Method and system for generating tunable ultrafast optical pulses

Abstract

A system and a method for generating tunable ultrafast optical pulses, the method comprising spectral broadening of a laser input beam by propagating the laser input beam in a nonlinear medium of a third-order nonlinear susceptibility χ.sup.(3), yielding an output laser spectrum; and one of: i) selecting at least one portion of the output laser spectrum, yielding an output pulse different than the input pulse and centered at a different frequency; ii) temporal compensation and spatial spreading of spectral components of the output laser spectrum; selecting two pulses at two different frequencies; and nonlinearly mixing the two pulses together in a first second-order nonlinear susceptibility χ.sup.(2) nonlinear crystal into a third pulse centered at a frequency which is a difference between the frequencies of the first two pulses; and iii) dividing output laser spectrum into a pump beam and a probe beam, directing a pump pulse to a third second-order nonlinear crystal for THz radiation generation; and directing a probe pulse to a third second-order nonlinear crystal for THz radiation reconstruction.

Claims

1. A system for generating tunable ultrafast optical pulses, comprising a laser source, a gas-filled hollow-core fiber selected for spectrally broadening an input laser pulse by self-phase modulation or Raman effect and a filter unit, wherein an input pulse is spectrally broadened by propagation within said gas-filled hollow-core fiber, and said filter unit selects at least a spectral lobe of a broadened pulse output spectrum, yielding an output pulse shorter than the input pulse and centered at a different frequency.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein said input pulse has a pulse energy of at least 1 nJ and pulse duration at most 1 ns, said gas-filled hollow-core fiber is filled with a gas of a third-order nonlinear susceptibility χ.sup.(3)>10.sup.−27 m.sup.2/V.sup.2.

3. The system of claim 1, comprising an optical unit adjusting a size of a beam from the laser source to a matching optical intensity in the gas-filled hollow-core fiber.

4. The system of claim 1, wherein the gas-filled hollow-core fiber is filled with a gas of a third-order nonlinear susceptibility χ.sup.(3) larger than 10.sup.27 m.sup.2/V.sup.2.

5. The system of claim 1, wherein said gas-filled hollow-core fiber guides the input pulse over a selected distance at least once.

6. The system of claim 1, said system comprising an optical unit adjusting the beam from the laser source to a matching main mode of the gas-filled hollow-core fiber.

7. The system of claim 1, wherein said gas-filled hollow-core fiber is filled with one of: Argon, Nitrogen, Helium, Krypton, Xenon, and carbon dioxide.

8. The system of claim 1, wherein said gas-filled hollow-core fiber is filled with a molecular Raman-active gas.

9. The system of claim 1, wherein the laser source is selected with a laser input energy of at least 1 micro joule and pulse duration of at most 10 picoseconds.

10. The system of claim 1, wherein at least one of i) a length and ii) a diameter of the gas-filled hollow core fiber is selected according to the laser source.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) In the appended drawings:

(2) FIG. 1A shows a schematic of a method according to an embodiment of aspects of the present disclosure;

(3) FIG. 1B shows a schematic of a system according to an embodiment of aspects of the present disclosure;

(4) FIG. 1C, FIG. 1D and FIG. 1E show operation of the method and system of FIGS. 1A-B according to an embodiment of aspects of the present disclosure;

(5) FIG. 2 shows input Gaussian pump pulse of t.sub.in=170 fs full-width at half maximum (FWHM) and output pulse resulting by selecting only the external lobe (filled area in FIG. 3) of self-phase modulation (SPM) according to an embodiment of an aspect of the present disclosure;

(6) FIG. 3 shows an output spectrum and spectral phase due to self-phase modulation (SPM) of the input Gaussian pump of FIG. 2, the filled area representing the filtered portion of the spectrum;

(7) FIG. 4 shows the spectral width δ.sub.ν− FWHM of the filtered external lobe (filled area in FIG. 3); and the corresponding pulse duration t.sub.out (FWHM) as a function of the maximum nonlinear phase shift ϕ.sub.NL,MAX induced by self-phase modulation (SPM);

(8) FIG. 5 shows energy conversion efficiency; and frequency position of the external lobe with respect to the central frequency (Δν) as a function of the maximum nonlinear phase shift ϕ.sub.NL,MAX induced by self-phase modulation (SPM);

