Method to produce a thermoplastic wear resistant foil

Abstract

A method to produce a wear resistant foil, including providing a first foil including a first thermoplastic material, applying wear resistant particles on the first foil, applying a second foil including a second thermoplastic material on the first foil, and adhering the first foil and the second foil to each other to form a wear resistant foil.

Claims

1. A wear resistant foil comprising: a first foil comprising a first thermoplastic material; a second foil comprising a second thermoplastic material; and wear resistant particles, wherein all of the wear resistant particles are arranged between the first and second foils, wherein all of the wear resistant particles are enclosed by the first and the second foil, wherein the wear resistant foil does not have any wear resistant particles which are not: (i) between the first and second foils and (ii) enclosed by the first and second foils.

2. The wear resistant foil according to claim 1, wherein the first thermoplastic material comprises polyvinyl chloride (PVC).

3. The wear resistant foil according to claim 1, wherein the second thermoplastic material comprises polyurethane (PU).

4. The wear resistant foil according to claim 1, wherein the wear resistant particles comprise aluminium oxide.

5. The wear resistant foil according to claim 1, wherein the wear resistant particles have an average particle size of less than 45 μm.

6. The wear resistant foil according to claim 1, wherein the wear resistant particles do not protrude from a surface of the second foil opposite the first foil.

7. The wear resistant foil according to claim 1, wherein the wear resistant foil is substantially transparent.

8. The wear resistant foil according to claim 1, wherein the wear resistant foil is formed by pressing the first foil and the second foil together, wherein a thickness of the second foil is less than 75 μm after pressing.

9. A building panel comprising: a core; and a wear resistant foil arranged on the core, wherein the wear resistant foil comprises: a first foil comprising a first thermoplastic material; a second foil comprising a second thermoplastic material; and wear resistant particles, and wherein all of the wear resistant particles are arranged between the first and the second foil, wherein all of the wear resistant particles are enclosed by the first and the second foil, wherein the wear resistant foil does not have any wear resistant particles which are not: (i) between the first and second foils and (ii) enclosed by the first and second foils.

10. The building panel according to claim 9, wherein the first thermoplastic material comprises polyvinyl chloride (PVC).

11. The building panel according to claim 9, wherein the second thermoplastic material comprises polyurethane (PU).

12. The building panel according to claim 9, wherein the wear resistant particles comprise aluminium oxide.

13. The building panel according to claim 9, wherein the wear resistant particles have an average particle size of less than 45 μm.

14. The building panel according to claim 9, wherein the core comprises polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyester, polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), polyurethane (PU), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyacrylate, methacrylate, polycarbonate, polyvinyl butyral, polybutylene terephthalate, or a combination thereof.

15. The building panel according to claim 9, further comprising a decorative layer arranged on the core, wherein the wear resistant foil is arranged on the decorative layer.

16. The building panel according to claim 9, wherein the wear resistant foil is formed by pressing the first foil and the second foil together, wherein a thickness of the second foil is less than 75 μm after pressing.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The present disclosure will by way of example be described in more detail with reference to the appended schematic drawings, which show embodiments of the present disclosure.

(2) FIG. 1 shows a method to produce a wear resistant foil.

(3) FIG. 2 shows a building panel.

(4) FIG. 3 shows a method to produce a building panel.

(5) FIG. 4A-C show embodiments of a building panel.

(6) FIG. 5A shows a method to produce a wear resistant foil.

(7) FIG. 5B shows a method to produce a building panel.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(8) A method to produce a wear resistant foil 10 according to an embodiment will now be described with reference to FIG. 1. FIG. 1 shows a production line for producing a wear resistant foil 10. A first foil 1 is provided, preferably as a continuous web. The first foil 1 may also be cut into sheets. The first foil 1 may also be formed by an extrusion process in connection with forming the wear resistant foil 10.

(9) The first foil 1 comprises a first thermoplastic material. The first thermoplastic material may be polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyester, polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), polyurethane (PU), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyacrylate, methacrylate, polycarbonate, polyvinyl butyral, polybutylene terephthalate, or a combination thereof.

(10) Preferably, the first foil 1 is formed of the thermoplastic material. The first foil 1 may substantially consist of the thermoplastic material, and optionally additives. Additives may be plasticizers, stabilizers, lubricants, degassing agents, coupling agents, compatibilizers, crosslinking agents, etc.

(11) In one embodiment, the first foil 1 is a PVC foil.

(12) The first foil 1 may have a thickness of 0.1-1 mm.

