Electroplating transition metal oxides as protective coating agents for Li-ion battery materials

Abstract

A method of electrodepositing a transition metal oxide on to the surface of cathode or anode active materials used in Li-ion batteries, using an aqueous media. The transition metal oxide coating protects the cathode or anode active materials once they are fully delithiated or fully lithiated, respectively. The protective coating may be used also in gas sensors, biological cell sensors, supercapacitors, catalysts for fuel cells and metal air batteries, nano and optoelectronic devices, filtration devices, structural components, and energy storage devices.

Claims

1. A method of electrodepositing a transition metal oxide on to the surface of cathode or anode materials used in Li-ion batteries, using an aqueous media, comprising the steps of: (a) immersing a working electrode and a counter electrode into an aqueous plating bath comprising a transition metal ion source in an ambient atmosphere; (b) electrodepositing an electrochemically active transition metal oxide onto a surface of the working electrode from the aqueous plating bath at a temperature ranging from about 20° C. to about 80° C.; (c) removing the electroplated transition metal oxide working electrode from the aqueous plating bath; (d) rinsing the electroplated transition metal oxide working electrode; and (e) drying the electroplated transition metal oxide working electrode.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the transition metal oxide is selected from the group consisting of Co.sub.3O.sub.4, CoO, MnO.sub.2, Mn.sub.2O.sub.3, Mn.sub.3O.sub.4 or a mixture of Mn and Co metal oxide Mn.sub.xCo.sub.yO.sub.z where x, y and z range from 0.01 to 4.

3. The method of claim 2 wherein the transition metal oxide is Co based and wherein the aqueous plating bath is comprised of inorganic salts selected from the group consisting of LiOOCCH.sub.3, CoNO.sub.3—6H.sub.2O and mixtures thereof.

4. The method of claim 2 wherein the transition metal oxide is Mn based and wherein the aqueous plating bath is comprised of inorganic salts selected from the group consisting of LiOOOCCH.sub.3 Li.sub.2SO.sub.4—H.sub.2O, MnSO.sub.4—H.sub.2O and mixtures thereof.

5. The method of claim 1 wherein the electrodeposited transition metal oxide has a thickness that ranges from about 1 nm to about 5 um.

6. The method of claim 1 wherein the electrodepositing in step (b) is carried out at room temperature and under ambient atmosphere.

7. The method of claim 1 wherein the rinsing in step (d) is carried out using pure water.

8. The method of claim 1 wherein the drying of the working electrode in step (e) is carried out under dynamic vacuum at a temperature of about 80° C.

9. The method of claim 1 wherein the transition metal ion source in step (a) is selected from the group consisting of aluminum, copper, chromium, cobalt, manganese, nickel, silver, gold, tin, platinum, zinc, tungsten, tantalum, rhodium, molybdenum, titanium, iron, zirconium, vanadium, hafnium, and the alloys thereof.

10. The method of claim 1 wherein the working electrode used for electrodeposition is comprised of a cathode active material selected from the group consisting of LiCoO.sub.2 (LCO), LiMn.sub.2O.sub.4 (LMO), LiMnNiCoO.sub.2 (NMC), LiFePO.sub.4 (LFP), LiNiCoAlO.sub.2 (NCA), Li-rich Li.sub.2MnO.sub.3—LiNiCoO.sub.2 (LRNMC) electrodes and combinations thereof.

11. The method of claim 10 wherein the cathode active material is selected from the group consisting of LiCoO.sub.2 (LCO), LiMn.sub.2O.sub.4 (LMO), and combinations thereof.

12. The method of claim 10 wherein the cathode active material further comprises a conductive agent and a binder.

13. The method of claim 12 wherein the conductive agent is carbon and the binder is polyvinylidene fluoride.

14. The method of claim 1 wherein the working electrode used for electrodeposition is comprised of an anode active material selected from the group consisting of silicon, graphite, graphene based anodes, tin, and combinations thereof.

15. The method of claim 14 wherein the anode active material is silicon, graphite, and combinations thereof.

16. The method of claim 14 wherein the cathode active material further comprises a conductive agent and a binder.

17. The method of claim 16 wherein the conductive agent is carbon and the binder is polyvinylidene fluoride.

18. The method of claim 1 wherein the counter electrode is selected from the group consisting of nickel, tungsten, copper, gold, platinum, titanium, carbon and mixtures thereof.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1. Cycle life data of Mn-oxide coated LCO versus uncoated LCO electrodes cycled between 4.5 and 3V regions at C/2 rate at room temperature.