(9) FIG. 6 shows experimentally filtered external lobes induced by self-phase modulation (SPM) when a 1 mJ, 170 fs pulses at 1030 nm propagates along a 3-m-long Argon-filled hollow-core-fiber (HCF), at five different pressure levels;

(10) FIG. 7 shows autocorrelation trace corresponding to the spectrum at 2.2 bar pressure in FIG. 6, the trace corresponding to a pulse of 46 fs, considering the deconvolution factor of 1.41 for a Gaussian pulse;

(11) FIG. 8 shows spectral broadening in a 6-m-long Nitrogen-filled hollow-core-fiber (HCF) at three different pressure levels;

(12) FIG. 9 shows autocorrelation trace corresponding to the filtered external lobe of the spectrum at 2.80 bar shown in FIG. 8, corresponding to a pulse of 48 fs, considering a deconvolution factor of 1.41 for a Gaussian pulse;

(13) FIG. 10A is a schematic of a system with non-collinear geometry for pulse generation in the mid-infrared region according to an embodiment of an aspect of the present disclosure;

(14) FIG. 10B is a schematic of a system with collinear geometry for pulse generation in the mid-infrared region according to an embodiment of an aspect of the present disclosure;

(15) FIG. 11A is a schematic of a system for broadband THz generation and detection according to an embodiment of an aspect of the present disclosure.

(16) FIG. 11B shows THz pulse waveform retrieved via electro-optic sampling (EOS); and

(17) FIG. 11C shows corresponding spectrum obtained via Fourier-transform of the time trace in FIG. 11B.

DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

(18) The present invention is illustrated in further details by the following non-limiting examples.

(19) In a nutshell, a method according to an aspect of the present disclosure comprises spectrally broadening a input laser pulse by propagation into a nonlinear medium, and filtering a portion of the pulse laser output spectrum. A system according to an aspect of the present disclosure comprises a laser source, an optical unit adjusting the size of the input laser pulse from the laser source to a matching optical intensity in a propagation-free nonlinear medium and/or to a matching main mode of a nonlinear medium waveguide, and a spectral filter unit selecting, either in transmission or in reflection, at least one portion of the pulse laser output spectrum (FIG. 1).

(20) The laser source is selected to generate optical input laser pulses of a pulse energy of at least 1 nJ and pulse duration of at most 1 ns.

(21) The laser beam may be directed into the nonlinear medium once (single pass), twice or a plurality of times (multi-pass).

(22) The nonlinear medium may be configured for a free propagation or as a waveguide.

(23) An optical unit directs the beam into the nonlinear medium. The optical unit is selected with a positive or negative focal length comprised between about 1 mm and about 1 m. The optical unit may comprise single lenses, lenses in a telescope configuration, or alternatively a single focusing mirror or a focusing a defocusing mirror in a telescope configuration, or tapered and lensed fibers, for example.

(24) A nonlinear medium as a waveguide may have internal core diameters in a range between about 500 nm and about 5 mm. The waveguide may guide the laser pulse over an adjustable propagation distance, thus enhancing and tailoring the interaction with the nonlinear medium. The waveguide may comprise at least one of: hollow-core-fibers (HCF), photonics crystal fibers, structured fibers, optical fibers, or integrated optical waveguides.

(25) The nonlinear medium is selected with a with third-order nonlinear susceptibility χ.sup.(3) larger than 10.sup.27 m.sup.2/V.sup.2. The nonlinear medium determines the type of spectral broadening of the propagating pulse. The nonlinear medium may a gas, such as Argon, Helium, Krypton, Xenon, and carbon dioxide for example, or a liquid, such as CS.sub.2, a solid-state material, such as silica, YAG, sapphire, or plasmas for example. Selecting a molecular Raman-active gas, such as Nitrogen for example, allows producing an asymmetric broadening towards longer wavelengths.

(26) The spectral filter unit subsequent to the nonlinear medium may be one of: long-pass edge filters, short-pass edge filters and band-pass filters, of an edge selected to be steep enough to select a specific portion or a lobe of the output laser spectrum. The filter unit is selected with negligible chromatic dispersion in the operating band. The filter unit may comprise dielectric filters and/or colored glass filters. The filter unit may comprise diffraction gratings or prisms, grisms, Fabry-Perot interferometers, or optical resonators.

