CIRCULAR ECONOMY FOR PLASTIC WASTE TO POLYPROPYLENE VIA REFINERY FCC UNIT

Abstract

Provided is a continuous process for converting waste plastic into recycle for polypropylene polymerization. The process comprises selecting waste plastics containing polyethylene and/or polypropylene and preparing a stable blend of petroleum and the selected plastic. The amount of plastic in the blend comprises no more than 20 wt. % of the blend. The blend is passed to a refinery FCC unit. A liquid petroleum gas C.sub.3 olefin/paraffin mixture is recovered from the FCC unit. The C.sub.3 paraffins and C.sub.3 olefins are separated into different fractions with the C.sub.3 olefin fraction passed to a propylene polymerization reactor, and the C.sub.3 paraffin fraction passed optionally to a dehydrogenation unit to produce additional propylene.

Claims

1. A continuous process for converting waste plastic into recycle for polypropylene polymerization comprising: (a) selecting waste plastics comprising polyethylene and/or polypropylene; (b) preparing a blend of petroleum and the selected waste plastic with the blend comprising about 20 wt. % or less of the selected waste plastic; (c) passing the blend at a temperature above the melting point of the plastic to a refinery FCC unit; (d) recovering a liquid petroleum gas C.sub.3 olefin/paraffin mixture from the FCC unit; (e) separating the C.sub.3 paraffin and C.sub.3 olefin into different fractions; and (f) passing the C.sub.3 olefin to a propylene polymerization reactor.

2. The process of claim 1, wherein a gasoline and heavy fraction is recovered from the refinery FCC unit.

3. The process of claim 1, wherein the blend of (b) is a hot homogeneous blend of waste plastic and petroleum oil.

4. The process of claim 1, wherein the blend of (b) is a stable blend of waste plastic and petroleum oil.

5. The process of claim 1, wherein polypropylene products are prepared from the polymerized propylene.

6. The process of claim 1, wherein the waste plastics selected in (a) comprise plastics from classification group 2, 4, and/or 5.

7. The process of claim 2, wherein the gasoline recovered from the refinery FCC unit is sent to a gasoline blending pool.

8. The process of claim 1, wherein a C.sub.4 stream and a heavy fraction are recovered from the FCC unit distillation column and further processed in the refinery to clean gasoline, diesel, or jet fuel.

9. The process of claim 1, wherein the volume flow of the blend to the refinery FCC unit in (c) comprises up to 100 volume % of the total hydrocarbon flow to the FCC unit.

10. The process of claim 1, wherein the volume flow of the blend to the refinery FCC unit in (c) comprises up to 50 volume % of the total hydrocarbon flow to the FCC unit.

11. The process of claim 10, wherein the blend flow comprises up to 25 volume % of the total flow to the FCC unit.

12. The process of claim 1, wherein the blend of petroleum and selected waste plastic in (b) is prepared by heating the waste plastic above the melting point of the plastic and mixing with the petroleum, and then cooling the blend to a temperature below the melting point of the waste plastic.

13. The process of claim 1, wherein the petroleum in the blend comprises atmospheric gas oil, vacuum gas oil (VGO), atmospheric residue, a petroleum derived oil, a petroleum based material, and/or heavy stock recovered from refinery operations.

14. The process of claim 1, wherein the petroleum in the blend comprises light cycle oil (LCO), heavy cycle oil (HCO), FCC naphtha, gasoline, diesel, toluene, and/or aromatic solvent derived from petroleum.

15. A continuous process for converting waste plastic into recycle for polypropylene polymerization comprising: (a) selecting waste plastics containing polyethylene and/or polypropylene; (b) preparing a blend of petroleum and the selected plastic, with the blend comprising about 20 wt. % or less of the selected plastic; (c) passing the blend to a refinery FCC unit; (d) recovering a liquid petroleum gas C.sub.3 olefin/paraffin mixture from the FCC unit; (e) separating the C.sub.3 paraffin and C.sub.3 olefin into different fractions; (f) passing the C.sub.3 olefin to a propylene polymerization reactor; and (g) passing the C.sub.3 paraffin to a dehydrogenation unit to produce propylene.

16. The process of claim 15, wherein the propylene produced in (g) is passed on to the propylene polymerization reactor.

17. The process of claim 15, wherein a gasoline and heavy fraction is recovered from the refinery FCC unit.

18. The process of claim 15, wherein the blend of (b) is hot homogeneous blend of waste plastic and petroleum oil.

19. The process of claim 15, wherein the blend of (b) is a stable blend of waste plastic and petroleum oil.

20. The process of claim 16, wherein polypropylene products are prepared from the polymerized propylene.

21. The process of claim 15, wherein the waste plastics selected in (a) comprise plastics from classification group 2, 4, and/or 5.

22. The process of claim 17, wherein the gasoline recovered from the refinery FCC unit is sent to a gasoline blending pool.

23. The process of claim 15, wherein a C.sub.4 and a heavy fraction are recovered from the FCC unit distillation column and further processed in the refinery to clean gasoline, diesel, or j et fuel.

24. The process of claim 15, wherein the volume flow of the blend to the refinery FCC unit in (c) comprises up to 100 volume % of the total hydrocarbon flow to the FCC unit.

25. The process of claim 15, wherein the volume flow of the blend to the refinery FCC unit in (c) comprises up to 50 volume % of the total hydrocarbon flow to the FCC unit.

26. The process of claim 15, wherein the blend flow comprises up to 25 volume % of the total flow to the FCC unit.

27. The process of claim 15, wherein the blend of petroleum and selected waste plastic in (b) is prepared by heating the waste plastic above the melting point of the plastic and mixing with the petroleum, and then cooling the blend to a temperature below the melting point of the waste plastic.