(2) FIG. 2A. Charge and discharge voltage profiles versus capacity of Mn-oxide coated LCO electrode cycled between 4.5 and 3V regions at C/2 rate at room temperature.

(3) FIG. 2B. Charge and discharge voltage profiles versus capacity of uncoated LCO electrode cycled between 4.5 and 3V regions at C/2 rate at room temperature.

(4) FIG. 3. Cycle life data of Mn-oxide coated LMO versus uncoated LMO electrodes cycled between 4.5 and 3V regions at C/2 rate at room temperature.

(5) FIG. 4A. Charge and discharge voltage profiles versus capacity of Mn-oxide coated LMO electrode cycled between 4.5 and 3V regions at C/2 rate at room temperature.

(6) FIG. 4B. Charge and discharge voltage profiles versus capacity of uncoated LMO electrode cycled between 4.5 and 3V regions at C/2 rate at room temperature.

(7) FIG. 5. Cycle life data of Co-oxide coated LCO versus uncoated LCO electrodes cycled between 4.5 and 3V regions at C/2 rate at room temperature.

(8) FIG. 6A. Charge and discharge voltage profiles versus capacity of uncoated LCO electrode cycled between 4.5 and 3V regions at C/2 rate at room temperature.

(9) FIG. 6B. Charge and discharge voltage profiles versus capacity of Co-oxide coated LCO electrode cycled between 4.5 and 3V regions at C/2 rate at room temperature.

(10) FIG. 7. XRD and SEM images of amorphous as prepared electroplated MnO.sub.2 powders. The deposition temperature was room temperature (RT) and no further heat treatment was performed.

(11) FIG. 8. SEM images of bare A-) LCO, Mn oxide coated LCO at different duty cycle of B-) 20, C-) 40, D-) 60 cycles.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(12) Electroplating of a transition metal oxide (TMO) was carried out using a 2-electrode system where a working electrode and a counter (Ni foil) electrodes were immersed into a deposition solution which contains also one or more transition metal ion sources to make single metal oxide or mixed metal oxide, respectively. If both sides of working electrode are desired to be coated, then two counter electrodes, connected to each externally, have to be employed.

(13) The transition metal ion source can be aluminum, copper, chromium, cobalt, manganese, nickel, silver, gold, tin, platinum, zinc, tungsten, tantalum, rhodium, molybdenum, titanium, iron, zirconium, vanadium, hafnium, and the alloys thereof.

(14) The working electrode can be an either cathode or anode active materials for LIBs. The cathode materials can be LCO, LMO, NMC, NCA, LFP or LRNMC. It can also be doped with different transition metals of LCO, LMO, NMC, NCA, LFP and LRNMC. The anode materials can be silicon, graphite, graphene based anodes, tin, and other anode materials that can be used in Li-ion or other energy storage systems. Both cathode and anode materials may consist of composite electrode which contain binder and conductive additives.

(15) The aqueous deposition bath is prepared from inorganic salts which contains also transition metal salts. A plastic or metal container can be used to create a reaction vessel. If deposition is desired at above room temperature, metal or temperature resistant polymeric vessels should be utilized. The two-electrode system was fixed to the lid of the vessel and hung into the deposition bath. Both electrodes were connected to a power supply which can provide sufficient current or voltage densities where protective coating of metal oxide is produced.