(13) In one embodiment, the first foil 1 is a decorative foil. The first foil 1 may be printed, for example by digital printing, direct printing, rotogravure, etc. The print is preferably facing away from a second foil when applied on the first foil 1.

(14) As shown in FIG. 1, an applying device 3 applies, preferably scatters, wear resistant particles 4 on the first foil 1. The wear resistant particles 4 may be aluminum oxide particles such as corundum. Alternatively, or as a complement, the wear resistant particles 4 may be carborundum, quartz, silica, glass, glass beads, glass spheres, silicon carbide, diamond particles, hard plastics, reinforced polymers and organics, or a combination thereof.

(15) The wear resistant particles 4 preferably have an average particle size of within the range of 10-200 μm, preferably within the range of 50-120 μm such as within the range of 50-100 μm. The wear resistant particles 4 may have an average particle size of less than 50 μm, preferably less than 45 μm. The wear resistant particles 4 may have a spherical shape or may have an irregular shape. The wear resistant particles 4 may be surface treated. The wear resistant particles 4 may be silane-treated particles.

(16) The wear resistant particles 4 may have a refractive index similar to the refractive index of the second foil 2. The wear resistant particles may have a refractive index of 1.4-1.7. In one embodiment, the wear resistant particle may have a refractive index of 1.4-1.9, preferably 1.5-1.8, for example, 1.7-1.8. The refractive index of the wear resistant particles may not differ from the refractive index of the second foil more than ±20%.

(17) The wear resistant particles may be applied in an amount of 20-100 g/m2, preferably in an amount of 40-60 g/m2.

(18) After the wear resistant particles 4 have been applied on the first foil 1, a second foil 2 is provided and arranged on the first foil 1. The wear resistant particles 4 are thereby encapsulated by the first foil 1 and the second foil 2.

(19) As an alternative or complement to apply the wear resistant particles 4 on the first foil 1, the wear resistant particles 4 may be applied on the second foil 2. In this embodiment, the second foil 2 with the wear resistant particles 4 is arranged on the first foil 1, or vice versa.

(20) The second foil 2 comprises a second thermoplastic material. The second thermoplastic material may be the same as in the first foil 1, or being different from the thermoplastic material of the first foil 1. The second thermoplastic may be polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyester, polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), polyurethane (PU), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyacrylate, methacrylate, polycarbonate, polyvinyl butyral, polybutylene terephthalate, or a combination thereof.

(21) Preferably, the second foil 2 is formed of the thermoplastic material. The second foil 2 may substantially consist of the thermoplastic material, and optionally additives. Additives may be plasticizers, stabilizers, lubricants, degassing agents, coupling agents, compatibilizers, crosslinking agents, etc.

(22) In one embodiment, the first foil 1 is a PVC foil and the second foil 2 is PU foil.

(23) The second foil 2 may be provided as a foil produced in a separate production step. The second foil 2 may be provided as continuous web.

(24) In other embodiments, the second foil 2 may be formed by an extrusion process such as extrusion coating or extrusion lamination the second foil 2 on the first foil 1, such as described with reference to FIG. 5A.

(25) The second foil 2 may have a thickness of 0.01-1 mm, preferably as measured in the final product, for example, after pressing or extruding. Preferably, the second foil 2 has a thickness less than 0.5 mm, more preferably less than 75 μm, for example, such as about 50 μm, preferably as measured in the final product, for example, after pressing or extruding.

(26) The first foil 1 may have a thickness exceeding the thickness of the second foil 2. Especially if the first foil 1 comprises PVC and the second foil 2 comprises PU, the first foil 1 may have a thickness exceeding the thickness of the second foil 2.

(27) The wear resistant particles 4 may have an average particle size being less than the thickness of the second foil 2. However, the wear resistant particles 4 may have an average particle size being larger than the thickness of the second foil 2. During pressing, the wear resistant particles 4 are pressed into the first foil 1 such that the wear resistant particles 4 do not protrude beyond an upper surface of the second foil 2 after pressing, although the wear resistant particles 4 have an average particle size exceeding the thickness of the second foil 2.

(28) The ratio between the size of the wear resistant particles 4 and the thickness of the second foil 2 may be less than 1.5:1.

(29) Scratch resistant particles (not shown) may also be applied on the second foil 2. As an alternative or complement, scratch resistant particles may also be applied on the first foil 1. By scratch resistant particles are meant particles improving the scratch or scratch resistant properties of the first and/or second foil 1, 2. The scratch resistant particles may be applied together with the wear resistant particles 4, for example as a mix, or may be applied separately. The scratch resistant particles may be may be or comprise nano-sized silica particles, preferably fused silica particles. The scratch resistant particles may be or comprise aluminum oxide.