28. The process of claim 15, wherein the petroleum in the blend comprises atmospheric gas oil, vacuum gas oil (VGO), atmospheric residue, a petroleum derived oil, a petroleum based material, and/or heavy stock recovered from refinery operations.

29. The process of claim 15, wherein the petroleum in the blend comprises light cycle oil (LCO), heavy cycle oil (HCO), FCC naphtha, gasoline, diesel, toluene, and/or aromatic solvent derived from petroleum.

30. A process for converting waste plastic into chemicals useful in preparing polypropylene, comprising: (a) selecting waste plastics containing polyethylene and/or polypropylene; (b) preparing a blend of petroleum and the selected plastic, with the blend comprising about 20 wt. % or less of the selected plastic; and (c) passing the blend to a refinery FCC unit.

31. A continuous process for converting waste plastic into recycle for polypropylene polymerization comprising: (a) selecting waste plastics comprising polyethylene and/or polypropylene; (b) preparing a blend of petroleum and the selected waste plastic with the blend comprising about 20 wt. % or less of the selected waste plastic; (c) passing the blend at a temperature above the melting point of the plastic to a feed pretreater unit for a refinery FCC unit; (d) recovering a heavy fraction from the feed pretreater unit and passing the heavy fraction to a refinery FCC unit; (e) recovering a liquid petroleum gas C.sub.3 olefin/paraffin mixture from the FCC unit; (f) separating the C.sub.3 paraffin and C.sub.3 olefin into different fractions; and (g) passing the C.sub.3 olefin to a propylene polymerization reactor.

32. A process for converting waste plastic into recycle for preparation of lower carbon footprint fuels, comprising: (a) selecting waste plastics containing polyethylene and/or polypropylene; (b) preparing a blend of petroleum and the selected plastic, with the blend comprising about 20 wt. % or less of the selected plastic; and (c) passing the blend to a refinery FCC unit.

33. The process of claim 32, wherein the lower carbon footprint fuels include gasoline, jet fuel, diesel, and/or marine oil.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0015] FIG. 1 depicts the current practice of pyrolyzing waste plastics to produce fuel or wax (base case).

[0016] FIG. 2 depicts a present process of preparing a hot homogeneous liquid blend of plastic and petroleum feedstock and how the blend can be fed to a refinery conversion unit.

[0017] FIG. 3 depicts in detail the stable blend preparation process and how the stable blend can be fed to a refinery conversion unit.

[0018] FIG. 4 depicts the plastic type classification for waste plastics recycling.

[0019] FIG. 5 depicts a present process where the prepared blend is passed to a refinery FCC unit.

[0020] FIG. 6 depicts a present process for establishing a circular economy for waste plastics where the blend is passed to a refinery FCC feed pretreater before a refinery FCC unit.

[0021] FIG. 7 graphically depicts a thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) of the thermal stability of polyethylene and polypropylene.

[0022] FIG. 8 graphically depicts a thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) of the thermal stability of four waste plastic samples.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0023] In the present process, provided is a method to recycle waste polyethylene and/or polypropylene back to virgin polypropylene to establish a circular economy by combining distinct industrial processes. A substantial portion of polyethylene and polypropylene polymers are used in single use plastics and get discarded after its use. The single use plastic waste has become an increasingly important environmental issue. At the moment, there appear to be few options for recycling polyethylene and polypropylene waste plastics to value-added chemicals and fuel products. Currently, only a small amount of polyethylene/polypropylene is recycled via chemical recycling, where recycled and cleaned polymer pellets are pyrolyzed in a pyrolysis unit to make fuels (naphtha, diesel), steam cracker feed or slack wax.

[0024] Polypropylene is used widely in various consumer and industrial products. Polypropylene is the second-most widely produced commodity plastic after polyethylene with its mechanical ruggedness and high chemical resistance. Polypropylene is widely used in packaging, film, fibers for carpets and clothing, molded articles and extruded pipes. Today, only a small portion of spent polypropylene products is collected for recycling, due to the inefficiencies and ineffectiveness of the recycling efforts discussed above.

[0025] FIG. 1 shows a diagram of the pyrolysis of waste plastics fuel or wax that is generally operated in the industry today. Generally, the waste plastics are sorted together 1. The cleaned plastic waste 2 is converted in a pyrolysis unit 3 to offgas 4 and pyrolysis oil (liquid product). The offgas 4 from the pyrolysis unit 3 is used as fuel to operate the pyrolysis unit. An on-site distillation unit separates the pyrolysis oil to produce naphtha and diesel 5 products which are sold to fuel markets. The heavy pyrolysis oil fraction 6 is recycled back to the pyrolysis unit 3 to maximize the fuel yield. Char 7 is removed from the pyrolysis unit 3. The heavy fraction 6 is rich in long chain, linear hydrocarbons, and is very waxy (i.e., forms paraffinic wax upon cooling to ambient temperature). Wax can be separated from the heavy fraction 6 and sold to the wax markets.

[0026] The present process, however, does not pyrolyze the waste plastic. Rather, a stable blend of petroleum feedstock and the waste plastic is prepared. Thus, the pyrolysis step can be avoided, which is a significant energy savings.

[0027] The blend is prepared in a hot blend preparation unit where the operating temperature is above the melting point of the plastic (about 150-250° C.), to make a hot homogeneous liquid blend of plastic and oil. The hot homogeneous liquid blend of plastic and oil can be fed directly to the refinery units.

[0028] Alternatively, a blend is prepared in a stable blend preparation unit where the hot homogeneous liquid blend is cooled to ambient temperature in a controlled manner to allow for easy storage and transportation. By using this method, a stable blend can be prepared at a facility away from a refinery and can be transported to a refinery unit. Then the stable blend is heated above the melting point of the plastic to feed to the refinery conversion unit. The stable blend is a physical mixture of microcrystalline plastic particles finely suspended in the petroleum-based oil. The mixture is stable, and the plastic particles do not settle or agglomerate upon storage for extended period.

