Multilayer Smart Bra or Bra Insert for Optical Detection of Breast Cancer
20230389803 · 2023-12-07
Assignee
Inventors
Cpc classification
A61B5/6844
HUMAN NECESSITIES
International classification
Abstract
This device is a multi-layer smart bra or bra insert for optical detection of breast cancer. It has four layers: an air-gap-reducing layer; an optical layer with a plurality of light emitters and light detectors; an expandable layer; and a structural layer. Light from the light emitters which has been transmitted through and/or reflected from breast tissue and received by the light detectors is analyzed to detect and/or image abnormal breast tissue.
Claims
1. A multi-layer device for optical detection of breast cancer comprising: an air-gap-reducing layer which is configured to be worn on the surface of a person's breast, wherein the air-gap-reducing layer is transparent or has the same optical characteristics as normal breast tissue, and wherein a first part of the air-gap-reducing layer is on a first side of a virtual plane and a second part of the air-gap-reducing layer is on a second side of the virtual plane; an optical layer with a plurality of light emitters and light detectors, wherein a first part of the optical layer is on the first side of the virtual plane and a second part of the optical layer is on the second side of the virtual plane; an expandable layer with a plurality of expandable components, wherein a first part of the expandable layer is on the first side of the virtual plane and a second part of the expandable layer is on the second side of the virtual plane; and a structural layer which reduces expansion of the expandable components away from the breast; wherein the optical layer is between the air-gap-reducing layer and the expandable layer, wherein the expandable layer is between the optical layer and the structural layer, wherein the device has an unexpanded configuration in which the expandable components are not expanded, wherein the device has an expanded configuration in which the expandable components are expanded, wherein there is a first average distance between the first part of the optical layer and the second part of the optical layer when the device is in the unexpanded configuration, wherein there is a second average distance between the first part of the optical layer and the second part of the optical layer when the device is in the expanded configuration, and wherein the second average distance is less than the first average distance.
2. The device in claim 1 wherein the device is a bra.
3. The device in claim 1 wherein the device is inserted into a bra cup.
4. The device in claim 1 wherein the device is configured to be worn between a bra cup and a breast.
5. The device in claim 1 wherein the device is an adhesive patch, sticker, or bandage.
6. The device in claim 1 wherein the device has a teardrop-shaped perimeter.
7. The device in claim 6 wherein the teardrop shape has an apex and/or vertex and wherein the apex and/or vertex is configured to be placed over the Auxiliary Tail of Spence.
8. The device in claim 1 wherein the virtual plane is an oblique virtual plane and wherein the oblique virtual plane is configured to span from the upper outer quadrant to the lower inner quadrant of the breast.
9. The device in claim 1 wherein there are light emitters on the first side of the virtual plane and light detectors on the second side of the virtual plane.
10. The device in claim 1 wherein light from the light emitters which has been transmitted through and/or reflected from breast tissue and received by the light detectors is analyzed to detect and/or image abnormal breast tissue.
11. The device in claim 1 wherein the air-gap-reducing layer is transparent.
12. The device in claim 1 wherein the air-gap-reducing layer has the same values for one or more optical parameters as normal breast tissue.
13. The device in claim 1 wherein expandable components are expanded by being filled with a gas.
14. The device in claim 1 wherein expandable components are expanded by being filled with a liquid.
15. The device in claim 1 wherein expandable components are expanded by electromagnetic actuators.
16. The device in claim 1 wherein expandable components are individually and selectively expanded so that they are configured to compress wider portions of the breast to a greater degree than narrower portions of the breast.
17. The device in claim 1 wherein expandable components which are farther from the virtual plane are expanded more than expandable components which are closer to the virtual plane.
18. The device in claim 1 wherein the device further comprises marks, indicators, openings, or sensors which are configured to help register and/or align the device relative to anatomy of the breast.
19. The device in claim 1 wherein the device further comprises other components selected from the group consisting of: power source, data processor, wireless data transmitter, wireless data receiver, air pump, and liquid pump.
20. The device in claim 19 wherein one or more of the other components are located on the back strap of a bra.
Description
INTRODUCTION TO THE FIGURES
[0052]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
[0053]
[0054] With respect to specific components,
[0055]
[0056]
[0057] In an example, this device can be embodied as a smart bra. In an example, this device can be embodied as a cup of a smart bra. In an example, right-side and left-side versions of this device can be embodied as right-side and left-side cups of a smart bra. In an example, this device can further comprise other components selected from the group consisting of: power source, data processor, wireless data transmitter, wireless data receiver, air pump, and liquid pump. In a smart bra embodiment, these other components can be located on the back (e.g. strap) portion of the bra. In an example, a pump can be separate, removably-connected to the bra for expansion of the expandable components, and detached for wearing the bra.
[0058] In an example, a device for breast tissue imaging and/or identifying abnormal tissue in a breast can be embodied in a wearable garment (e.g. “smart bra”) with a plurality of light emitters and light detectors. In an example, this device can be embodied in a smart bra which includes optical sensors and electronic components. In an example, expandable components, light emitters, and light detectors can be located within the concavity of a cup in a smart bra. In an example, this device can be embodied in smart bras which come in different sizes corresponding to conventional smart bra sizes. In an example, this device can be embodied in a smart bra which can be custom fitted to a particular breast size and shape by selective expansion of expandable components in an expandable layer in a bra cup.
[0059] In an example, a cup on one side (e.g. the right side or left side) of a smart bra can have a similar (e.g. same, but symmetric) configuration of expanding components, light emitters, and light detectors as a cup on the other side (e.g. the left side or right side) of the smart bra. In an example, a cup on one side of a smart bra can have a similar (e.g. same, but reflected across a central vertical plane) configuration of expanding components, light emitters, and light detectors as a cup on the other side of the smart bra.
[0060] In an example, a device can be embodied in a smart bra wherein some portions of a cup are reinforced by wires. In an example, an outer structural layer of a cup can be reinforced with wires so that pressure from expansion of an inner expandable layer is directed primarily inward toward a breast to compress the breast for better optical scanning. In an example, some portions of a cup (e.g. of a structural layer of the cup) can be selectively reinforced with wires while other portions of the cup are not. In an example, portions of a cup (e.g. of a structural layer of the cup) which are farther from a virtual plane can be reinforced with wire, but portions of the cup which are closer to virtual plane are not. In an example, this virtual plane can be an oblique plane which spans from the upper outer quadrant (and the Auxiliary Tail of Spence) to the lower inner quadrant. Selectively placement of reinforcing wire in a cup can help to flatten the breast along the virtual plane to improve optical scanning.
[0061] In an example, a device can be bra insert. In an example, a device can be removably-attached to the concave interior of a bra cup (e.g. by hook-and-loop material) so that it is held in place for optical scanning, but can be removed for washing the bra without exposing optical sensors (or other electronics) to water and soap. In an example, a device can be removably-attached to the concave interior of a bra cup by an attachment mechanism (e.g. hook-and-loop material, snap, clip, or magnet) so that it is held in place for optical scanning, but can also be removed for washing the bra without exposing optical sensors (or other electronics) to water and soap.
[0062] In an example, a device can be embodied in a smart bra with a right-side cup and a left-side cup, each having optical sensors. In an example, a device can be embodied in a smart bra with a right-side cup and a left-side cup, each having light emitters and light detectors. In an example, the size of an interior concavity of a smart bra cup can correspond to the cup size of a conventional smart bra, but the exterior size of the smart bra cup can be larger due to space occupied by expandable components, light emitters, and light detectors. In an example, data from light detectors in a smart bra can be analyzed to identify and/or image abnormal breast tissue. In an example, this analysis can be done in a local data processor which is part of the device. In an example, data from light detectors can be wirelessly transmitted to a separate and/or remote data processor to identify and/or image abnormal breast tissue. In an example, components such as a power source, data processor, data transmitter/detector, and pump can be located on the posterior portion (e.g. the back strap) of a bra.
[0063] In an example, a device can be separate from a bra. In an example, this device can be a bra insert. In an example, this device can be removably inserted into the cup on a bra. In an example, this device can be removably inserted into a pocket, pouch, or other opening in a cup on a bra. In an example, this device can be removably attached to the concave interior of a cup of a bra. In an example, this device can be inserted between a bra cup and a breast. In an example, this device can be placed on a person's breast and then covered by a bra, wherein pressure from the bra cup causes the device to become (more) concave and conform to the shape of the breast.
[0064] In an example, a device can be a bra insert which is inserted between the cup of a conventional bra and a breast. In an example, a device can be an insert which is placed between the cup of a specialized bra and a breast. In an example, a system can comprise a specialized bra with one or more pockets in cups into which a concave insert with optical sensors is removably inserted. In an example, a system can comprise a specialized bra with attachment mechanisms (e.g. hook and loop fabric, snap, or clip) on the interior of cups to which an insert with optical sensors is removably attached. In an example, a bra insert can be inserted into a right-side cup of a smart bra in a first orientation and inserted into a left-side cup of a smart bra in a second (e.g. reflected) orientation.
[0065] In an example, this device can be embodied in a flexible patch, bandage, or sticker which is attached to a breast. In an example, this device can be embodied in a patch or bandage which is gently adhered to a breast. In an example, the perimeter of this device which is closest to the chest wall can be gently adhered to the chest wall. In an example, this device can be gently adhered to the chest wall—encompassing the Auxiliary Tail of Spence, the upper outer quadrant, the upper inner quadrant, the lower inner quadrant, and the lower outer quadrant of a breast. In an example, this device can further comprise an adhesive ring which is gently adhered to the chest wall where a breast is attached to the chest wall—encompassing the Auxiliary Tail of Spence, the upper outer quadrant, the upper inner quadrant, the lower inner quadrant, and the lower outer quadrant of the breast.
[0066] In an example, the interior layer of this device can be gently adhesive. Mild adhesion can help to keep the device in the same position relative to breast tissue during an optical, even during expansion of the expandable components and/or respiratory movement. In an example, a device can further comprise an array of small-scale suction elements on its interior. These small-scale suction elements can help to keep the cup in the same position relative to breast tissue during an optical scan, even during expansion of the expandable components and/or respiratory movement.
[0067] In an example, the perimeter of a device can also be coated with gentle adhesive to gently engage tissue close to the chest wall to keep light emitters as close as possible to the chest wall. This helps to image tissue which is as close to the chest wall as possible in addition to the main body of the breast. In an example, this device can further comprise disposable adhesive strips (or rings) which are removably attached to the inner layer of the device and to breast tissue near the chest wall in order to gently engage tissue close to the chest wall. This enables light emitters to be as close as possible to the chest wall. In an example, there can be a first disposable adhesive strip (e.g. half-ring) which is attached to the device on one side of an oblique virtual plane and a second disposable adhesive strip (e.g. half-ring) which is attached to the device on the opposite side of the oblique virtual plane.