(30) The scratch resistant particles may be disc shaped particles, preferably having a width/thickness ratio being equal or exceeding 3:1, more preferably being equal or exceeding 5:1. Such disc-shaped particles orientate along the surface of the foil, thereby improving the scratch resistance of the foil. The scratch resistant particles may have an average particle size of 1-50 μm, preferably 10-20 μm.

(31) The first and the second foil 1, 2 are thereafter adhered to each other to form a wear resistant foil 10 comprising the first foil 1, the second foil 2, and wherein at least a part of the wear resistant particles 4 are arranged between the first foil 1 and the second foil 2.

(32) The wear resistant foil 10 is preferably transparent, or at least substantially transparent.

(33) The first and the second foil 1, 2 may be adhered to each other by being pressed together, for example, in a calendering process. As shown in FIG. 1, the first and the second foil 1, 2 are pressed in a continuous press 5. The first and second foil may be adhered together by pressure alone, by heat and pressure, by pressure and adhesive, or by heat, pressure, and adhesive. Preferably, both pressure and heat is applied in order to adhere the first and the second foil to each other. As an alternative or a complement to a calendering process, a continuous or static press may also be used. The pressing operation may, for example, be a hot-hot process, a hot-cold process, etc. The pressing may be made with an embossed press matrix or press roller, such that an embossed structure is formed in the wear resistant foil.

(34) Depending on the thermoplastic materials and process used, the pressure applied may be 5-100 bar, applied for example during 5-500 seconds. The temperature may be 80-300° C., such as 100-250° C., such as 150-200° C., such as 100-130° C.

(35) By the process described above with reference to FIG. 1, a wear resistant foil 10 is formed. The wear resistant foil 10 may be formed as a continuous foil, or be cut into sheets.

(36) As an alternative, the first and second foil 1, 2 may be adhered to each other by an adhesive, such as hot melt.

(37) After adhering, for example, by pressing, the layers to each other, the wear resistant particles 4 are enclosed by the first and the second foil 1, 2. Preferably, the wear resistant particles 4 do not protrude beyond the surface of the second foil 2 facing away from the first foil 1. Thereby, a wear resistant foil 10 having a smooth surface can be formed.

(38) It is contemplated that the wear resistant foil 10 may be adhered to a decorative layer 22 as described below in the same step such that a decorative wear resistant foil is formed.

(39) The wear resistant foil 10 may in a subsequent step be adhered to a core 21 to form a building panel 20, as shown in FIG. 2. The building panel 20 may be a floor panel, a wall panel, a ceiling panel, a furniture component, etc.

(40) The core 21 may comprise a third thermoplastic material. The third thermoplastic material may be the same as the first and/or second thermoplastic material, or be different from the first and/or the second material.

(41) The third thermoplastic material may comprise polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyester, polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), polyurethane (PU), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyacrylate, methacrylate, polycarbonate, polyvinyl butyral, polybutylene terephthalate, or a combination thereof. The core 21 may be formed of several layers. The core 21 may be foamed.

(42) In one embodiment, the core 21 comprises the third thermoplastic material and fillers. The fillers may comprise calcium carbonate, such as chalk and/or limestone.

(43) In one embodiment, the core 21 is a Wood Plastic Composite (WPC), comprising the third thermoplastic material and wood particles as fillers.

(44) The core 21 may be provided with a decorative layer 22 arranged on an upper surface of the core 21 as shown in FIG. 2. The wear resistant foil 10 is then arranged on the decorative layer 22. The decorative layer 22 may be a decorative foil comprising a thermoplastic material. The thermoplastic material of the decorative layer may be or comprise polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyester, polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), polyurethane (PU), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyacrylate, methacrylate, polycarbonate, polyvinyl butyral, polybutylene terephthalate, or a combination thereof. The decorative foil is preferably printed, for example by direct printing, rotogravure, or digital printing.

(45) The core 21 may also be provided with a balancing layer (not shown) arranged on a lower surface of the core 21, opposite the decorative layer 22. The core 21 may also be provided with intermediate layer or layers (not shown) arranged between an upper surface of the core and the decorative 22 layer or the wear resistant foil 11.