(27) In an embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1B, the input laser pulse is a Gaussian pump pulse (Gpump, FIG. 1C). The input laser pulse is focused by a first optical element (L1) into a gas-filled hollow-core-fiber (HCF). The input laser pulse (Gpump) spectrum is broadened during propagation along the gas-filled hollow-core-fiber (HCF) while its duration remains the same (FIG. 1D-lower panel). The broadened pulse is then collimated by a second optical element (L2) and an external lobe (FIG. 1E) of the spectrum, such as for example in this case the left handside portion of the spectrum in FIG. 1D-lower panel, is selected, using a filter (F) with transmission T (FIG. 1E), yielding an output signal (Output).

(28) The input laser pulse is selected as a Gaussian transform-limited laser pulse, i.e. an optical pulse whose time-bandwidth product is minimum, for simplicity. A range of pulses, with temporal shape different from a Gaussian and also non-transform-limited, may be used.

(29) Along propagation in the gas-filled hollow-core-fiber (HCF), assuming negligible chromatic dispersion of the gas, the input laser pulse spectrum is broadened and new frequencies, i.e. new colors, are generated around the central frequency ν.sub.0. These frequencies result also dispersed in time, but the pulse duration remains mainly unaltered (see FIG. 1D). Such self-phase modulation (SPM) is related to the instantaneous electronic response of the third-order nonlinearity χ.sup.(3) of the gas, typically a noble gas such as Argon, Helium, Xenon, and Krypton [21-23]. This is a third-order nonlinear process, in contrast to the second-order nonlinear process implemented in the optical parametric amplification (OPA) systems for example.

(30) Asymmetric broadening of the input pulse spectrum across the central frequency ν.sub.0 may be obtained by selecting a gas that contributes to molecular rotations and/or vibrations to the overall χ.sup.(3), such as Nitrogen for example, in a delayed Raman response responsible for the asymmetric broadening towards lower frequencies (longer wavelengths) [23]. As discussed hereinbelow, asymmetric broadening may be used to more efficiently direct the spectral broadening towards the infrared-region for example.

(31) Higher order nonlinear phenomena such as self-steepening and gas ionization may also lead to asymmetric pulse spectral broadenings. As long as well-defined lobes with (almost) linear spectral phase can be identified and filtered, transform-limited pulses can be successfully generated.

(32) The pulse duration of the spectrally filtered output pulse may be the same as the input pulse duration, or shorter or longer.

(33) The broadened spectrum is filtered (see filter (F) FIG. 1B) to select at least one well-shaped external lobes thereof. Since the spectral phase, induced by self-phase modulation (SPM) in case of symmetric broadening or Raman in case of asymmetric broadening as discussed hereinabove for example, across such lobes is almost linear, the filtering directly yields a transform-limited pulse (Output) delayed in time by Δt with respect to, and shorter than, the original laser pulse (Gpump) (FIG. 1E—lower panel).

(34) FIGS. 2 and 3 show simulations, for an input Gaussian pulse (Gpump) of t.sub.in=170 fs duration full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) experiencing self-phase modulation (SPM) along propagation, output spectrum and related spectral phase shown in FIG. 3. An external lobe selected by spectral filtering corresponds in time to a transform-limited pulse t.sub.out (Output in FIG. 2) about 4 times shorter than the original one t.sub.in (Gpump in FIG. 2).

(35) Spectral filtering can be achieved with a transmission filter or with a reflective filter. The spectral filtering can be achieved with a frequency selective unit consisting of prisms, gratings, grisms or any combination thereof. One exemplary frequency selective unit could be a 4-f stretcher/compressor setup.

(36) Numerical results illustrated in FIGS. 4 and 5 show how this mechanism scales as a function of the spectral broadening, proportional to the maximum nonlinear phase ϕ.sub.NL,MAX accumulated via self-phase modulation (SPM). In particular, FIG. 4 shows the trends of the pulse duration (t.sub.out−FWHM) and spectral width (δν−FWHM) corresponding to the selected lobe as a function of the maximum nonlinear phase ϕ.sub.NL,MAX accumulated via self-phase modulation (SPM). The pulse duration (t.sub.out−FWHM) decreases while the spectral width (δν−FWHM) increases, thus keeping the time-bandwidth product almost constant at the transform-limit of about 0.44 for a Gaussian pulse. In other words, the pulses generated by the method have their minimum possible duration and no further manipulation is required.