[0068] In an example, this device can have a concave shape which fits over a breast. In an example, this device can have a substantially planar shape before being worn on a breast and is changed into convex shape by pressure from a bra cup as it worn on a breast. In an example, a cross-section of this device can have a teardrop cross-sectional shape. In an example, the perimeter of a device which is closest to the chest wall can have a teardrop shape. A teardrop shape is better than a radially-symmetric (e.g. circular) shape for encompassing the Auxiliary Tail of Spence and fully spanning where the upper outer quadrant connects to the chest wall. This is a design advantage over bra cups and/or bra inserts with a hemispherical shape (or other shape with a radially-symmetric perimeter closest to the chest wall. Bra cups and/or bra inserts with hemispherical shapes may be less effective at encompassing the Auxiliary Tail of Spence and full spanning where the upper outer quadrant connects to the chest wall.
[0069] In an example, the apex of a teardrop shape of this device can span the Auxiliary Tail of Spence. In an example, a teardrop-shaped cross-section of this device can have a shape whose two-dimensional parametric equation is X=cos(T) and Y=[sin(T)][sin M(T/2)]. In an alternative example, a cross-section of this device can have an elliptical or oval shape. In an example, a cross-section of this device can have a paisley shape. In an example, portions of this device which cover the upper inner, lower inner, and lower outer quadrants of the breast can have quarter-circle (e.g. quarter pie slice) cross-sectional perimeters. In an example, the portion of the device which covers the upper outer quadrant and the Auxiliary Tail of Spence can have a quadrilateral cross-sectional perimeter.
[0070] In an example, this device can be oriented around a virtual plane, with one set of optical and expandable components on one side of this virtual plan and a second set of optical and expandable components on the opposite side of this virtual. In an example, this virtual plan can be an oblique virtual plane. In an example, a virtual plane which separates two parts of an air-gap-reducing layer, an optical layer, and/or an expandable layer can be an oblique virtual plane which is neither horizontal (e.g. axial) nor vertical (e.g. sagittal). In an example, an oblique virtual plane can be created by 45-degree rotation of a horizontal (e.g. axial) or vertical (e.g. sagittal). In an example, an oblique virtual plane can intersect the upper outer quadrant (and/or the Auxiliary Tail of Spence) and the lower inner quadrant of a breast. In another example, a virtual plane can intersect the upper inner quadrant and the lower outer quadrant of a breast. In alternative examples, a virtual plane can be horizontal (e.g. axial) or vertical (e.g. sagittal).
[0071] In an example, an air-gap-reducing layer of this device can be transparent. In an example, an air-gap-reducing layer can enable light from light emitters in the optical layer to enter breast tissue with minimal refraction or scattering from air gaps. In an example, an air-gap-reducing layer can have optical characteristics like those of breast tissue. In an example, an air-gap-reducing layer can have one or more optical parameters (e.g. optical absorption coefficient, optical scattering coefficient, and/or anisotropy factor) a value which is within plus or minus 20% of the mean value for normal breast tissue.
[0072] In an example, an air-gap-reducing layer can one or more optical parameters (e.g. optical absorption coefficient, optical scattering coefficient, and/or anisotropy factor) which are each within one standard deviation of the mean parameter value for normal breast tissue. In an example, an air-gap-reducing layer can have an optical absorption coefficient with a value like the average value for normal breast tissue. In an example, an air-gap-reducing layer can have an optical scattering coefficient with a value like the average value for normal breast tissue. In an example, an air-gap-reducing layer can have an anisotropy factor with a value like that of breast tissue.
[0073] In an example, an air-gap-reducing layer can have an optical absorption coefficient with a value within plus or minus 20% of the average value for normal breast tissue. In an example, an air-gap-reducing layer can have an optical scattering coefficient with a value within plus or minus 20% of the average value for normal breast tissue. In an example, an air-gap-reducing layer can have an anisotropy factor with a value like that of breast tissue. In an example, an air-gap-reducing layer can have an optical absorption coefficient with a value within one standard deviation of the mean value (range) for normal breast tissue. In an example, an air-gap-reducing layer can have an optical scattering coefficient with a value within one standard deviation of the mean value (range) for normal breast tissue.
[0074] In an example, an air-gap-reducing layer can be sufficiently soft, compressible, elastomeric, and/or flexible to conform to the shape of the breast, thereby reducing air gaps between the device and the breast. In an example, an air-gap-reducing layer can be sufficiently soft, compressible, elastomeric, and/or flexible to conform to the shape of the breast under gentle pressure from the cup of a bra. In an example, an air-gap-reducing layer can have a Shore durometer level which is less than 30. In an example, an air-gap-reducing layer can have a Shore durometer level between 5 and 30. In an example, an air-gap-reducing layer can have a Young's modulus between 0.50 and 4.00.
[0075] In an example, an air-gap-reducing layer can contain a gel. In an example, an air-gap-reducing layer can be made from a xerogel. In an example, an air-gap-reducing layer can be made from a silicon composite. In an example, an air-gap-reducing layer can be made from an alginate. In an example, an air-gap-reducing layer can be made from a hydrogel. In an example, an air-gap-reducing layer can be made from a gelatin. In an example, an air-gap-reducing layer can be made from fibrin. In an example, an air-gap-reducing layer can be made from a starch. In an example, an air-gap-reducing layer can be made from chitosan. In an example, an air-gap-reducing layer can be made from a cryogel. In an example, an air-gap-reducing layer can be made from xanthan gum. In an example, an air-gap-reducing layer can be made from an aerogel. In an example, an air-gap-reducing layer can be made from collagen.
[0076] In an example, an air-gap-reducing layer can be made from Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA). In an example, an air-gap-reducing layer can be made from Polyethylene Glycol (PEG). In an example, an air-gap-reducing layer can be made from Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA). In an example, an air-gap-reducing layer can be made from a copolymeric polymer gel. In an example, an air-gap-reducing layer can be made from Polyurethane (PU). In an example, an air-gap-reducing layer can be made from Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC). In an example, an air-gap-reducing layer can be made from Poly-acrylo-nitrile (PAN). In an example, an air-gap-reducing layer can be made from Poly-vinyl Chloride Plastisol (PVCP).
[0077] In an example, an air-gap-reducing layer can be made from Poly-vinyl Pyrrolidone (PVP). In an example, an air-gap-reducing layer can be made from polyamino acid. In an example, an air-gap-reducing layer can be made from Poly-di-methyl-siloxane (PDMS). In an example, an air-gap-reducing layer can be made from a homopolymeric polymer gel. In an example, an air-gap-reducing layer can be made from Poly-hydroxy-ethyl-methyl Acrylate (PHEMA). In an example, an air-gap-reducing layer can be made from an interpenetrating polymer gel. In an example, an air-gap-reducing layer can be made from Polyacrylic Acid (PA). In an example, an air-gap-reducing layer can be made from a PDMS-hydrogel composite.
[0078] In an example, an air-gap-reducing layer can be made with a transparent elastomeric material. In an example, an air-gap-reducing layer can be made with a silicone-based material such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). In an example, an air-gap-reducing layer can comprise an acrylic elastomer. In an example, an air-gap-reducing layer can comprise polyethylene terephthalate (PET). In an example, an air-gap-reducing layer of this device can be the most elastic and most air-gap-reducing layer of a device. In an example, an air-gap-reducing layer can be between 0.5 mm and 2 mm thick. In another example, this layer can be between 2 mm and 8 mm thick.
[0079] In an example, a first part of an air-gap-reducing layer can be on one side of a virtual plane and a second part of the air-gap-reducing layer can be on the opposite side of the virtual plane. In an example, the perimeter of a first part of an air-gap-reducing layer on one side of a virtual plane can have a half-ring or horseshoe shape. In an example, the perimeter of a second part of the air-gap-reducing layer on an opposite side of the virtual plane can also have a half-ring or horseshoe shape, wherein the shape of the second part is symmetric to the shape of the first part (reflected across the virtual plane between the two parts). In an example, these two parts can be separate from each other (e.g. not continuous). In another example, these two parts can be part of a continuous layer.
[0080] In an example, a first part of an air-gap-reducing layer on a first side of a virtual plane can be pushed closer to a second part of an air-gap-reducing layer on a second (e.g. opposite) side of the virtual plane when the expandable layer is expanded and the device is changed from its first (unexpanded) configuration to its second (expanded) configuration. In an example, a first part of an air-gap-reducing layer on a first side of a virtual plane can be pushed closer to a second part of an air-gap-reducing layer on a second (e.g. opposite) side of the virtual plane when the expandable layer is expanded and the device is changed from its first (unexpanded) configuration to its second (expanded) configuration, thereby compressing the breast between the first and second parts.
[0081] In an example, a first part of an air-gap-reducing layer can span the lower inner quadrant, the lower outer quadrant, the upper outer quadrant, and the Auxiliary Tail of Spence of a breast. In an example, a second part of the air-gap-reducing layer can also span the span the lower inner quadrant, the lower outer quadrant, the upper outer quadrant, and the Auxiliary Tail of Spence, although the two parts are not continuous.
[0082] In an example, a part of the air-gap-reducing layer can have a first degree of concavity when the device is in the first (unexpanded) configuration and a second degree of concavity with the device is in the second (expanded) configuration, wherein the second degree is less than the first degree. In an example, two parts of the air-gap-reducing layer on opposite sides of the virtual plane can be closer to parallel when the device is in the second configuration than when the device is in the first configuration. In an example, central portions of first and second parts of an air-gap-reducing layer can be moved a greater distance than non-central portions of the first and second parts when an expanding layer is expanded and the device is changed from its first configuration to its second configuration.
[0083] In an example, the thickness, elasticity, and/or compressibility of an air-gap-reducing layer can be adjusted in order to better conform the layer to the shape and size of a breast. In an example, the thickness, elasticity, and/or compressibility of an air-gap-reducing layer can be adjusted by pumping fluid (or gel) into the layer or out of the layer. In an example, the thickness, elasticity, and/or compressibility of an air-gap-reducing layer can be adjusted by changing the pressure level of fluid (or gel) in the layer. In an example, the thickness, elasticity, and/or compressibility of an air-gap-reducing layer can be adjusted by inflation. In an example, the thickness, elasticity, and/or compressibility of an air-gap-reducing layer can be adjusted by changing the pressure of a gas inside the layer.
[0084] In an example, a device can have an optical layer. This optical layer can comprise a plurality of light emitters and light detectors. In an example, light from the light emitters can be received by the light detectors after it has passed through breast tissue. In an example, changes in light caused by transmission through breast tissue can be analyzed to image breast tissue and/or detect breast cancer. In an example, changes in amplitude and/or spectrum of light from the light emitters which are caused by transmission of the light through breast tissue can be analyzed to image breast tissue and/or detect breast cancer. In an example, changes in amplitude and/or spectrum of light from the light emitters which are caused by reflection of the light by breast tissue and/or transmission of the light through breast tissue can be analyzed to image breast tissue and/or detect breast cancer.
