base structure (102) and/or one or more recesses inserted into the elastic base structure (102).

3. The tube (100) of any of the preceding claims, the anisotropic surface structure (104) comprising one or more helical structures extending in the longitudinal direction around the elastic base structure (102).

4. The tube (100) of any of the preceding claims, the magnetic material (108) being comprised by the elastic base structure (102) and/or by the anisotropic surface structure (104).

5. The tube (100) of any of the preceding claims, the elastic base structure (102) comprising a mesh structure (120) with a plurality of cells (122).

6. The tube (100) of any of claim 5, the tube (100) further comprising a continuous inner layer (112) configured for channeling a blood flow through the tube (100), for example a porosity of the continuous inner layer (112) being less than 70%, preferably less than 50%, more preferably equal 0%, and/or a porosity of the mesh structure (120) defined by a ratio between an accumulated area of voids of the cells (122) of the mesh structure (120) within a section of the mesh structure (120) and a total area the respective section of mesh structure (120) being configured for channeling a blood flow through the tube (100), for example the porosity of the mesh structure (120) being less than 70%, preferably less than 50%.

7. The tube (100) of any of the preceding claims, the elastic base structure (102) being configured for passively adapting a diameter (d.sub.r) of the tube (100) to altering diameters (Φ.sub.l) of the blood vessel (200) for diameters of the blood vessel (200) altering within a predefined range of diameters.

8. The tube (100) of any claim 7, the predefined range of diameters being 0.002 mm to 25 mm, preferably 0.01 mm to 10 mm, and more preferably 1 mm to 2 mm.

9. The tube (100) of any of the preceding claims, the tube (100) being made from an elastic material, for example from an elastomer.

10. The tube (100) of any of the preceding claims, the tube (100) further comprising a foldable structure (130), the foldable structure (130) providing a closed retaining section (132) configured for retaining an agent (136) for medical use, the foldable structure (130) further being configured for opening the closed retaining section (132) and releasing the agent (136) upon reaching a predefined internal energy level, for example the foldable structure (130) being made from a shape-memory material configured for opening the closed retaining section (132) and releasing the agent (136) upon reaching a predefined shape-memory transition temperature.

11. An actuation and control device (150) configured for actuating and controlling the tube (100) of any of the preceding claims inserted in a blood vessel (200) of a vascular system (202), the actuation and control device (150) comprising a moving unit (152) configured for moving a magnet (156) configured for generating a magnetic field, the magnetic field being configured for inducing a rotation of the tube (100) around a central longitudinal body axis (106) of the tube (100), the moving unit (152) being configured for moving the magnet (156) along the blood vessel (200) magnetically forcing movement of the tube (100) through the blood vessel (200).

12. The actuation and control device (150) of claim 11, the moving unit (152) comprising a robotic arm (154) with the magnet (156) mounted on a distal end of the robotic arm (154) the magnet (156) for example being a permanent magnet, which is rotated for generating the magnetic field.

13. The actuation and control device (150) of any of claims 11 to 12, the actuation and control device (150) further comprising an energy source (158) configured for increasing an internal energy level of a foldable structure (130) comprised by the tube (100) to a predefined internal energy level for an opening of a closed retaining section (132) of the foldable structure (130) upon reaching the predefined internal energy level, for example a radiofrequency coil (158) configured for radiofrequency induced heating of a foldable shape-memory structure (130) comprised by the tube (100) to a predefined shape-memory transition temperature for an opening of a closed retaining section (132) of the foldable shape-memory structure (130) upon reaching the predefined shape-memory transition temperature.

14. A system comprising the tube (100) of any of claims 1 to 10 and the actuation and control device (150) of any of claims 11 to 13.

15. A method for actuating and controlling the tube (100) of any of claims 1 to 10 inserted in a blood vessel (200) of a vascular system (202) using the actuation and control device (150) of any of claims 11 to 13, the method comprising moving the magnet (156) generating the magnetic field along the blood vessel (200) magnetically forcing movement of the tube (100) through the blood vessel (200) to a predefined destination within the vascular system (202).

16. The method of claim 15, further comprising actuating an energy source (158) configured for increasing an internal energy level of a foldable structure (130) comprised by the tube (100), the foldable structure (130) comprising a closed retaining section (132) configured for retaining an agent (136) for medical use, the internal energy level of the foldable structure (130) being increased to a predefined internal energy level at which the closed retaining section (132) is opened, for example actuating a radiofrequency coil (158) configured for radiofrequency induced heating of a foldable shape-memory structure (130) comprised by the tube (100), the foldable shape-memory structure (130) comprising a closed retaining section (132) configured for retaining an agent (136) for medical use, the foldable shape-memory structure (130) being heated to a predefined shape-memory transition temperature at which the closed retaining section (132) is opened.

Description

[0085] In the following, embodiments of the invention are described in greater detail in which

[0086] FIG. 1 shows a schematic drawing of an exemplary tube;

[0087] FIG. 2 shows an exemplary implementation of a tube;

[0088] FIG. 3 shows an exemplary 3D digital tube model;

[0089] FIG. 4 shows a cross-sectional view of an exemplary robotic device;

[0090] FIG. 5 a cross-sectional view of an exemplary robotic device;

[0091] FIG. 6 shows a cross-section of an exemplary implementation of a robotic device;

[0092] FIG. 7 shows a cross-section of an exemplary implementation of a robotic device;

[0093] FIG. 8 shows a cross-section of an exemplary implementation of a robotic device;

[0094] FIG. 9 shows a cross-section of an exemplary implementation of a robotic device;

[0095] FIG. 10 shows a cross-section of an exemplary implementation of a robotic device;

[0096] FIG. 11 shows a cross-section of an exemplary implementation of a robotic device;

[0097] FIG. 12 shows a cross-section of an exemplary implementation of a robotic device;

[0098] FIG. 13 shows a cross-section of an exemplary implementation of a robotic device;

[0099] FIG. 14 shows an exemplary robotic device;

[0100] FIG. 15 shows an exemplary actuation and control device;

[0101] FIG. 16 illustrate an exemplary actuation of a robotic device;

[0102] FIG. 17 shows an exemplary controlling of a movement of a robotic device;

[0103] FIG. 18 shows an exemplary concept of an application scenario of a robotic device;

[0104] FIG. 19 illustrates a relation between forces, when the robotic device moves along with the flow of blood;

[0105] FIG. 20 illustrates a relation between forces, when the robotic device moves against the flow of blood;

[0106] FIG. 21 illustrates a relation between forces, when the robotic device halts at a targeted location;

[0107] FIG. 22 shows an exemplary radial shape adaptation of a robotic device;

[0108] FIG. 23 shows a further exemplary radial shape adaptation of a robotic device;

[0109] FIG. 24 shows an exemplary diagram of the completeness of an anisotropic surface structure;

[0110] FIG. 25 shows an exemplary modeling of a maximum distance between the magnet and the robotic device;

[0111] FIG. 26 shows an exemplary comparison of a dependence of a maximum distance between the magnet and the robotic device on a lumen diameter;

[0112] FIG. 27 shows a comparison of a left-hand and a right-hand rotation for an anisotropic surface structure;

[0113] FIG. 28 illustrates the effect of a magnet translation speed on a robotic device displacement;

[0114] FIG. 29 illustrates a self-anchoring of a robotic device in a phantom;

[0115] FIG. 30 illustrates physiological requirements on curved lumens with flow speed visualization;

[0116] FIG. 31 illustrates an effect of lumen's curvature and lumen diameter on a minimum required torque to bend a robotic device;

[0117] FIG. 32 shows exemplary snapshots for retrievable curved routes traversing a curvature of a blood vessel;

[0118] FIG. 33 shows an exemplary illustration of a coordinate system and via-points discretization for a curved route traversing;

[0119] FIG. 34 shows exemplary strategies for a curved route traversing along the flow as well as against the flow;

[0120] FIG. 35 shows exemplary experimental results of robotic device locomotion speed among various radii of curvature in different phantoms;

[0121] FIG. 36 shows exemplary snapshots for a retrievable branch traversing among a bifurcation;

[0122] FIG. 37 shows an exemplary coordinate system and via-points discretization a branch traversing among a bifurcation;

[0123] FIG. 38 shows exemplary strategies for a branch traversing long the flow as well as against the flow;

[0124] FIG. 39 shows exemplary results of locomotion speed of the robotic device among various bifurcation angles in different phantoms;

[0125] FIG. 40 shows an exemplary locomotion along a tortuous route;

[0126] FIG. 41 shows an exemplary locomotion of a robotic device in a strongly curved route;

[0127] FIG. 42 shows an exemplary locomotion among branches;

[0128] FIG. 43 shows an exemplary locomotion among 3D branches in a cranium simulant;

[0129] FIG. 44 shows an exemplary locomotion among 3D branches in a cranium simulant;

[0130] FIG. 45 shows an exemplary delivery of a robotic device;

[0131] FIG. 46 show exemplary X-ray imaging parameters for detecting the robotic device;

[0132] FIG. 47 show exemplary properties of sonographic image acquisition;

[0133] FIG. 48 shows exemplary X-ray imaging tests;

[0134] FIG. 49 shows further exemplary X-ray imaging tests;

[0135] FIG. 50 show an exemplary robotic device with foldable structures;

[0136] FIG. 51 illustrates an exemplary radiofrequency-based heating and release of a composite cargo;

[0137] FIG. 52 shows a cross-sectional view of an exemplary robotic device with a foldable structure;

[0138] FIG. 53 shows a cross-sectional view of another exemplary robotic device with a foldable structure;

[0139] FIG. 54 shows an exemplary effect of thrombolysis using tPA;

[0140] FIG. 55 shows a comparison of exemplary quantitative results on the effect of thrombolysis of FIG. 54;

[0141] FIG. 56 shows an exemplary robotic device before and after being arranged in a microcatheter;

[0142] FIG. 57 shows an exemplary blood vessel with a saccular-shape aneurysm;

[0143] FIG. 58 shows the robotic device arranged at the saccular-shape aneurysm of FIG. 57;

[0144] FIG. 59 shows an exemplary flow diversion using a robotic device;

[0145] FIG. 60 shows an exemplary actuation and control device;

[0146] FIG. 61 shows another exemplary actuation and control device;

[0147] FIG. 62 shows an exemplary computer device;

[0148] FIG. 63 shows a flow diagram of an exemplary method for controlling a magnet; and

[0149] FIG. 64 shows a flow diagram of another exemplary method for controlling a magnet.

[0150] In the following similar features are denoted by the same reference numerals.

[0151] FIG. 1 shows a schematic drawing of an exemplary tube-shaped robotic device 100, i.e., a robotic device provided in form of a tube 100. The tube 100 comprises a hollow cylindrical elastic base structure 102. The tube 100 is configured for an insertion into a blood vessel of a vascular system. The tube 100 comprises an outer anisotropic surface structure 104. The anisotropic surface structure 104 comprises a geometrical anisotropy between a direction circumferential to the tube 100 and a direction longitudinal to the tube 100. The elastic base structure 102 is configured for providing a radial elastic force configured for establishing a contact between the anisotropic surface structure 104 of the tube 100 and an inner surface of the blood vessel. The anisotropic surface structure 104 is configured for establishing by the contact an anisotropic friction between the anisotropic surface structure 104 and the inner surface of the blood vessel. The anisotropic friction results in a surface propulsion of the tube 100, when the tube is 100 rotated around a central longitudinal body axis 106 of the tube 100. The tube 100 further comprises a magnetic material 108 distributed circumferentially around the tube 100 and configured for establishing within an external magnetic field a rotation of the tube 100 around the central longitudinal body axis 106 of the tube 100. In the example of FIG. 1, the magnetic material 108 are comprised by the elastic base structure 102 and thus distributed circumferentially around the tube 100 as well as the central longitudinal body axis 106 of the tube 100. The magnetic material 108 may, e.g., be distributed in form of ferromagnetic microparticles or nanoparticles. Alternatively, the magnetic material 108 may, e.g., be distributed in form of a magnetic coating film on a surface of the elastic base structure 102. The magnetic particles or the magnetic coating film may be distributed circumferentially around the tube 100 following a predefined pattern. For example, the magnetic material 108 may, e.g., be comprised by the anisotropic surface structure 104. The magnetic coating film may, e.g., be a coating film continuously covering an outer or inner surface of the tube 100.

[0152] For example, the elastic base structure 102 is configured for passively adapting a diameter of the tube 100 to altering diameters of the blood vessel for diameters of the blood vessel altering within a predefined range of diameters.

[0153] Given the limited accessibility of catheterization into the distal vascular routes, a magnetically-driven wireless robotic device in form of tube 100 may provide advantages. First, in respect of accessibility, the controlled retrievable locomotion may improve maneuverability into distal regions with self-anchoring assurance given flow or no flow in the lumen. Second, safe interaction forces may be enabled, where lower forces may be applied to the vessel walls during its intervention (max. on the order of 10.sup.−2 N) compared to standard neuro-interventional catheterization (max. on the order of 10.sup.0 N). Thus, potential safe mechanical forces may be applied to the blood vessel walls to lower the risk of endothelial cell ruptures. Third, controlled local drug delivery capability may, e.g., improve medicine concentration while minimizing the systematic side effects. Finally, a position may be adjusted actively, if misplacement or dislodgement during the endovascular operations or migrations after the surgeries occurs, e.g., as flow diverters to treat wide-neck aneurysms.

[0154] The design of the robotic device 100 may, e.g., be potentially extended to the proximal arteries, given the enlarged magnetic moment of the robotic device 100 in the larger lumen diameters and the low coefficients of friction in the arteries. Combining intervention and therapeutics, the robotic device 100 may have enhanced performance over the existing intra-arterial approaches in the proximal regions. For example, the robotic device 100 may be wirelessly and precisely adjusted when the robotic device 100 is misplaced or a dislodged during the endovascular treatment, e.g., as the flow diverter for wide-neck aneurysms. For the follow-up adjustments of the possible migration, further invasive catheterization may not even be needed since the robotic device's 100 location may be tuned wirelessly using external magnetic control and, e.g., proper X-ray imaging.

[0155] The overall concept of the mobile robotic device 100 may be combined with state-of-the-art microcatheter techniques in distal vascular systems for a systematic improvement of clinical effectiveness. However, most of the tests are conducted in realistic phantoms to understand the detailed mechanics of soft-bodied adaptive locomotion systematically. Furthermore, the range of shape adaptations may be potentially boosted utilizing active programmable magnetic materials to translate the application of the robotic device from minimally invasive to almost non-invasive surgeries. Further, although the robotic device 100 may be used as an immediate retrievable device, e.g., for local on-demand drug delivery, for potential longer-term usages for flow diversion aspect of biocompatibility and hemocompatibility as a blood-contacting device may become important. Compatible medical coatings may be integrated into the design for such purposes.