(37) FIG. 5 shows the energy conversion efficiency of the filtering process, defined as the energy located within the external lobe with respect to the total output energy, and the peak position in frequency of the external lobe Δν as a function of the maximum nonlinear phase shift ϕ.sub.NL,MAX induced by SPM. As shown, the energy conversion efficiency decreases with ϕ.sub.NL,MAX. However, even for a large broadening, energy conversion reaches about 15%. The position of the lobe, which represents the frequency tunability of the system, scales linearly with the maximum nonlinear phase ϕ.sub.NL,MAX.

(38) As people in the art will now be in a position to appreciate, ultrashort pulses can be generated in any part of the spectrum with durations shorter than durations of the input pulses, as long as enough maximum nonlinear phase ϕ.sub.NL,MAX is provided. This can be achieved by varying the gas pressure, which changes almost linearly the value of the χ.sup.(3) nonlinearity and therefore the amount of spectral broadening. Moreover, according to the input pulse peak intensity, different gases may be selected to provide the required value of the χ.sup.(3).

(39) Hollow-core-fibers (HCFs) are adjustable nonlinear media, as their lengths and diameters can be selected to match the specific requirements of the laser system employed. Other nonlinear media such as glasses and crystals may also be used.

(40) In an experiment, a commercially available Yb:KGW laser emitting 1 mJ, 170-fs-long pulses centered at 1030 nm was used. The laser pulses were focused into a 3-m-long Argon-filled hollow-core-fiber (HCF) of 500 μm inner diameter. FIG. 6 shows the external lobes of the SPM for different Argon pressure levels between 1.2 bar and 2.6 bar, as selected by filtering. As it is possible to see from the autocorrelation trace, used to measure the pulse duration, in FIG. 7, the spectrum in FIG. 6 of the selected external lobe of SPM at 2.2 bar pressure corresponds in time to a pulse of about 46 fs in time. The other spectra, corresponding to different broadenings obtained by varying the gas pressure, led to very similar pulse durations (not shown here for clarity). This experiment proves that the method and system allow generating ultrashort pulses tunable in a broad range of frequencies, thus effectively covering the 0.8 μm-1.1 μm “gap” of optical parametric amplification (OPA) systems pumped by Ti:sapphire lasers discussed hereinabove.

(41) As previously mentioned, the gas may be selected so as to induce an asymmetric broadening. An experiment was performed by filling a 6-m-long hollow-core-fiber (HCF) with Nitrogen gas instead of Argon. FIG. 8 shows three output spectra recorded at three different pressures: 2.30, 2.80, and 3.55 bar. The Raman response of the gas induces an asymmetrically broadening of the pulse spectrum towards the near-infrared region, around 1500 nm starting from 1030 nm. The external lobe selected at 1500 nm of the spectrum in FIG. 8 at 2.80 bar directly corresponds to a 48 fs pulse in time (see autocorrelation trace in FIG. 9). Considering the loss of the hollow-core-fiber (HCF) and of the input and output windows, as well as the transmission of the filter used to select the external lobe, about 10% overall energy conversion efficiency was achieved, thus demonstrating that high-energy sub-100 fs pulses can be generated in the near-infrared, which is a region of interest for telecom, using commonly available Yb lasers.

(42) A commercial Yb laser was used in the experiments. However, the system and the method described can be applied, in principle, to any laser source at any emission wavelength.

(43) There is thus presented a method and a system for high-power ultrafast and tunable optical pulse generation in the region between about 800 nm and about 1700 nm, for input pump pulses centered at about 1030 nm. The visible part of the spectrum can also be explored by using pump pulses at the double frequency, i.e. at 515 nm via second-harmonic generation. Other harmonics of the laser fundamental frequency can be also used. Different laser sources maybe also used to cover other frequency ranges.

(44) By filtering external lobes of a spectrally broadened laser pulse, short pulses, continuously tunable from the UV to the near-infrared regions may be delivered, overcoming a number of drawbacks and limitations set by typical optical parametric amplification (OPA) and optical parametric chirped-pulse amplification (OPCPA) systems.

(45) The method and system may be extended in the mid-infrared and THz spectral domain as will now be discussed.