(16) In one embodiment, Mn based transition metal oxide is produced from 0.1 M MnSO.sub.4 • H.sub.2O, Li.sub.2SO.sub.4 • H.sub.2O and LiOOCCH.sub.3 • 2H.sub.2O was prepared using ultra-pure water for solvent to dissolve these salts. 9.72 g of MnSO.sub.4.H.sub.2O, 7.36 g of Li.sub.2SO.sub.4 • H.sub.2O and 5.87 g of LiOOCCH.sub.3 • 2H.sub.2O were carefully dissolved in 575 ml of H.sub.2O. A similar way of deposition of Mn based transition metal oxide is reported in the literature (see e.g., U.S. Pat. 8,237,538 B2, supra). The order of the salt dissolution was not an important factor but slow addition of each salts allowed for a homogenous mixture. The bath was stirred for half an hour to make sure all salts were dissolved thoroughly. The working electrode was selected from commercially available cathodes used in LIBs. LCO is one of the widely used cathode active materials for LIBs. In this experiment, we used LCO composite cathode electrodes which have carbon and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as conductive agent and binder, respectively. The binder could be one of these alternatives as well: carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), polyacrylic acid (PAA), styrene butadiene rubber (SBR). One side of the Al foil was coated with LCO and the other side of the foil was not coated. For this reason, single Ni foil counter electrode was utilized facing towards LCO coated side. Both counter and working electrodes were clipped to copper alligators which were attached to the lid. Afterwards, the lid was submerged into the deposition solution and rested for 1-2 minutes before metal oxide deposition for wetting purposes. The wave form of the deposition procedure can vary depending on the cathode, texture, thickness, porosity and chemistry. In this specific experiment we used 1.8V voltage pulse wave forms to coat the LCO electrode with protective coating metal oxide agent. The on time for each 1.8V pulse was 1 s however it can range from 100 μs to 20 s. Between pulses, there was 1-minute open circuit voltage period i.e. resting period (ranging from 3 s to 2 minutes). This resting period allows that the coating is more porous not like a film. One can also do film-like coating with constant voltage or constant current deposition in 1 minute which is extremely fast and beneficial for the scale up process. The number of deposition cycles (duty cycle refers to on/off time) determines the thickness of the protective metal oxide coating. In this example, we electroplated protective metal oxide for 20 duty cycle which in total took 10 minutes.

(17) FIG. 1 shows the cycle life of Mn based metal oxide coated LCO electrode versus bare LCO cycled at 4.5-3V potential ranges at C/2 rate. The bare LCO electrode has around 2.1 mAh/cm.sup.2 and has a capacity fade of 25% over 55 cycles whereas the manganese oxide coated LCO has marginal capacity fade i.e. 5% over 55 cycles. The superior cycling of manganese oxide coated LCO over bare LCO is believed to be due to the insulating buffer region created by oxide layer which protects the electrode surface from being exposed to high parasitic voltages. Though the protection layer is thin, it still creates electrical resistance which decreases the specific capacity slightly. Through electroplating parameters, optimizing this thickness can lead the desired capacity to be achieved easily.

(18) FIG. 2 displays the charge-discharge profiles of both manganese oxide coated LCO (A) and bare LCO (B) electrodes cycled at 4.5-3V potential range at C/2. rate. Maintaining relatively steady voltage response over the cycling condition is critical as it will determine the energy output of a LIB. In FIG. 2, it is shown that with manganese oxide coated LCO electrode, higher capacities can easily be achieved while maintaining the voltage and capacity values over 55 cycles.

(19) In another embodiment, Mn based transition metal oxide is produced from 0.1 M MnSO.sub.4 • H.sub.2O, Li.sub.2SO.sub.4 • H.sub.2O and LiOOCCH.sub.3 • 2H.sub.2O was prepared using ultra-pure water for solvent to dissolve these salts. 9.72 g of MnSO.sub.4 • H.sub.2O, 7.36 g of Li.sub.2SO.sub.4 • H.sub.2O and 5.87 g of LiOOCCH.sub.3• 2H.sub.2O were carefully dissolved in 575 ml of H.sub.2O. The order of the salt dissolution was not an important factor but slow addition of each salt allowed for a homogenous mixture. The bath was stirred for half an hour to make sure all salts were dissolved thoroughly. The working electrode was selected from commercially available cathodes used in LIBs. LMO is one of the strong candidates that can replace currently used cathode active materials for LIBs. In this experiment, we used LMO composite cathode electrode which has carbon and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as conductive agent and binder, respectively. The binder could be one of these alternatives as well: carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), polyacrylic acid (PAA), styrene butadiene rubber (SBR). One side of the Al foil was coated with LMO and the other side of the foil was not coated. For this reason, single Ni foil counter electrode was utilized. Both counter and working electrodes were clipped to copper alligators which were attached to the lid. Afterwards the lid was submerged into the deposition solution and rested for 1-2 minutes before metal oxide deposition for wetting purposes. The wave form of the deposition procedure can vary depending on the cathode, texture, thickness, porosity and chemistry. In this specific experiment we used 1.8V voltage pulse wave forms to coat the LMO electrode with protective coating metal oxide agent. The on time for each 1.8V pulse was 1 s however it can range from 100 μs to 20 s. Between pulses, there was 1-minute open circuit voltage period i.e. resting period (ranging from 3 s to 2 minutes). This resting period allows that the coating is more porous not like a film. One can also do film-like coating with constant voltage or constant current deposition in 1 minute which is extremely fast and beneficial for the scale up process. The number of deposition cycles (duty cycle refers to on/off time) determines the thickness of the protective metal oxide coating. In this example, we electroplated protective metal oxide for 20 duty cycle which in total took 10 minutes.