[0029] What is meant by heating the blend to a temperature above the melting point of the plastic is clear when a single plastic is used. However, if the waste plastic comprises more than one waste plastic, then the melting point of the plastic with the highest melting point is exceeded. Thus, the melting points of all plastics must be exceeded. Similarly, if the blend is cooled below the melting point of the plastic, the temperature must be cooled below the melting points of all plastics comprising the blend.

[0030] Compared with the pyrolysis unit, these blend preparation units operate at a much lower temperature (˜500-600° C. vs. 120-250° C.). Thus, the present process is a far more energy efficient process for preparing a refinery feedstock derived from waste plastic than a thermal cracking process such as pyrolysis.

[0031] The use of the present waste plastic/petroleum blend further increases the overall hydrocarbon yield obtained from the waste plastic. This increase in yield is significant. The hydrocarbon yield using the present blend offers a hydrocarbon yield that can be as much as 98%. To the contrary, pyrolysis produces a significant amount of light product from the plastic waste, about 10-30 wt. %, and about 5-10 wt. % of char. These light hydrocarbons are used as fuel to operate the pyrolysis plant, as mentioned above. Thus, the liquid hydrocarbon yield from the pyrolysis plant is at most 70-80%.

[0032] When the present blend is passed into the refinery units, such as a FCC unit, only a minor amount of offgas is produced. Refinery units use catalytic cracking processes that are different from the thermal cracking process used in pyrolysis. With catalytic processes, the production of undesirable light-end byproducts such as methane and ethane is minimized. Refinery units have efficient product fractionation and are able to utilize all hydrocarbon products streams efficiently to produce high value materials. Refinery co-feeding will produce only about 2% of offgas (H.sub.2, methane, ethane, ethylene). The C.sub.3 and C.sub.4 streams are captured to produce useful products such as circular polymer and/or quality fuel products. Thus, the use of the present petroleum/plastic blend offers increased hydrocarbons from the plastic waste, as well as a more energy efficient recycling process compared to a thermal process such as pyrolysis.

[0033] The present process converts single use waste plastic in large quantities by integrating the waste plastic blended with petroleum product streams into an oil refinery operation. The resulting processes produce the feedstocks for the polymers (liquid petroleum gas (LPG), C.sub.3 olefin stream for a propylene polymerization unit), high quality gasoline, diesel and jet fuel, and/or quality base oil.

[0034] Generally, the present process provides a circular economy for polypropylene plants. Polypropylene is produced via polymerization of pure propylene. Clean propylene can be made from a propane dehydrogenation unit. Also, propylene can be obtained from an oil refinery fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit, which produces a mix of propylene and propane liquefied petroleum gas (LGP). Pure propylene is separated from the mix using a propane/propylene splitter, a high efficiency distillation column (PP splitter).

[0035] By adding refinery operations to upgrade the waste plastic to higher value products (gasoline, jet fuel and diesel, base oil) and to produce clean propane and propylene for ultimate polypropylene polymer production, positive economics are realized for the overall process of recycled plastics to polypropylene products with product quality identical to that of the virgin polymer. And, by integrating the present recycle process with an oil refinery operation, a more energy efficient and effective process is achieved while avoiding any issues with the refinery operation.

[0036] The integration of a refinery operation becomes quite important in another aspect. Waste plastics contain contaminants, such as calcium, magnesium, chlorides, nitrogen, sulfur, dienes, and heavy components, which products cannot be used in a large quantity for blending in transportation fuels. It has been discovered that by having these products go through the refinery units, the contaminants can be captured in pre-treating units and their negative impacts diminished. The fuel components can be further upgraded with appropriate refinery units using chemical conversion processes, with the final transportation fuels produced in the integrated process being of higher quality and meeting the fuels quality requirements. The integrated process will generate a much cleaner and more pure propane stream for the propane dehydrogenation unit and ultimately for polypropylene production. These large on-spec productions allow “cyclical economy” for the recycle plastics to be feasible.

[0037] The carbon in and out of the refinery operations are “transparent,” meaning that all the molecules from the waste plastic do not necessarily end up in the exact olefin product cycled back to the polyolefin plants, but are nevertheless assumed as “credit” as the net “green” carbon in and out of the refinery is positive. With these integrated processes, the amount of virgin feeds needed for polypropylene plants are reduced significantly.

[0038] In some cases, the conversion of waste plastic into clean fuels takes less energy than production of fuels from a virgin petroleum feedstock. As the collection and processing of waste plastic improves the gain in energy efficiencies will further improve. Such fuels produced from a blend of waste plastic and oil will have recycle contents and lower carbon footprints than corresponding fuels made from pure petroleum feedstock. The present process can produce clean gasoline, jet fuel and diesel with recycle contents and a lower CO2 (lower carbon) footprint from waste plastic.

[0039] FIG. 2 illustrates a method for preparing a hot homogenous blend of plastic and petroleum feedstock for use in the present process for direct injection to a refinery unit where hot, homogeneous liquid blend of plastic and oil is prepared in a hot blend preparation unit. The preferred range of the plastic composition in the blend is about 1-20 wt. %. If high molecular weight polypropylene (average molecular weight of 250,000 or greater) waste plastic or high-density polyethylene (density above 0.93 g/cc) is used as the predominant waste plastic, e.g., at least 50 wt. %, then the amount of waste plastic used in the blend is more preferably about 10 wt. %. The reason being that the pour point and viscosity of the blend would be high.

[0040] The preferred conditions for the hot homogeneous liquid blend preparation include heating the plastic above the melting point of the plastic while vigorously mixing with a petroleum feedstock. The preferred process conditions include heating to a 250-500° F. temperature, with a residence time of 5-240 minutes at the final heating temperature, and 0-10 psig atmospheric pressure. This can be done in the open atmosphere as well as preferably under an oxygen-free inert atmosphere.