[0085] In an example, a light emitter in an optical layer can be a Light Emitting Diode (LED). In an example, a light emitter can be a Laser LED. In an example, a light emitter can be a Super-Luminescent Light Emitting Diode (SLED). In an example, a light emitter can be a Single Photon Avalanche Diode (SPAD). In an example, a light emitter can be an Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED). In an example, a light emitter can be a Resonant Cavity Light Emitting Diode (RCLED). In an example, a light emitter can be a Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL).
[0086] In an example, a light emitter can be a Quantum Dot LED (QLED). In an example, a light emitter can be a Phosphorescent OLED (PHOLED). In an example, a light emitter can be a Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cell (LEC). In an example, a light emitter can be a MicroLED. In an example, a light emitter can be a Nanoscale LED. In an example, a light emitter can be an Active Matrix Organic Light-Emitting Diode (AMOLED). In an example, a light emitter can be a Monochromatic LED (MLED). In an example, a light emitter can be a Multi-Wavelength Light Emitting Diode (MWLED). In an example, a light emitter can be an Organic Photovoltaic (OPV). In an example, a light emitter can be a Side-Emitting Polymer Optical Fiber (SEPOF).
[0087] In an example, light emitters in an optical layer can emit coherent light. In an example, light emitters in an optical layer can emit light in pulses. In an example, light emitters in an optical layer can emit near-infrared light. In an example, light emitters in an optical layer can emit polarized light.
[0088] In an example, light emitters in an optical layer can be part of yarns or fibers which are woven to make a fabric or textile used to make this device. In an example, light emitters can be attached to a fabric or textile which is used to make this device. In an example, light emitters can be printed on a fabric or textile. In an example, light emitters can be made by 3D printing. In an example, light emitters can be encapsulated with a waterproof coating for protection from moisture. In an example, light emitters can be encapsulated in acrylic material for protection from moisture. In an example, optical components can be separated from the surface of a breast by an air-gap-reducing layer which transmits light, but protects the optical components when the device is washed.
[0089] In an example, one or more light emitters in an optical layer can be Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs). In an example, one or more light emitters in an optical layer can be near-infrared light emitters. In an example, one or more light emitters in an optical layer can be pulsatile lasers. In an example, one or more light emitters in an optical layer can be a green-light laser. In an example, one or more light emitters in an optical layer can be red-light lasers. In an example, one or more light emitters in an optical layer can be Resonant Cavity Light Emitting Diodes (RCLEDs). In an example, one or more light emitters in an optical layer can be Single Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs).
[0090] In an example, one or more light emitters in an optical layer can be MicroLEDs. In an example, one or more light emitters in an optical layer can be Super-Luminescent Light Emitting Diodes (SLEDs). In an example, one or more light emitters in an optical layer can be tunable LEDs. In an example, one or more light emitters in an optical layer can be ultraviolet light emitters. In an example, one or more light emitters in an optical layer can be monochromatic LEDs.
[0091] In an example, one or more light emitters in an optical layer can be multi-wavelength lasers. In an example, one or more light emitters in an optical layer can be Active Matrix Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (AMOLEDs). In an example, one or more light emitters in an optical layer can be infrared light emitters. In an example, one or more light emitters in an optical layer can be an Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs). In an example, one or more light emitters in an optical layer can be lasers. In an example, one or more light emitters in an optical layer can be a Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells (LECs). In an example, one or more light emitters in an optical layer can be coherent light emitters.
[0092] In an example, light emitters in an optical layer can emit light with one or more wavelengths, within the range of 600 to 1100 nm. In an example, light emitters in an optical layer can emit light with one or more wavelengths, within the range of 600 to 1100 nm. In an example, a light emitter in an optical layer can emit light at different wavelengths over time, within the range of 600 to 1100 nm. In an example, a light emitter in an optical layer can emit light at different wavelengths over time, within the range of 600 to 1100 nm.
[0093] In an example, a light emitter in an optical layer can emit light at different wavelengths over time selected from the group consisting of: 600, 650, 660, 680, 690, 750, 775, 780, 785, 800, 808, 810, 830, 850, and 1000 nm. In an example, different light emitters in an optical layer can emit light with different wavelengths, within the range of 600 to 1100 nm. In an example, different light emitters in an optical layer can emit light with different wavelengths, within the range of 600 to 1100 nm. In an example, different light emitters in an optical layer can emit light with different wavelengths, within the range of 600 to 1100 nm.
[0094] In an example, different light emitters in an optical layer can emit light with different wavelengths selected from the group consisting of: 600, 650, 660, 680, 690, 750, 775, 780, 785, 800, 808, 810, 830, 850, and 1000 nm. In an example, light emitters in an optical layer can emit light at different wavelengths selected from the group consisting of: 600, 650, 660, 680, 690, 750, 775, 780, 785, 800, 808, 810, 830, 850, and 1000 nm. In an example, light emitters in an optical layer can emit light at different wavelengths over time, within the range of 600 to 1100 nm.
[0095] In an example, light emitters in an optical layer can emit light at different wavelengths over time selected from the group consisting of: 600, 650, 660, 680, 690, 750, 775, 780, 785, 800, 808, 810, 830, 850, and 1000 nm. In an example, light emitters in an optical layer can emit light at different wavelengths over time, within the range of 600 to 1100 nm. In an example, a light emitter in an optical layer can emit light at different wavelengths over time, within the range of 600 to 1100 nm. In an example, light emitters in an optical layer can emit light at different wavelengths over time, within the range of 600 to 1100 nm. In an example, light emitters in an optical layer can emit light with one or more wavelengths, within the range of 600 to 1100 nm.
[0096] In an example, a first set of light emitters can emit light at a first frequency and/or wavelength (or in a first spectral range), a second set of light emitters can emit light at a second frequency and/or wavelength (or in a second spectral range), and a third set of light emitters can emit light at a third frequency and/or wavelength (or in a third spectral range). In an example, a first light emitter can emit light with a wavelength in the range of 650 to 750 nm at a first time; a second light emitter can emit light with a wavelength in the range of 750 nm to 850 nm at a second time; and a third light emitter can emit light with a wavelength in the range of 850 nm to 950 nm at a third time. In an example, a first light emitter can emit light with a wavelength in the range of 650 to 700 nm; a second light emitter can emit light with a wavelength in the range of 700 nm to 750 nm; and a third light emitter can emit light with a wavelength in the range of 750 nm to 800 nm.
[0097] In an example, a first set of light emitters can emit light at a first frequency and/or wavelength (or in a first spectral range) and a second set of light emitters can emit light at a second frequency and/or wavelength (or in a second spectral range). In an example, a first light emitter can emit light with a wavelength in the range of 600 to 900 nm; a second light emitter can emit light with a wavelength in the range of 900 nm to 1200 nm; and a third light emitter can emit light with a wavelength in the range of 1200 nm to 1500 nm. In an example, a first light emitter can emit light with a wavelength in the range of 600 to 700 nm at a first time; a second light emitter can emit light with a wavelength in the range of 700 nm to 800 nm at a second time; and a third light emitter can emit light with a wavelength in the range of 800 nm to 900 nm at a third time. In an example, a first light emitter can emit light with a wavelength in the range of 650 to 750 nm; a second light emitter can emit light with a wavelength in the range of 750 nm to 850 nm; and a third light emitter can emit light with a wavelength in the range of 850 nm to 950 nm.
[0098] In an example, a first light emitter can emit light with a wavelength in the range of 600 to 700 nm; a second light emitter can emit light with a wavelength in the range of 700 nm to 800 nm; and a third light emitter can emit light with a wavelength in the range of 800 nm to 900 nm. In an example, a first light emitter can emit light with a wavelength in the range of 650 to 700 nm; a second light emitter can emit light with a wavelength in the range of 700 nm to 750 nm; and a third light emitter can emit light with a wavelength in the range of 750 nm to 800 nm. In an example, a first light emitter can emit intensity or amplitude modulated light into the breast with a wavelength in the range of 650 to 750 nm; a second light emitter can emit intensity or amplitude modulated light with a wavelength in the range of 750 nm to 850 nm; and a third light emitter can emit intensity or amplitude modulated light with a wavelength in the range of 850 nm to 950 nm.
[0099] In an example, a first light emitter can emit light with a wavelength in the range of 600 to 800 nm at a first time; a second light emitter can emit light with a wavelength in the range of 800 nm to 1000 nm at a second time; and a third light emitter can emit light with a wavelength in the range of 1000 nm to 1200 nm at a third time. In an example, a first light emitter can emit light with a wavelength in the range of 600 to 800 nm; a second light emitter can emit light with a wavelength in the range of 800 nm to 1000 nm; and a third light emitter can emit light with a wavelength in the range of 1000 nm to 1200 nm. In an example, a first light emitter can emit light with a wavelength in the range of 600 to 900 nm at a first time; a second light emitter can emit light with a wavelength in the range of 900 nm to 1200 nm at a second time; and a third light emitter can emit light with a wavelength in the range of 1200 nm to 1500 nm at a third time.
[0100] In an example, a first light emitter can emit light with a wavelength in the range of 600 to 900 nm and a second light emitter can emit light with a wavelength in the range of 900 nm to 1200 nm. In an example, a first light emitter can emit light with a wavelength in the range of 650 to 750 nm; a second light emitter can emit light with a wavelength in the range of 750 nm to 850 nm; and a third light emitter can emit light with a wavelength in the range of 850 nm to 950 nm. In an example, a first light emitter can emit light with a wavelength in the range of 600 to 900 nm at a first time and a second light emitter can emit light with a wavelength in the range of 900 nm to 1200 nm at a second time. In an example, a light emitter can emit coherent light.
[0101] In an example, a light emitter can emit light pulses. In an example, light emitters can emit short pulses of light. In another example, light emitters can be continuous wave light emitters. In an example, a light emitter can emit light with a variable frequency. In an example, a first set of light emitters can emit light at a first intensity or amplitude level (or at a first time) and a second set of light emitters can emit light at a second intensity or amplitude level (or at a second time). In an example, a light emitter can emit light with a wavelength and/or frequency which changes over time. In an example, a light emitter can emit light with a wavelength and/or frequency which changes in a repeated cyclical pattern over time.
[0102] In an example, a light emitter can emit light at a frequency and/or wavelength which varies over time. In an example, a light emitter can emit light within a spectral range which varies over time. In an example, a light emitter can emit light at different wavelengths at different times. In an example, different light emitters in an array of light emitters can emit light at different times. In an example, light can be emitted from light emitters in very short pulses. In an example, light emitters on a cup can emit frequency and/or wavelength modulated light.
[0103] In an example, light emitters in a first quadrant can emit (a pulse of) light at a first time and light emitters in a second quadrant can emit (a pulse of) light at a second time. In an example, a light emitter can emit light at an angle and/or along a focal vector which varies over time. In an example, a light emitter can emit light at different wavelengths at different times. In an example, a first light emitter at a first location can emit (a pulse of) light at a first time and a second light emitter at a second location can emit (a pulse of) light at a second time. In an example, light emitters on a right side of a device can emit (a pulse of) light at a first time and light emitters on the left side of a device can emit (a pulse of) light at a second time, or vice versa. In an example, a light emitter can be a laser with a narrow pulse width.