[0156] For example, silica, which is known to be biocompatible and non-cytotoxic, may be coated on the NdFeB microparticles. Then, the silica-coated NdFeB may, e.g., be compounded with PDMS to cast the robotic device 100. Next, the surface of the robotic device 100 may, e.g., be modified by hemocompatible materials, such as siloxane-bound poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), Parylene-C, and hyaluronic acid (HA) and/or polydopamine (PDA) composite (HA/PDA). These surface modifications have been shown to reduce fibrinogen adsorption and platelet adhesion in blood-contacting applications. Another promising method may, e.g., be to fabricate the whole device with biocompatible and hemocompatible material, e.g., ferromagnetic FePt nanoparticles and the PDMS-based polyurethane-urea bearing zwitterion sulfobetaine (PDMS-SB-UU). FePt nanoparticles have been shown to be biocompatible and hemocompatible. PDMS-SB-UU may be against lipase and 30% H.sub.2O.sub.2 for eight weeks. It also demonstrates significantly higher resistance to fibrinogen adsorption and platelet deposition compared with control PDMS and a lack of hemolysis while maintaining the noncytotoxicity.

[0157] To improve biocompatibility and hemocompatibility, e.g., the NdFeB microparticles may fisrt be coated with silica to provide an extra protective shell preventing corrosion. Then, the two composite materials, e.g., PDMS+NdFeB@SiO2 (for the robot body) and SMP+Fe3O4 (for the foldable structure), may be coated with Parylene C (e.g., SCS Labcoter® 2 (PDS 2010), Specialty Coating Systems). Parylene C, as an FDA approved biocompatible and hemocompatible material, conforms to the stringent USP Class VI, ISO 10993, and RoHS standards

[0158] FIG. 2 shows an exemplary implementation of a tube 100 with a hollow cylindrical elastic base structure 102 provided in from of a mesh structure 120. The mesh structure 120 providing a hollow cylindrical base structure 102 of the tube may enable a high radial deformability of the tube 100, while ensuring low fluidic drag properties. The mesh structure 120 is formed by a plurality of cells 122. In case of FIG. 2, the mesh structure 120 is formed by a plurality of identical cells 122, each with a rhombic shape. The anisotropic surface structure 104 is arranged on the mesh structure 120 comprising a plurality of protrusions added onto the strands forming the cells 122 and thus the mesh structure 120. The anisotropic surface structure 104 is implemented in form of a right-handed helical structure coated onto the mesh structure 120, i.e., the strands of the mesh structure 120. The mesh structure 120 may comprise magnetic material 108 in form of magnetic particles, e.g., ferromagnetic microparticles or nanoparticles. The magnetic particles may, e.g., be NdFeB ferromagnetic microparticles. This NdFeB ferromagnetic microparticles inside the body of the robotic device may, e.g., be uniformly magnetized using a homogeneous magnetic field, e.g., a 1.8 T homogeneous magnetic field.

[0159] A positive model of the robotic device 100 may be 3D-printed and used to fabricate a negative PDMS mold, e.g., with a base and crosslinker mass ratio 10:1. For 3D-printing the positive model of the robotic device 100, a 3D digital model defining the robotic device 100 may be used as a template. The template may be provided to a computational unit configured for controlling a 3D-printing device for 3D printing a physical copy of the template. The composition for casting may be PDMS with the various mass ratios of 3:1, 7:1, and 12:1, and Neodymium-iron-boron particles (NdFeB, 5 μm), enabling tubes 100 with various Young's modulus E.sub.r. The PDMS to NdFeB mass ratio may, e.g., be 1:4. The thoroughly mixed polymer may be cast into the negative PDMS mold and cured in a hot oven, e.g., at 85° C. for 7 hours. Then the sample may be put in the vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM, EZ7, Microsense), e.g., with 1.8 T for uniform magnetization. Finally, the tube 100 may be demolded.

[0160] FIG. 3 shows an exemplary CAD design drawing, i.e., a 3D digital tube model 101, defining the tube 100 of FIG. 2. The tube 100 of FIG. 2 may, e.g., be manufactured using CAM-methods, like 3D printing, and the 3D digital tube model 101 as a template. The mesh structure 120 providing a hollow cylindrical base structure 102 of the tube may enable a high radial deformability of the tube 100, while ensuring low fluidic drag properties. The anisotropic surface structure 104 implemented in form of a helical structure, e.g., a right-handed helical structure, coated onto the mesh structure 120 enable a locomotion of the tube 100 utilizing anisotropic frictional forces, when the tube 101 is rotated around its body-attached y.sub.r-axis, i.e., the central longitudinal body axis 106.

[0161] The design of the hollow cylindrical elastic base structure 102 illustrated in FIG. 3 may provide a shape with a desired radial deformability and low fluidic drag. This design may ensure effective operation inside arteries with a high-speed pulsatile flow and changing lumen diameter. Furthermore, to leverage rotational and translational magnetic actuation, magnetic material, e.g., in form of ferromagnetic NdFeB microparticles, may be incorporated, e.g., into the base structure 102. The magnetic material 104 may, e.g., be magnetized uniformly along a z.sub.r-axis of the tube-attached coordinate system, e.g., inside a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), e.g., with a homogeneous 1.8 T field.

[0162] To minimize a radial force applied to the lumen of the blood vessel during locomotion of the tube 100, the radial stiffness k.sub.r of the overall robotic device 100 as defined by the 3D digital tube model 101 may be configured to be as small as possible. Meanwhile, the base structure 102 may be configured to prevent a collapse due to internal magnetization-induced magnetic forces. For this purpose, k.sub.r may be chosen to be high enough to prevent such undesired self-deformation. From the structural aspect, k.sub.r may be decided by three critical design parameters: the strut spacing h, the radius of curvature at the crown junction p, and the axial amplitude of each segment f as illustrated in FIG. 3. The structure employing larger h, ρ, and f may enable smaller k.sub.r. The base structure 102 may be provided by a mesh structure 120 composed of identical diamond-shaped cells 122. This arrangement may enable a uniform distribution of the compressive stresses and frictional forces when the base structure 102 deforms, minimizing the possibility of the robotic device as defined by the 3D digital tube model 101 twisting due to uneven contact force distribution, e.g., at bifurcation branches.

[0163] For a locomotion inside the lumen of a blood vessel, the anisotropic surface structure 104 may, e.g., be implemented in form of a helix structure. The anisotropic surface structure 104 may realize an axial propulsion, when it converts rotational motion around a helical axis, i.e., the central longitudinal body axis 106, by magnetic torque to linear motion along the central longitudinal body axis 106. This may be induced by both helical shape and the anisotropic friction, where the coefficient of friction perpendicular is higher than the coefficient of friction parallel to the helix. To leverage such a property for locomotion, e.g., a right-handed helical structure with a helix angle ϕ of 8° may be designed on an outer side of the base structure 102, e.g., as mechanical protrusions. Given the identical arrangement of the diamond-shaped cells 122, the helix-coated area 104 along the robotic device as defined by the 3D digital tube model 101 may be evenly distributed.

[0164] FIG. 4 shows a cross-sectional view of an exemplary robotic device 100. The robotic device 100 comprises a hollow cylindrical elastic base structure 102. The hollow cylindrical elastic base structure 102 may be configured for passively adapting a diameter dr of the robotic device 100 to altering diameters of the blood vessel. For example, the hollow cylindrical elastic base structure 102 may be configured for passively adapting the diameter dr to diameters of the blood vessel altering within a predefined range of diameters. The robotic device 100 comprises an outer anisotropic surface structure 104 implemented in form of one or more protrusions added, e.g., coated onto the elastic base structure 102. Furthermore, the robotic device 100 comprises a magnetic material 108. The magnetic material 108 may, e.g., be comprised by the elastic base structure 102. Alternatively, the magnetic material 108 may be arranged on a surface of the robotic device 100 or comprised by the anisotropic surface structure 104.

[0165] FIG. 5 shows a cross-sectional view of an exemplary robotic device 100. The robotic device 100 comprises a hollow cylindrical elastic base structure 102. The hollow cylindrical elastic base structure 102 may be configured for passively adapting a diameter dr of the robotic device 100 to altering diameters of the blood vessel. For example, the hollow cylindrical elastic base structure 102 may be configured for passively adapting the diameter dr to diameters of the blood vessel altering within a predefined range of diameters. The robotic device 100 comprises an outer anisotropic surface structure 104 implemented in form of one or more recesses inserted into the elastic base structure 102. The magnetic material 108 may, e.g., be comprised by the elastic base structure 102. Alternatively, the magnetic material 108 may be arranged on a surface of the robotic device 100 or comprised by the anisotropic surface structure 104.

[0166] FIG. 6 to FIG. 13 show cross-sections of different implementations of the tube. FIG. 6 to FIG. 9 show exemplary sections of tubes without an anisotropic surface structure extending through the depicted sections. FIG. 6 shows a section of an exemplary embodiment of a robotic device comprising an elastic base structure 102, on which a magnetic coating film 108 is arranged. On an outer surface of the robotic device provided by a top face of the magnetic coating film 108 is a hemocompatible surface coating film 110 arranged. A hemocompatible surface coating film 110 is furthermore arranged on an inner surface of the robotic device provided by a bottom face of the elastic base structure 102. FIG. 7 shows a section of another exemplary embodiment of a robotic device comprising an elastic base structure 102, under which the magnetic coating film 108 is arranged. On an outer surface of the robotic device provided by a top face of the elastic base structure 102 is a hemocompatible surface coating film 110 arranged. A hemocompatible surface coating film 110 is furthermore arranged on an inner surface of the robotic device provided by a bottom face of the magnetic coating film 108. FIG. 8 shows a section of another exemplary embodiment of a robotic device comprising an elastic base structure 102 with magnetic particles 108 distributed therein. On an outer surface of the robotic device provided by a top face of the elastic base structure 102 is a hemocompatible surface coating film 110 arranged. A hemocompatible surface coating film 110 is furthermore arranged on an inner surface of the robotic device provided by a bottom face of the elastic base structure 102. FIG. 9 shows a section of another exemplary embodiment of a robotic device comprising an elastic base structure 102 with magnetic particles 108 distributed therein. For example, the magnetic particles may be coated with a hemocompatible coating, while the elastic base structure 102 may be made from a hemocompatible material. Thus, no further hemocompatible surface coating film may be required in case of the exemplary embodiment of a robotic device illustrated in FIG. 9.

[0167] FIG. 10 to FIG. 13 show exemplary sections of tubes with an anisotropic surface structure 104 extending through the depicted sections. FIG. 10 shows a section of an exemplary embodiment of a robotic device comprising an elastic base structure 102, on which an anisotropic surface structure 104 is arranged. Magnetic particles 108 are comprised by the anisotropic surface structure 104. On an outer surface of the robotic device provided by a top face of the anisotropic surface structure 104 is a hemocompatible surface coating film 110 arranged. A hemocompatible surface coating film 110 is furthermore arranged on an inner surface of the robotic device provided by a bottom face of the elastic base structure 102. FIG. 11 shows a section of an exemplary embodiment of a robotic device comprising an elastic base structure 102, on which an anisotropic surface structure 104 is arranged. Magnetic particles 108 are comprised by the elastic base structure 102. On an outer surface of the robotic device provided by a top face of the anisotropic surface structure 104 is a hemocompatible surface coating film 110 arranged. A hemocompatible surface coating film 110 is furthermore arranged on an inner surface of the robotic device provided by a bottom face of the elastic base structure 102. FIG. 12 shows a section of another exemplary embodiment of a robotic device comprising an elastic base structure 102, on which an anisotropic surface structure 104 is arranged. Magnetic particles 108 are comprised by the anisotropic surface structure 104. For example, the magnetic particles may be coated with a hemocompatible coating, while the elastic base structure 102 and the anisotropic surface structure 104 may be made from a hemocompatible material. Thus, no further hemocompatible surface coating film may be required in case of the exemplary embodiment of a robotic device illustrated in FIG. 12. FIG. 13 shows a section of another exemplary embodiment of a robotic device comprising an elastic base structure 102 with magnetic particles 108 distributed therein. On the elastic base structure 102 an anisotropic surface structure 104 is arranged. For example, the magnetic particles may be coated with a hemocompatible coating, while the elastic base structure 102 and the anisotropic surface structure 104 may be made from a hemocompatible material. Thus, no further hemocompatible surface coating film may be required in case of the exemplary embodiment of a robotic device illustrated in FIG. 13.

[0168] FIG. 14 shows an exemplary robotic device 100. The robotic device 100 of FIG. 14 corresponds to the robotic device 100 of FIG. 2. The only difference may be, that the robotic device 100 of FIG. 14 in addition comprises an inner film, i.e., continuous inner layer 112, arranged on an inner surface of the mesh structure 120. The continuous inner layer 112 may be configured for channeling a blood flow through the robotic device 100. Thus, this robotic device 100 may, e.g., be used as an actively controlled, flexible flow diverter, e.g., for treating an aneurysm and/or an arteriovenous malformation (AVM). The additional continuous inner layer 112 may, e.g., stopped any blood from passing through the mesh structure 120. For example, a porosity of the continuous inner layer 112 is less than 70%, preferably less than 50%, more preferably less than 1%, e.g., equal 0%.

[0169] FIG. 15 shows an exemplary actuation and control device 150 configured for actuating and controlling a robotic device as described herein. The actuation and control device comprises a moving unit 152 configured for moving a magnet 156. The magnet 156 is configured for generating a magnetic field. The magnetic field is configured for inducing a rotation of the robotic device around a central longitudinal body axis of the robotic device. The moving unit 152 is configured for moving the magnet 156 along a blood vessel of a vascular system, in which the robotic device is inserted, thereby magnetically forcing a movement of the robotic device through the blood vessel using a surface propulsion of the robotic device within the blood vessel.

[0170] The moving unit 152 comprises a robotic arm 154 with the magnet 156 mounted on a distal end of the robotic arm 154. The robotic arm 154 may, e.g., be a 7-DoF robotic arm. The robotic arm 154 with the magnet 156 are configured to realize spatial three-dimension (3D) magnetic actuation of the robotic device using the magnet 156. The communication framework may be realized by a Robot Operating System (ROS). The magnet 156 may be a permanent magnet, e.g., a 50 mm cubic NdFeB permanent magnet, which is rotated for generating the magnetic field. The magnet 156 may, e.g., be rotated using a step motor.