[0041] Referring to FIG. 2 of the Drawings, a stepwise preparation process of preparing the hot homogeneous liquid blend is shown. Mixed waste plastic is sorted to create post-consumer waste plastic 21 comprising polyethylene and/or polypropylene. The waste plastic is cleaned 22 and then mixed with an oil 24 in a hot blend preparation unit 23. After the mixing in 23, the homogeneous blend of the plastic and oil is recovered 25. Optionally a filtration device may be added (not shown) to remove any undissolved plastic particles or any solid impurities present in the hot liquid blend. The hot blend of the plastic and oil is then combined with the refinery feedstock, such as VGO 20, and becomes a mixture of the plastic/oil blend and VGO, 26, which can then be passed to a refinery unit. In the present process, the refinery unit in one embodiment is a FCC unit.

[0042] FIG. 3 illustrates a method for preparing a stable blend of plastic and oil for use in the present process. The stable blend is made in a stable blend preparation unit by a two-step process. The first step produces a hot, homogeneous liquid blend of plastic melt and petroleum feedstock, the step identical to the hot blend preparation described in FIG. 2. The preferred range of the plastic composition in the blend is about 1-20 wt. %. If high molecular weight polypropylene (average molecular weight of 250,000 or greater) waste plastic or high-density polyethylene (density above 0.93 g/cc) is used as the predominant waste plastic, e.g., at least 50 wt. %, then the amount of waste plastic used in the blend is more preferably about 10 wt. %. The reason being that the pour point and viscosity of the blend would be high.

[0043] The preferred conditions for the hot homogeneous liquid blend preparation include heating the plastic above the melting point of the plastic while vigorously mixing with a petroleum feedstock. The preferred process conditions include heating to a 250-500° F. temperature, with a residence time of 5-240 minutes at the final heating temperature, and 0-10 psig atmospheric pressure. This can be done in the open atmosphere as well as preferably under an oxygen-free inert atmosphere.

[0044] In the second step, the hot blend is cooled down below the melting point of the plastic while continuously vigorously mixing with petroleum feedstock, and then further cooling to a lower temperature, preferably ambient temperature, to produce a stable blend of plastic and oil.

[0045] It has been found that the stable blend is an intimate physical mixture of plastic and petroleum feedstock. The plastic is in a “de-agglomerated” state. The plastic maintains a finely dispersed state of solid particles in petroleum feedstock at temperatures below the melting point of the plastic, and particularly at ambient temperatures. The blend is stable and allows easy storage and transportation. At a refinery, the stable blend is heated in a preheater above the melting point of the plastic to produce a hot, homogenous liquid blend of the plastic and petroleum. The hot liquid blend can then be fed to a refinery unit as a cofeed with conventional refinery feed.

[0046] In FIG. 3, further details of the stable blend preparation are shown. The stable blend is made in a stable blend preparation unit 100 by a two-step process. As shown, clean waste 22 is passed to the stable blend preparation unit 100. The selected plastic waste 22 is heated and mixed with a refinery feedstock oil 24. The plastic waste is heated above the melting point of the plastic to melt the plastic. The petroleum feedstock is mixed with the heated plastic at 23. The mixing is often quite vigorous. The mixing and heating conditions can generally comprise heating at a temperature in the range of about 250-500° F., with a residence time of 5-240 minutes at the final heating temperature. The heating and mixing can be done in the open atmosphere or under an oxygen-free inert atmosphere. The result is a hot, homogenous liquid blend of plastic and oil 25. Optionally a filtration device may be added (not shown) to remove any undissolved plastic particles or any solid impurities present in the hot homogeneous liquid blend.

[0047] The hot blend 25 is then cooled below the melting point of the plastic while continuing the mixing of the plastic with the petroleum oil feedstock 101. Cooling generally continues, usually to an ambient temperature, to produce a stable blend of the plastic and oil 102. At a refinery, the stable blend can be fed to a preheater, 29, which heats the blend above the melting point of the plastic to produce a mixture of plastic/oil blend and VGO, 26, which is then fed to a refinery conversion unit.

[0048] The preferred plastic starting material for the present process is sorted waste plastics containing predominantly polyethylene and polypropylene (plastics recycle classification types 2, 4, and 5). The pre-sorted waste plastics are washed and shredded or pelleted to feed to a blend preparation unit. FIG. 4 depicts the plastic type classification for waste plastics recycling. Classification types 2, 4, and 5 are high density polyethylene, low density polyethylene and polypropylene, respectively. Any combination of the polyethylene and polypropylene waste plastics can be used. For the present process, at least some polypropylene waste plastic is preferred. Polystyrene, classification 6, can also be present in a limited amount.

[0049] Proper sorting of waste plastics is very important in order to minimize contaminants such as N, Cl, and S. Plastics waste containing polyethylene terephthalate (plastics recycle classification type 1), polyvinyl chloride (plastics recycle classification type 3) and other polymers (plastics recycle classification type 7) need to be sorted out to less than 5%, preferably less than 1% and most preferably less than 0.1%. The present process can tolerate a moderate amount of polystyrene (plastics recycle classification type 6). Waste polystyrene needs to be sorted out to less than 20%, preferably less than 10% and most preferably less than 5%.

[0050] Washing of waste plastics can remove metal contaminants such as sodium, calcium, magnesium, aluminum, and non-metal contaminants coming from other waste sources. Non-metal contaminants include contaminants coming from the Periodic Table Group IV, such as silica, contaminants from Group V, such as phosphorus and nitrogen compounds, contaminants from Group VI, such as sulfur compounds, and halide contaminants from Group VII, such as fluoride, chloride, and iodide. The residual metals, non-metal contaminants, and halides need to be removed to less than 50 ppm, preferentially less than 30 ppm and most preferentially to less than 5 ppm.