[0104] In an example, a light emitter can emit light via Alternating Current Electroluminescence (ACEL). In an example, a light emitter can emit a first pulse of light with a first duration followed by a second pulse of light with a second duration, wherein the second duration is greater than the first duration. In an example, a light emitter can emit light at a constant frequency and/or in a constant spectral range. In an example, light emitters can emit light at a frequency and/or wavelength which varies over time. In an example, a first light emitter can emit a pulse of light with a first duration and a second light emitter can emit a pulse of light with a second duration, wherein the second duration is greater than the first duration.
[0105] In an example, light emitters on the top half of a cup can emit (a pulse of) light at a first time and light emitters on the bottom half of the cup can emit (a pulse of) light at a second time, or vice versa In an example, light emitters one a first of light emitters can emit (a pulse of) light at a first time and light emitters on a second ring of light emitters can emit (a pulse of) light at a second time. In an example, light emitters can all emit a pulse of light at the same time. In an example, a light emitter can emit intensity or amplitude-modulated light. In an example, light emission from light emitters can be multiplexed.
[0106] In an example, light emitters in an optical layer can be arranged in (e.g. distributed along) rings. In an example, light emitters in an optical layer can be arranged in (e.g. distributed along) nested (e.g. concentric) rings. In an example, light emitters in an optical layer can be arranged in a hub-and-spoke configuration. In an example, light emitters in an optical layer can be arranged in radial spokes. In an example, light emitters in an optical layer can be arranged in (e.g. distributed along) an orthogonal mesh, grid, and/or matrix. In an example, light emitters in an optical layer can be arranged in (e.g. distributed along) a hexagonal (e.g. honeycomb) mesh, grid, and/or matrix. In an example, an optical layer can further comprise a plurality of mirrors which change the vectors of light rays from a plurality of light emitters.
[0107] In an example light emitters in an optical layer can be configured in a honeycomb array (e.g. hexagonal grid or mesh). In an example light emitters in an optical layer can be configured in concentric (e.g. nested) rings. In an example light emitters in an optical layer can be configured in a half-helical array. In an example light emitters in an optical layer can be configured in a hub-and-spoke array. In an example light emitters in an optical layer can be configured along undulating (e.g. sinusoidal) rings around a breast. In an example light emitters in an optical layer can be configured in a star-burst array. In an example light emitters in an optical layer can be configured in concentric (e.g. nested) half rings.
[0108] In an example light emitters in an optical layer can be configured in a helical array. In an example light emitters in an optical layer can be configured in a spiral array. In an example light emitters in an optical layer can be configured in an orthogonal matrix (e.g. quadrilateral grid or mesh). In an example light emitters in an optical layer can be configured in evenly spaced along latitudinal lines around a breast. In an example light emitters in an optical layer can be configured along undulating (e.g. sinusoidal) pathways. In an example light emitters in an optical layer can be configured in a checkerboard array. In an example light emitters in an optical layer can be configured in evenly spaced along longitudinal lines around a breast.
[0109] In an example, the density of light emitters in a device can be greater (and/or the distance between light emitters can be less) for portions of the optical layer which are farther from the center (and/or apex) of the device than for portions of the optical layer which are closer to the center (and/or apex) of the device. In an example, the density of light emitters in a device can be less (and/or the distance between light emitters can be greater) for portions of the optical layer which are farther from the center (and/or apex) of the device than for portions of the optical layer which are closer to the center (and/or apex) of the device.
[0110] In an example, the density of light emitters in the portion of a device covering the upper outer quadrant of a breast can be greater (and/or the distance between light emitters can be less) than for the portion of the device covering the lower inner quadrant of the breast. In an example, the density of light emitters in the portion of a device covering the upper outer quadrant of a breast can be less (and/or the distance between light emitters can be greater) than for the portion of the device covering the lower inner quadrant of the breast. In an example, the density of light emitters in the portion of a device covering the upper outer quadrant and Auxiliary Tail of Spence of a breast can be greater (and/or the distance between light emitters can be less) than for the portion of the device covering the lower inner quadrant of the breast.
[0111] In an example, light emitters in the portion of the device which covers the upper outer quadrant of the breast can be closer together than light emitters in other portions of the device. In an example, light emitters in the portion of the device which covers the lower outer quadrant of the breast can be closer together than light emitters in other portions of the device. In an example, light emitters in the portion of the device which covers the upper outer quadrant and the Auxiliary Tail of Spence of the breast can be closer together than light emitters in other portions of the device. In an example, light emitters can be farther apart toward the apex of a cup and closer together toward the periphery of the cup.
[0112] In an example, light emitters which are closer to the apex of a cup can be farther apart than light emitters which are farther from the apex of a cup. In an example, light emitters which are closer to an oblique virtual plane spanning the upper outer quadrant and the lower inner quadrant can be farther apart than light emitters which are farther from this virtual plane. In an example, light emitters which are farther from the apex of a cup can be farther apart than light emitters which are closer to the apex of a cup. In an example, light emitters which are farther from the chest wall can be farther apart than light emitters which are closer to the chest wall. In an example, light emitters which are closer to the chest wall can be farther apart than light emitters which are farther from the chest wall. In an example, light emitters which are farther from an oblique virtual plane spanning the upper outer quadrant and the lower inner quadrant can be farther apart than light emitters which are closer to this virtual plane.
[0113] In an example, a light emitter can be oriented to emit light along a vector which is substantially perpendicular to the closest surface of a breast. In an example, a light emitter can be positioned so as to emit light toward a particular light detector. In an example, a light emitter can be positioned so as to emit light along a vector which is substantially perpendicular to a breast surface and/or directed toward a particular light detector. In an example, a light emitter can emit a radially-rotating beam of light. In an example, angles between the focal vectors of light beams emitted from light emitters and the surface of a breast or cup can vary with the distance of the light emitters from the apex of a device. In an example, a light emitter can be positioned so as to emit light along a vector which is substantially perpendicular to a breast or device surface.
[0114] In an example, an optical component can include an electromagnetic actuator which changes the angle and/or focal vector of light emission over time. In an example, angles between the focal vectors of light beams emitted from light emitters and the surface of a breast or device can vary with the distance of those light emitters from the apex of a device. In an example, angles between the focal vectors of light emitted from light emitters and the surface of a breast or device can increase with the distance of the light emitters from the apex of the concave surface of a breast or device. In an example, different light emitters can emit light at different wavelengths. In an example, different light emitters in a ring can emit light at different wavelengths. In an example, different light emitters in an array can emit light at different wavelengths.
[0115] In an example, an optical layer can distribute light from light emitters (e.g. LEDs) across a concave inner surface via a plurality of optical fibers (e.g. light-conducting fibers, tubes, channels, or threads). In an example, an optical layer can comprise a plurality of locations on a plurality of optical fibers (e.g. fibers, tubes, channels, or threads) which emit light from an LED located elsewhere. In an example, optical fibers can transmit light from an optical layer which originates from light sources (e.g. LEDs) outside the optical layer. In an example, an optical layer can comprise a plurality of endpoints (or side locations) on a plurality of optical fibers which emit light, wherein these optical fibers transmit this light into the optical layer from light sources (e.g. LEDs) outside the optical layer. In an example, an optical layer can comprise a plurality of endpoints (or side locations) on a plurality of optical fibers which emit light, wherein these optical fibers transmit this light from light sources (e.g. LEDs) around the chest-wall perimeter of the optical layer.
[0116] In an example, an optical layer can further comprise optical fibers which guide light from a plurality of light emitters to a plurality of light-exiting points. In an example, an optical layer can further comprise optical fibers which guide light to light-exiting points which are distributed around the interior concavity of the device. In an example, an optical layer can further comprise optical fibers which emit light from their ends at a plurality of light-exiting points around the interior concavity of the device. In an example, an optical layer can further comprise elastic optical fibers which guide light to light-exiting points. In an example, an optical layer can further comprise undulating (e.g. sinusoidal) optical fibers which guide light to light-exiting points.
[0117] In an example, an optical layer of this device can be made from one or more materials selected from the group consisting of: Poly-Di-Methyl-Siloxane (PDMS), Poly-Ethylene-Di-Oxy-Thiophene Poly-Styrene Sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), nanotubes, two-dimensional nanomaterial, Molybdenum Disulfide (MD), Thermoplastic Poly-Urethane (TPU), and an multi-conjugated organic semiconductor.
[0118] In an example, an optical layer of this device can be made from one or more materials selected from the group consisting of: Poly-Imide (PI), parylene, a perovskite, Poly-Lactic Acid (PLA), acrylic, polymer and non-fullerene acceptor composite/hybrid, black phosphorus, Poly-Styrene (PS), Poly-Ethylene Glycol Di-Acrylate (PEGDA), cellulose, Poly-Urethane (PU), chitosan, quantum dots, colloidal quantum, Shape Memory Photonic Crystal Fiber (SMPF), and organic material.
[0119] In an example, an optical layer of this device can be made from one or more materials selected from the group consisting of: Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles, one-dimensional nanomaterial, zero-dimensional nanomaterial, Poly-Ethylene Naphthalate (PEN), Poly-Ethylene Terephthalate (PET), a carbon nanomaterial, Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA), a hydrogel, Poly-Glycolic Acid (PGA), Poly Methyl Meth-Acrylate (PMMA), Poly-Ethlylene Terephthalate (PET), nanocrystals, Transition Metal Dichalcogenide (TMD), organic-inorganic composite/hybrid material, inorganic graphene, silk, graphene, and silicone rubber.
[0120] In an example, a light detector can be a photodetector. A photodetector absorbs photons and generates electrical current—converting light to electricity. In an example, a light detector in an optical layer can be selected from the group consisting of: photodiode, photomultiplier, photoconductor, avalanche photodiode, organic photodiode, organic photo-detector, silicon photodiode, photon multiplier, polarization-sensitive photodetector, Charge-Coupled Device (CCD), and Silicon Photo-Multiplier (SiPM).
[0121] In an example, a light detector can be a photoreceptor. In an example, a light detector can be a photodiode. In an example, a light detector can be a photoconductor. In an example, a light detector can be a thin-film photoreceptor. In an example, a light detector can be an organic phototransistor. In an example, a light detector can comprise a fast-gated detector. In an example, a light detector can have an organic photoactive channel layer, a dielectric layer, and electrodes. In an example, a light detector can be an organic photodiode. In an example, a light detector can be an avalanche photo diode (APDs) or PIN photodiode.
[0122] In an example, a light detector can be made with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) or another silicone-based polymer. In an example, a light detector can be made with an acrylic elastomer. In an example, a light detector can be selected from the group consisting of: photodetector, photoresistor, avalanche photodiode (APD), charge-coupled device (CCD), complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS), infrared detector, infrared photoconductor, infrared photodiode, light dependent resistor (LDR), optoelectric sensor, photoconductor, photodiode, photomultiplier, and phototransistor.