(46) The wear resistant foil 10 produced according to the method described above with reference to FIG. 1, is arranged on the decorative layer 22. The core 21, the decorative layer 22, and the wear resistant foil 10 are pressed together to form a building panel. Heat may also be applied when applying pressure. The core 21, the decorative layer 22 and the wear resistant foil 10 may be pressed together in continuous press, a static press, or in a calendering operation. The pressing may be made with an embossed press matrix or press roller, such that an embossed structure is formed in the wear resistant foil 10.

(47) As an alternative, the wear resistant foil 10 may be adhered to the core 21 by an adhesive, such as hot melt.

(48) A coating (not shown) may be applied on the second foil 2. The coating may comprise acrylate or methacrylate monomer or acrylate or methacrylate oligomer. The coating may be radiation curing, such as UV curing or electron beam curing.

(49) As an alternative to a separate decorative layer 22, a print may be printed directly on the top surface of core 21. The wear resistant foil 10 is thereby arranged directly on the core.

(50) In one embodiment, the first foil 1 is a decorative layer. The first foil 1 may be printed, for example by digital printing, direct printing, rotogravure, etc. The wear resistant foil 10 is in this embodiment arranged directly on the core of the above described type. The wear resistant foil 10 thereby includes a decorative layer. Preferably, the print is facing the core 21.

(51) An embodiment of the building panel 10 comprises a core 21 comprising PVC, a decorative foil 22 comprising PVC, a wear resistant foil 10 comprising PVC in the first foil 1 and PU in the second foil 2.

(52) In other embodiments, the core 21 may be a wood-based board or a mineral board. The core 21 may, for example, be a HDF, MDF, particleboard, plywood, OSB, etc.

(53) As an alternative to the decorative foil, the decorative layer 22 may be formed of a thermoplastic material applied as a powder on the core 21. A print may be printed in the powder thermoplastic material. The thermoplastic material in powder form may be polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyester, polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), polyurethane (PU), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyacrylate, methacrylate, polycarbonate, polyvinyl butyral, polybutylene terephthalate, or a combination thereof. The wear resistant foil 10 is arranged on the powder layer and pressed together. The core 21 may be of the above described type.

(54) Another alternative to the decorative foil is to apply a thermosetting binder, preferably an amino resin and in powder form, and lignocellulosic or cellulosic particles for forming the decorative layer 22 on the core. A print is may be printed in the powder layer, or pigments may be included. The core 21 may be of the above described type. The wear resistant foil 10 is arranged on the powder layer and pressed together under heat, such that the thermosetting binder of the decorative layer is cured.

(55) Other alternatives for forming the decorative layer are providing a wood veneer layer, a cork layer, or a paper layer for forming the decorative layer.

(56) The different layers, i.e., the core 21, the decorative layer 22, the wear resistant foil 10, may be provided as continuous layers or provided as sheets.

(57) FIG. 3 shows a method to produce a building panel 10 including forming a wear resistant foil 10 integrated into the production of the building panel 10. The building panel 10 may be a floor panel, a wall panel, a ceiling panel, a furniture component, etc.

(58) A core 21 is provided. The core 21 may comprise a third thermoplastic material. The third thermoplastic material may be the same as the first and/or second material, or be different from the first and/or the second material.

(59) The third thermoplastic material may comprise polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyester, polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), polyurethane (PU), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polycarbonate, polyacrylate, methacrylate, polyvinyl butyral, polybutylene terephthalate, or a combination thereof. The core 21 may be formed of several layers. The core 21 may be foamed. The core 21 may be provided as a board or as a continuous material.

(60) In one embodiment, the core 21 comprises the third thermoplastic material and fillers. The fillers may comprise calcium carbonate, such as chalk and/or limestone, or sand.

(61) In one embodiment, the core 21 is a Wood Plastic Composite (WPC), comprising the third thermoplastic material and wood particles as fillers.

(62) The core 21 may be provided with a decorative layer 22 arranged on an upper surface of the core 21. The wear resistant foil 10 is then arranged on the decorative layer 22. The decorative layer 22 may be a decorative foil comprising a thermoplastic material. The thermoplastic material of the decorative layer may be or comprise polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyester, polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), polyurethane (PU), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyacrylate, methacrylate, polycarbonate, polyvinyl butyral, polybutylene terephthalate, or a combination thereof. The decorative foil is preferably printed, for example by direct printing, rotogravure, or digital printing. The decorative layer may be a wood veneer layer, a cork layer, a paper layer. The decorative layer 22 may be provided as a continuous web or as sheets.