(20) FIG. 3 demonstrates the cycle life of Mn based metal oxide coated LMO electrode versus bare LMO cycled at 4.5-3V potential ranges at C/2 rate. The bare LMO electrode has around 2 mAh/cm.sup.2 and has a capacity fade of 45% over 100 cycles whereas the manganese oxide coated LMO has marginal capacity fade i.e. 10% over 100 cycles. The superior cycling of manganese oxide coated LMO over bare LMO is believed to be due to the insulating buffer region created by oxide layer which protects the electrode surface from being exposed to high parasitic voltages. Though the protection layer is thin, it still creates electrical resistance which decreases the specific capacity slightly. Through electroplating parameters, optimizing this thickness can lead the desired capacity to be achieved easily.

(21) FIG. 4 exhibits the charge-discharge profiles of both manganese oxide coated LMO (A) and bare LMO (B) electrodes cycled at 4.5-3V potential range at C/2 rate. Maintaining relatively steady voltage response over the cycling condition is critical as it will determine the energy output of a LIB. In FIG. 4, it is shown that with manganese oxide coated LMO electrode, higher capacities can easily be achieved while maintaining the voltage and capacity values over 100 cycles.

(22) In one embodiment, Co based transition metal oxide is produced from 0.2 M CoNo.sub.3 • 6H.sub.2O and 0.1 M LiOOCCH.sub.3 • 2H.sub.2O was prepared using ultra-pure water for solvent to dissolve these salts. 33.4 g of CoNo.sub.3 • 6H.sub.2O and 5.87 g of LiOOCCH.sub.3 • 2H.sub.2O were carefully dissolved in 575 ml of H.sub.2O. The order of the salt dissolution was not an important factor but slow addition of each salts allowed for a homogenous mixture. The bath was stirred for half an hour to make sure all salts were dissolved thoroughly. The working electrode was selected from commercially available cathodes used in LIBs. LCO is one of the widely used cathode active materials for LIBs. In this experiment, we used LCO composite cathode electrodes which have carbon and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as conductive agent and binder, respectively. The binder could be one of these alternatives as well: carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), polyacrylic acid (PAA), and/or styrene butadiene rubber (SBR). One side of the Al foil was coated with LCO and the other side of the foil was not coated. For this reason, single Ni foil counter electrode was utilized. Both counter and working electrodes were clipped to copper alligators which were attached to the lid. Afterwards the lid was submerged into the deposition solution and rested for 1-2 minutes before metal oxide deposition for wetting purposes. The wave form of the deposition procedure can vary depending on the cathode, texture, thickness, porosity and chemistry. In this specific experiment we used 1.5V voltage pulse wave forms to coat the LCO electrode with protective coating metal oxide agent. The on time for each 1.5V pulse was 1 s however it can range from 100 μs to 20 s. Between pulses, there was 1-minute open circuit voltage period i.e. resting period (ranging from 3 s to 2 minutes). This resting period allows that the coating is more porous not like a film. One can also do film-like coating with constant voltage or constant current deposition in 1 minute which is extremely fast and beneficial for the scale up process. The number of deposition cycles (duty cycle refers to on/off time) determines the thickness of the protective metal oxide coating. In this example, we electroplated protective metal oxide for 20 duty cycle which in total took 10 minutes.