(46) A mid-infrared system according to an aspect of the present disclosure comprises at least one pair of gratings (G), which compensates the nonlinear phase of the output spectrum introduced during the spectral broadening, in such a way that all wavelengths in the output spectrum arrive at the same time. The gratings are selected with between 100 and 2000 lines/mm. They may be transmission gratings, reflective gratings, ruled reflective gratings, or reflective holographic. Alternatively, they may be prisms, grisms, 4-f stretcher/compressor setups or dispersive fibers.

(47) In addition, the wavelengths in the spectrum are spread in the space and therefore are readily accessible for filtering. The filter unit comprises a spatial filter (SF), so as to selectively block/transmit two lobes of the output spectrum, which correspond to two pulses at two different wavelengths. The spatial filter (SF) may be an opaque material, i.e. which selectively blocks/transmits in space the various spectral (frequency) components. The two pulses are directed to a nonlinear non-centrosymmetric crystal (NC) of second-order nonlinear susceptibility χ.sup.(2), for difference-frequency generation (DFG) between the two pulses, yielding a third pulse at a frequency which is the difference between the first two pulses. If the first two pulses are located in the near-IR region, as they typically are, the third pulse falls in the mid-infrared. The nonlinear non-centrosymmetric crystal (NC) is in a material having high second-order nonlinear susceptibility, typically χ.sup.(2)>10.sup.−12 m/V, and low chromatic dispersion and transparency in the required frequency range. The nonlinear non-centrosymmetric crystal (NC) may be Lithium triborate (LiB.sub.3O.sub.5), beta barium borate (BaB.sub.2O.sub.4), lithium niobate (LiNbO.sub.3), zinc selenide (ZnSe), zinc sulfide (ZnS), cadium selenide (CdSe), gallium selenide (GaSe), or silver gallium selenide (AgGaSe.sub.2), for example.

(48) FIG. 10 show such systems to reach the mid-infrared region by selecting two lobes of a SPM-broadened pulse and further mixing them together via difference frequency generation (DFG) in a χ.sup.(2) crystal (NC), either in a non-collinear (FIG. 10A) or in a collinear geometry (FIG. 10B). The pulse broadened along propagation through the HCF fiber is first collimated and then sent through a pair of gratings (G). As mentioned hereinabove, grating pairs are employed to cancel out the relative temporal delay between the two pulses associated with the two lobes (see FIG. 1 lower panel and FIG. 2), or “colors”, introduced by the broadening process in the hollow-core-fiber (HCF). Then, a spatial filter (SF) selects the two external lobes at frequencies ν.sub.1 and ν.sub.2. Finally, the two pulses, corresponding to the two selected lobes, are sent into a nonlinear crystal (NC) to generate via difference-frequency generation (DFG) an output pulse at frequency ν.sub.3=ν.sub.2−ν.sub.1. In this way, a wide and continuous tunability in the mid-infrared is achieved.

(49) Thus, the present method and system may be used to extend the tuning range of Ti:sapphire and Yb laser sources, as well as other laser sources, in the mid-infrared.

(50) Selecting two lobes of a SPM-broadened pulse may also be used to generate THz, with a system as illustrated for example in FIG. 11A. As illustrated, the pulse corresponding to the lobe at longer wavelengths is used to efficiently generate ultrashort THz pulses, while the lobe at a shorter wavelength is used for the detection of the THz pulse waveform via electro-optic sampling (EOS). In FIG. 11A, the output of a hollow-core-fiber (HCF) is first split into two beams by a beam splitter (BS). A pump filter (F1) selects a first lobe of the spectrum as a pump pulse, while a probe filter (F2) selects a second lobe as a probe pulse. The pump pulse, at a longer wavelength, is used to excite a first nonlinear crystal NC1 to generate an ultrashort THz pulse via optical rectification, while the probe pulse, at a shorter wavelength, is used to perform the detection of the THz pulse via electro-optic sampling (EOS) in a second nonlinear crystal NC2. The THz pulse is reconstructed in time by varying the relative delay between the THz pulse generated by the pump pulse in the first nonlinear crystal NC1, and the probe pulse by means of an optical delay line (ODL). For each relative delay, the polarization state of the probe pulse is measured at the detection stage, the change in the polarization state of the probe pulse after passing through the nonlinear crystal NC2 being proportional to the strength of the incident THz electric field.