[0171] FIG. 16 shows an exemplary actuation of the robotic device 100. FIG. 16 illustrates the rotation of the robotic device 100 and a magnet 156 with respect to local coordinates. The robotic device 100 is inserted into a blood vessel 200. For actuation the robotic device 100, both magnetic torques and forces may be used. The magnet 156 with moment ma may be rotated around the y.sub.a-axis of the magnet-attached local coordinates x.sub.a-y.sub.a-z.sub.a with frequency f.sub.mag, such that the robotic device 100 with moment m.sub.r is rotated around the y.sub.r-axis of the robot-attached local coordinates x.sub.r-y.sub.r-z.sub.r by magnetic torques. The orientation of the magnet 156 may be aligned with the direction of extension of the blood vessel 200 and thus with the robotic device 100. The two local coordinate frames, i.e., the magnet-attached local coordinates x.sub.a-y.sub.a-z.sub.a and the robot-attached local coordinates x.sub.r-y.sub.r-z.sub.r, are separated by a translation defined by translation vector p.sub.a.sup.r, i.e., the vector pointing from the actuation magnet 156 to the robotic device 100. The direction of the rotation of the robotic device 100 may, e.g., be reverse of the magnet 156 due to the specific magnetic field generated by the permanent magnet.156. The y.sub.r-axis is the central longitudinal body axis of the robotic device 100. The magnet 156 is may further be translated and reorientated with respect to the global coordinate x-y-z. Given, e.g., a cortex-to-scalp distance I.sub.s=15 mm, the magnet 156 may be placed at least 50 mm away from the robotic device along the 4-axis, i.e., I.sub.mag≥50 mm>I.sub.s.

[0172] FIG. 17 shows an exemplary controlling of a movement of the robotic device 100 along the blood vessel 200 using the magnet 156. FIG. 17 illustrates a translation and reorientation of the magnet 156 along the blood vessel 200 with respect to global coordinates, in order move the robotic device 100 through the blood vessel. The magnet 156 is rotated around the y.sub.a-axis with frequency f.sub.mag, as illustrated in FIG. 16. It is translated ahead of the robotic device 100 with a speed of v.sub.mag along the blood vessel 200 and reorientated by an angle of α.sub.mag to coincide the y.sub.a-z.sub.a plane to the current route along the blood vessel 200. The induced magnetic field may drag the robotic device 100 along through the blood vessel with the robotic device 100 being propelled by the surface propulsion resulting from the rotation of the robotic device 100.

[0173] FIG. 18 shows an exemplary concept of an application scenario of a robotic device 100 in a distal vasculature. The M4 segment of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) case is shown here, where catheterization may be challenging. The M4 segment refers to the blood vessels the Sylvian fissure and spread out over the convex surface of the cerebral hemispheres. The robotic device 100 may be delivered to the M4 segment using a microcatheter 160. Using the magnet 156, the robotic device 100 may be moved into the M4 segment. For example, the branches 204 of the blood vessel 200 may have diameters Φ.sub.l2 smaller than a diameter Φ.sub.l of the blood vessel 200. The robotic device 100 may be configured to adapt to different diameters Φ.sub.l of the blood vessel 200, when advancing into the branches 200. For example, the robotic device 100 may have the following major locomotion capabilities: forward and backward shape adaptation in lumens with varying diameters; flow withstanding when no magnetic field is applied; traversing among curved routes and branches of the blood vessel 200. The robotic device 100 may function as a mobile carrier for other functional tools, e.g., to treat acute ischemic stroke, aneurysm, and arteriovenous malformation.

[0174] FIG. 19 illustrates a relation between forces, when the robotic device 100 moves along with the flow of blood, while the magnetic actuation is on. FIG. 20 illustrates a relation of forces, when the robotic device 100 moves against the flow, while the magnetic actuation is on. FIG. 21 illustrates a relation of forces, when the robotic device halts at a targeted location such that a self-anchoring is ensured, even if the magnetic actuation is off. There are three major groups of forces contributing to the robotic device locomotion: 1) the magnetic forces applied on the robotic device 100 along the y.sub.r-axis, F.sub.mag,yr, the magnet torque applied on the robotic device around the y.sub.r-axis, T.sub.mag,yr, 2) the fluidic drag force, F.sub.drag, and 3) the frictional forces parallel and perpendicular to the anisotropic surface structure, e.g., a helix structure, F.sub.fric,∥ and F.sub.fric,⊥, respectively.

[0175] F.sub.mag,yr, and T.sub.mag,yr may be modeled using the dipole approximation as

F.sub.mag(p.sub.a.sup.r,m.sub.r)=(m.sub.r.Math.∇)B(p.sub.a.sup.r),  (1)

T.sub.mag=m.sub.r×B(p.sub.a.sup.r),  (2)

[0176] where m.sub.r is the magnetic moment of the robotic device 100, and B(p.sub.a.sup.r) is the magnetic flux density generated by the actuation magnet 156 with the magnetic moment of m.sub.a, and p.sub.a.sup.r is the vector pointing from the actuation magnet 156 to the robotic device 100. F.sub.drag may be modeled by fluid-structure interaction, e.g., in COMSOL Multiphysics 5.4. F.sub.fric,∥ and F.sub.fric,⊥ are described by the Coulomb model of friction, where the radial force F.sub.n along with the deformation are modeled, e.g., using Abaqus 2019, using the measured Young's modulus E.sub.r of the robotic device, and the coefficient of friction (CoF) may be quantified by friction tests. The robotic device 100 as the composite of NdFeB particles and PDMS may be modeled as a linear elastic material, enabling the linear relations between F.sub.n and the radial deformation.

[0177] For the robotic device 100 to move along with the flow of blood within the blood vessel 200 as shown in FIG. 19, the force relations as shown in equations (3) and (4) need to be satisfied. The sum of the magnetic forces applied on the robotic device 100 along the y.sub.r-axis, F.sub.mag,yr, the fluidic drag force, F.sub.drag, and the contribution of the frictional forces perpendicular to the anisotropic surface structure, F.sub.fric,⊥ cos(φ), need to be equal to or larger than the contribution of the frictional forces parallel to the anisotropic surface structure, F.sub.fric,∥ sin(ϕ). Furthermore, the magnet torque applied on the robotic device around the y.sub.r-axis, T.sub.mag,yr, needs to be equal to or larger than the contributions of the frictional forces parallel and perpendicular to the anisotropic surface structure, F.sub.fric,∥ and F.sub.fric,⊥, to the torque. Similarly, for the robotic device 100 to move against the flow of blood within the blood vessel 200 as shown in FIG. 20, the force relations as shown in the relations (4) and (5) need to be satisfied. The magnet torque applied on the robotic device around the y.sub.r-axis, T.sub.mag,yr, needs to be equal to or larger than the contributions of the frictional forces parallel and perpendicular to the anisotropic surface structure, F.sub.fric,∥ and F.sub.fric,⊥, to the torque. Furthermore, the sum of the magnetic forces applied on the robotic device 100 along the y.sub.r-axis, F.sub.mag,yr, and the contribution of the frictional forces perpendicular to the anisotropic surface structure, F.sub.fric,⊥ cos(φ), need to be equal to or larger than the sum of the fluidic drag force, F.sub.drag, and the contribution of the frictional forces parallel to the anisotropic surface structure, F.sub.fric,∥ sin(φ). For a self-anchoring of the robotic device 100 at the target location within the blood vessel 200 as shown in FIG. 21, the force relation as shown in the relation (6) needs to be satisfied. The contribution of the frictional forces parallel to the anisotropic surface structure, F.sub.fric,∥ sin(φ), and the contribution of the frictional forces perpendicular to the anisotropic surface structure, F.sub.fric,⊥ cos(φ), need to be equal to or larger than fluidic drag force, F.sub.drag, of the blood.

F.sub.mag,yr+F.sub.drag+F.sub.fric,⊥ cos(φ)≥F.sub.fric,∥ sin(φ),  (3)

T.sub.mag,yr≥(F.sub.fric,∥ cos(φ)+F.sub.fric,⊥ sin(φ)R.sub.d,  (4)

F.sub.mag,yr+F.sub.fric,⊥ cos(φ)≥F.sub.drag+F.sub.fric,∥ sin(φ),  (5)

F.sub.drag≤F.sub.fric,∥ sin(φ)+F.sub.fric,⊥ cos(φ),  (6)

[0178] where F.sub.fric,⊥=μ.sub.⊥F.sub.n, F.sub.fric,∥=μ.sub.∥F.sub.n, F.sub.n is the radial force, φ is the helix angle, which is 8°, R.sub.d is the robotic device radius after radial deformation, μ.sub.⊥ and μ.sub.∥ are the coefficient of friction (CoF) perpendicular to and parallel to the helix, respectively. F.sub.mag,yr here refers to the maximum achievable value, and T.sub.mag,yr refers to the torque value, when F.sub.mag,yr is acquired.

[0179] Concerning the dynamics of the robotic device 100 during locomotion, it may be modeled as:

F.sub.mag,yr+F.sub.fric,⊥ cos(φ)−F.sub.fric,∥ sin(φ)+aF.sub.drag=m.sub.r{umlaut over (w)}.sub.yr,  (7)

T.sub.mag,yr−(F.sub.fric,∥ cos(φ)+F.sub.fric,⊥ sin(φ))R.sub.d=J.sub.yr{umlaut over (θ)}.sub.yr,  (8)

[0180] where a is a parameter equal to 1 or −1, when the robotic device 100 moves along and against the flow, respectively. w.sub.yr is the displacement of the robotic device 100 along the y.sub.r-axis, m.sub.r is the mass of the robotic device 100, θ.sub.yr is the rotation angle of the robotic device 100 around the y.sub.r-axis, and J.sub.yr is the moment of inertia around the y.sub.r-axis. The dynamic equation may, e.g., be solved by the ODE23 solver in MATLAB R2018a.

[0181] FIG. 22 shows an exemplary radial shape adaptation of the robotic device 100. Snapshots for the retrievable radial shape adaptation of the robotic device 100 in the lumen with diameter Φ.sub.l changing from 1 mm to 1.5 mm for phantom A is shown. The shape adaptation may be quantified by the maximum allowed distance of the magnet away from the robotic device 100 along the z.sub.r-axis enabling the locomotion, I.sub.mag_max. I.sub.mag_max is decided by the projection area S.sub.p, completeness of helix λ.sub.h, diameter of the lumen Φ.sub.l, and Young's modulus E.sub.r.

[0182] Radial shape adaptation of the robotic device as a functional requirement may demand a forward and backward retrievable surface locomotion capability in the lumen with a diameter Φ.sub.l of a blood vessel. In a M4 region, the lumen diameter may, e.g., change from 1.5 mm to 1 mm. This Φ.sub.l range may correspond to an average flow speed of estimated to be, e.g., from 11.3 cm/s to 25.5 cm/s in a single route without branches. This requirement may, e.g., need to be fulfilled in two dynamic conditions, i.e., the magnet may be actuated to move the robotic device 100 along with and against the flow, for entering the smaller Φ.sub.l and moving back to the larger Φ.sub.l, respectively.

[0183] To experimentally explore which design could fulfill such requirement, a class of prototypes of robotic devices with various Young's moduli of E.sub.r ranging from 6.4 MPa to 13.6 MPa in phantom A made of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) elastomer has been tested. The magnet was rotated with a frequency of f.sub.mag=0.5 Hz and led the robotic device 100 by half the size of the magnet. For radial shape adaptation to narrower Φ.sub.l, the magnetic forces and torques may need to be increased by decreasing the distance between the magnet and the robotic device along the z.sub.r-axis, I.sub.mag. Meanwhile, I.sub.mag≥50 mm may need to be assured for satisfying I.sub.s. Thus, a maximum allowed I.sub.mag for adapting to various Φ.sub.l, I.sub.mag_max, may dictate the capability of radial shape adaptation. The design with larger I.sub.mag_max may be easier to achieve the shape-adaptive locomotion. Particularly, the design with E.sub.r=6.4 MPa may, e.g., fulfilled the requirement with all I.sub.mag_max greater than 50 mm.

[0184] FIG. 23 shows a further exemplary radial shape adaptation of the robotic device 100. The exemplary effect of S.sub.p for E.sub.r=6.44 MPa is illustrated, with S.sub.p being defined as the projected area of the robotic device 100 to the x.sub.r-z.sub.r plane. Higher S.sub.p in smaller diameter of the lumen CD tends to induce much increased fluidic drag F.sub.drag on the robotic device 100. The radial deformability of the robotic device 100 enables the shrinking of S.sub.p into smaller Φ.sub.l, i.e., the low fluidic drag nature.

[0185] Four essential variables, the projection area S.sub.p, completeness of helix λ.sub.r, Φ.sub.l, and Young's modulus E.sub.r, may affect the relative relations among the magnetic forces and torques, fluidic drag, and frictional forces, which further dictates I.sub.mag_max.

[0186] To effectively withstand the pulsatile flow, the projection area S.sub.p of the robotic device 100 may be configured to not increase, when the robotic device 100 enters a smaller Φ.sub.l, since increased S.sub.p may increase the fluidic drag F.sub.drag on the robotic device 100 notably. Given the low fluidic drag nature of the hollow cylindrical base structure of the robotic device 100, this requirement may be satisfied without further effort. Actually, S.sub.p may, e.g., decrease from 0.44 mm.sup.2 for Φ.sub.l=1.5 mm to 0.28 mm.sup.2 for Φ.sub.l=1. Due to the increased flow speed in smaller Φ.sub.1, F.sub.drag may still be increased from 0.1 mN to 0.3 mN. However, this increase may be considered to be minor.

[0187] FIG. 24 shows an exemplary diagram of the completeness λ.sub.h of an anisotropic surface structure 104 formed on an elastic base structure 102 of a robotic device 100. In the example of FIG. 24, the anisotropic surface structure 104 is provided in form of a helical structure extending over a mesh structure 120 of the elastic base structure 102 with a plurality of cells. The helical structure is interrupted by the voids of the cells of the mesh structure. With decreasing lumen diameter Φ.sub.l resulting in a decreasing diameter of the robotic device 100, the completeness λ.sub.h of the discontinuous helix increases along with radial deformation of the robotic device 100. For one pitch, the completeness may be defined as a ratio between coated helix length, i.e., constant and discontinuous, and the complete helix length, i.e., varying and continuous. The complete helix length is proportional to the lumen diameter Φ.sub.l. For smaller Φ.sub.l, the completeness λ.sub.h is increased, and the effect of anisotropic frictional forces for axial locomotion may be enhanced. More precisely, the effect of symmetry breaking from the helical shape and the anisotropic frictions for the axial locomotion may be enhanced. Although both left-handed and right-handed rotations enabled axial propulsion using the actuation method describe herein with the magnetic pulling force resulting in a surface propulsion, the right-handed one improved the robotic device's speed, especially significant when the robotic device moved from smaller Φ.sub.l with higher λ.sub.h to the larger Φ.sub.l with lower λ.sub.h.