(23) In one embodiment, Co based transition metal oxide is produced from 0.2 M CoNo.sub.3 • 6H.sub.2O and 0.1 M LiOOCCH.sub.3 • 2H.sub.2O was prepared using ultra-pure water for solvent to dissolve these salts. 33.4 g of CoNo.sub.3 • 6H.sub.2O and 5.87 g of LiOOCCH.sub.3 • 2H.sub.2O were carefully dissolved in 575 ml of H.sub.2O. The order of the salt dissolution was not an important factor but slow addition of each salt allowed for a homogenous mixture. The bath was stirred for half an hour to make sure all salts were dissolved thoroughly. The working electrode was selected from commercially available cathodes used in LIBs. LCO is one of the strong candidates that can replace currently used cathode active materials for LIBs. In this experiment, we used LCO composite cathode electrodes which have carbon and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as conductive agent and binder, respectively. The binder could be one of these alternatives as well: carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), polyacrylic acid (PAA), styrene butadiene rubber (SBR). One side of the Al foil was coated with LCO and the other side of the foil was not coated. For this reason, single Ni foil counter electrode was utilized. Both counter and working electrodes were clipped to copper alligators which were attached to the lid. Afterwards the lid was submerged into the deposition solution and rested for 1-2 minutes before metal oxide deposition for wetting purposes. The wave form of the deposition procedure can vary depending on the cathode, texture, thickness, porosity and chemistry. In this specific experiment we used 1.5V voltage pulse wave forms to coat the LCO electrode with protective coating metal oxide agent. The on time for each 1.5V pulse was is however it can range from 100 μs to 20 s. Between pulses, there was 1-minute open circuit voltage period i.e., resting period (ranging from 3 s to 2 minutes). This resting period allows that the coating is more porous not like a film. One can also do film-like coating with constant voltage or constant current deposition in 1 minute which is extremely fast and beneficial for the scale up process. The number of deposition cycles (duty cycle refers to on/off time) determines the thickness of the protective metal oxide coating. In this example, we electroplated protective metal oxide for 20 duty cycle which in total took 10 minutes.

(24) FIG. 5 demonstrates the cycle life of cobalt metal oxide coated LCO electrode versus bare LCO cycled at 4.5-3V potential ranges at C/2 rate. The bare LCO electrode has around 2 mAh/cm.sup.2 and has a capacity fade of 25% over 45 cycles whereas the cobalt oxide coated LCO has less capacity fade i.e. 10% over 45 cycles. The superior cycling of cobalt oxide coated LCO over bare LCO is believed to be due to the insulating buffer region created by oxide layer which protects the electrode surface from being exposed to high parasitic voltages. Though the protection layer is thin, it still creates electrical resistance which decreases the specific capacity slightly. Through electroplating parameters, optimizing this thickness can lead the desired capacity to be achieved easily.

(25) FIG. 6 exhibits the charge-discharge profiles of both bare LCO (A) and cobalt oxide coated LCO (B) electrodes cycled at 4.5-3V potential range at C/2 rate. Maintaining relatively steady voltage response over the cycling condition is critical as it will determine the energy output of a LIB. In FIG. 6, it is shown that with cobalt oxide coated LCO electrode, higher capacities can easily be achieved while maintaining the voltage and capacity values over 45 cycles.

(26) In another embodiment, we synthesized the powder form of Mn based transition metal oxide to identify the structure and oxidation state of Mn that is coated on battery electrodes. For this, 0.1 M MnSO.sub.4 • H.sub.2O, Li.sub.2SO.sub.4 • H.sub.2O and LiOOCCH.sub.3 • 2H.sub.2O was prepared using ultra-pure water for solvent to dissolve these salts. 9.72 g of MnSO.sub.4 • H.sub.2O, 7.36 g of Li.sub.2SO.sub.4 • H.sub.2O and 5.87 g of LiOOCCH.sub.3 • 2H.sub.2O were carefully dissolved in 575 ml of H.sub.2O. The order of the salt dissolution was not an important factor but slow addition of each salt allowed for a homogenous mixture. The bath stirred for half an hour to make sure all salts were dissolved thoroughly. In this experiment, we used Ni foil as both working and counter electrode. Both counter and working electrodes were clipped to copper alligators which were attached to the lid. Afterwards the lid was submerged into the deposition solution and rested for 1-2 minutes before metal oxide deposition for wetting purposes. In this specific experiment we used 1.8V constant voltage wave forms to coat the Ni working electrode with protective coating metal oxide agent. After 20 minutes of deposition enough powder was synthesized, scraped off and rinsed with DI water. After drying the powders at 80° C. under dynamic vacuum, XRD and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images were recorded.