[0123] In an example, light detectors in an optical layer can be arranged in (e.g. distributed along) rings. In an example, light detectors in an optical layer can be arranged in (e.g. distributed along) nested (e.g. concentric) rings. In an example, light detectors in an optical layer can be arranged in a hub-and-spoke configuration. In an example, light detectors in an optical layer can be arranged in radial spokes. In an example, light detectors in an optical layer can be arranged in (e.g. distributed along) an orthogonal mesh, grid, and/or matrix. In an example, light detectors in an optical layer can be arranged in (e.g. distributed along) a hexagonal (e.g. honeycomb) mesh, grid, and/or matrix.
[0124] In an example light detectors in an optical layer can be configured in a honeycomb array (e.g. hexagonal grid or mesh). In an example light detectors in an optical layer can be configured in concentric (e.g. nested) rings. In an example light detectors in an optical layer can be configured in a half-helical array. In an example light detectors in an optical layer can be configured in a hub-and-spoke array. In an example light detectors in an optical layer can be configured along undulating (e.g. sinusoidal) rings around a breast. In an example light detectors in an optical layer can be configured in a star-burst array. In an example light detectors in an optical layer can be configured in concentric (e.g. nested) half rings.
[0125] In an example light detectors in an optical layer can be configured in a helical array. In an example light detectors in an optical layer can be configured in a spiral array. In an example light detectors in an optical layer can be configured in an orthogonal matrix (e.g. quadrilateral grid or mesh). In an example light detectors in an optical layer can be configured in evenly spaced along latitudinal lines around a breast. In an example light detectors in an optical layer can be configured along undulating (e.g. sinusoidal) pathways. In an example light detectors in an optical layer can be configured in a checkerboard array. In an example light detectors in an optical layer can be configured in evenly spaced along longitudinal lines around a breast.
[0126] In an example, the density of light detectors in a device can be greater (and/or the distance between light detectors can be less) for portions of the optical layer which are farther from the center (and/or apex) of the device than for portions of the optical layer which are closer to the center (and/or apex) of the device. In an example, the density of light detectors in a device can be less (and/or the distance between light detectors can be greater) for portions of the optical layer which are farther from the center (and/or apex) of the device than for portions of the optical layer which are closer to the center (and/or apex) of the device.
[0127] In an example, the density of light detectors in the portion of a device covering the upper outer quadrant of a breast can be greater (and/or the distance between light detectors can be less) than for the portion of the device covering the lower inner quadrant of the breast. In an example, the density of light detectors in the portion of a device covering the upper outer quadrant of a breast can be less (and/or the distance between light detectors can be greater) than for the portion of the device covering the lower inner quadrant of the breast. In an example, the density of light detectors in the portion of a device covering the upper outer quadrant and Auxiliary Tail of Spence of a breast can be greater (and/or the distance between light detectors can be less) than for the portion of the device covering the lower inner quadrant of the breast.
[0128] In an example, light detectors in the portion of the device which covers the upper outer quadrant of the breast can be closer together than light detectors in other portions of the device. In an example, light detectors in the portion of the device which covers the lower outer quadrant of the breast can be closer together than light detectors in other portions of the device.
[0129] In an example, light detectors in the portion of the device which covers the upper outer quadrant and the Auxiliary Tail of Spence of the breast can be closer together than light detectors in other portions of the device. In an example, light detectors can be farther apart toward the apex of a cup and closer together toward the periphery of the cup. In an example, in an example, there can be equal numbers of light emitters on either side of an oblique virtual plane which spans from the Auxiliary Tail of Spence to the lower inner quadrant of a breast. In an example, light emitters can all be on the same side of this oblique virtual plane.
[0130] In an example, light emitters can be closer together in the upper-left quadrant of the cup on right breast, as compared to other quadrants on that cup. In an example, light emitters can be closer together in the upper-right quadrant of the cup on left breast, as compared to other quadrants on that cup. In an example, light emitters can be closer together toward the apex of a cup and farther apart toward the periphery of the cup. In an example, light emitters can be equally distributed on a given side (e.g. right or left, lower or upper) of a cup. In an example, light emitters can be farther apart toward the apex of a cup and closer together toward the periphery of the cup.
[0131] In an example, light detectors which are closer to the apex of a cup can be farther apart than light detectors which are farther from the apex of a cup. In an example, light detectors which are closer to an oblique virtual plane spanning the upper outer quadrant and the lower inner quadrant can be farther apart than light detectors which are farther from this virtual plane. In an example, light detectors which are farther from the apex of a cup can be farther apart than light detectors which are closer to the apex of a cup. In an example, light detectors which are farther from the chest wall can be farther apart than light detectors which are closer to the chest wall. In an example, light detectors which are closer to the chest wall can be farther apart than light detectors which are farther from the chest wall. In an example, light detectors which are farther from an oblique virtual plane spanning the upper outer quadrant and the lower inner quadrant can be farther apart than light detectors which are closer to this virtual plane.
[0132] In an example, light detectors in an optical layer can be made from one or more materials selected from the group consisting of: Poly-Ethylene Terephthalate (PET), a perovskite, Poly-Imide (PI), polymer and non-fullerene acceptor composite/hybrid, Transition Metal Dichalcogenide (TMD), one-dimensional nanomaterial, organic material, organic-inorganic composite/hybrid material, and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles., Poly-Ethylene Naphthalate (PEN), zero-dimensional nanomaterial, colloidal quantum, Molybdenum Disulfide (MD), two-dimensional nanomaterial, a multi-conjugated organic semiconductor, and inorganic graphene.
[0133] In an example, a light detector can be made from silicon. In an example, a light detector can be made from semiconducting polymer. In an example, a light detector can be made from PEDOT:PSS. In an example, a light detector can be made from Germanium. In an example, a light detector can be made from carbon nanotubes. In an example, a light detector can be made from silver nanowires. In an example, a light detector can be flexible. In an example, a light detector can be made from polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). In an example, a light detector can be made with polyethylene naphthalate. In an example, a light detector can be a flexible organic photodetector (OPD). In an example, a light detector can comprise a bicontinuous interpenetrating network of donor and acceptor materials.
[0134] In an example, this device can detect and/or image abnormal tissue by analyzing light transmission. In an example, a first part of an optical layer on a first side of a virtual plane can comprise light emitters and a second part of the optical layer on a second (e.g. opposite) side of the virtual plane can comprise light detectors. In an example, light emitted from the light emitters on the first side of the virtual plane can be received by light detectors on the second side of the virtual plane. In an example, changes in light transmitted from the first part of the optical layer to the second part of the optical layer through breast tissue can be analyzed to detect and/or image abnormal tissue. In an example, changes in the intensity and/or spectrum of light caused by its transmission through breast tissue from light emitters in the first part of the optical layer to light detectors in the second part of the optical layer through breast tissue can be analyzed to detect and/or image abnormal tissue.
[0135] In an example, this device can detect and/or image abnormal tissue by analyzing light reflection. In an example, a first part of an optical layer on a first side of a virtual plane can comprise both light emitters and light detectors. In an example, a first part of an optical layer on a second (e.g. opposite) side of a virtual plane can comprise both light emitters and light detectors. In an example, light emitted from the light emitters on a first side of the virtual plane can be received by light detectors on the first side of the virtual plane. In an example, changes in light reflected from breast tissue can be analyzed to detect and/or image abnormal tissue. In an example, both light transmitted through breast tissue and light reflected from breast tissue can be analyzed to detect and/or image abnormal tissue.
[0136] In an example, an optical layer can comprise light emitters and light detectors which are attached to, or integrated into, a flexible polymer substrate. In an example, an optical layer can comprise light emitters and light detectors which are attached to, or integrated into, an elastomeric substrate. In an example, an optical layer can comprise light emitters and light detectors which are attached to, or integrated into, an elastomeric polymer layer. In an example, an optical layer can comprise light emitters, light detectors, and electroconductive pathways which are attached to, or integrated into, an elastomeric polymer layer. In an example, an optical layer can comprise light emitters, light detectors, and undulating microwires which are attached to, or integrated into, an elastomeric polymer layer. In an example, an optical layer can comprise light emitters, light detectors, and electroconductive pathways which are printed on elastomeric substrate.
[0137] In an example, there can be a first average distance between light emitters and light detectors when a device is in its first (unexpanded) configuration and a second average distance between light emitters and light detectors when the device is in its second (expanded) configuration, wherein the second average distance is less than the first average distance. In an example, there can be a first maximum distance between light emitters and light detectors when a device is in its first (unexpanded) configuration and a second maximum distance between light emitters and light detectors when the device is in its second (expanded) configuration, wherein the second average distance is less than the first average distance.
[0138] In an example, an optical layer can comprise a plurality of optical modules, wherein each module includes at least one light emitter and at least one light detector. In an example, an optical module can include one light emitter and a plurality of light detectors. In an example, an optical module can include one light emitter and a plurality of light detectors distributed around the light emitter. In an example, an optical module can include one light emitter and a plurality of light detectors which are evenly-distributed around the light emitter.
[0139] In an example, an optical module can include one light emitter and at least four light detectors which are evenly-distributed around the light emitter. In an example, an optical module can include one light detector and a plurality of light emitters. In an example, an optical module can include one light detector and a plurality of light emitters distributed around the light detector. In an example, an optical module can include one light detector and a plurality of light emitters which are evenly-distributed around the light detector. In an example, an optical module can include one light detector and at least four light emitters which are evenly-distributed around the light detector.
[0140] In an example, an optical layer can comprise a plurality of light emitters around the chest-wall perimeter of the optical layer and a plurality of light detectors around the concave interior of the optical layer. In an example, an optical layer can comprise a plurality of light detectors around the chest-wall perimeter of the optical layer and a plurality of light emitters around the concave interior of the optical layer.
[0141] In an example, the distances between light emitters and detectors in a device can be greater for portions of the optical layer which are farther from the center (and/or apex) of the device than for portions of the optical layer which are closer to the center (and/or apex) of the device. In an example, the distances between light emitters and detectors in a device can be less for portions of the optical layer which are farther from the center (and/or apex) of the device than for portions of the optical layer which are closer to the center (and/or apex) of the device.
[0142] In an example, the distances between light emitters and detectors in the portion of a device covering the upper outer quadrant of a breast can be greater than for the portion of the device covering the lower inner quadrant of the breast. In an example, the distances between light emitters and detectors in the portion of a device covering the upper outer quadrant of a breast can be less than for the portion of the device covering the lower inner quadrant of the breast. In an example, the distances between light emitters and detectors in the portion of a device covering the upper outer quadrant and Auxiliary Tail of Spence of a breast can be greater than for the portion of the device covering the lower inner quadrant of the breast.