[0188] FIG. 25 shows an exemplary modeling of the maximum distance between the magnet and the robotic device I.sub.mag_max. Given the design with low fluidic drag and anisotropic frictional forces, Young's modulus E.sub.r and lumen diameter Φ.sub.l decide I.sub.mag_max. Choosing, e.g., a design with E.sub.r=6.44 MPa, I.sub.mag_max may be larger than 50 mm for all lumen diameter Φ.sub.l from 1.5 mm down to 1.0 mm. Either decreasing Φ.sub.l or increasing E.sub.r increases the necessity of increasing the magnetic force and torques, i.e., the necessity of decreasing I.sub.mag_max for the radial shape-adaptative locomotion.

[0189] Particularly, the robotic device with E.sub.r=6.4 MPa may fulfilled the requirement with all I.sub.mag_max more than 50 mm, satisfying the distance requirement on cortex-to-scalp distance I.sub.s, which matched well with the experimental results. Furthermore, modeling based on the ex vivo measurements of the coefficient of friction (CoF) for porcine arteries indicated that I.sub.mag_max could be as large as 10 cm for the robotic device with E.sub.r=6.4 MPa, suggesting the feasibility of the current system design.

[0190] Based on the modeling for arteries, the maximum radial forces F.sub.n and frictional force F.sub.fric for E.sub.r=6.4 MPa, when the robotic device enters the lumen with Φ.sub.l=1 mm, are estimated to be around 0.05 N and 0.004 N, respectively in porcine arteries. F.sub.n here may induce a compressive stress of around 6.1 kPa, smaller than a quantified threshold to rupture the endothelial cell at around 12.4 kPa. This design may potentially enable safer interactions with the lumen.

[0191] FIG. 26 shows an exemplary comparison of the dependence of the maximum distance between the magnet and the robotic device I.sub.mag_max on the lumen diameter Φ.sub.l for a Young's modulus E.sub.r=6.44 MPa. FIG. 26 shows the dependence calculated for a model as well as experimentally measured. Particularly, the robotic device 100 with E.sub.r=6.4 MPa fulfills the requirement with all I.sub.mag_max larger than 50 mm, satisfying the distance requirement on cortex-to-scalp distance I.sub.s of around 15 mm, which matches well with the experimental results.

[0192] FIG. 27 shows a comparison of a left-hand and a right-hand rotation for an anisotropic surface structure in form of a right-handed helix coated onto an elastic base structure in form of a mesh structure. The right-handed helix assists the axial locomotion of the robotic device from a rotation around the y.sub.r-axis, i.e., the central longitudinal body axis of the robotic device. Experimentally, left-hand and right-hand rotations both enable axial propulsion using the actuation method described herein. However, a right-hand rotation significantly increases the robotic device's speed compared to a left-handed rotation, especially when the robotic device moves from lumen diameter Φ.sub.l with higher completeness λ.sub.h to larger Φ.sub.l with lower λ.sub.h.

[0193] FIG. 28 illustrates the effect of the magnet translation speed v.sub.mag on the robotic device displacement in phantom A for f.sub.mag=0.5 Hz and I.sub.mag=55 mm. The lagging distance of the robotic device hag being moved along the phantom A indicates how well the robotic device follows the magnet. v.sub.mag at around 0.5 mm/s is suitable for actuation without lagging. To investigate whether or not the robotic device may achieve the radial shape adaptation, the magnet was, e.g., controlled by a manual operation command from a joystick. To further study, how fast the adaptation could be achieved, I.sub.mag=55 mm was fixed, since this value could enable the radial shape adaptation for all Φ.sub.l. Then the effect of various translation speeds of the magnet v.sub.mag and frequencies f.sub.mag was investigated. The studies in a phantom B and the corresponding modeling indicated that f.sub.mag did not contribute to y.sub.r as much as v.sub.mag. Therefore, f.sub.mag was fixed as 0.5 Hz. The robotic device was, e.g., further tested in the phantom A with different v.sub.mag from 0.25 mm/s to 4 mm/s in automatic mode with a pulsatile flow rate was set 12 ml/min. The experimental results are summarized in FIG. 28. When v.sub.mag is set to be 0.5-1 mm/s, the robotic device followed the magnet translation with no lag, with the average locomotion speed v.sub.r of around 0.18 mm/s along and against the flow on average. Note that due to the variation of the magnetic forces and torques, v.sub.r was not constant.

[0194] FIG. 29 illustrates the self-anchoring of the robotic device in a phantom A, i.e., without an external magnetic field. The frictional forces for robots with various E.sub.r are higher than F.sub.drag, ensuring flow withstanding even when the external magnetic actuation is turned off. Besides the radial adaptation, the robotic device is may further be required to be self-anchoring to withstand pulsatile flow even when the magnetic field is turned off, which may be essential for safe operations. To enable such a property, the frictional forces F.sub.fric may have to be larger than the fluidic drag F.sub.drag. The experiments and modeling results indicated that this requirement may be satisfied for all designs indicated in FIG. 29. The relation may also hold for arteries, given the quantified CoF.

[0195] FIG. 30 illustrates physiological requirements on curved lumens with flow speed visualization including curved routes and bifurcations. Exemplary values of radius of curvature R.sub.c>2 mm and bifurcation angles θ.sub.b∈(30°,120°) are indicated in the figure.

[0196] FIG. 31 illustrates the effect of lumen's curvature Kc and lumen diameter Φ.sub.l on the minimum required torque T.sub.min to bend the robotic device into the curved lumens, e.g., for E.sub.r=6.44 MPa. For traversing among highly-curved lumens, i.e., the curved routes and bifurcations as illustrated in FIG. 30, the robotic device needs to be bent around the z.sub.r-axis. The minimum required torque T.sub.min for such bending is correlated to the lumen's curvature κ.sub.c and Φ.sub.l, i.e., T.sub.min=E.sub.r.Math.I.sub.r(Φ.sub.l).Math.κ.sub.c, where I.sub.r is the second moment of area for the cross-section along the x.sub.r-z.sub.r plane. Increasing κ.sub.c, i.e., for more curved lumens with smaller radii of curvature R.sub.c or larger θ.sub.b, and lumen diameter Φ.sub.l increases the curved lumens T.sub.min. Either increasing κ.sub.c, e.g., by decreasing the radius of curvature R.sub.c or increasing the bifurcation angle θ.sub.b, or increasing Φ.sub.l may increases T.sub.min. In the following, it is exemplarily focused on large Φ.sub.l=1.45 mm to experimentally find effective curved routes traversing strategies in physiologically relevant R.sub.c (>2 mm) and θ.sub.b (30°-120°) value ranges.

[0197] FIG. 32 shows exemplary snapshots for retrievable curved routes traversing a curvature of a blood vessel 100 with a radius of curvature Roof 5 mm. The bending torques from the magnetic force F.sub.mag due to the leading position of the magnet, magnetic torque T.sub.mag,z due to the reorientation of the magnet, and the reaction force F.sub.react from the lumen wall due to the rotation of the magnet, overcome T.sub.min, realizing the curved route traversing. In FIG. 32, only the forces and torques enabling the traversing are labeled.

[0198] The total torques applied to the robotic device 100 may need to be greater than T.sub.min to bend the robotic device 100 into the curved route defined by the blood vessel 200. These contributing torques may include: 1) the torque from the magnetic pulling force, F.sub.mag, due to the leading position of the magnet, 2) the magnetic toque around the z.sub.r-axis, T.sub.mag,zr, due to the reorientation of the magnet, and 3) the reaction force from the lumen wall of the blood vessel 200 due to the rotation, F.sub.react, of the robotic device 100.

[0199] For illustrating the actuation strategy, the locomotion path is discretized into via-points (a) to (d), as shown in FIGS. 32 and 33. When the robotic device enters the curved route and moves along the path defined by the blood vessel 200 to (c)-(d), the magnet is oriented such that the y.sub.a-axis of the magnet is parallel to (c)-(d), leading the robotic device 100 and simultaneously rotating the robotic device 100 around the positive y.sub.r-axis of the robotic device 100. Thus, the torque from the magnetic pulling force F.sub.mag may bend the robotic device towards (c)-(d). Meanwhile, T.sub.mag,zr tends to align x.sub.r to x.sub.a, which bends the robotic device towards the same direction. Lastly, the rotation tends to roll the robotic device to the positive side of the x.sub.r-axis. When the robotic device is in contact with the lumen wall of the blood vessel 200, the reaction force F.sub.react bends the robotic device towards (c)-(d). The consequent sum of the bending torques may overcome T.sub.min such that the robotic device may enter (c)-(d). This procedure outlined above is indicated in step 2 in FIG. 32.

[0200] When the robotic device 100 returns to (a)-(b) from (c)-(d), the magnet may be oriented such that the y.sub.a-axis is parallel to (a)-(b), leading the robotic device 100 and rotating the robotic device 100 around the positive y.sub.r-axis. Thus, the torque from pulling force F.sub.mag may bends the robotic device towards (a)-(b). Meanwhile, T.sub.mag,zr may tend to align x.sub.r to x.sub.a, which may also bend the robotic device 100 towards (a)-(b). Lastly, the rotation may tend to roll the robotic device to the positive side of x.sub.r-axis. When the robotic device is in contact with the lumen wall of blood vessel 200, the reaction force F.sub.react may point to and bend the robotic device towards (a)-(b). The procedures outlined above are indicated in step 4 in FIG. 32. The complete strategy for the whole path is summarized in FIG. 34 below.

[0201] FIG. 33 shows an exemplary illustration of a coordinate system and via-points discretization for a curved route traversing.

[0202] FIG. 34 shows exemplary strategies for a curved route traversing along the flow as well as against the flow for the via-points discretization illustrated in FIG. 33. The signs + and − of the frequency of the magnet F.sub.mag represent the rotation direction of the magnet around the y.sub.a-axis as illustrated in FIG. 33.

[0203] FIG. 35 shows exemplary experimental results of robotic device locomotion speed y.sub.r among various radii of curvature R.sub.c in phantoms C, D, and E for f.sub.mag=0.5 Hz and I.sub.mag=55 mm. The average speed y.sub.r of the robotic device is around 0.2 to 0.25 mm/s, indicating the robustness of the strategies among different curved routes. Thus, the results are consistently around y.sub.r=0.18 mm/s, i.e., the results for the phantoms C to E correspond to the result for the robotic device locomotion speed y.sub.r acquired for phantom A. Thus, traversing among curved routes may not sacrifice the locomotion speed.

[0204] FIG. 36 shows exemplary snapshots for a retrievable branch traversing among a bifurcation with an exemplary branching angle θ.sub.b of 60°. In FIG. 36, only the leading forces and torques enabling the traversing are indicated on each time step. The composition of the magnetic force-induced torque from F.sub.mag, magnetic toque T.sub.mag,zr, and the reaction force-induced torque from F.sub.react bends the robotic device and leads it into the desired branch 204.

[0205] The strategies for bifurcating branch traversing may be similar to the ones for curved routes as illustrated in FIGS. 32 to 34. For a bifurcation angle θ.sub.b from 30° to 120°, the contributing torques applied on the robotic device 100 may be greater than T.sub.min. To illustrate the strategies, the path may be discretized into via-points (a) to (f) as shown in FIGS. 36 and 37.

[0206] The procedures for the robotic device 100 entering into the branch (c)-(d) may be indicated in steps 2 and 3 in FIG. 36. The magnet is oriented such that the y.sub.a-axis is parallel to the route (c)-(d), leading the robotic device 100 and simultaneously rotating the robotic device 100 around the positive y.sub.r-axis. Thus, the torque from pulling force F.sub.mag may bend the robotic device 100 towards (c)-(d). Meanwhile, T.sub.mag,zr tends to align x.sub.r to x.sub.a, which may bend the robotic device 100 towards the same branch. Lastly, the rotation may tend to roll the robotic device 100 to the positive side of the x.sub.r-axis. When the robotic device 100 is in contact with the lumen junctions, the reaction force F.sub.react may point to the negative x.sub.r-axis, bending the robotic device 100 towards (c)-(d). The consequent sum of the bending torques may be greater than T.sub.min so that the robotic device 100 is enabled to enter (c)-(d).

[0207] The procedures for robotic device 100 returning to main trunk (a)-(b) from (c)-(d) may be indicated in steps 5 and 6 in FIG. 36. The magnet is oriented such that y.sub.a-axis is parallel to the route (a)-(b), leading the robotic device 100 and simultaneously rotating the robotic device around the positive y.sub.r-axis. Thus, the torque from pulling force F.sub.mag may bend the robotic device towards (a)-(b). Meanwhile, T.sub.mag,zr may tend to align x.sub.r to x.sub.a, which may also bend the robotic device towards (a)-(b). Lastly, the rotation of the robotic device 100 may tend to roll the robotic device 100 to the positive side of x.sub.r-axis. When the robotic device is in contact with the lumen wall of the blood vessel 200, the reaction force F.sub.react may point to the negative x.sub.r-axis, bending the robotic device towards (a)-(b). Similar strategies may be extrapolated, when the robotic device 100 enters the branch (e)-(f) and returns. The complete strategy for the whole path is summarized in FIG. 38 below.

[0208] FIG. 37 shows an exemplary coordinate system and via-points discretization a branch traversing among a bifurcation with an exemplary branching angle θ.sub.b of 60° as illustrated in FIG. 36.

[0209] FIG. 38 shows exemplary strategies for a branch traversing long the flow as well as against the flow for the via-points discretization illustrated in FIG. 37. The signs + and − of the frequency of the magnet F.sub.mag represent the rotation direction of the magnet around the y.sub.a-axis as illustrated in FIG. 37.