(27) FIG. 7 shows the XRD pattern of as-prepared manganese oxide powder along with its SEM image as inset. It is clear from the XRD pattern that the peak width and shapes are not sharp due to the amorphous or poor crystallinity of the electroplated MnO.sub.2. This proves that protective coating agent is MnO.sub.2 where the valence state of Mn atom is 4+. Since the thickness of the protective coating agent is very thin, it is hard to obtain any useful XRD pattern from the actual coated battery electrodes. Thus, we performed our structural investigation on the powder form of metal oxide which allows us to analyze the structure-property relationship. However, we found that there is no structural difference between thick metal oxide coated on LCO or LMO versus powder form of metal oxide. SEM images show large particles which is due to the type of electroplating wave form (constant voltage) and duration of the plating condition (hours not minutes). From the XRD patterns, there are two characteristic peaks at 2θ around 37° and 66°, which can be indexed to birnessite-type MnO.sub.2 (JCPDS 42-1317) (see Y. Munaiah, B. Gnana Sundara Raj, T. Prem Kumar and P. Ragupathy, Facile synthesis of hollow sphere amorphous MnO.sub.2: the formation mechanism, morphology and effect of a bivalent cation-containing electrolyte on its supercapacitive behavior, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2013, 1, 4300-4306).

(28) In another embodiment, through SEM we have tried to observe the actual surface coating feature of MnO.sub.2 as protective coating layer on commercial LCO electrodes. For this we have run different duty cycle of electroplating of MnO.sub.2 on LCO electrode and compare the results with the bare LCO electrode. One duty cycle in this embodiment refers to the following electroplating conditions: 1.8V is on time followed by 1-minute rest time. Surface images from SEM are exhibited in FIG. 8 for different samples. FIG. 8A shows the surface of the bare LCO electrode which contains both carbon black and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as conductive additive and binder, respectively in addition to large micron size LCO particles. FIG. 8B shows the surface of the MnO.sub.2 coated LCO electrode with 20 duty cycle. The figure shows no distinguishable features compared to bare LCO electrode at macron scale which suggests the coating of MnO.sub.2 is at nanoscale. FIG. 8C displays the surface of the MnO.sub.2 coated LCO electrode with 40 duty cycle, again very small changes can be observed. However, when the duty cycle is increased to 60 cycles a clear indication of surface coverage of LCO with MnO.sub.2 can be observed easily. This is shown in FIG. 8D suggesting that thick MnO.sub.2 particles can be formed with 60 duty cycle. With these SEM images, we concluded that MnO.sub.2 particle with only 20 or 40 duty cycle cannot be clearly seen with the SEM instrument we utilized in this embodiment exceeding its resolution capabilities. Although 60 duty cycle appears intriguing, we believe this thick visible MnO.sub.2 coating will diminish the specific capacity of LCO as it will create too much resistance. The electronic conductivity of MnO.sub.2 is in the order of 10-6 S/cm which is poor compared to LCO electrode conductivity (see Daniel Bélanger, Thierry Brousse, and Jeffrey W. Long, Manganese Oxides: Battery Materials Make the Leap to Electrochemical Capacitors, Electrochemical Society Interface 17(1):49, 52 March 2008). In fact, we tested MnO.sub.2 coated LCO electrode with more duty cycle than 20 and found that the specific capacity decreased more than 30%. The SEM images presented here together with electrochemical studies discussed above revealed that 20 duty cycle of MnO.sub.2 coating can enhance the cycle life of LCO at high voltages without compromising the specific capacity.

(29) In another embodiment, we also coated one of the next generation anode materials i.e. Si by MnO.sub.2 to offer further proof that this technique is versatile not only for cathode materials but also for anode materials used in LIBs. In this example, however the total deposition time did not exceed a few minutes in order to protect Si from excessive water exposure as the deposition medium is aqueous. We electroplated Mn based transition metal oxide on Si anode material. For this, 0.1 M MnSO.sub.4 • H.sub.2O, Li.sub.2SO.sub.4 • H.sub.2O and LiOOCCH.sub.3 • 2H.sub.2O was prepared using ultra-pure water for solvent to dissolve these salts. 9.72 g of MnSO.sub.4 • H.sub.2O, 7.36 g of Li.sub.2SO.sub.4 • H.sub.2O and 5.87 g of LiOOCCH.sub.3 • 2H.sub.2O were carefully dissolved in 575 ml of H.sub.2O. The order of the salt dissolution was not an important factor but slow addition of each salt allowed for a homogenous mixture. The bath stirred for half an hour and made sure all salts were dissolved thoroughly. In this experiment, we used Si electrode and Ni foil as working and counter electrode, respectively. Both counter and working electrodes were clipped to copper alligators which were attached to the lid. Afterwards the lid was submerged into the deposition solution. In this specific experiment we used 1.8V pulses to coat the Si anode as working electrode with manganese oxide. The on time for voltage pulses were 5 s which is followed by 10 s rest time and duty cycled varied between 2-10 cycles. The plating condition can be varied and modified in order to meet the thickness, texture or morphology requirement.