[0143] In an example, an optical layer can span all of the interior concavity of a device. In an example, an optical layer can span between 50% and 75% of the interior concavity of the device. In an example, an optical layer can span between 60% and 85% of the interior concavity of the device. In an example, an optical layer can span the entire perimeter of the device. In an example, an optical layer can span between 50% and 75% of the perimeter of the device. In an example, an optical layer can span between 60% and 85% of the perimeter of the device.
[0144] In an example, light emitters in an optical layer can receive electrical power through undulating (e.g. undulating, wavy, zigzag, and/or sinusoidal) wires (e.g. microwires or nanowires). In an example, light emitters in an optical layer can receive electrical power through undulating wires which are embedded in an elastomeric polymer. In an example, light emitters in an optical layer can receive electrical power through electroconductive channels in an elastomeric polymer. In an example, light emitters in an optical layer can receive electrical power through carbon nanotubes in an elastomeric polymer (e.g. PDMS). In an example, light emitters in an optical layer can receive electrical power through channels comprising an elastomeric polymer which has been embedded, impregnated, and/or coated with electroconductive material.
[0145] In an example, an optical layer can further comprise a plurality of elastic electroconductive pathways which are configured in a honeycomb (e.g. hexagonal) grid or mesh. In an example, an optical layer can further comprise a plurality of elastic electroconductive pathways which are configured in an undulating (e.g. sinusoidal) pattern. In an example, an optical layer can further comprise a plurality of elastic electroconductive pathways which are configured in nested (e.g. concentric) rings. In an example, an optical layer can further comprise a plurality of elastic electroconductive pathways which are configured in a radial strips which extend outward from the apex of a cup.
[0146] In an example, an optical layer can further comprise flexible electroconductive pathways which are in electrical communication with light emitters and light detectors. In an example, an optical layer can further comprise undulating (e.g. sinusoidal or zigzag) electroconductive pathways which are in electrical communication with light emitters and light detectors. In an example, light emitters can receive power from undulating (e.g. sinusoidal) electroconductive pathways in an optical layer. In an example, light emitters can receive power from undulating (e.g. sinusoidal) wires in an optical layer.
[0147] In an example, a device can further comprise optical shielding and/or barriers between light emitters and light detectors on the same side of a virtual plane to reduce the direct transmission of light from light emitters to light detectors without having been reflected by, or transmitted through, breast tissue. In an example, a device can further comprise opaque shielding and/or barriers between light emitters and light detectors on the same side of a virtual plane to reduce the direct transmission of light from light emitters to light detectors without having been reflected by, or transmitted through, breast tissue. In an example, opaque optical shielding between light emitters and detectors can be made from opaque elastomeric polymer material. In an example, opaque optical shielding between light emitters and detectors can be made from opaque conformable polymer material.
[0148] In an example, an optical layer can further comprise a plurality of elastic electroconductive pathways which are configured in a hub-and-spoke pattern. In an example, an optical layer can further comprise a plurality of elastic electroconductive pathways which are configured in a star burst pattern. In an example, an optical layer can further comprise a plurality of elastic electroconductive pathways which are configured in a spiral pattern.
[0149] In an example, electroconductive pathways which provide power to light emitters and detectors can be embroidered onto fabric. In an example, electromagnetic energy can be transmitted to light emitters through an undulating wire, conductive thread, or conductive yarn. In an example, flexible electroconductive pathways on an optical layer can be made from an elastomeric polymer (such as PDMS) which has been impregnated with carbon nanotubes. In an example, an optical layer can further comprise undulating (e.g. sinusoidal or zigzag) wires which are in electrical communication with light emitters and light detectors. In an example, flexible electroconductive pathways on an optical layer can be made from an elastomeric polymer (such as PDMS) which has been impregnated with conductive metal particles.
[0150] In an example, an optical layer can further comprise a plurality of elastic electroconductive pathways which are configured in a helical or half-helical pattern. In an example, an optical layer can further comprise a plurality of elastic electroconductive pathways which are configured in a row-and-column pattern. In an example, an optical layer can further comprise a plurality of elastic electroconductive pathways which are configured in an orthogonal matrix (e.g. quadrilateral grid or mesh).
[0151] In an example, electroconductive pathways in this device can be made with a combination of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) and carbon nanotubes. In an example, electroconductive pathways in this device can be made with a flexible and/or elastomeric material. In an example, electroconductive pathways in this device can be made with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) which has been doped, impregnated, and/or coated with electroconductive material. In an example, electroconductive pathways in this device can be made with a silicone-based polymer which has been doped, impregnated, and/or coated with electroconductive material. In an example, electroconductive pathways in this device can be made with polyethylene terephthalate (PET). In an example, electroconductive pathways in this device can be made with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS).
[0152] In an example, an expandable layer can comprise a plurality of expandable components and/or sections. In an example, an expandable layer can comprise a plurality of inflatable (e.g. inflatable and/or pneumatic) chambers and/or sections. In an example, an expandable layer can comprise a plurality of chambers which are expanded by being filled with a gas (e.g. air). In an example, an expandable layer can comprise a plurality of inflatable chambers which are can be individually and selectively inflated y different degrees, by different amounts, to different sizes, and/or to different internal air pressures. In an example, an expandable layer can comprise a plurality of inflatable chambers which can be individually and selectively inflated so that they are inflated by different degrees, by different amounts, to different sizes, and/or to different internal pressures, thereby exerting different levels of pressure on different portions of the breast.
[0153] In an example, an expandable layer can comprise a plurality of inflatable chambers which can be individually and selectively inflated so that they are inflated by different degrees, by different amounts, to different sizes, and/or to different internal pressures, thereby compressing different portions of the breast by different extents. In an example, an expandable layer can comprise a plurality of inflatable chambers which can be individually and selectively inflated so that they compress wider portions of the breast to a greater degree than narrower portions of the breast, enabling better (e.g. more uniform) transmission of light through the breast.
[0154] In an example, an expandable layer can comprise a plurality of hydraulic chambers and/or sections. In an example, an expandable layer can comprise a plurality of hydraulic chambers which are expanded by being filled with a liquid. In an example, an expandable layer can comprise a plurality of hydraulic chambers which are can be individually and selectively expanded by different degrees, by different amounts, to different sizes, and/or to different internal air pressures. In an example, an expandable layer can comprise a plurality of hydraulic chambers which can be individually and selectively expanded so that they are expanded by different degrees, by different amounts, to different sizes, and/or to different internal pressures, thereby exerting different levels of pressure on different portions of the breast.
[0155] In an example, an expandable layer can comprise a plurality of hydraulic chambers which can be individually and selectively expanded so that they are expanded by different degrees, by different amounts, to different sizes, and/or to different internal pressures, thereby compressing different portions of the breast by different extents. In an example, an expandable layer can comprise a plurality of hydraulic chambers which can be individually and selectively expanded so that they compress wider portions of the breast to a greater degree than narrower portions of the breast, enabling better (e.g. more uniform) transmission of light through the breast.
[0156] In an example, an expandable component can be expanded by inflation with a gas (e.g. air). In an example, an expandable component can be an inflatable chamber with a flexible surface which is impermeable to air. In an example, an expandable component can be expanded by a pneumatic mechanism. In an example, an expandable component can be an air-tight compartment or pocket. In an example, an expandable component can be a balloon or inflatable bladder. In an example, an expandable component can be expanded by being filled with a liquid (e.g. saline solution). In an example, an expandable component can be expanded by liquid pressure. In an example, an expandable component can be a liquid-filled chamber or bladder with a flexible surface which is impermeable to liquid. In an example, an expandable component can be expanded by a hydraulic mechanism.
[0157] In an example, an expandable component can be expanded by filling it with a gas (such as air), a liquid (such as water), or a gel. In an example, the device can further comprise an air pump or liquid pump which is integrated into a bra. In another example, a pump can be separate from a wearable device, but connected to the device in order to expand the expandable components (e.g. via one or more tubes). In an example, a device can further comprise a data processor which controls the operation of an air pump or liquid pump. In an example, an expandable component can be expanded by a pneumatic mechanism. In an example, an expandable component can be expanded by pumping water into it. In an example, an expandable component can be expanded by a hydraulic mechanism.
[0158] In an example, a device can further comprise a liquid pump on the back strap of the bra, wherein the liquid pump is manually operated to pump liquid into one or more expandable components to compress a breast and improve the fit of the device to the contour of the breast. In an example, a device can include an air pump on the back strap of the bra, wherein the air pump is manually operated to pump air into one or more expandable components to compress a breast and improve the fit of the device to the contour of the breast. In an example, a pump can be manually operated by a person who presses the pump with their hand. In an example, a pump can be automatically operated by an impellor which is rotated by an electromagnetic motor.
[0159] In an example, this device can further comprise of tubes or channels which conduct a flowable substance (e.g. a gas or liquid) into a plurality of expandable components. In an example, there can be a separate air tube or channel for each expandable component. In an example, each expandable component can be in fluid communication with a pump through a separate fluid tube or channel between the pump and the expandable component. In an example, a smart bra can have ports and/or valves which connect internal air tubes through the body of the bra to external air tubes from a separate air pump. In an example, air tubes from the air pump can be connected to the bra via the ports and/or valves for expanding components within the cups of the bra. Alternatively, the back strap of the bra can include a built-in air pump which pumps air into expanding components when pressed repeatedly.
[0160] In an example, expandable components and/or sections which are closer to the center of an expandable layer can be expanded to a greater extent than components and/or sections which are farther from the center of the expandable layer. In an example, expandable components and/or sections which are closer to the center of the device can be expanded to a greater extent than components and/or sections which are farther from the center of the device. This can compress wider portions of the breast more than narrower portions of the breast, thereby reducing variation in the transmission distances of light traveling through breast tissue from light emitters to light detectors. In an example, a breast can be compressed into a flatter configuration (for better analysis by transmitted light) by individual and selectively expanding central expandable components and/or sections more than non-central expandable components and/or sections.
[0161] In an example, expansion of expandable components can compress a breast which is between them. This can enable more accurate optical scanning of breast tissue because light rays travel a shorter distance through tissue, with less scattering. In an example, a portion of a breast between two expandable components can have a first width when a device is in a first (unexpanded) configuration and a second width when the device is in a second (expanded) configuration, wherein the second width is less than the first width. In an example, a portion of the breast between the expandable components can be flatter in the second configuration than in the first configuration of the device.
[0162] In an example, expandable components (e.g. inflatable chambers) can be manually expanded by air pumped from a manually-activated air pump. This provides the person wearing the device with direct control over the pressure exerted by the expandable layer on the breast, which can be useful for avoiding undue (potentially painful) breast compression. In another example, expandable components can be automatically expanded, such as by an automatically-activated air pump. In an example, is expansion is automatic, then the device can further comprise one or more pressure sensors which monitor compression pressure on the breast and regulate pressure levels to avoid undue (potentially painful) breast compression.