[0051] If the washing does not remove the metals, non-metal contaminants, and halide impurities adequately, then a separate guard bed can be used to remove the metals and non-metal contaminants.

[0052] The petroleum with which the waste plastic is blended is generally a petroleum feedstock for the refinery. It is preferred that the petroleum blending oil is the same as the petroleum feedstock for the refinery. The petroleum can also comprise any petroleum derived oil or petroleum based material. In one embodiment, the petroleum feedstock oil can comprise atmospheric gas oil, vacuum gas oil (VGO), atmospheric residue, or heavy stocks recovered from other refinery operations. In one embodiment, the petroleum feedstock oil with which the waste plastic is blended comprises VGO. In one embodiment, the petroleum feedstock oil with which the waste plastic is blended comprises light cycle oil (LCO), heavy cycle oil (HCO), FCC naphtha, gasoline, diesel, toluene, and/or aromatic solvent derived from petroleum.

[0053] FIG. 5 shows one embodiment of a present integrated process, where the blend is sent to a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit. The same numbers in FIG. 5 that correspond to FIGS. 2 and 3 refer to the same items/units. As shown, the blend is prepared 25 and then mixed with co-feed Vacuum Gas Oil (VGO) 20. The blend is generally heated to a temperature above the melting point of the plastic before mixing with the co-feed VGO. This co-feed mixture 26 of the blend and conventional VGO refinery feed is then sent to a FCC unit 28 in a refinery. In another embodiment, the heated blend and the VGO co-feed are each passed directly, but separately, to the FCC unit.

[0054] The fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process is widely used in the refining industry for conversion of atmospheric gas oil, vacuum gas oil, atmospheric residues and heavy stocks recovered from other refinery operations into high-octane gasoline, light fuel oil, heavy fuel oil, olefin-rich light gas (LPG) and coke. FCC uses a high activity zeolite catalyst to crack the heavy hydrocarbon molecules at a 950-990° F. reactor temperature in a riser with a short contact time of a few minutes or less. LPG streams containing olefins (propylene, butylene) are commonly upgraded to make alkylate gasoline, or to be used in chemicals manufacturing. A conventional FCC unit can be used.

[0055] The refinery will generally have its own hydrocarbon feed flowing through the refinery units. In this case, as shown in FIG. 5, the hydrocarbon feed is VGO 20. The flow volume of blend to the refinery units, here an FCC unit, can comprise any practical or accommodating volume % of the total flow to the refinery units. Generally, the flow of the blend, for practical reasons, can be up to about 50 vol. % of the total flow, i.e., the refinery flow and the blend flow. In one embodiment, the flow of the blend is an amount up to about 100 vol. % of the total flow. In another embodiment, the volume flow of the blend is an amount up to about 25 vol. % of the total flow. About 50 vol. % has been found to be an amount that is quite practical in its impact on the refinery while also providing excellent results and being an amount that can be accommodated. Avoiding any negative impact on the refinery and its products is important. If the amount of the plastic in the final blend is greater than 20 wt. % of the final blend, difficulties in FCC unit operation might ensue. By the final blend is meant the present plastic/oil blend and any co-feed petroleum. The plastic/oil blend can comprise up to 100 vol. % of the feed to the refinery units, in which case it is the final blend.

[0056] In FIG. 5, cracking of the plastic/petroleum hot blend combined with the co-feed petroleum feed in the FCC unit 28 produces liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) of C.sub.3 and C.sub.4 olefin/paraffin streams 31 and 32, and a gasoline 33 and heavy fraction 30. The C.sub.3 olefin/paraffin mix stream of propane and propylene mix is sent to and separated by a propane/propylene splitter (PP splitter) 40 to produce pure streams of propane 41 and propylene 42. The propylene 42 is fed to a propylene polymerization unit 43 to produce polypropylene.

[0057] The pure propane 41 may be fed to a propane dehydrogenation unit 44 to make additional propylene 35, and then ultimately polypropylene in the propylene polymerization unit 43.

[0058] Dehydrogenation of propane is practiced widely in the industry to produce propylene. The reaction is endothermic, conversion is maintained by multi-stage reactors and inter-stage heaters. The unit typically operates at high temperature (>900° F.) and low pressure (<50 psig) in the presence of noble metal (Pt) catalyst. The multi-stage process generates approximately 85% purity propylene/propane mixture. This stream is directed to a propane/propylene (PP) splitter which is a high efficiency distillation column. The splitter produces pure propylene stream with 99.5-99.8% purity.

[0059] The PP splitter unit and/or propane dehydrogenation unit can be located away from a refinery, near a refinery, or within a refinery. The propane/propylene mix is sent to the PP splitter by truck, barge, rail car or pipeline. It is preferred that the PP splitter unit and propane dehydrogenation unit are in close proximity to the refinery FCC unit.

[0060] The C.sub.4 32 and other hydrocarbon product streams, such as the heavy fraction 30 from the FCC unit 28, are sent to appropriate refinery units 34 for upgrading into clean gasoline, diesel, or jet fuel. The gasoline 33 from the FCC unit may be passed directly to a gasoline pool 35 or further upgraded before sending to a gasoline pool (not shown in the figure).

[0061] The polypropylene polymer 45 made in the propylene polymerization unit 43, can be made into consumer products 46.

[0062] FIG. 6 shows a present integrated process such as that shown in FIG. 5, where the co-feed of the blend and hydrocarbon refinery flow 26 is sent first to a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) feed pretreater unit 27. The numerals in FIG. 6 which are the same as in FIG. 5 refer to the same streams or refinery units.