[0210] FIG. 39 shows exemplary results of locomotion speed y.sub.r of the robotic device among various bifurcation angles in phantoms F, G, H, and I for a manual control as well as an automatic trajectory with f.sub.mag=0.5 Hz and I.sub.mag=55 mm. To investigate the consistency of the proposed strategies, the strategies are evaluated in phantoms F-I by manual trajectories, i.e., manipulation by joystick, and automatic ones, i.e., manipulation by via-points from the predefined trajectories. The automatic ones are used to rule out randomness in manual control. The average locomotion speed v.sub.r are 0.15-0.35 mm/s, which are relatively consistent among the different phantoms with various θ.sub.b and different modes, i.e., manual or automatic. Thus, the results are around v.sub.r=0.18 mm/s, i.e., the results for the phantoms F to I correspond to the result for the robotic device locomotion speed v.sub.r acquired for phantom A. Thus, traversing among bifurcations may not sacrifice the locomotion speed. However, the values of v.sub.r may not exactly the same due to the fabrication differences on various robotic devices 100 and phantoms. As shown above, the curved lumen traversing is enabled by the magnetic forces, magnetic torques, and interaction with the lumen walls of the blood vessel. Given the same magnetic actuation configuration and similar elastic properties of phantoms and arteries, the strategies may be expected to be transferred to real artery cases.

[0211] FIG. 40 shows an exemplary locomotion along a tortuous route provided by phantom J of a blood vessel 200. The robot's locomotion capability is demonstrated in the phantoms with combined physiological features. The radius of curvature R.sub.c of phantom J ranges from 2.5 mm to 5 mm. The lumen diameter Φ.sub.l is, e.g., set to be 1.45 mm The pulsatile flow rate into the inlet of phantom J is 12 ml/min. Note that the robotic arm configuration may enable the magnet's orientation up to ±90° around the global z-axis. For a rather tortuous route, reorientation of the phantoms may be performed to assist the robotic device's locomotion, if the robotic arm manipulation comes to a singular configuration.

[0212] FIG. 41 shows an exemplary locomotion of a robotic device 100 in a strongly curved route provided by phantom K of a blood vessel 200. The angle of corner is 0°, while the radius of curvature R.sub.c is 1 mm. The pulsatile flow rate into the inlet of phantom K is 12 ml/min. Here the robotic device 100 with a mesh structure comprising two cells along the central longitudinal body axis of the robotic device 100 shows flexible navigation in this specific condition.

[0213] FIG. 42 shows an exemplary locomotion among branches 204 of phantom L in 2D. The pulsatile flow rate into the inlet of phantom K is 12 ml/min. Phantom L comprises six exemplary branches 204, where Φ.sub.l is, e.g., designed to be from 1 mm to 1.5 mm. The successful locomotion of the robotic device 100 among these phantoms confirms proper understanding of mechanics and effective system development towards the shape-adaptative locomotion in complex lumens of various Φ.sub.l with the pulsatile flow.

[0214] FIG. 43 shows an exemplary locomotion among 3D branches in a cranium simulant 210 provided by phantom M. Phantom M is a 3D version of phantom L, fixed on a cerebral hemisphere and brain stimulant. The successful locomotion of the robotic device 100 among these phantoms confirms proper understanding of mechanics and effective system development towards the shape-adaptative locomotion in complex lumens of various Φ.sub.l with the pulsatile flow.

[0215] FIG. 44 shows an exemplary locomotion among 3D branches in a cranium simulant 210 provided by phantom M. To evaluate the robotic device 100 in more medically relevant settings and demonstrate the scenario of its advantage against catheters, the robotic device 100 is delivered via medical tubing 214 and its locomotion is tested in fresh porcine arteries with Φ.sub.l from, e.g., 1 mm to 1.5 mm. The pulsatile flow is pumped inside. The blood vessels 200 used are coronary arteries freshly cut from porcine hearts. The blood analog with 12 ml/min is pumped into the arteries during the experiment. The robotic device 100 is first delivered to the target region's vicinity by a catheter, e.g., with inner diameter d.sub.c=0.072 in, i.e., d.sub.c=1.8288 mm, polyurethane medical tubing from Nordson Medical. Then, the robotic device is released to locomote to the region that the catheter could not access. For example, ultrasound imaging may be utilized to visualize the locomotion of the robotic device in the artery, e.g., using B-mode, Vevo 3100, FUJIFILM Visualsonics, Inc. The pulsatile flow may be visualized by a contrast agent added to the blood analog, e.g., Vevo MicroMarker Non-Targeted Contrast Agent, FUJIFILM Visualsonics, Inc. The proof-of-concept demonstration indicates how the robotic device 100 may be compatible with existing endovascular tools and improve their accessibility. Thinner microcatheters may be chosen for practical usage in distal segments, e.g., with a diameter at the tip of d.sub.c=0.027 in, i.e., d.sub.c=0.6858 mm. The robotic devices 100 with different initial diameters may be fabricated and delivered using these microcatheters based on application needs. For example, when used for flow diversions, the robotic device 100 may not need to carry other therapeutic agents, so it may be collapsed enough to be carried and delivered by the microcatheter, as in the following. On the other hand, the robotic devices 100 may need to carry other functional tools when delivering therapeutic agents. Therefore, a robotic device 100 may not be collapsed too much, and the initial diameter may need to fit the diameter d.sub.c of the microcatheter. Based on the size of the microcatheter mentioned above, a compatible robotic device 100 may be fabricated with an outer diameter of, e.g., d.sub.r=0.68 mm and an inner diameter of, e.g., d.sub.i=0.58 mm using the same fabrication technique. The theoretical assurance of retrievably shape-adaptation and self-anchoring may indicate a promising use in the clinics.

[0216] FIG. 45 shows an exemplary delivery of a robotic device 100 to region (a) of a vascular system using a medical catheter. Starting at region (a) locomotion of the robotic device 100 in blood vessels 200, i.e., porcine arteries, is visualized by ultrasound imaging. Robotic device 100 moves into region (b). At t=1 min 10 s, the magnet was moved away, but the robotic device 100 could withstand the flow safely. After that the robotic device 100 moves back into region (a).

[0217] The robotic device may also be tested under X-ray imaging, e.g., used in minimally invasive endovascular surgeries. The robotic device's 100 detection under the X-ray imaging, e.g., XPERT® 80, Cabinet X-ray System, KUBTEC® Scientific, is managed under various conditions, e.g., 1) the robotic device 100 inside a PDMS phantom, 2) the robotic device 100 inside the PDMS covered by cranium-simulant, 3) the robotic device 100 in porcine vessels, and 4) the robotic device 100 in vessels covered by cranium-simulant. A contrast agent, e.g., Iomeron 400, solution for injection, Bracco UK Limited, in PBS may be injected into the lumens, e.g., mass ratio 1:1. Two critical imaging parameters, voltage and current, may be swept to find the best imaging results. The clear identification of the robotic device from the background materials may support its efficacy, e.g., in potential future clinical usage for human inspection-based intervention or robotic surgeries.

[0218] FIG. 46 show exemplary X-ray imaging parameters for detecting the robotic device 100. FIG. 46A shows exemplary X-ray imaging parameters for detecting the robotic device 100 in an PDMS phantom 201 with contrast agent, but without a cranium simulant as cover. FIG. 46B shows exemplary X-ray imaging parameters for detecting the robotic device 100 in an PDMS phantom 201 with contrast agent and with a cranium simulant as cover. FIG. 46C shows exemplary X-ray imaging parameters for detecting the robotic device 100 in a blood vessel 200 with contrast agent, but without a cranium simulant as cover. FIG. 46D shows exemplary X-ray imaging parameters for detecting the robotic device 100 in a blood vessel 200 with contrast agent and with a cranium simulant as cover.

[0219] FIG. 47 show exemplary properties of sonographic image acquisition. FIG. 47A shows an exemplary sonographic image acquisition of the robotic device 100 in an PDMS phantom 201. The sonographic image acquisition parameters used are MX 201, a transmit frequency of 15 MHz, an acquisition of 120-199 fps, and a gain of 26-57 dB.

[0220] FIG. 47B shows an exemplary sonographic image acquisition of the robotic device 100 in the PDMS phantom 201. The sonographic image acquisition parameters used are MX 550 D, a transmit frequency of 40 MHz, an acquisition of 70-247 fps, and a gain of 33-70 dB.

[0221] FIG. 47C shows an exemplary sonographic image acquisition of the robotic device 100 in a blood vessel 200. The sonographic image acquisition parameters used are MX 201, a transmit frequency of 15 MHz, an acquisition of 120-199 fps, and a gain of 26-57 dB.

[0222] FIG. 47D shows an exemplary sonographic image acquisition of the robotic device 100 in the blood vessel 200. The sonographic image acquisition parameters used are MX 550 D, a transmit frequency of 40 MHz, an acquisition of 70-247 fps, and a gain of 33-70 dB.

[0223] FIG. 48 shows exemplary X-ray imaging tests. The robotic device detection under X-ray imaging (e.g., XPERT® 80, Cabinet X-ray System, KUBTEC® Scientific) is managed under various conditions. The first column of images shows X-ray images of the robotic device inside a PDMS phantom. The second column of images shows X-ray images of the robotic device inside the PDMS with contrast agent. The third column of images shows X-ray images of the robotic device inside the PDMS with contrast agent covered by a cranium-simulant.

[0224] FIG. 49 shows further exemplary X-ray imaging tests (e.g., XPERT® 80, Cabinet X-ray System, KUBTEC® Scientific) of the robotic device detection under various conditions. The first column of images shows X-ray images of the robotic device inside a coronary artery. The second column of images shows X-ray images of the robotic device inside the coronary artery with contrast agent. The third column of images shows X-ray images of the robotic device inside the coronary artery with contrast agent covered by a cranium-simulant.

[0225] FIG. 50 show an exemplary robotic device 100 with foldable structures 130, e.g., SMP-based foldable structures, configured for a local on-demand delivery of an agent 140 for medical use. The agent may, e.g., be an endovascular tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), e.g., to achieve thrombolysis at a target location. Such a local on-demand delivery of tPA may, e.g., be used for a therapy of an acute ischemic stroke. FIG. 50A shows the robotic device 100 comprising a hollow cylindrical elastic base structure 102 provided in form of a mesh structure 120. Into the mesh structure SMP-based foldable structures 130 are integrated. In the example of FIG. 50A, two SMP-based foldable structures 130 are integrated. FIG. 50B shows the SMP-based foldable structures 130 of FIG. 50A in detail along a time line from a time t.sub.1 over a time t.sub.2 and t.sub.3 to a time t.sub.4. The exemplary SMP-based foldable structures 130 as illustrated in FIG. 50B comprises rectangular retaining section 132 providing a cuboidal cargo hold configured for receiving an agent 136. In order to close the retaining section 132 and prevent the agent 136 from being released, the retaining section 132 may be folded around a folding axis 135 into to a cuboidal reception 134 provided by the SMP-based foldable structures 130. As long as the retaining section 132 is folded in and received by the cuboidal reception 134, the retaining section 132 is covered by the reception 134 and the agent 136 arranged within the retaining section 132 is prevented from being released. When the retaining section 132 is expanded by being unfolded around the folding axis 135 out of the cuboidal reception 134 provided by the SMP-based foldable structures 130, the retaining section 132 is not covered any longer by the reception 134 and the agent 136 is released from the retaining section 132.

[0226] The time line illustrates different states of the SMP-based foldable structure 130 from a closed state, i.e., folded state, at time t.sub.1 to an open state, i.e., unfolded state at time t.sub.4. At temperatures below a predefined shape-memory transition temperature, the SMP-based foldable structure 130 is in the folded state, i.e., closed state. In the folded state, the retaining section 132 is folded around the folding axis 135 and received by the reception 134. Using heating, i.e., radiofrequency induced heating, the temperature T of the SMP-based foldable structure 130 may be raised. Upon reaching the predefined shape-memory transition temperature, SMP-based foldable structure 130 may open the closed retaining section 132 and releasing the agent 136. This opening is illustrated at times t.sub.2 to t.sub.4. The retaining section 132 is unfolded around the folding axis 135. For example, the retaining section 132 is unfolded by being rotated around the folding axis 135 by 1800. At times t.sub.2 and t.sub.3 the retaining section 132 is partially unfolded. At time t.sub.4 the retaining section 132 has reached its final unfolded state. The SMP-based foldable structure 130 may, e.g., metal particles for enhancing the efficiency of radiofrequency induced heating of the SMP-based foldable structure, e.g., using an external radiofrequency coil.

[0227] Besides the medical functions demonstrated in the following, with its superiority in local on-demand drug delivery, the robotic device 100 may further avoid the risks and complications of a second systematic exposure to tPA. Clinically, after a first intravenous thrombolytic attempt does not achieve the desired recanalization, it is unsafe to expose the whole vascular system to tPA again immediately. This is due to the risks of internal hemorrhage from the repetitive, systematic exposure of the medicine. Thus, the proposed robotic device 100 described herein may function as a solution for such a scenario. Furthermore, the customized concentrated drug may be developed and loaded into the robotic device 100 to improve its therapeutic efficiency. For example, it is demonstrated that the local application of 0.02 mg tPA may enable successful thrombolysis for thrombus with a volume of 3.5 mm.sup.3. However, the concentration of the active gradients, alteplase, is only 2.1% in the commercial Actilyse®. 467 mg tPA may contains 10 mg alteplase. Thus, an even smaller amount of drug may be needed with a more concentrated alteplase. In addition, other functional medical tools, e.g., miniature flow pumps realized by cilia-like structures, may also be appropriately integrated into the robotic device 100 to enhance drug delivery efficiency further.

[0228] The structure 130 may, e.g., be fabricated with SMP materials using a molding technique. The structure 130 as illustrated for time step t.sub.4 may, e.g., firstly be 3D-printed and then used to make the negative molds of PDMS, e.g., with a base and crosslinker mass ratio 10:1. For 3D-printing a positive model of the structure 130, a 3D digital model defining the structure 130 may be used as a template. The template may be provided to a computational unit configured for controlling a 3D-printing device for 3D printing a physical copy of the template. The materials used for the synthesis of the SMP are, e.g., Poly(Bisphenol A-co-epichlorohydrin) glycidyl end-capped (PBGD), Poly(propylene glycol) bis(2-aminopropyl ether) (Jeffamine D230), and Neopentyl glycol diglycidyl ether (NGDE). For example, 1 g PBGD is melted by heating in an oven at 70° C. for 20 min. Next, 360 μL Jeffamine D230 and 300 μL NGDE are added to the melted PBGD and stirred for 5 minutes. The resulting solution may, e.g., be mixed with the iron oxide particles (Sigma-Aldrich), e.g., with a mass ratio of 1:4. The composite may be cast into the prepared PDMS molds. After curing at 100° C. for 1.5 h in an oven and post-curing at 130° C. for 1 h, the SMP-based structure may be demolded from the PDMS mold.