(30) In another embodiment, CoMn.sub.2O.sub.4 was electroplated on commercial LMO electrode. For this, 0.05 M CoNO.sub.3.6H.sub.2O and 0.1 M MnSO.sub.4 • H.sub.2O, Li.sub.2SO.sub.4 • H.sub.2O and LiOOCCH.sub.3 • 2H.sub.2O was prepared using ultra-pure water for solvent to dissolve these salts. 8.35 g of CoNo.sub.3 • 6H.sub.2O, 9.72 g of MnSO.sub.4 • H.sub.2O, 7.36 g of MnSO.sub.4 • H.sub.2O and 5.87 g of LiOOCCH.sub.3 • 2H.sub.2O were carefully dissolved in 575 ml of H.sub.2O. The order of the salt dissolution was not an important factor but slow addition of each salt allowed for a homogenous mixture. The bath was stirred for half an hour to make sure all salts were dissolved thoroughly. The working electrode was selected from commercially available cathodes used in LIBs. LMO is one of the strong candidates that can replace currently used cathode active materials for LIBs. In this experiment, we used LMO composite cathode electrode which has carbon and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as conductive agent and binder, respectively. The binder could be one of these alternatives as well: carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), polyacrylic acid (PAA), and/or styrene butadiene rubber (SBR). One side of the Al foil was coated with LMO and the other side of the foil was not coated. For this reason, single Ni foil counter electrode was utilized. Both counter and working electrodes were clipped to copper alligators which were attached to the lid. Afterwards the lid was submerged into the deposition solution and rested for 1-2 minutes before metal oxide deposition for wetting purposes. The wave form of the deposition procedure can vary depending on the cathode, texture, thickness, porosity and chemistry. In this specific experiment we used 1.8V voltage pulse wave forms to coat the LMO electrode with protective coating metal oxide agent. The on time for each 1.8V pulse was 1 s however it can range from 100 μs to 20 s. Between pulses, there was 1-minute open circuit voltage period i.e. resting period (ranging from 3 s to 2 minutes). This resting period allows that the coating is more porous not like a film. One can also do film-like coating with constant voltage or constant current deposition in 1 minute which is extremely fast and beneficial for the scale up process. The number of deposition cycles (duty cycle refers to on/off time) determines the thickness of the protective metal oxide coating. In this example, we electroplated protective metal oxide for 20 duty cycle which in total took 10 minutes.

(31) In another embodiment, we also coated graphite anode by MnO.sub.2 to offer further proof that this technique is versatile not only for cathode materials but also for anode materials used in LIBs. We electroplated Mn based transition metal oxide on graphite anode material. The anode composite electrode consisted of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and super P carbon as binder and conductive agent, respectively. The binder could be one of these alternatives as well: carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), polyacrylic acid (PAA), and/or styrene butadiene rubber (SBR). 0.1M MnSO.sub.4 • H.sub.2O, Li.sub.2SO.sub.4 • H.sub.2O and LiOOCCH.sub.3 • 2H.sub.2O was prepared using ultra-pure water for solvent to dissolve these salts. 9.72 g of MnSO.sub.4 • H.sub.2O, 7.36 g of Li.sub.2SO.sub.4 • H.sub.2O and 5.87 g of LiOOCCH.sub.3 • 2H.sub.2O were carefully dissolved in 575 ml of H.sub.2O. The order of the salt dissolution was not an important factor but slow addition of each salt allowed for a homogenous mixture. The bath stirred for half an hour and made sure all salts were dissolved thoroughly. In this experiment, we used graphite electrode and Ni foil as working and counter electrode, respectively. Both counter and working electrodes were clipped to copper alligators which were attached to the lid. Afterwards the lid was submerged into the deposition solution. In this specific experiment we used 1.8V pulses to coat the graphite anode as working electrode with manganese oxide. The on time for voltage pulses were 5 s which is followed by 10 s rest time and duty cycled varied between 2-10 cycles. The plating condition can be varied and modified in order to meet the thickness, texture or morphology requirement.