[0063] The FCC Feed Pretreater typically uses a bimetallic (NiMo or CoMo) alumina catalyst in a fixed bed reactor to hydrogenate the feed with H.sub.2 gas flow at a 660-780° F. reactor temperature and 1,000-2,000 psi pressure. The refinery FCC Feed Pretreater Unit is effective in removing sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, silica, dienes and metals that will hurt the FCC unit catalyst performance. Also, this unit hydrogenates aromatics and improves the liquid yield of the FCC unit.

[0064] The pretreated hydrocarbon from the feed pretreater unit 27 can be distilled to produce LPG, naphtha and heavy fraction. The heavy fraction is sent to FCC unit 28 for further production of C.sub.3 31, C.sub.4 32, FCC gasoline 33 and heavy fraction 30. A C.sub.4 stream and naphtha from the feed pretreater unit can be passed to other upgrading processes within the refinery for production of gasoline, diesel and jet fuel.

[0065] Polypropylene is produced via chain-growth polymerization from the monomer propylene. A Ziegler-Natta catalyst or metallocene catalyst is used to catalyze the polymerization of propylene to polypropylene polymer with desired properties. These catalysts are activated with special cocatalyst containing an organoaluminum compounds. The industrial polymerization processes uses either gas phase polymerization in a fluidized bed reactor or bulk polymerization in loop reactors. The gas phase polymerization typically runs at 50-90° C. temperature and a pressure of 8-35 atm pressure in the presence of H.sub.2. The bulk polymerization proceeds at 60 to 80° C. and 30-40 atm pressure is applied to keep the propylene in liquid state.

[0066] The propylene polymerization unit 43 is preferably located near the refinery so that the feedstock (propylene) can be transferred via pipeline. For a petrochemical plant located away from the refinery, the feedstock can be delivered via truck, barge, rail car or pipeline.

[0067] The benefits of a circular economy and an effective and efficient recycling campaign are realized by the present integrated process.

[0068] The following examples are provided to further illustrate the present process and its benefits. The examples are meant to be illustrative and not limiting.

Example 1: Properties of Virgin Plastic Samples, and Feedstocks Used for Blend Preparations

[0069] Four plastic samples, low density polyethylene (LDPE, Plastic A), high density polyethylene (HDPE, Plastic B), two polypropylene samples with average molecular weight of ˜12,000 (PP, Plastic C) and ˜250,000 (PP, Plastic D) were purchased, and their properties are summarized in Table 1.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Properties of Plastics Used LDPE HDPE PP PP (Plastic A) (Plastic B) (Plastic C) (Plastic D) Form Pellets Pellets Pellets Pellets Melt Index 25 g/10 min 12 g/10 min — 12 g/10 min (190° C./2.16 kg) (190° C./2.16 kg) (230° C./2.16 kg) Melting Point, ° C. 116 125-140 157 160-165 Transition Temp, ° C.  93, 125 163, — softening softening softening Density, g/mL at 25° C.  0.925  0.952 0.9 0.9 Hardness —  66 — 100 Average molecular — — ~12,000 ~250,000 weight, M.sub.w Average molecular — — ~5,000 ~67,000 weight, M.sub.n

[0070] Petroleum feedstocks used to prepare the stable blends with plastic includes hydrotreated vacuum gas oil (VGO), Aromatic 100 solvent, light cycle oil (LCO), and diesel. Their properties are shown in Table 2 below. Aromatic 100 is a commercially available aromatic solvent manufactured from petroleum-based material, and mainly contains C9-C10 dialkyl and trialkyl benzenes.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Properties of Petroleum Feedstocks for Blend Preparation Hydrotreated VGO Aromatic 100 LCO Diesel Petroleum Petroleum Petroleum Petroleum Feed #1 Feed #2 Feed #3 Feed #4 Specific Gravity 0.897 0.872 0.956 0.811 Carbon, wt % 87.84 89.90 90.50 86.4 Hydrogen, wt % 12.69 10.10 9.50 14.6 H/C Molar Ratio 1.73 1.33 1.26 2.0 Bromine Number 2 — — 0.1 Total S, ppm 150 0 900 <2 Total N, ppm 273 0 N/A <0.1 Ni, ppm <0.6 0 <0.2 <0.2 V, ppm <0.6 0 <0.2 <0.2 Simdist, º F. IBP (0.5%) 462 297 235 536  5 wt % 573 325 405 553 10 wt % 616 327 441 563 30 wt % 706 330 490 601 50 wt % 775 336 541 638 70 wt % 854 344 607 673 90 wt % 962 355 689 702 95 wt % 1008 362 718 709 FBP (99.5%) 1107 376 786 717

[0071] Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) was conducted with Plastic A (LDPE) and Plastic C (Polypropylene) to verify the plastic materials are thermally stable well above the melt preparation temperature. TGA results shown in FIG. 7 indicate the LDPE sample is stable up to 800° F. and the polypropylene sample up to 700° F.

Example 2— Direct Conversion of Plastic and VGO Via FCC Using USY Catalysts

[0072] To study the impact of processing waste plastics and vacuum gas oil in a refinery FCC unit, laboratory tests with a fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) process were carried out with stable blends of plastic and VGO using a FCC catalyst containing USY zeolite. Plastics used were low-density polyethylene (LDPE, Plastic A) with 0.925 g/mL of density at 25° C., and polypropylene (PP, Plastic C) with 12,000 average molecular weight. A base case with only VGO feed (Example 2-1) was compared with three blend runs comprising a 5/95% blend of LDPE/VGO (Example 2-2); a 1090 wt. % blend of LDPE/VGO (Example 2-3) and a 5/95 wt. % blend of PP/VGO (Example 2-4). The catalyst was an equilibrium catalyst removed from a commercial FCC plant.