(63) The core 21 may also be provided with a balancing layer (not shown) arranged on a lower surface of the core 21, opposite the decorative layer 22.

(64) A first foil 1 is arranged on the core 21, or on the decorative layer 22. The first foil 1 comprises a first thermoplastic material. The first thermoplastic material may be polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyester, polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), polyurethane (PU), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyacrylate, methacrylate, polycarbonate, polyvinyl butyral, polybutylene terephthalate, or a combination thereof.

(65) Preferably, the first foil 1 is formed of the thermoplastic material. The first foil 1 may substantially consist of the thermoplastic material, and optionally additives. Additives may be plasticizers, stabilizers, lubricants, degassing agents, coupling agents, compatibilizers, crosslinking agents, etc.

(66) In one embodiment, the first foil 1 is a PVC foil.

(67) The first foil 1 may have a thickness of 0.1-1 mm preferably as measured in the final product, for example, after pressing or extruding.

(68) The first foil 1 may be provided as a continuous web. The first foil 1 may also be cut into sheets. The first foil 1 may also be formed by an extrusion process, preferably in connection with forming the building panel.

(69) As shown in FIG. 3, an applying device 3 applies, preferably scatters, wear resistant particles 4 on the first foil 1. The wear resistant particles 4 may be aluminum oxide particles, such as corundum. Alternatively, or as a complement, the wear resistant particles 4 may be carborundum, quartz, silica, glass, glass beads, glass spheres, silicon carbide, diamond particles, hard plastics, reinforced polymers and organics, or a combination thereof. The wear resistant particles 4 may be surface treated. The wear resistant particles 4 may be silane-treated particles.

(70) The wear resistant particles 4 preferably have an average particle size within the range of 10-200 μm, preferably within the range of 50-120 μm, such as 50-100 μm. The wear resistant particles 4 may have an average particle size of less than 50 μm, preferably less than 45 μm. The wear resistant particles 4 may have a spherical shape or an irregular shape.

(71) The wear resistant particles 4 may have a refractive index similar to the refractive index of the second foil 2. The wear resistant particles may have a refractive index of 1.4-1.7. In one embodiment, the wear resistant particle may have a refractive index of 1.4-1.9, preferably 1.5-1.8, for example, 1.7-1.8. The refractive index of the wear resistant particles may not differ from the refractive index of the second foil more than ±20%.

(72) The wear resistant particles may be applied in an amount of 20-100 g/m2, preferably in an amount of 40-60 g/m2.

(73) The wear resistant particles 4 may have an average particle size being less than the thickness of the second foil 2. However, the wear resistant particles 4 may have an average particle size being larger than the thickness of the second foil 2. During pressing, the wear resistant particles 4 are pressed into the first foil such that the wear resistant particles do not protrude beyond an upper surface of the second foil 2 after pressing, although the wear resistant particles 4 having an average particle size exceeding the thickness of the second foil.

(74) The ratio between the size of the wear resistant particles 4 and the thickness of the second foil 2 may be less than 1.5:1.

(75) After the wear resistant particles 4 have been applied on the first foil 1, a second foil 2 is provided and arranged on the first foil 1. The wear resistant particles 4 are thereby encapsulated between the first foil 1 and the second foil 2.

(76) As an alternative or complement to apply the wear resistant particles 4 on the first foil 1, the wear resistant particles 4 may be applied on the second foil 2. In this embodiment, the second foil 2 with the wear resistant particles 4 is arranged on the first foil 1, or vice versa.

(77) The second foil 2 comprises a second thermoplastic material. The second thermoplastic material may be the same as in the first foil 1, or being different from the thermoplastic material of the first foil 1. The second thermoplastic may be polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyester, polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), polyurethane (PU), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyacrylate, methacrylate, polycarbonate, polyvinyl butyral, polybutylene terephthalate, or a combination thereof.

(78) The second foil 2 may be provided as a foil produced in a separate production step. The second foil 2 may be provided as continuous web as shown in FIG. 3.

(79) In other embodiments, the second foil 2 may be formed by an extrusion process such as extrusion coating or extrusion lamination the second foil 2 on the first foil 1 as described with reference to FIG. 5B.

(80) The second foil 2 may have a thickness of 0.01-1 mm, preferably as measured in the final product, for example, after pressing or extruding. Preferably, the second foil 2 has a thickness less than 0.5 mm, more preferably less than 75 μm, for example, such as about 50 μm, preferably as measured in the final product, for example, after pressing or extruding.