[0163] In an example, this device can further comprise a compression-monitoring mechanism to monitor the amount of breast compression from expansion of the expandable level to ensure sufficient compression to get good analysis of breast tissue from transmission of light through the breast, but not so much compression than it causes pain, circulation problems, or other adverse effects. In an example, a compression-monitoring mechanism can be an optical mechanism. In an example, a compression-monitoring mechanism can comprise monitoring of the amount of light which is transmitted through the breast, especially the widest portion of the breast. Alternatively, a compression-monitoring mechanism can comprise one or more pressure sensors and/or strain sensor.
[0164] In an example, a device can identify the optimal compression profile for a specific breast (e.g. customized for the right or left breast of a specific person), wherein this compression profile includes expansion parameters for expandable components in the device. In an example, optimal inflation parameters for expandable components can be identified for a specific breast based on optical transmission results and/or pressure results. In an example, a device can be custom-fitted to a specific breast. In an example, a device can be custom-fitted by recording the optimal expansion parameters (e.g. found by trial and error) for expandable components in the device when the device is first fitted to a breast and then replicating those optimal expansion parameters when the device is again worn on the same breast. Custom-fitting the device to a specific breast can enhance the quality of optical sensing, achieve results more quickly, and avoid compression-related pain.
[0165] In an example, the amount of light passing through breast tissue between light emitters and light detectors can be monitored during expansion of the expandable components. In an example, expandable components can be expanded until the breast is sufficiently compressed that light received by light detectors reaches a target level of light transmission intensity or resolution. In an example, expandable components can be expanded until either a target level of light transmission is achieved or the person wearing the device indicates discomfort. In an example, expandable components can be expanded until a minimum target level and/or percentage of light emitted from light emitters is received by light detectors after passing through breast tissue. In an example, the expandable components are expanded until the amount of light scattering is reduced to a target level and/or percentage or the person wearing the device indicates discomfort.
[0166] In an example, this device can further comprise pressure sensors. In an example, these pressure sensors can measure the amount of pressure applied by the device to breast tissue to help avoid undue breast compression and discomfort. In an example, expansion of expandable components can be adjusted to try to achieve breast compression without undue pressure. In an example, expansion of one or more expandable components can be adjusted and/or controlled to achieve a desired width of the breast without undue pressure. In an example, expansion can be automatically stopped if a maximum target pressure is reached.
[0167] In an example, expansion of individual expandable components in an expandable layer can be individually and selectively controlled. In an example, expandable components in the expandable layer can be expanded to different extents, to different sizes, and/or to different internal pressure levels. In an example, expandable components which are closer to the center of the device can be expanded more than expandable components which are farther from the center of the device. In an example, expandable components in the expandable layer may be expanded to different extents so as to provide uniform pressure across the surface of a breast. In an example, expandable components in the expandable layer may be expanded to different extents so as to custom fit the device to breasts of different sizes and shapes.
[0168] In an example, one side of an expandable component can be more elastic (e.g. more elastic, more flexible, and/or less rigid) than other sides of the expandable component. In an example, having one side be more elastic can help to direct expansion of the expandable component toward the surface of a breast. In an example, a side of an expandable component which faces toward a breast can be more elastic than a side of the component which faces away from the breast. In an example, the side of an expandable component which faces toward an oblique virtual plane (spanning the upper out and lower inner quadrants) can be more elastic than the side of the component which faces away from that plane.
[0169] In an example, expansion of first and second expandable components in a device can be selectively and individually controlled. In an example, differential expansion of different components can help to compress a portion of a breast into a shape with more uniform width (e.g. flatter) for better scanning. In an example, a first expandable component can be expanded by a greater percentage than a second expandable component. In an example, a first expandable component can be expanded to a different size than a second expandable component.
[0170] In an example, the side and/or surface of an expandable component which faces toward the center of the breast can be more elastic than the side of the component which faces away from the center of the breast. In an example, the side and/or surface of an expandable component which faces away from the perimeter of a cup can be more elastic than the side of the component which faces toward the perimeter of the cup. In an example, the side and/or surface of an expandable component which faces away from the perimeter of a cup can have a lower Young's modulus than the side of the component which faces toward the perimeter of the cup. In an example, the side and/or surface of an expandable component which faces toward the center of the breast can have a lower Young's modulus than the side of the component which faces away from the center of the breast.
[0171] In an example, one side of an expandable component can be thinner than other sides of the expandable component. In an example, having one side be thinner can help to direct expansion of the expandable component toward the surface of a breast. In an example, a side of an expandable component which faces toward a breast can be thinner than a side of the component which faces away from the breast. In an example, the side of an expandable component which faces toward an oblique virtual plane (spanning the upper out and lower inner quadrants) can be thinner than the side of the component which faces away from that plane.
[0172] In an example, expansion of individual expandable components in an expandable layer can be individually and selectively controlled. In an example, expandable components in the expandable layer can be expanded at different times and/or in a sequential manner. In an example, expansion of expandable components in a sequential manner can create peristaltic motion which causes a wave of compression of breast tissue. In an example, a compressive wave can achieve more-uniform post-compression tissue width and/or help to avoid pain during breast compression. In an example, expandable components which are closer to the center of the device can be expanded before expandable components which are farther from the center of the device. In an example, the sequence of expansion of expandable components can be adjusted and/or programmed to achieve different post-compression tissue width outcomes.
[0173] In an example, different expandable components can be expanded at different times. In an example, the timing of expansion of two or more expandable components can be individually and selectively controlled. In an example, expandable components which are closer to the center of a device can be expanded before expandable components which are farther from the center of the device. In an example, expandable components which are closer to wider portions of a breast can be expanded before expandable components which are farther from wider portions of the breast.
[0174] In an example, expandable components can have keystone and/or trapezoidal shapes when they are expanded. In an example, expandable components can expand predominately along (radial) vectors toward the virtual plane. In an example, one part of an expandable layer which is on one side of the virtual plane can have a plurality of expandable components. In an example, one part of an expandable layer which is on one side of the virtual plane can have at least one expandable component in each quadrant spanned by the part.
[0175] In an example, a first part of an expandable layer which is on a first side of an oblique virtual plane can have at least one expandable component in each of: a portion of the expandable layer over the upper outer quadrant of a breast; a portion of the expandable layer over the lower outer quadrant of the breast; and a portion of the expandable layer over the lower inner quadrant of the breast. In an example, a second part of the expandable layer which is on a second (opposite) side of an oblique virtual plane can have at least one expandable component in each of: a portion of the expandable layer over the upper outer quadrant of a breast; a portion of the expandable layer over the upper inner quadrant of the breast; and a portion of the expandable layer over the lower inner quadrant of the breast.
[0176] In an example, a first part of an expandable layer which is on a first side of an oblique virtual plane can comprise: at least one expandable component on a portion of the expandable layer over the upper outer quadrant of a breast; at least two expandable components on a portion of the expandable layer over the lower outer quadrant of the breast; and at least one expandable component on the portion of the expandable layer over the lower inner quadrant of the breast. In an example, a second part of the expandable layer which is on a second (e.g. opposite) side of an oblique virtual plane can comprise: at least one expandable component on a portion of the expandable layer over the upper outer quadrant of a breast; at least two expandable components on a portion of the expandable layer over the upper inner quadrant of the breast; and at least one expandable component on the portion of the expandable layer over the lower inner quadrant of the breast.
[0177] In an example, a first part of an expandable layer which is on a first side of an oblique virtual plane can have more expandable components over the lower outer quadrant of the breast than over the lower inner quadrant of the breast. In an example, a second part of the expandable layer which is on a second (opposite) side of the oblique virtual plane can have more expandable components over the upper inner quadrant of the breast than over the lower inner quadrant of the breast.
[0178] In an example, an expandable component can have an arcuate shape. In an example, an expandable component can have a conic-section shape. In an example, an expandable component can be shaped like a section of a circle, ring, or torus. In an example, an expandable component can be shaped like a half of a circle, ring, or torus. In an example, an expandable component can be shaped like a quarter of a circle, ring, or torus. In an example, an expandable component can have a crescent or banana shape. In an example, an expandable component can have a keystone or trapezoidal shape. In an example, an expandable component can have a toroidal or doughnut shape.
[0179] In an example, an expandable component can have a pleated and/or folded shape like an accordion or bellows. In an example, an expandable component can have a disk shape in a first configuration and an ellipsoidal shape in an expanded second configuration. In an example, an expandable component can have a disk shape in a first configuration and a cylindrical shape in an expanded second configuration. In an example, an expandable component can have a shape which is selected from the group consisting of: pancake, disk, ellipsoidal, oblong, oval, toroidal, hemispherical, and spherical.
[0180] In an example, there can be different numbers, sizes, shapes, and/or elasticities of expandable components in different quadrants of a device. In an example, expandable components in portions of a device which cover the lower outer and upper inner quadrants of the breast can be larger than expandable components in other portions of the device. In an example, expandable components in portions of a device which cover the lower outer and upper inner quadrants of the breast can have different shapes than expandable components in other portions of the device. In an example, expandable components in portions of a device which cover the lower outer and upper inner quadrants of the breast can be less triangular and/or more trapezoidal than expandable components in other portions of the device. In an example, expandable components in portions of a device which cover the lower outer and upper inner quadrants of the breast can be more elastic and/or stretchable than expandable components in other portions of the device.
[0181] In an example, an expandable layer can be substantially symmetric with respect to reflection across a virtual plane. In an example, a first part of an expandable layer on a first side of a virtual plane can have the same number of expandable components as a second part of the expandable layer on a second (e.g. opposite) side of the virtual plane. In an example, expandable components in a first part of an expandable layer on a first side of a virtual plane can have substantially the same sizes and/or shapes as expandable components in a second part of the expandable layer on a second (e.g. opposite) side of the virtual plane.
[0182] In an example, an expandable layer can be asymmetric with respect to reflection across a virtual plane. In an example, a first part of an expandable layer on a first side of a virtual plane can have more expandable components than a second part of the expandable layer on a second (e.g. opposite) side of the virtual plane. In an example, expandable components in a first part of an expandable layer on a first side of a virtual plane can have different sizes and/or shapes than expandable components in a second part of the expandable layer on a second (e.g. opposite) side of the virtual plane.
[0183] In an example, a first expandable component can be in a first (e.g. lower-left) half of a device which is on a first side of an oblique virtual plane which intersects the device and a second expandable component can be in a second (e.g. upper-right) half of a device which is on a second side of the plane. In an example, first and second expandable components can be located to the lower left and to the upper right, respectively, of a 45-degree diagonal anterior-to-posterior virtual plane which intersects the device.
[0184] In an example, a first expandable component can be in a first (e.g. right) half of a device which is on a first side of a vertical virtual plane which intersects the device and a second expandable component can be in a second (e.g. left) half of a device which is on a second side of the plane. In an example, first and second expandable components can be located to the left and to the right, respectively, of a vertical anterior-to-posterior virtual plane which intersects the device. In an example, a first expandable component can be in a first (e.g. upper) half of a device which is on a first side of a horizontal virtual plane which intersects the device and a second expandable component can be in a second (e.g. lower) half of a device which is on a second side of the plane. In an example, first and second expandable components can be located below and above, respectively, a horizontal anterior-to-posterior virtual plane which intersects the device.