[0073] The FCC experiments were carried out on a Model C ACE (advanced cracking evaluation) unit fabricated by Kayser Technology Inc. using regenerated equilibrium catalyst (Ecat) from a refinery. The reactor was a fixed fluidized reactor using N2 as fluidization gas. Catalytic cracking experiments were carried out at the atmospheric pressure and 975° F. reactor temperature. The cat/oil ratio was varied between 5 to 8 by varying the amount of the catalyst. A gas product was collected and analyzed using a refinery gas analyzer (RGA), equipped with GC with FID detector. In-situ regeneration of a spent catalyst was carried out in the presence of air at 1300° F., and the regeneration flue gas was passed through an IR cell to determine the flue gas composition which is used to calculate coke yield. A liquid product was weighted and analyzed in a GC for simulated distillation (D2887) and C5-composition analysis. With a material balance, the yields of coke, dry gas components, LPG components, gasoline (C5-430° F.), light cycle oil (LCO, 430-650° F.) and heavy cycle oil (HCO, 650° F.+) were determined. The results are summarized below in Table 3.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Evaluation of Plastic Cofeeding to FCC with USY Catalyst Example Number Example 2-1 Example 2-2 Example 2-3 Example 2-4 Base Case Blend Feed #1 Blend Feed #2 Blend Feed #3 Feed 100% VGO 5/95 wt % Blend 10/90 wt % Blend 5/95 wt % Blend LDPE/VGO LDPE/VGO PP/VGO Temperature (º F.) 975 975 975 975 Cat/Oil, wt/wt 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 Conversion, wt %* 79.8 81.6 81.2 80.5 Yields, wt % Coke 4.58 5.19 5.65 4.99 Total Dry Gas 2.06 2.14 2.00 2.10 Hydrogen 0.12 0.13 0.10 0.13 Methane 0.66 0.69 0.65 0.68 Ethane 0.45 0.46 0.43 0.46 Ethylene 0.78 0.81 0.76 0.78 Total LPG 20.77 21.75 21.55 21.48 Propane 2.00 2.06 1.94 2.03 Propylene 5.06 5.24 5.33 5.20 n-Butane 1.66 1.70 1.65 1.67 Isobutane 6.92 7.30 7.10 7.21 C4 Olefins 5.13 5.45 5.52 5.36 Gasoline (C5 - 430º F.) 52.38 52.48 52.04 51.93 LCO (430-650º F.) 14.19 12.95 13.21 13.69 HCO (650º F.sup.+.) 6.02 5.49 5.56 5.81 Gasoline Octane Number RON-GC 94.4 93.8 92.5 93.8 MON-GC 82.6 81.9 80.9 82.0 (R + M)/2 88.5 87.9 86.7 87.9 *Conversion—conversion of 430º F.sup.+. fraction to 430º F.sup.−. **Octane number, (R + M)/2, was estimated from detailed hydrocarbon GC of FCC gasoline.

[0074] The results in Table 3 show that 5-10 wt. % cofeeding of plastic only makes very slight changes for the FCC unit performance indicating co-processing of plastic up to 10 wt. % is readily feasible. Up to 20% could be run without any performance issues, but appropriate equipment with good control is needed to handle the increased viscosity and pour point. To lower the viscosity and pout point, light cycle oil (LCO), heavy cycle oil (HCO), FCC naphtha, gasoline, diesel, toluene, and/or aromatic solvent derived from petroleum may be added to the blend preparations.

[0075] The plastic cracked more easily than VGO, thus the conversion increased slightly for the blends. The plastic added to the FCC feed led to a very slight increase of coke yields, but no significant change in dry gas yields. A moderate increase in LPG, C.sub.3 and C.sub.4 olefin yields was observed. A slight decrease in LCO and HCO yields. The gasoline yields were similar. With paraffinic nature of cracked products made from the plastic, the blends with plastic lowered the Octane number by about 1-2 numbers. With refinery operational flexibility, such octane number debits can be easily compensated with blending, or by adjusting FCC process operations and catalyst/additive formulations. The hydrocarbon compositions of all the cofeeding products are well within the typical FCC gasoline range.

Example 3: Properties of Waste Plastic Samples

[0076] Four waste plastic samples were purchased for blend preparations and their properties are summarized in Table 4. FT-IR was used to identify the general nature of the plastic. In addition to identification of the predominant polymer species, the FT-IR data also revealed that all these recycled plastic samples contained varying amounts of calcium carbonates and talc.

[0077] To estimate the amount of potentially recoverable hydrocarbon, each sample was calcined under N.sub.2 at 1000° F. for 3 hours. It was assumed that the recoverable hydrocarbon equaled the % loss-on-ignition (LOI). The inorganic residue from the calcination was analyzed with ICP analysis. Using the LOI value and ICP analysis, wt % impurity in the as-received plastic was estimated and reported in Table 4 below. The most common impurities in waste plastic are Ca, Mg, Si and Ti that may come from plastic consumer product manufacturing as calcium carbonate, silica, and talc, which are commonly used as filler material. Al, Fe, P, Zn are also present in substantial quantities.

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Properties of Waste Plastics Waste Plastic #1 Waste Plastic #2 Waste Plastic #3 Waste Plastic #4 (Plastic E) (Plastic F) (Plastic G) (Plastic H) Form Pellets Pellets Pellets Pellets General Identification PP, PE mix Polypropylene PE, PP mix PP, PE mix LOI, wt% 93.35 99.38 96.86 98.1 Impurities, wt % Al, wt % 0.15 — 0.03 0.05 Ca, wt % 1.41 — 0.51 0.49 Fe, wt % 0.06 — 0.01 0.11 Mg, wt % 0.34 — 0.02 0.04 P, wt % 0.01 — 0 0 Si, wt % 0.82 — 0.06 0.12 Ti, wt % 0.24 — 1.0 0.52 Zn, wt % 0.01 0.01 0.01

[0078] Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) was conducted with the waste plastic samples to verify the plastic materials are thermally stable well above the melt preparation temperature. TGA results shown in FIG. 8 indicate the plastic samples are stable up to 700° F.