[0229] FIG. 51 illustrates an exemplary radiofrequency-based heating and release of a composite cargo. The exemplary composite cargo released in FIG. 51 consists of silk fibroin and fluorescence dye. At time t=0 min, a radiofrequency-based heating of the robotic device 100 is started. Shown is the releasing of the cargo and the spreading of the cargo within a blood vessel 200 at times after the initiating of the heating.

[0230] Given its promising locomotion capability in distal artery lumen environments under pulsatile flow conditions, the robotic device 100 may function as a wireless medical device. Particularly, two proof-of-concept functions demonstrate that the robotic device may, e.g., used to realize local on-demand drug delivery and/or flow diversion, potentially enhancing current state-of-the-art catheter-based therapies for AIS, aneurysm, and AVM in the distal arteries.

[0231] For AIS in the middle cerebral artery, large vessel occlusions in the proximal M1 and M2 may, e.g., be successfully treated with intra-arterial mechanical thrombectomy. However, given the tortuosity, narrower lumen diameters, and deeper territory in the distal M3 and M4 regions, therapies for the occlusions there are not standardized with mechanical thrombectomy, where the intravenous or intra-arterial thrombolytics may be applied. Intravenous thrombolytics may fail to recanalize one-half to two-thirds of these distal occlusions. Meanwhile, catheter-based intra-arterial thrombolytics are still limited by accessibility. To enhance the thrombolysis in these distal vascular regions, using the wireless robotic device 100 to locally deliver a tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). This method may be promising for improving the effectiveness of such medicine, since the releasing location and quantity may be actively controlled. Moreover, the targeted application of a drug may improve the local concentration, thus minimizing the systematic exposure and reducing undesired complications.

[0232] To achieve this goal, shape-memory polymer (SMP)-based foldable structures 130 are suggested as an example, which may hold the tPA inside and release it through remote radiofrequency (RF) heating. The demonstration of the working principle is indicated in FIG. 51 using a fluorescence dye. The RF coil is, e.g., placed 20 mm away from the robotic device 100, which also satisfies I.sub.s. The robotic device 100 comprises magnetic material, e.g., iron oxide (Fe.sub.3O.sub.4) nanoparticles, to enhance the efficiency of RF heating. For example, the may ratio PDMS:NdFeB:Fe.sub.3O.sub.4 may be 1:3:1. The maximum power used for RF heating may, e.g., be 752 A with 337 kHz, e.g., using EASYHEAT, Ambrell Corporation.

[0233] After heating for around 5 mins, the SMP may reach its predefined shape-memory transition temperature of 30° C.±5° C. and the structures open. Note that the transition temperature may be tuned precisely up to 90° C. using the method adopted in this work, promising for actual clinical usage, where the average human body temperature is 37° C. After the SMP structures opened, e.g., a capsulated solid pill, made of silk fibroin and fluorescence dye, may be dissolved into the deionized water, which may be visualized clearly via the diffusion of the yellow color.

[0234] For the visualization demonstration of cargo releasing, a pill made of silk fibroin aqueous solution (15 wt %) doped with fluorescence dye solution (50 wt %) may be used (e.g., volume ratio 1:3). The compound solution may be cast into PDMS molds with a desired pill shape. After the water is evaporated, solid pills may be acquired and assembled into the slots 132 of the SMP-based structures 130 by using, e.g., Ecoflex 00-10 (Smooth-On, Inc.), as the connection agent. The overall structure may be heated to 50° C. and manually closed, as shown in step t.sub.1 in FIG. 50B. Then the shape may be held until the temperature is decreased to room temperature, i.e., 23° C., to fix the shape of SMP. For the final step, the structures 130 with the incorporated pills may be assembled to an inner beam of the robotic device 100 using Ecoflex 00-10. For thrombolysis tests, e.g., according to FIGS. 51 and 54, the tPA powder (Actilyse®, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH) may be directly loaded into the slots 132 of the SMP-based foldable structures 130.

[0235] FIG. 52 shows a cross-sectional view of an exemplary robotic device 100 with a foldable structure 130, e.g., a foldable shape-memory structure. The robotic device 100 comprises a hollow cylindrical elastic base structure 102. The robotic device 100 comprises an outer anisotropic surface structure 104 implemented in form of one or more protrusions added, e.g., coated onto the elastic base structure 102. The foldable shape-memory structure 130 is arranged on an inner surface of the base structure 102 and configured to open the closed retaining section in radial direction towards a central longitudinal body axis of the robotic device 100. The foldable structure 130 may, e.g., comprise a shape-memory material, like a shape-memory polymer. The foldable structure 130 may, e.g., comprise a photo-, an electro-, a magnetic- and an ultrasound-responsive material.

[0236] FIG. 53 shows a cross-sectional view of another exemplary robotic device 100 with a foldable structure 130, e.g., a foldable shape-memory structure. The robotic device 100 comprises a hollow cylindrical elastic base structure 102. The robotic device 100 comprises an outer anisotropic surface structure 104 implemented in form of one or more protrusions added, e.g., coated onto the elastic base structure 102. The foldable shape-memory structure 130 is integrated into the base structure 102 and configured to open the closed retaining section in radial direction towards a central longitudinal body axis of the robotic device 100. The foldable structure 130 may, e.g., comprise a shape-memory material, like a shape-memory polymer. The foldable structure 130 may, e.g., comprise a photo-, an electro-, a magnetic- and an ultrasound-responsive material.

[0237] FIG. 54 shows an exemplary effect of thrombolysis using tPA carried, e.g., using the robotic device 100 of FIG. 50A. The thrombi are labeled by black dotted lines. To confirm the efficacy of the local on-demand drug delivery, is illustrated for an exemplary release of 0.02 mg tPA (Actilyse®, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH) in the vicinity of fabricated blood thrombi in blood vessels 200. The blood thrombi have volumes of around 3.5 mm.sup.3. The samples were kept at a constant temperature of 37° C. A comparison of thrombolysis results with a control group without delivery of tPA is shows for illustrating the effectiveness of the local application of the tPA. Clinically, the robotic device 100 may, e.g., be immediately retrieved after the drug is released to the thrombus. The comparison of the results is shown at the time 0 h of the release of the tPA, at 1 h, 2 h, and 3 h after the release.

[0238] FIG. 55 shows a comparison of the exemplary quantitative results on the effect of thrombolysis for the setup of FIG. 54. As shown, the size of the thrombus volume may be significantly reduced by the local releasee of tPA compared to the control group.

[0239] FIG. 56 shows an exemplary robotic device 100 arranged in a microcatheter 160. The microcatheter 160 has an exemplary diameter of d.sub.c=0.03 in, i.e., d.sub.c=0.762 mm. The robotic device 100 may be inserted into the vascular system using the microcatheter 160. The combination of the robotic device 100 with the microcatheter 160 may be used for endovascular flow diversion, e.g., as part of an aneurysm and/or arteriovenous malformation therapy. In order to fit into the microcatheter 160, the robotic device is squeezed together reducing the diameter of the robotic device 100. In addition, the robotic device 100 is shown with its unreduced diameter for purposes of comparison.

[0240] For aneurysm and AVM in distal neurovascular routes, current minimally invasive therapies depending on catheters may be limited by the accessibility into the vicinity of the lesioned regions and the flexibility of the delivered therapeutic agents. The robotic device 100 is demonstrated to function as an actively controlled, flexible stent-like flow diverter into these distal regions. To achieve so, the robotic device is collapse enough to fit into a microcatheter 160 compatible with the distal M3 segment. The diameter d.sub.c=0.03 in, i.e., d.sub.c=0.762 mm.

[0241] FIG. 57 shows an exemplary blood vessel 200 with a saccular-shape aneurysm 208 and a neck 206 connecting the blood vessel 200 and the saccular-shape aneurysm 208. FIG. 58 shows the robotic device 100 arranged at the saccular-shape aneurysm 208, in order to prevent blood from flowing into the saccular-shape aneurysm 208 by blocking the neck 206. The porosity of the mesh structure of the robotic device 100 in the example depicted in FIG. 58, is 46% for the neck size of 0.44 mm.sup.2. The porosity, measured on the patch covering the neck 206 as the ratio between the area of voids and the total area, indicates flow diversion efficacy. When the porosity is less than 70%, the flow condition may be more favorite to initialize the thrombus formation and promote the aneurysm occlusion.

[0242] Given, e.g., a Young's module E.sub.r of 6.44 MPa, compared with a Nitinol conventional flow diverter of 28-83 GPa, the collapsed robotic device 100 may be flexible enough to be delivered up to the end of the M3 segment. Next, the robotic device 100 may be released and magnetically controlled to the even distally tortuous site to divert the flow. Particularly, for a saccular aneurysm 208 with neck 206 size of, e.g., 0.44 mm.sup.2, the robotic device may achieve a porosity of 46%, which is promising to trigger the effective occlusion. The porosity, measured on the patch covering the neck 206 as the ratio between the area of voids and the total area, may indicate flow diversion efficacy. Quantified investigations have shown that, when the porosity is less than 70%, the flow condition is more favorite to initialize a thrombus formation and promote an aneurysm occlusion.

[0243] FIG. 59 shows an exemplary flow diversion using the robotic device 100 delivered by a microcatheter 160 and magnetically moved using surface propulsion to a desired lesion site with an aneurysm 208 of a phantom. The aneurysm is located at a branch 204 of the blood vessel 200. The microcatheter 160 has an exemplary diameter of d.sub.c=0.03 in, i.e., d.sub.c=0.762 mm. At t=0 s, the robotic device 100 is delivered using the microcatheter 160. A flow rate of blood through the blood vessel 200 is, e.g., 12 ml/min. The releasing of the robotic device 100 from the microcatheter 160 at t=3 s is shown. The movement of the released robotic device 100 through the blood vessel 200 into the branch 204 towards the desired lesion site with an aneurysm 208 at t=50 s is shown. At t=120 s, the robotic device 100 arrives at the desired lesion site with an aneurysm 208.

[0244] FIG. 60 shows an exemplary actuation and control device 150 configured for actuating and controlling a magnet 156 in order to actuate and control a robotic device inserted into a vascular system. The actuation and control device 150 comprises a computational unit 10. The computational unit 10 may, e.g., comprise a hardware component 54 comprising one or more processors as well as a memory storing machine-executable program instructions. Execution of the program instructions by the one or more processors may cause the one or more processors to control the computational unit 10 to control movements of a moving unit 152. The moving unit 152 comprises a robotic arm 154 with the magnet 156. The magnet 156 is mounted on a distal end of the robotic arm 154. The computational unit 10 may further comprise one or more input devices, like a keyboard 58 and a mouse 56, enabling a user to interact with the computational unit 10. Furthermore, the computational unit 10 may comprise one or more output devices, like a display 24 providing a graphical user interface 50 with control elements 52, e.g., GUI elements, enabling the user to control the movement of the magnet 156.

[0245] The magnet 156 may, e.g., be a permanent magnet, which is rotated for generating the magnetic field. The magnet 156 may, e.g., be rotated using a step motor. The magnetic field is configured for inducing a rotation of the robotic device around a central longitudinal body axis of the robotic device. The moving unit 152 is configured to be controlled by the computer device for moving the magnet 156 along the blood vessel of the vascular system a long a predefined trajectory extending parallel to the blood vessel in a predefined distance. Thereby a movement of the robotic device is magnetically forced through the blood vessel using a surface propulsion of the robotic device within the blood vessel.

[0246] Furthermore, the computational unit 10 may for example comprise a scanner 59, e.g., an X-ray scanner, for determining a position of the robotic device within the vascular system and/or a form of the blood vessel along which the robotic device is to be moved. The form of the blood vessel may be used to determine the trajectory of the magnet.

[0247] The hardware components may, e.g., include a 50 mm cubic permanent magnet 156 (N45, IMPLOTEX GmbH), a step motor (NEMA 17) to rotate the magnet 156, and a linked 7-DoF robotic arm 154 (Panda, Franka Emika GmbH). The communication software may be built upon the framework of Robot Operating System (ROS Melodic). There may be three major groups of nodes used in the communication frameworks, i.e., the motion command generator node, the step motor controller node, and the arm controller node. Particularly, the motion command may either be from the manual input or the automatically-generated via-points of the predefined trajectory. During manual manipulation mode, the command published by the joy is subscribed by the arm controller node (arm joy receiver) and the step motor controller mode (step motor joy receiver). During automatic manipulation mode, the predefined via-points are published by the motion command generator node and subscribed by the two controllers (arm command receiver and step motor command receiver). The overall system may enable the 6-DoF spatial manipulation around the end-effector, i.e., the cubic magnet. Note that the rotation direction of the robotic device may be the reverse of the magnet 156 due to the specific magnetic field generated by the permanent magnet 156.

[0248] FIG. 61 shows another exemplary actuation and control device 150. The actuation and control device 150 of FIG. 61 corresponds to the actuation and control device 150 of FIG. 60. In addition, the actuation and control device 150 of FIG. 61 may comprise an energy source 158 for increasing an internal energy level of a foldable structure of the robotic device, e.g., a radiofrequency coil configured for radiofrequency heating a foldable shape-memory structure of the robotic device. The foldable structure provides a closed retaining section configured for retaining an agent for medical use, which opens and releases the agent upon reaching a predefined internal energy level, e.g., a shape-memory transition temperature induced by the radiofrequency heating. The computational unit 10 may, e.g., be configured for controlling the energy source 158 and thus the increasing of the internal energy level, e.g., by radiofrequency heating. For example, energy source 158 is mounted on the distal end of the robotic arm 154.

[0249] FIG. 62 shows a schematic diagram of an exemplary computational unit 10 for actuating and controlling a magnet configured for moving a robotic device through a blood vessel. The computational unit 10 may be operational with numerous other general-purpose or special-purpose computing system environments or configurations. Computational unit 10 may be described in the general context of computer device executable instructions, such as program modules comprising executable program instructions, being executable by the computational unit 10. Generally, program modules may include routines, programs, objects, components, logic, data structures, and so on that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Computational unit 10 may be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote computer device storage media including memory storage devices.

[0250] In FIG. 62, computational unit 10 is shown in the form of a general-purpose computing device. The components of computational unit 10 may include, but are not limited to, one or more processors or processing units 16, a system memory 28, and a bus 18 that couples various system components including system memory 28 to processor 16. Bus 18 represents one or more of any of several types of bus structures, including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, an accelerated graphics port, and a processor or local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. By way of example, and not limitation, such architectures include Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, Enhanced ISA (EISA) bus, Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) local bus, and Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus.