(51) This was experimentally verified by employing the same setup used to obtain the results shown in FIG. 8. The pulse corresponding to the lobe at 900 nm was used to perform electro-optic sampling (EOS) of the THz pulses generated from an organic crystal pumping with the pulse associate with the lobe at 1500 nm. The results are shown in FIGS. 11B and 11C. FIG. 11B shows the electric field waveform of the THz pulses detected in the second nonlinear crystal NC2 via electro-optic sampling (EOS) by varying the relative delay between pump and probe pulses. FIG. 11C shows the THz spectrum associate with the THz pulses, obtained via Fourier-transform of the corresponding THz waveforms in FIG. 11B.

(52) Thus, the present method and system may be used to extend the tuning range of Ti:sapphire and Yb laser sources, as well as other laser sources, in THz region. A system according to an embodiment of an aspect of the present disclosure in the THz regions comprises a beam splitter (BS) to split the output laser beam in a pump and a probe beams. On the pump beam, a portion of the output spectrum is selected as a pump pulse to generate a THz pulse. On the probe beam, a portion of the spectrum is selected as a probe pulse to sample the generated THz pulse. A first nonlinear crystal (NC1) generates THz pulses radiation from the pump pulse, and a second nonlinear crystal (NC2) is used for electro-optic sampling of the generated THz pulse. An optical delay line (ODL) is used to vary the temporal delay between the THz pulse and the probe pulse, for reconstruction of the THz pulse in time. The change in polarization state of the probe beam is detected.

(53) The beam splitter (BS), with a splitting ratio 95%/5% in the example, may be any material transparent to the desired wavelength. Different splitting ratios maybe used.

(54) The pump and probe filters (F1, F2) are long-pass edge filters, short-pass edge filters, or band-pass filters. The edge should be steep enough to select a specific portion, or a lobe. The filters are selected with negligible chromatic dispersion in the operating band. They may be dielectric filters or colored glass filters Alternatively, they may be optical filters comprising diffraction gratings, prisms, grisms, Fabry-Perot interferometer, optical resonators, for example.

(55) The nonlinear crystal (NC1) is selected for generation of THz pulses radiation from the pump pulse. A material with high second-order nonlinear susceptibility, typically χ.sup.(2)>10.sup.−12 m/V, low chromatic dispersion and transparency in the required frequency range, is selected. It may be zinc telluride (ZnTe), gallium phosphide (GaP), organic crystals (HMQ-TMS, DAST); any non-centrosymmetric materials with a second-order nonlinear susceptibility χ.sup.(2)>10.sup.−12 m/V may be used.

(56) The nonlinear crystal (NC2) is selected to perform electro-optic sampling (EOS) of the generated THz pulse, with a high electro-optic coefficient, typically of more than 10.sup.−12 m/V, low chromatic dispersion and transparency in the required frequency range is selected. It may be zinc telluride (ZnTe), gallium phosphide (GaP); any non-centrosymmetric materials a second-order nonlinear susceptibility χ.sup.(2)>10.sup.−12 m/V may be used.

(57) The optical delay line (ODL) is selected with a capability of scanning>1 mm with sub-ps resolution. The optical delay line (ODL) may be a motorized linear optical delay line, or one of: all-optical delay lines, integrated delay lines and rotary delay lines, for example.

(58) The detection stage is selected with a capability of resolving phase-shift between the two orthogonal polarization state of the probe of about 10.sup.−3 rad. The detection stage may comprise a combination of a quarter-wave plate, a Wollastone prism and a balanced photodetector. Alternatively, polarimeters, or metamaterial-based device for polarization measurement may be used.

(59) A method according to an aspect of the present disclosure thus comprises adjusting a laser input beam size, spectral broadening of the laser input beam and filtering the output spectrum (wavelength/frequency domain) to select at least one portion of the laser output spectrum.

(60) Adjusting the laser input beam size into a free-space nonlinear medium or at the input of a nonlinear waveguide is performed by reducing or increasing the beam size in such a way to increase or reduce the optical intensity in the nonlinear medium and in the mode-matching with the waveguide in case a waveguide is used.