(81) Preferably, the second foil 2 is formed of the thermoplastic material. The second foil 2 may substantially consist of the thermoplastic material, and optionally additives. Additives may be plasticizers, stabilizers, lubricants, degassing agents, coupling agents, compatibilizers, crosslinking agents, etc.

(82) In one embodiment, the first foil 1 is a PVC foil and the second foil 2 is PU foil.

(83) Scratch resistant particles (not shown) may be applied on the second foil 2. As an alternative or complement, scratch particles may also be applied on the first foil 1 prior to applying the second foil 2. By scratch resistant particles are meant particles improving the scratch or scratch resistant properties of the first and/or second foil. The scratch resistant particles may be applied together with the wear resistant particles 4, for example as a mix, or may be applied separately. The scratch resistant particles may be may be or comprise nano-sized silica particles, preferably fused silica particles. The scratch resistant particles may be or comprise aluminum oxide.

(84) The scratch resistant particles may be disc shaped particles, preferably having a width/thickness ratio being equal or exceeding 3:1, more preferably being equal or exceeding 5:1. Such disc-shaped particles orientate along the surface of the foil, thereby improving the scratch resistance of the foil. The scratch resistant particles may have an average particle size of 1-50 μm, preferably 10-20 μm.

(85) The different layers, i.e. the core 21, the decorative layer 22, the wear resistant foil 10, may be provided as continuous layers or being cut into sheets.

(86) The core 21, the first foil 1 and the second foil 2 are thereafter adhered to each other to form a building panel 20 comprising the core 21, the first foil 1, the second foil 2, and wherein a least a portion of the wear resistant particles 4 are arranged between the first foil 1 and the second foil 2. The first foil 1, the second foil 2 and the wear resistant particles 4 arranged therebetween form a wear resistant foil 10 of the building panel 20.

(87) The wear resistant foil 10 is preferably transparent, or at least substantially transparent, for example, having a light transmittance index exceeding 80%, preferably exceeding 90%.

(88) The core 21, the first and the second foil 1, 2 may be adhered to each other by being pressed together in a pressing station 5. The press may be a continuous or static press. The core 21, the first and the second foil 1, 2 may be calendered together. Preferably, both pressure and heat is applied in order to adhere the first and the second foil to each other. The pressing operation may for example be made as a hot-hot process, a hot-cold process, etc. The pressing may be made with an embossed press matrix or press roller, such that an embossed structure is formed in the wear resistant foil 10.

(89) Depending on the thermoplastic materials and process used, the pressure applied may be 5-100 bar, applied for example during 5-500 seconds. The temperature may be 80-300° C., such as 100-250° C., such as 150-200° C.

(90) As an alternative, the layers may be adhered to each other by an adhesive, such as hot melt.

(91) After adhering, for example, by pressing, the layers to each other, the wear resistant particles are enclosed by the first foil, or by the first and the second foil. Preferably, the wear resistant particles do not protrude beyond the surface of the second foil facing away from the first foil. Thereby, a wear resistant foil 10 having a smooth surface can be formed.

(92) A coating (not shown) may be applied on the second foil 2. The coating may comprise acrylate or methacrylate monomer or acrylate or methacrylate oligomer. The coating may be radiation curing, such as UV curing or electron beam curing.

(93) As an alternative to a separate decorative layer 22, a print may be printed directly on the upper surface of core 21. The wear resistant foil 10 is thereby arranged directly on the core.

(94) As an alternative to a separate decorative layer 22, the first foil 1 of the wear resistant foil 10 may be a decorative foil. The first foil 1 may be printed, for example by digital printing, direct printing, rotogravure, etc. The wear resistant foil 10 is thereby arranged directly on the core 21. Preferably, the print faces the core 21.

(95) As an alternative to the decorative foil described above, the decorative layer 22 may be formed of a thermoplastic material applied as a powder on the core. A print may be printed in the powder thermoplastic material. The thermoplastic material in powder form may be polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyester, polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), polyurethane (PU), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyacrylate, methacrylate, polycarbonate, polyvinyl butyral, polybutylene terephthalate, or combination thereof. The first foil 1 of the wear resistant foil 10 is arranged on the powder layer and pressed together as described above. The core 21 may be of the above described type.

(96) Another alternative to the decorative foil described above is to apply a thermosetting binder, preferably an amino resin and in powder form, and lignocellulosic or cellulosic particles for forming the decorative layer 22 on the core 21. A print is may be printed in the powder layer, or pigments may be included. The core 21 may be of the above described type. The first foil 1 of the wear resistant foil 10 is arranged on the powder layer and the powder layer and the first foil 1 are pressed together under heat as described above, such that the thermosetting binder of the decorative layer is cured.