[0251] Computational unit 10 may comprise a variety of computer device readable storage media. Such media may be any available storage media accessible by computational unit 10, and include both volatile and non-volatile storage media, removable and non-removable storage media.

[0252] A system memory 28 may include computer device readable storage media in the form of volatile memory, such as random-access memory (RAM) 30 and/or cache memory 32. Computational unit 10 may further include other removable/non-removable, volatile/non-volatile computer device storage media. For example, storage system 34 may be provided for reading from and writing to a non-removable, non-volatile magnetic media also referred to as a hard drive. For example, a magnetic disk drive for reading from and writing to a removable, non-volatile magnetic disk, e.g., a floppy disk, and an optical disk drive for reading from or writing to a removable, non-volatile optical disk such as a CD-ROM, DVD-ROM or other optical storage media may be provided. In such instances, each storage medium may be connected to bus 18 by one or more data media interfaces. Memory 28 may, e.g., include control commands for controlling movements of the magnet. Memory 28 may, e.g., further include control commands for controlling the radiofrequency coil.

[0253] Program 40 may have a set of one or more program modules 42 and by way of example be stored in memory 28. The program modules 42 may comprise an operating system, one or more application programs, other program modules, and/or program data. Each of the operating system, one or more application programs, other program modules, and program data or some combination thereof, may include an implementation of a networking environment. One or more of the program modules 42 may be configured for controlling movements of the magnet. One or more of the program modules 42 may further be configured for controlling the radiofrequency coil.

[0254] Computational unit 10 may further communicate with one or more external devices 14 such as a keyboard, a pointing device, like a mouse, and a display 24 enabling a user to interact with computational unit 10. Such communication can occur via input/output (I/O) interfaces 22. Computational unit 10 may further communicate with one or more networks such as a local area network (LAN), a general wide area network (WAN), and/or a public network, like the Internet, via network adapter 20. Network adapter 20 may communicate with other components of computational unit 10 via bus 18. It should be understood that although not shown, other hardware and/or software components could be used in conjunction with computational unit 10.

[0255] FIG. 63 shows an exemplary method for controlling an actuation and control device, like the actuation and control device shown in FIG. 60 or 61. The actuating and controlling device comprises a magnet configured for controlling a movement of a robotic device inserted in a blood vessel of a vascular system. In block 300, the movement of the magnet is started at a starting position. The magnet generates a magnetic field, which induces a rotation of the robotic device around its central longitudinal body axis resulting in a surface propulsion of the robotic device. For example, the generated magnetic field is a rotating magnetic field. For example, a permanent magnet may be used for generating the rotating magnetic field by rotating the permanent magnet. For example, an electromagnet may be used for generating the magnetic field, e.g., the rotating magnetic field. In block 302, the magnet is moved along a predefined trajectory. The trajectory follows the blood vessel, such that the magnet is moved along the blood vessel magnetically forcing movement of the robotic device through the blood vessel to a predefined destination within the vascular system. For example, the magnet may be moved in front of the robotic device along the trajectory dragging the robotic device. The starting position of the magnet along the blood vessel may correspond to a position, at which the robotic device is released from a catheter, e.g., a microcatheter, within the blood vessel. In block 304, the movement of the magnet is stopped upon reaching a target position at the end of the predefined trajectory. The target position of the magnet at the end of the predefined trajectory may correspond to a position along the blood vessel corresponding to a target position of the robotic device within the blood vessel. In addition, the rotating magnetic field may be switched off. In case of a permanent magnet, e.g., the rotation of the magnet may be stopped. In case of an electromagnet, e.g., a rotation of the electromagnet may be stopped and/or the electromagnet may be switched off.

[0256] FIG. 64 shows another exemplary method for controlling an actuation and control device. Blocks 300 to 304 of FIG. 64, i.e., the moving of the robotic device to the target position within the blood vessel of the vascular system correspond to blocks 300 to 304 of FIG. 63. In block 306, an energy input into a foldable structure is executed, e.g., a radiofrequency heating is executed. For this purpose, an energy source, e.g., a radiofrequency coil is actuated. The radiofrequency coil may induce a heating of the foldable structure, e.g., a foldable shape-memory structure, comprised by the robotic device. The foldable shape-memory structure is heated to a predefined shape-memory transition temperature at which a closed retaining section of the foldable shape-memory structure is opened for releasing an agent for medical use transported by the robotic device. After the energy input, e.g., radiofrequency heating, the magnet may be moved back. In block 308, a reverse movement of the magnet may be started. The magnet generates a magnetic field, which induces am reversed rotation of the robotic device around its central longitudinal body axis resulting in a reversed surface propulsion of the robotic device. For example, the generated magnetic field is a rotating magnetic field rotating in a reversed direction. For example, a permanent magnet may be used for generating the rotating magnetic field by rotating the permanent magnet with a reversed direction of rotation. For example, an electromagnet may be used for generating the magnetic field, e.g., the reversed rotating magnetic field. In block 310, the magnet is moved back along a predefined trajectory. The trajectory follows the blood vessel, such that the magnet is moved back along the blood vessel magnetically forcing movement of the robotic device back through the blood vessel to its starting position within the vascular system. For example, the magnet may be moved in front of the robotic device back along the trajectory dragging the robotic device. In block 312, the movement of the magnet is stopped upon reaching its starting position at the beginning of the predefined trajectory. In addition, the rotating magnetic field may be switched off. In case of a permanent magnet, e.g., the rotation of the magnet may be stopped. In case of an electromagnet, e.g., a rotation of the electromagnet may be stopped and/or the electromagnet may be switched off.

[0257] The middle cerebral artery (MCA) originates at the internal carotid artery (ICA) bifurcation. The M4 segment, with a lumen diameter Φ.sub.l of around 1-1.5 mm, is regarded as the medium vessel category and the distal segments of MCA. It starts when the vessels exit the Sylvian fissure and spread out over the convex surface of the cerebral hemispheres. The angle for bifurcation θ.sub.b in this segment varies, and a representative range from 30° to 120° may, e.g., be selected to cover data reported in the literature. The radius of curvature R.sub.c for the vessels here is reported to be larger than 2 mm. Without the loss of generality, the reported data on the average scalp-to-cortex distance may be used to describe the distance between M4 segment and the outer side of the scalp I.sub.s, around 15 mm on average.

[0258] Based on the above geometrical features, two groups of phantoms have been prepared, i.e., the quantitative phantoms for evaluating performances of the robotic device and the ones for demonstrations. The quantitative ones include the tapering-lumen phantom with Φ.sub.l from 1.5 mm to 0.75 mm (phantom A), uniform-lumen phantom with Φ.sub.l of 1.45 mm (phantom B), the curved route phantoms with R.sub.c from 3 to 7 mm (phantoms C, D, E with 2 mm as the step, Φ.sub.l=1.45 mm), and the bifurcation phantoms with θ.sub.b ranging from 30° to 120° (phantoms F, G, H, I with 30° as the step, Φ.sub.l=1.45 mm). The ones for demonstrations include the 2D and 3D phantoms. The 2D phantoms include a single tortuous route (phantom J), the one with an extremely curved route, i.e., 0° for the corner (R.sub.c=1 mm, phantom K), the one with six branches (phantom L), and the one with an aneurysm-like structure (phantom N). The 3D one (phantom M) is a spatial version of phantom L, which is bent and fixed to comply with the surface of the cerebral hemisphere model, i.e., a human skull model with the brain.

[0259] All phantoms are made by PDMS elastomer (Sylgard™ 184, Dow Inc.). PDMS is chosen for its mechanical stability and wide acceptance in biomedical applications. Injection molding technique was used to fabricate the desired lumen geometries. The negative molds (two parts) for the desired shape of the lumens were firstly 3D-printed (Clear V4 resin, FormLab Form 3). Commercial cast wax (Salmue) was then melted at 120° C. and injected into the molds by syringe. The solidified wax with the desired lumen shapes was taken out. Next, PDMS with a mass ratio 10:1 was poured into and cured at room temperature, i.e., 23° C., for 48 hours. The phantoms were then placed in the hot oven at 120° C., and the molding wax was melted away. Finally, the cured PDMS phantoms with the hollow lumen structures were placed in the ultrasound cleaner and cleaned with ethanol for 5 hours, which removed the wax residuals. Young's modulus of PDMS phantoms is around 2.6 MPa and achieves similar values as arteries at around 1-3 MPa. However, the friction properties, e.g., the coefficients of friction (CoF), may not generally match. Therefore, a customized model was developed to show the robotic device may realize desired locomotion functions in arteries in each relevant section. The successful locomotion demonstration in the porcine artery, as shown in FIG. 44, also justifies the practical usage of the design of the robotic device.

[0260] The blood analog for all the quantitative analyses in PDMS phantoms is the glycerol/deionized water mixture, and the volume ratio is 44 to 65. The mixture has a dynamic viscosity of 4.4 cP at room temperature of 23° C., matching human blood for normal control subjects and moderate normal artery shear rates at 37° C., i.e., 4.4±0.5 cP. For all ex-vivo demonstrations in organs, PBS (Gibco™, Thermo Fisher Scientific) was pumped to the porcine coronary arteries to clean the route first, and then the blood analog was used for the tests.

[0261] Concerning the flow rate in brain arteries, the total cerebral blood flow (717±123 ml/min) distributed to one side of MCA is 21%, with 6% supplied to the distal MCA. This calculates around 4.5-7 ml/min of flow rate going into each part of the M4 segment. We currently set the flow rate of the M4 segment to be around 10-12 ml/min for quantitative analysis and modeling. The average resting heart rate for adults ranges from 60 to 100 bpm, and the stroke rate was unified to 80 bpm. A commercial pulsatile blood pump was used to pump 10-12 ml/min blood analog with 80 bpm in all the experimental conditions with the flow.

[0262] The coefficient of friction (CoF) between the robotic device and the porcine arteries was settled using the fresh porcine aorta and the friction tests by a mechanical tester (Instron 5942). The aorta samples are cut and immersed into the PBS in the customized holders. The pulling direction for the measurement is parallel and perpendicular to the outer helix structure of the robotic device, respectively. The tests gave the average maximum static CoF along the helix μ.sub.sa,∥=0.12, the average maximum static CoF perpendicular to the helix μ.sub.sa,⊥=0.18, the average kinetic CoF along the helix μ.sub.ka,∥=0.07, the average kinetic CoF perpendicular to the helix μ.sub.ka,⊥=0.08.

[0263] The same tests were managed between the helix structure and the phantom material PDMS. PDMS is known for its hydrophobicity, increasing the friction between the robotic device and the phantom lumen wall of the blood vessel and hindering locomotion. Therefore, plasma treatment was used to render the PDMS surface hydrophilic before the experiments. The PDMS phantoms were put into the plasma cleaner and treated with the power of 75 W for 3 mins by air (Tergeo, PIE Scientific LLC). The sample was then immediately immersed in the blood analog for experiments and tests. Due to the phenomenon of stick-slip friction of PDMS, the maximum static CoFs for the samples were quantified and used for modeling and analyses, where the average maximum static CoF along the helix μ.sub.sp,∥=0.38, the average maximum static CoF perpendicular to the helix μ.sub.sp,⊥=0.47.

[0264] The coronary arteries for locomotion experiments and aorta for friction tests were cut from the fresh porcine hearts slaughtered within 48 hours and stored under 4° C. The cut tissues were firstly cleaned by PBS and then prepared for the tests.

[0265] There were two sources of thrombi. The first source was directly sampled from the fresh porcine aorta and cut into desired sizes for tests. The second one was manually fabricated from blood, obtained from freshly slaughtered porcine within 48 hours, and stored under 4° C. The liquid with the volume ratio of 50 to 1 for blood to calcium chloride aqueous solution (0.5 mol/L) was prepared. After 15 mins at room temperature, i.e., 23° C., the thrombi were formulated. For both methods, the thrombi with volumes of around 3.5 mm.sup.3 were prepared and immersed in PBS for thrombolysis tests.

[0266] All quantitative values from the experiments presented herein are presented as means plus/minus the standard deviation. Each individual test was managed on more than two robotic device samples. The two-sample t-test was used for the statistical analysis. The statistical significance was set at 95% confidence level (P<0.05).

[0267] While the invention has been illustrated and described in detail in the drawings and foregoing description, such illustration and description are to be considered illustrative or exemplary and not restrictive; the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments.

[0268] Other variations to the disclosed embodiments can be understood and effected by those skilled in the art in practicing the claimed invention, from a study of the drawings, the disclosure, and the appended claims. In the claims, the word “comprising” does not exclude other elements or steps, and the indefinite article “a” or “an” does not exclude a plurality. The mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measured cannot be used to advantage. Any reference signs in the claims should not be construed as limiting the scope.

[0269] A single processor or other unit may fulfill the functions of several items recited in the claims. A computer program may be stored/distributed on a suitable medium, such as an optical storage medium or a solid-state medium supplied together with or as part of other hardware, but may also be distributed in other forms, such as via the Internet or other wired or wireless telecommunication systems.

[0270] As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, aspects of the present invention may be embodied as an apparatus, method, computer program or computer program product. Accordingly, aspects of the present invention may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment (including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.) or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects that may all generally be referred to herein as a “circuit,” “module” or “system.” Furthermore, aspects of the present invention may take the form of a computer program product embodied in one or more computer readable medium(s) having computer executable code embodied thereon. A computer program comprises the computer executable code or “program instructions”.

[0271] Any combination of one or more computer readable medium(s) may be utilized. The computer readable medium may be a computer readable signal medium or a computer readable storage medium. A “computer-readable storage medium” as used herein encompasses any tangible storage medium which may store instructions which are executable by a processor of a computing device. The computer-readable storage medium may be referred to as a computer-readable non-transitory storage medium. The computer-readable storage medium may also be referred to as a tangible computer readable medium. In some embodiments, a computer-readable storage medium may also be able to store data which is able to be accessed by the processor of the computing device. Examples of computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to: a floppy disk, a magnetic hard disk drive, a solid-state hard disk, flash memory, a USB thumb drive, Random Access Memory (RAM), Read Only Memory (ROM), an optical disk, a magneto-optical disk, and the register file of the processor. Examples of optical disks include Compact Disks (CD) and Digital Versatile Disks (DVD), for example CD-ROM, CD-RW, CD-R, DVD-ROM, DVD-RW, or DVD-R disks. A further example of an optical disk may be a Blu-ray disk. The term computer readable-storage medium also refers to various types of recording media capable of being accessed by the computer device via a network or communication link. For example, a data may be retrieved over a modem, over the internet, or over a local area network. Computer executable code embodied on a computer readable medium may be transmitted using any appropriate medium, including but not limited to wireless, wireline, optical fiber cable, RF, etc., or any suitable combination of the foregoing.