Example 4: Direct Conversion of Waste Plastic and VGO Via FCC Using USY Catalysts

[0079] To study the impact of processing waste plastics and vacuum gas oil in a refinery FCC unit, laboratory tests with a fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) process were carried out with stable blends of waste plastic and VGO using an FCC catalyst containing USY zeolite. Plastics used were Waste Plastic #1 (Plastic E), and Waste Plastic #2 (Plastic F). A base case with only VGO feed (Example 4-1) was compared with two blend runs comprising a 5/95% blend of Plastic E/VGO (Example 4-2) and a 5/95 wt. % blend of Plastic F/VGO (Example 4-3). The catalyst was an equilibrium catalyst removed from a commercial FCC plant.

TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Evaluation of Waste Plastic Cofeeding to FCC with USY Catalyst Example Number Example 4-1 Example 4- 2 Example 4-3 Base Case Blend Feed #4 Blend Feed #5 Feed 100% VGO Feed 5/95 wt % Blend 5/95 wt % Blend Base Waste Plastic #1/VGO Waste Plastic #2/VGO Temperature (º F.) 975 975 975 Cat/Oil, wt/wt 6 6 6 Conversion, wt %* 82.0 84.2 84.1 Yields, wt% Coke 4.90 6.00 6.03 Total Dry Gas 2.11 2.09 2.16 Hydrogen 0.13 0.11 0.13 Methane 0.69 0.69 0.71 Ethane 0.46 0.46 0.48 Ethylene 0.80 0.79 0.81 Total LPG 21.84 22.61 22.93 Propane 1.97 1.92 1.99 Propy lene 5.51 5.73 5.79 n-Butane 1.73 1.72 1.77 Isobutane 7.02 7.16 7.32 C4 Olefins 5.61 6.08 6.05 Gasoline (C5 - 430º F.) 53.13 53.47 52.98 LCO (430-650º F.) 12.32 10.56 10.76 HCO (650º F.sup.+.) 5.69 5.28 5.14 Gasoline Octane Number RON-GC 94.94 93.41 93.86 MON-GC 83.70 82.41 82.78 (R + M)/2 89.32 87.91 88.32 *Conversion—conversion of 430º F.sup.+. fraction to 430º F.sup.−. **Octane number, (R + M)/2, was estimated from detailed hydrocarbon GC of FCC gasoline.

[0080] The results in Table 5 show that 5 wt. % cofeeding of waste plastic makes only a slight change in the FCC unit performance indicating co-processing of plastic at 5 wt. % is readily feasible.

[0081] The waste plastic cracked more easily than VGO, thus the conversion increased slightly for the blends. The waste plastic added to the FCC feed led to a very slight increase of coke yields, but little change in dry gas yields. A moderate increase in LPG, C.sub.3 and C.sub.4 olefin yields and a slight decrease in LCO and HCO yields were observed. The gasoline yields were similar. With the paraffinic nature of cracked products made from the plastic, the blends with plastic lowered the Octane number by about 1-1.5 numbers. With refinery operational flexibility, such octane number debits can be easily compensated with blending, or by adjusting FCC process operations and catalyst/additive formulations. The hydrocarbon compositions of all the cofeeding products are well within the typical FCC gasoline range.

Example 5: Fluid Catalytic Cracking of Plastic and Petroleum Oil Blend for Production of Fuels with Recycle Contents and Low CO2 Footprint

[0082] Gasoline, LCO, HFO from Examples 2 and 4 can be sent to the corresponding blending pool to be blended to a finished gasoline, jet fuel, diesel or marine oil with recycle contents and a lower CO2 footprint. Portions of the LCO and HFO can be further processed in other refinery units to produce clean gasoline, jet fuel and diesel with recycle contents and a lower CO2 footprint.

Example 6: Feeding of Recycle C.SUB.3 .to PP Splitter for Propylene Production, Followed by Production of Polypropylene Resin and Polypropylene Consumer Products

[0083] The propane stream produced via cofeeding of a plastic/oil blend to a FCC unit per Examples 2 and 4 is a good feedstock for the production of propylene with recycle content. At least a portion of the stream, if not all, are fed to the PP splitter. The propylene is processed in a polymerization unit to produce polypropylene resin containing some recycled-polyethylene/polypropylene derived materials while the quality of the newly produced polypropylene would be indistinguishable to virgin polypropylene made entirely from virgin petroleum resources. The polypropylene resin with the recycled material can then be further processed to produce various polypropylene products to fit the needs of consumer products. These polypropylene consumer products would now contain chemically recycled, circular polymer while the quality of the polypropylene consumer products would be indistinguishable from those made entirely from virgin polypropylene polymer. These chemically recycled polymer products are different from mechanically recycled polymer products whose qualities are inferior to the polymer products made from virgin polymers.

[0084] As used in this disclosure the word “comprises” or “comprising” is intended as an open-ended transition meaning the inclusion of the named elements, but not necessarily excluding other unnamed elements. The phrase “consists essentially of” or “consisting essentially of” is intended to mean the exclusion of other elements of any essential significance to the composition. The phrase “consisting of” or “consists of” is intended as a transition meaning the exclusion of all but the recited elements with the exception of only minor traces of impurities.

[0085] All patents and publications referenced herein are hereby incorporated by reference to the extent not inconsistent herewith. It will be understood that certain of the above-described structures, functions, and operations of the above-described embodiments are not necessary to practice the present invention and are included in the description simply for completeness of an exemplary embodiment or embodiments. In addition, it will be understood that specific structures, functions, and operations set forth in the above-described referenced patents and publications can be practiced in conjunction with the present invention, but they are not essential to its practice. It is therefore to be understood that the invention may be practiced otherwise that as specifically described without actually departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.