(97) Other alternatives for forming the decorative layer 22 are providing a wood veneer layer, a cork layer or a paper layer for forming the decorative layer.

(98) It is also contemplated that the first foil 1 may be excluded. The wear resistant particles 4 of the above described type may be applied directly on the core 21 of the above described type. The second foil 2 of the above described type may be arranged on an upper surface of the core 21 and on the wear resistant particles 4. The upper surface of the core 21 may be provided with a print. Alternatively, a decorative layer 22 of the above type may be arranged on the core 21. The core 21, the wear resistant particles 4, and the second foil 2 are then pressed together to form a building panel 20 in the above described way.

(99) It is contemplated that the core 21 may be excluded in the embodiments described with reference to FIG. 3. By pressing together the decorative layer 22 and the wear resistant foil 10, a decorative substrate having wear resistant properties is provided.

(100) In addition to the building panel 20 described above with reference to FIG. 2, building panels 20 having another structure may also be provided by the methods described above.

(101) According to one embodiment, which is shown in FIG. 4A, building panel 10 comprising a core 21 of the above described type and a wear resistant foil 10 manufactured according to the embodiment described with reference to FIG. 1. Alternatively, the building panel 10 is manufactured according to the embodiment described with reference to FIG. 3 wherein the decorative layer 22 is excluded. An upper surface of the core 21 may be provided with a print 23, for example printed by for example by digital printing, direct printing or rotogravure. The wear resistant foil 10 is arranged directly on the core 21.

(102) According to one embodiment, which is shown in FIG. 4B, a building panel 10 comprising a core 21 of the above described type and a wear resistant foil 10 manufactured according to the embodiment described with reference to FIG. 1. Alternatively, the building panel 10 is manufactured according to the embodiment described with reference to FIG. 3, wherein the decorative layer 22 is excluded. The first foil 1 of the wear resistant foil 10 may be a decorative foil. The first foil 1 may be provided with a print 23, for example printed by digital printing, direct printing or rotogravure. The wear resistant foil 10 is arranged directly on the core 21.

(103) It is contemplated that in one embodiment, the first foil 1 may be excluded in the embodiment described above with reference to FIG. 3. According to this embodiment, which is shown in FIG. 4C, the wear resistant particles 4 are applied directly on a core 21 of the above described type. An upper surface of the core 21 may be provided with a print 23, for example printed by digital printing, direct printing or rotogravure. Alternatively, the core 21 may be provided with a decorative layer 22 of the above described type, for example, a printed thermoplastic foil, a wood veneer layer, a cork layer, a paper layer, etc. A second foil 2 of the above described type is applied directly on the wear resistant particles 4 of the above described type and the upper surface of the core 21. A building panel 20 including a wear resistant foil 10′ formed by the wear resistant particles 4 and the second foil 2 is thereby formed.

(104) In all embodiments, the second thermoplastic material of the above type may be applied in an extrusion process, which is shown in FIGS. 5A-B. In FIG. 5A, a first foil 1 is provided. The first foil 1 is of the type described above with reference to FIGS. 1, 2, 3, 4A-B. In the embodiment shown FIG. 5A, the wear resistant particles 4 of the above described type are applied on the first foil 1 by the applying device 3. The second thermoplastic material 5 is preferably provided as granulates. The second thermoplastic material 5 is applied on the first foil 1 in molten form by an extruder 8. For example, the second thermoplastic material 5 is applied on the first foil 1 by an extrusion process such as extrusion lamination or extrusion coating. The second thermoplastic material 5 is applied after the wear resistant particles 4 have been applied. Thereby, a wear resistant foil 10 has been produced.

(105) The method to produce a wear resistant foil 10 by using an extrusion technique as described above with reference to FIG. 5A is also applicable when forming a building panel corresponding to the embodiment shown in FIG. 4A-B, which is shown in FIG. 5B.

(106) In FIG. 5B, a first foil 1 and a core 21 are provided. The first foil 1 and the core 21 are of the type described above with reference to FIGS. 3 and 4A-B. In the embodiment shown FIG. 5B, the wear resistant particles 4 of the above described type are applied on the first foil 1 by an applying device 3. The second thermoplastic material 5 is preferably provided as granulates. The second thermoplastic material 5 is applied on the first foil 1 in molten form by an extruder 8. For example, the second thermoplastic material 5 is applied on the first foil 1 by an extrusion process such as extrusion lamination or extrusion coating. The second thermoplastic material 5 is applied after the wear resistant particles 4 have been applied.