(61) During propagation into the nonlinear medium the pulse spectrum is broadened towards shorter wavelengths, longer wavelengths, or both, depending on the nonlinearity of the nonlinear medium and on the waveguide properties in case a waveguide is used. For example, in an Argon-filled hollow-core-fiber (HCF) the pulse spectrum is symmetrically broadened around the central laser wavelength via self-phase modulation (SPM), while in a Nitrogen-filled hollow-core-fiber (HCF) the pulse spectrum results mostly broadened towards longer wavelengths via Raman. The amount of broadening can be tuned by selecting a specific nonlinear medium, varying the pulse intensity in the nonlinear medium or by adjusting the gas pressure within a hollow-core-fiber (HCF) for example. Adjusting the gas pressure within a hollow-core-fiber (HCF) allows a wide range of wavelengths due to the intrinsic transparency as well as low dispersion of most gases.

(62) Filtering a lobe of the broadened output spectrum readily results in a quasi-transform-limited output pulse shorter than the input pulse, with good conversion efficiency, and centered at a different wavelength. Depending on the amount and type of spectral broadening, pulses tunable in a wide range of frequencies can be thus obtained.

(63) For extension in the mid-infrared, the method comprises first temporal compensation and spatial spread of the spectral components of the broadened laser output spectrum. A gratings pair may be employed to compensate the arrival time, as well as to spread in space the wavelengths/frequencies contained in the broadened output spectrum, so that the wavelengths/frequencies contained in the output spectrum arrive at the same time while they are separated in space.

(64) Then two lobes of the output spectrum are selected, in the space domain by spatial filtering, thus corresponding to two different pulses at two different wavelengths/frequencies that arrive at the same time.

(65) The two pulses are then nonlinearly mixed together in a second-order (non-centrosymmetric) nonlinear crystal resulting in the generation of a third pulse centered at a frequency which is the difference between the first two pulses. Depending on the amount and type of spectral broadening, as well as on the selected lobes in the output spectrum, pulses tunable in the mid-infrared are thus obtained.

(66) For spectral extension in the THz domain, the method comprises first dividing the output beam into a pump and a probe lines for THz generation and detection, respectively. A lobe of the pump output is spectrally selected for THz generation. A lobe of the probe output spectrum is spectrally selected to perform electro-optic sampling (EOS) of the generated THz pulse. The pump pulse is sent on a first second-order nonlinear susceptibility nonlinear crystal for THz radiation generation via optical rectification. The probe pulse is sent on a second second-order nonlinear susceptibility nonlinear crystal for THz pulse reconstruction in time via electro-optic sampling.

(67) Wide tuning ranges from UV to near-infrared are possible by varying the gas pressure and/or gas nature, thereby bridging the “gap” in the tuning range as the result of phase-matching conditions or transparency of the crystal employed in optical parametric amplification (OPA) systems.

(68) No temporal matching between two interacting pulses, pump and signal/idler, is required. Indeed, the generation of a pulse with a new frequency happens inside of the pump pulse itself.

(69) The very low-dispersion of gases allows to achieve well-behaved spectral broadenings, which in turn directly leads to well-shaped transform-limited output pulses.

(70) Considering the intrinsic linear transmission of the hollow-core-fiber (HCF), overall energy conversion efficiencies in the range between about 10% and 20% can be achieved, which is in line with the typical efficiency of optical parametric amplification (OPA) systems.

(71) Pulse propagation through hollow-core-fiber (HCF)s allows a perfect beam quality of the output pulses.

(72) The use of hollow-core-fiber (HCF) allows scaling the system in terms of average and peak powers, potentially allowing to handle extremely high, or low, intensities. Moreover, the system can be tailored to the specific requirements of the laser system employed.

(73) Instead of a hollow-core-fiber (HCF) a multi-pass configuration described in example hereinabove may be employed.

(74) The present systems are cost-effective, at least one order of magnitude less expensive than optical parametric amplification (OPA) systems for instance. In particular, since no complex pumping laser system, nor complex optical parametric amplification (OPA) configuration, is required.

(75) The present system and method may be implemented to extend operation in the mid-infrared and THz regions.

(76) The present system and method allow to generate continuously-tunable ultrashort pulses in a cost-effective way, spanning from the UV to the near-infrared region.

(77) The scope of the claims should not be limited by the embodiments set forth in the examples, but should be given the broadest interpretation consistent with the description as a whole.

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