[0272] A computer readable signal medium may include a propagated data signal with computer executable code embodied therein, for example, in baseband or as part of a carrier wave. Such a propagated signal may take any of a variety of forms, including, but not limited to, electro-magnetic, optical, or any suitable combination thereof. A computer readable signal medium may be any computer readable medium that is not a computer readable storage medium and that can communicate, propagate, or transport a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.

[0273] “Computer memory” or “memory” is an example of a computer-readable storage medium. Computer memory is any memory which is directly accessible to a processor. “Computer storage” or “storage” is a further example of a computer-readable storage medium. Computer storage is any non-volatile computer-readable storage medium. In some embodiments, computer storage may also be computer memory or vice versa.

[0274] A “processor” as used herein encompasses an electronic component which is able to execute a program or machine executable instruction or computer executable code. References to the computing device comprising “a processor” should be interpreted as possibly containing more than one processor or processing core. The processor may for instance be a multi-core processor. A processor may also refer to a collection of processors within a single computer device or distributed amongst multiple computer devices. The term computing device should also be interpreted to possibly refer to a collection or network of computing devices each comprising a processor or processors. The computer executable code may be executed by multiple processors that may be within the same computing device or which may even be distributed across multiple computing devices.

[0275] Computer executable code may comprise machine executable instructions or a program which causes a processor to perform an aspect of the present invention. Computer executable code for carrying out operations for aspects of the present invention may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object-oriented programming language such as Java, Smalltalk, C++ or the like and conventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages and compiled into machine executable instructions. In some instances, the computer executable code may be in the form of a high-level language or in a pre-compiled form and be used in conjunction with an interpreter which generates the machine executable instructions on the fly.

[0276] The computer executable code may execute entirely on the user's computer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user's computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider).

[0277] Generally, the program instructions can be executed on one processor or on several processors. In the case of multiple processors, they can be distributed over several different entities like clients, servers etc. Each processor could execute a portion of the instructions intended for that entity. Thus, when referring to a system or process involving multiple entities, the computer program or program instructions are understood to be adapted to be executed by a processor associated or related to the respective entity.

[0278] A “user interface” as used herein is an interface which allows a user or operator to interact with a computer or computer device. A ‘user interface’ may also be referred to as a ‘human interface device.’ A user interface may provide information or data to the operator and/or receive information or data from the operator. A user interface may enable input from an operator to be received by the computer and may provide output to the user from the computer. In other words, the user interface may allow an operator to control or manipulate a computer and the interface may allow the computer indicate the effects of the operator's control or manipulation. The display of data or information on a display or a graphical user interface is an example of providing information to an operator. The receiving of data through a keyboard, mouse, trackball, touchpad, pointing stick, graphics tablet, joystick, gamepad, webcam, headset, gear sticks, steering wheel, pedals, wired glove, dance pad, remote control, one or more switches, one or more buttons, and accelerometer are all examples of user interface components which enable the receiving of information or data from an operator.

[0279] A GUI element is a data object some of which's attributes specify the shape, layout and/or behavior of an area displayed on a graphical user interface, e.g., a screen. A GUI element can be a standard GUI element such as a button, a text box, a tab, an icon, a text field, a pane, a check-box item or item group or the like. A GUI element can likewise be an image, an alphanumeric character or any combination thereof. At least some of the properties of the displayed GUI elements depend on the data value aggregated on the group of data object said GUI element represents.

[0280] Aspects of the present invention are described with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems) and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block or a portion of the blocks of the flowchart, illustrations, and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer program instructions in form of computer executable code when applicable. It is further understood that, when not mutually exclusive, combinations of blocks in different flowcharts, illustrations, and/or block diagrams may be combined. These computer program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general-purpose computer, special-purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.

[0281] These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer readable medium that can direct a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer readable medium produce an article of manufacture including instructions which implement the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.

[0282] The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other devices to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or other devices to produce a computer-implemented process such that the instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide processes for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.

[0283] Possible advantageous embodiments may comprise the following combinations of features:

[0284] 1. A tube with a hollow cylindrical elastic base structure for insertion into a blood vessel of a vascular system, the elastic base structure being configured for providing a radial elastic force configured for establishing a contact between an outer anisotropic surface structure of the tube and an inner surface of the blood vessel, [0285] the anisotropic surface structure comprising a geometrical anisotropy between a direction circumferential to the tube and a direction longitudinal to the tube, the anisotropic surface structure being configured for establishing by the contact an anisotropic friction between the anisotropic surface structure and the inner surface of the blood vessel, the anisotropic friction resulting in a surface propulsion of the tube when being rotated around a central longitudinal body axis of the tube, [0286] the tube further comprising a magnetic material distributed circumferentially around the tube and configured for establishing within an external magnetic field a rotation of the tube around the central longitudinal body axis of the tube.

[0287] 2. The tube of feature combination 1, the anisotropic surface structure comprising one or more protrusions added onto the elastic base structure.

[0288] 3. The tube of any of the preceding feature combinations, the anisotropic surface structure comprising one or more recesses inserted into the elastic base structure.

[0289] 4. The tube of any of the preceding feature combinations, the anisotropic surface structure comprising one or more helical structures extending in the longitudinal direction around the elastic base structure.

[0290] 5. The tube of any of the preceding feature combinations, the magnetic material being comprised by the elastic base structure.

[0291] 6. The tube of feature combination 5, the magnetic material being distributed on an outer surface of the elastic base structure.

[0292] 7. The tube of any of feature combinations 5 to 6, the magnetic material being distributed on an inner surface of the elastic base structure.

[0293] 8. The tube of any of the preceding feature combinations, the magnetic material being comprised by the anisotropic surface structure.

[0294] 9. The tube of any of the preceding feature combinations, the elastic base structure comprising a mesh structure with a plurality of cells.

[0295] 10. The tube of feature combination 9, the mesh structure being formed by a plurality of identical cells.

[0296] 11. The tube of feature combination 10, cells being diamond-shaped cells.

[0297] 12. The tube of any of the preceding feature combinations 9 to 11, the tube further comprising a continuous inner layer configured for channeling a blood flow through the tube, for example a porosity of the continuous inner layer being less than 70%, preferably less than 50%, more preferably equal 0%.

[0298] 13. The tube of any of the feature combinations 9 to 12, a porosity of the mesh structure defined by a ratio between an accumulated area of voids of the cells of the mesh structure within a section of the mesh structure and a total area the respective section of mesh structure being configured for channeling a blood flow through the tube.

[0299] 14. The tube of feature combination 13, the porosity of the mesh structure being less than 70%, preferably less than 50%.

[0300] 15. The tube of any of the preceding feature combinations, the elastic base structure being configured for passively adapting a diameter of the tube to altering diameters of the blood vessel for diameters of the blood vessel altering within a predefined range of diameters.

[0301] 16. The tube of feature combination 15, the predefined range of diameters being 0.002 mm to 25 mm, preferably 0.01 mm to 10 mm, and more preferably 1 mm to 2 mm.

[0302] 17. The tube of any of the preceding feature combinations, the tube being made from an elastic material, for example from an elastomer.

[0303] 18. The tube of any of the preceding feature combinations, the magnetic material comprising magnetic particles distributed circumferentially around the tube, for example ferromagnetic microparticles or nanoparticles.

[0304] 19. The tube of any of the feature combinations 1 to 17, the magnetic material comprising a magnetic coating film distributed circumferentially around the tube.

[0305] 20. The tube of any of the preceding feature combinations, the tube further comprising a hemocompatible surface coating film.

[0306] 21. The tube of any of the preceding feature combinations, the tube further comprising a foldable structure, the foldable structure providing a closed retaining section configured for retaining an agent for medical use, the foldable structure further being configured for opening the closed retaining section and releasing the agent upon reaching a predefined internal energy level, for example the foldable structure being a foldable shape-memory structure configured for opening the closed retaining section and releasing the agent upon reaching a predefined shape-memory transition temperature.

[0307] 22. The tube of feature combination 21, the foldable structure being made from a shape-memory material, for example a shape-memory polymer.

[0308] 23. The tube of any of feature combinations 21 to 22, the foldable structure further comprising metal particles for enhancing an efficiency of an external energy input into the foldable structure, for example an external radiofrequency induced heating of the foldable structure.

[0309] 24. An actuation and control device configured for actuating and controlling the tube of any of the preceding feature combinations inserted in a blood vessel of a vascular system, the actuation and control device comprising a moving unit configured for moving a magnet configured for generating a magnetic field, [0310] the magnetic field being configured for inducing a rotation of the tube around a central longitudinal body axis of the tube, [0311] the moving unit being configured for moving the magnet along the blood vessel magnetically forcing movement of the tube through the blood vessel.

[0312] 25. The actuation and control device of feature combination 24, the moving unit comprising a robotic arm with the magnet mounted on a distal end of the robotic arm.

[0313] 26. The actuation and control device of any of feature combinations 24 to 25, the magnet being a permanent magnet, which is rotated for generating the magnetic field.

[0314] 27. The actuation and control device of any of feature combinations 24 to 26, the actuation and control device further comprising an energy source configured for increasing an internal energy level of a foldable structure comprised by the tube to a predefined internal energy level for an opening of a closed retaining section of the foldable structure upon reaching the predefined internal energy level, for example a radiofrequency coil configured for radiofrequency induced heating of a foldable shape-memory structure comprised by the tube to a predefined shape-memory transition temperature for an opening of a closed retaining section of the foldable shape-memory structure upon reaching the predefined shape-memory transition temperature.

[0315] 28. The actuation and control device of any of feature combinations 24 to 27, further comprising a computational unit, the computational unit comprising a processor and a memory storing program instructions executable by the processor, execution of the program instructions by the processor causing the computational unit to move the magnet generating the magnetic field along the blood vessel magnetically forcing movement of the tube through the blood vessel to a predefined destination within the vascular system.

[0316] 29. A system comprising the tube of any of feature combinations 1 to 23 and the actuation and control device of any of feature combinations 24 to 28.

[0317] 30. A method for actuating and controlling the tube of any of feature combinations 1 to 23 inserted in a blood vessel of a vascular system using the actuation and control device of any of feature combinations 24 to 28, the method comprising moving the magnet generating the magnetic field along the blood vessel magnetically forcing movement of the tube through the blood vessel to a predefined destination within the vascular system.

[0318] 31. The method of feature combination 30, further comprising actuating an energy source configured for increasing an internal energy level of a foldable structure comprised by the tube, the foldable structure comprising a closed retaining section configured for retaining an agent for medical use, the internal energy level of the foldable structure being increased to a predefined internal energy level at which the closed retaining section is opened, for example actuating a radiofrequency coil configured for radiofrequency induced heating of a foldable shape-memory structure comprised by the tube, the foldable shape-memory structure comprising a closed retaining section configured for retaining an agent for medical use, the foldable shape-memory structure being heated to a predefined shape-memory transition temperature at which the closed retaining section is opened.

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMERALS

[0319] 10 computational unit [0320] 14 external device [0321] 16 processing unit [0322] 18 bus [0323] 20 network adapter [0324] 22 I/O interface [0325] 24 display [0326] 28 memory [0327] 30 RAM [0328] 32 cache [0329] 34 storage system [0330] 40 program [0331] 42 program module [0332] 50 user interface [0333] 52 control elements [0334] 54 hardware device [0335] 56 keyboard [0336] 58 mouse [0337] 59 scanner [0338] 100 tube [0339] 101 3D digital tube model [0340] 102 hollow cylindric elastic base structure [0341] 104 anisotropic surface structure [0342] 106 central longitudinal body axis [0343] 108 magnetic material [0344] 110 hemocompatible surface coating [0345] 112 continuous inner layer [0346] 120 mesh structure [0347] 122 cell [0348] 130 foldable structures [0349] 132 retaining section [0350] 134 reception [0351] 135 folding axis [0352] 136 agent [0353] 150 actuation and control device [0354] 152 moving unit [0355] 154 robotic arm [0356] 156 magnet [0357] 158 energy source [0358] 160 microcatheter [0359] 200 blood vessel [0360] 202 vascular system [0361] 204 branch [0362] 206 neck [0363] 208 saccular-shape aneurysm [0364] 210 cranium simulant [0365] 212 M4 section [0366] 214 inlet/outlet [0367] 220 phantom [0368] t time [0369] d.sub.r diameter of tube [0370] I.sub.r length of tube [0371] x.sub.r x-coordinate of tube coordinate frame [0372] y.sub.r y-coordinate of tube coordinate frame [0373] z.sub.r z-coordinate of tube coordinate frame [0374] m.sub.r moment of tube [0375] f axial amplitude of segment [0376] h strut spacing [0377] ρ radius of curvature at the crown junction [0378] φ helix angle [0379] x.sub.a x-coordinate of magnet coordinate frame [0380] y.sub.a y-coordinate of magnet coordinate frame [0381] z.sub.a z-coordinate of magnet coordinate frame [0382] p.sub.a.sup.r vector pointing from magnet to tube [0383] f.sub.mag frequency [0384] α.sub.mag angle [0385] I.sub.mag distance between magnet and tube [0386] v.sub.mag velocity of magnet [0387] F.sub.drag dragging force [0388] F.sub.mag magnetic force [0389] F.sub.mag,yr magnetic force in direction y.sub.r [0390] F.sub.mag,zr magnetic force in direction z.sub.r [0391] F.sub.n radial force [0392] G gravitational force [0393] ω.sub.r angular frequency of tube [0394] v.sub.f velocity of blood flow [0395] v.sub.r velocity of tube [0396] ω.sub.mag angular frequency of magnet [0397] F.sub.fric,∥ frictional force parallel to helix [0398] F.sub.fric,⊥ frictional force perpendicular to helix [0399] T.sub.mag,yr magnet torque in direction y.sub.r [0400] R.sub.c radius of curvature [0401] θ.sub.b branching angle [0402] F.sub.react reaction force [0403] S.sub.p projection area [0404] E.sub.r Young's modulus [0405] Φ.sub.l lumen diameter of blood vessel [0406] λ.sub.h completeness of helix [0407] I.sub.lag lagging of tube [0408] κ.sub.c curvature of lumen [0409] T.sub.min minimum required torque to bend tube [0410] T temperature [0411] d.sub.c diameter of catheter