(107) The core 21, the first foil 1 provided with the wear resistant particles 4 and the second thermoplastic material 5 are adhered together for forming a building panel 20, for example, by pressing, such as calendaring, for example, by calendering rolls 6, as shown in FIG. 5B. Alternatively, the layers may be adhered to each other by means of an adhesive such as hot melt.

(108) It is also contemplated that the co-extruding may be used to form the wear resistant foil. The first foil comprising the first thermoplastic material and a second foil comprising the second thermoplastic material may be formed by co-extruding the first and the second foil. The wear resistant particles may be mixed with the second thermoplastic material, or applied separately on the first and/or the second foil.

(109) Any of the above described building panels 10 may be provided with a mechanical locking system. The mechanical locking system may be of the type described in WO 2007/015669, WO 2008/004960, WO 2009/116926, or WO 2010/087752, the entire contents of each is expressly incorporated by reference herein.

(110) In the embodiments above, the wear resistant foil 10 is described as including the first foil 1 and the second foil 2. However, after pressing, the boundaries between the first and the second foil 1, 2 may be less distinct, such that in some embodiments it may be difficult to distinguish the first foil 1 from the second foil 2. At least a part of the wear resistant particles are 4 located intermediate the first and the second foil 1, 2. A part of the wear resistant particles 4 may be located within the second foil 2.

(111) It is contemplated that the first foil 1 may be formed of a powder layer, for example, comprising the first thermoplastic material of the above described type and optionally filler such as wood particles, calcium carbonate, sand, etc.

(112) It is contemplated that there are numerous modifications of the embodiments described herein, which are still within the scope of the disclosure. For example, it is contemplated that more than one wear resistant foil may be arranged on a core for forming a building panel.

EXAMPLES

Example 1: Comparative Example

(113) A PVC wear layer foil with a thickness of 0.3 mm was positioned on a decorative foil with a thickness of 0.1 mm. The two foils were laminated on to a PVC core material using a temperature of 160° C., a pressure of 20 bar and a pressing time of 40 seconds. The resulting product was a LVT product. The LVT product was found to have a wear resistance of 3200 revolutions as tested in a Taber abrader.

Example 2: PVC Foil on PVC Foil

(114) A PVC wear layer foil with a thickness of 0.3 mm was positioned on a decorative foil with a thickness of 0.1 mm. On to the wear layer foil 10 g/m2 Al2O3 was scattered using a scattering device. A second PVC wear layer foil with a thickness of 0.3 mm was positioned on the scattered Al2O3. The three foils were laminated on to a PVC core material using a temperature of 160° C., a pressure of 20 bar and a pressing time of 40 seconds. The resulting product was a LVT product. The LVT product was found to have a wear resistance higher than 8000 revolutions as tested in a Taber abrader.

Example 3: PU Foil on PVC Foil

(115) A PVC wear layer foil with a thickness of 0.3 mm was positioned on a decorative foil with a thickness of 0.1 mm. On to the wear layer foil 10 g/m2 Al2O3 was scattered using a scattering device. A PU foil with a thickness of 0.05 mm was positioned on the scattered Al2O3. The three foils were laminated on to a PVC core material using a temperature of 140° C., a pressure of 20 bar and a pressing time of 40 seconds. The resulting product was a LVT product. The LVT product was found to have a wear resistance higher than 8000 revolutions as tested in a Taber abrader.

Example 4: PU Foil on PVC Foil

(116) A printed decorative PVC foil having a thickness of 0.08 mm was arranged on a core comprising three layers and having a thickness of 4 mm. A PVC wear layer having a thickness of 0.25 mm was arranged on the decorative PVC foil. Wear resistant particles in form of aluminum oxide were applied in an amount of 40 g/m2 on the PVC wear layer. A PU foil having a thickness of 0.05 mm was arranged on the wear resistant particles and the PVC wear layer. The different layers were pressed together in a cold-hot-cold process. The pressure applied was 10 bar. The temperatures applied in the cold-hot-cold process were 50° C., 140° C., and 50° C. The product was pressed at 140° C. during 4 minutes. The total pressing time was approximately 55 minutes. The resulting product was a LVT product. The LVT product was found to have a wear resistance higher than 8000 revolutions as tested in a Taber abrader.