[0185] In an example, a first expandable component can be in a first half of a device which is on a first side of a virtual plane which intersects the device and no closer than ¼ inch from the plane. In an example, a first expandable component can be in a first half of a device which is on a first side of a virtual plane which intersects the device and no closer than ½ inch from the plane. In an example, a first expandable component can be in a first half of a device which is on a first side of a virtual plane which intersects the device and no closer than 1 inch from the plane. In an example, a second expandable component can be in a second half of a device which is on a second side of the plane and no closer than ¼ inch from the plane. In an example, a second expandable component can be in a second half of a device which is on a second side of the plane and no closer than ½ inch from the plane. In an example, a second expandable component can be in a second half of a device which is on a second side of the plane and no closer than 1 inch from the plane.
[0186] In an example a device can comprise a first expandable component on (or in) the right side of the concave interior of a cup and a second expandable component on (or in) the left side of the concave interior of the cup. In an example, a device can comprise a first expandable component on (or in) the upper half of the interior of a cup and a second expandable component on (or in) the lower half of the interior of the cup. In an example, a device can comprise a first expandable component on (or in) the upper right quadrant (from a frontal corona view) of a cup for a right-side breast and a second expandable component on (or in) the lower left quadrant (from a frontal corona view) of the interior of the cup. In an example, a device can comprise a first expandable component on (or in) the upper left quadrant (from a frontal corona view) of a cup for a left-side breast and a second expandable component on (or in) the lower right quadrant (from a frontal corona view) of the interior of the cup.
[0187] In an example, an expandable layer can span all of the interior concavity of the device. In an example, an expandable layer can span between 50% and 75% of the interior concavity of the device. In an example, an expandable layer can span between 60% and 85% of the interior concavity of the device. In an example, an expandable layer can span the entire perimeter of the device. In an example, an expandable layer can span between 50% and 75% of the perimeter of the device. In an example, an expandable layer can span between 60% and 85% of the perimeter of the device.
[0188] In an example, a structural layer can be less flexible, less elastic, and/or more rigid than other layers of the device. In an example, a structural layer can restrict outward expansion of expandable components in the expandable layer so that expansion of these components is directly primarily inward toward the breast. In an example, a structural layer can restrict outward expansion of expandable components in the expandable layer so that expansion of these components is directly primarily inward to compress the breast. In an example, the structural layer can be the exterior layer of the device, facing away from the breast. In an example, the structural layer can be the exterior layer of the device, facing away from concave interior of the breast.
[0189] In an example, the flexibility, elasticity, and/or rigidity of the structural layer can be non-uniform. In an example, the base of the structural layer which is closest to the chest wall can be less flexible, less elastic, and/or more rigid than the rest of the structural layer. In an example, the center of the structural layer can be more flexible, more elastic, and/or less rigid than the perimeter of the structural layer. In an example, areas of the structural layer which are closer to the virtual plane separating other layers can be more flexible, more elastic, and/or less rigid than other areas of the structural layer in order to allow the breast to expand along one axis (e.g. dorsal to ventral) when it is compressed along another axis (e.g. oblique).
[0190] In an example, there can be variation in the elasticity (e.g. Young's modulus), stretchability, and/or rigidity of different portions of an (outer) structural layer of this device. In an example, a structural layer can further comprise relatively inelastic components (e.g. wires or plastic strips) which are embedded in some portions of the layer. In an example, having some portions of a structural layer provide more resistance to outward expansion than other portions can help to direct expansion of components in an expandable layer inward toward a breast so as to selectively compress the breast into a flatter configuration for better optical scanning.
[0191] In an example, a central portion of a device can be more elastic (e.g. lower Young's modulus) and/or less rigid than other portions of the device. In an example, a portion of a device which is closer to the apex of a cup can be more elastic and/or less rigid than other portions of the device. In an example, portions of a device which are closer to an oblique virtual plane which spans between the upper outer quadrant and the lower inner quadrant of the breast can be more elastic (e.g. lower Young's modulus) and/or more rigid than other portions of the device.
[0192] In an example, perimeter portions of a device can be more elastic and/or less rigid than other portions of the device. In an example, a central portion of a device can be less elastic (e.g. higher Young's modulus) and/or more rigid than other portions of the device. In an example, a portion of a device which is closer to the apex of a cup can be less elastic and/or more rigid than other portions of the device.
[0193] In an example, portions of a device which are closer to an oblique virtual plane which spans between the upper outer quadrant and the lower inner quadrant of the breast can be less elastic (e.g. higher Young's modulus) and/or more rigid than other portions of the device. In an example, perimeter portions of a device can be less elastic and/or more rigid than other portions of the device. In an example, perimeter portions of a cup can be less elastic and/or more rigid. In an example, the perimeter of device which is closest to the chest wall can be less elastic (e.g. higher Young's modulus) and/or more rigid than other portions of the cup.
[0194] In an example, a structural layer can have a concave shape. In an example, a structural layer can have a substantially planar shape before being worn on a breast and change into a convex shape as it is worn on a breast. In an example, a cross-section of a structural layer can have a teardrop cross-sectional shape. In an example, the apex of this teardrop shape can encompass the Auxiliary Tail of Spence. In an example, a cross-section of a structural layer can have a shape whose two-dimensional parametric equation is X=cos(T) and Y=[sin(T)][sin M(T/2)].
[0195] In an example, portions of a structural layer which cover the upper inner, lower inner, and lower outer quadrants of the breast can have quarter-circle (e.g. quarter pie slice) cross-sectional perimeters. In an example, the portion of the device which covers the upper outer quadrant and the Auxiliary Tail of Spence can have a quadrilateral cross-sectional perimeter. In another example, a cross-section of a structural layer can have an elliptical or oval shape. In an example, a cross-section of a structural layer can have a paisley shape.
[0196] In an example, an (outer) structural layer of a device can be concave when the device is in an expanded configuration. In an example, an (outer) structural layer of a device can have a shape which is selected from the group consisting of: hemisphere, half of an oblate spheroid, half of an ellipsoid, half of a 3D teardrop shape, and conic section. In an example, the perimeter of the portion of the device which is closest to the chest wall can have a teardrop shape, wherein the vertex of the teardrop is aligned with the Auxiliary Tail of Spence.
[0197] In an example, one or more layers of this device can be rotated. In an example, one or more layers of this device can be rotated to change the orientation of the virtual plane and to compress the breast from different angles. In an example, one or more layers of this device can be rotated to optically analyze the breast from different angles and/or provide more in-depth analysis of different breast quadrants. In an example, this device can further comprise an inclinometer in order to register (e.g. align) the device relative to a vertical plane. In an example, a device can be rotated and/or shifted to align the device with anatomical locations and/or features of a breast in order to register and/or align optical scans taken at different times (e.g. when the person wears the device at different times).
[0198] In an example, this device can further comprise one or more marks, indicators, openings, or sensors which help to register (e.g. identify) the location of the device relative to a selected location, anatomical feature, or orientation of a breast. In an example, this device can further comprise one or more marks, indicators, or sensors which help a person to place the device on the same location on a breast and/or in the same orientation at different times during repeated uses (e.g. when the device is worn at different times). In an example, a device can have one or more marks which align with specific locations on a bra, thereby achieving a desired location and/or orientation relative to a breast. In an example, a device can further comprise an inclinometer which enables positioning the device in the same orientation relative to a vertical plane in repeated uses (e.g. wearing the device at different times).
[0199] In an example, one or more portions of the device can be rotated relative to other portions of the device in order to adjust the portions of the breast which are compressed and/or optically scanned. In an example, an optical layer of the device can be rotated relative to the structural layer of the device in order to adjust the portions of the breast which are compressed and/or optically scanned. In an example, an expandable layer of the device can be rotated relative to the structural layer of the device in order to adjust the portions of the breast which are compressed and/or optically scanned. In an example, one or more portions of the device can be rotated relative to other portions of the device in order to change the quadrants of the breast which are most compressed and/or optically scanned. In an example, an optical layer of the device can be rotated relative to the structural layer of the device in order to change the quadrants of the breast which are most compressed and/or optically scanned.
[0200] In an example, a device which is inserted between a bra cup and a breast can be rotated and/or flipped between being used on a right breast and being used on a left breast. Such rotation and/or flipping can enable the device to be designed with to provide more accurate scanning of the upper outer quadrant and/or Auxiliary Tail of Spence because this area has a higher probability of developing malignant tissue. In an example, the entire device can be rotated and/or flipped from right breast use to left breast use. Alternatively, only a portion of the device may be rotated and/or flipped. In an example, only one or more internal layers (e.g. the optical layer and the air-gap-reducing layer) may be rotated and/or flipped.
[0201] In an example, a perimeter of the portion of the device which contacts the chest wall can have a tear-drop shape, wherein the apex and/or vertex of this perimeter is aligned with the Auxiliary Tail of Spence. In an example, the perimeter of the portion of the device which contacts the chest wall can have a tear-drop shape, wherein the device is rotated between right breast and left breast applications so that the apex and/or vertex of this perimeter is aligned with the Auxiliary Tail of Spence in both applications. In an example, the device can have marks or openings which are aligned anatomical features on a person's body to register the location of the device and ensure placement alignment during repeated uses at different times. This can be useful for tracking possible changes in specific locations of breast tissue over time.
[0202] In an example, a device can be rotated for use in different orientations on the same breast. In an example, a device can be rotated so that light emitters and light detectors are on either side of an oblique virtual plane which spans between the upper outer quadrant of the breast and the lower inner quadrant of the breast. In an example, a device can then be rotated for scanning from a different angle so that the same light emitters and light detectors are on either side of a vertical plane, with the upper and lower outer quadrants on one side of the plane and the upper and lower inner quadrants on the other side of the plane. In an example, a device can then be rotated for scanning from a different angle so that the same light emitters and light detectors are on either side of a horizontal plane, with the outer and inner upper quadrants on one side of the plane and the outer and lower quadrants on the other side of the plane.
[0203] In an example a virtual plane can be oriented to span between the upper outer quadrant (and the Auxiliary Tail of Space) to the lower inner quadrant so that light emitters can be as close as possible to the chest wall near the upper outer quadrant when the breast is compressed. This is desirable for optical identification of abnormal breast tissue because breast cancer is most prevalent in this quadrant. In an example, an oblique virtual plane can bisect the upper outer quadrant and bisect the lower inner quadrant. In an example, an oblique virtual plane can diagonally bisect the upper outer quadrant and diagonally bisect the lower inner quadrant.
[0204] In an alternative example, a wearable device for optical scanning of breast tissue can comprise only three layers: an optical layer, an expandable layer, and a structural layer. In an alternative example, a wearable device for optical scanning of breast tissue can comprise only three layers: an air-gap-reducing layer, an optical layer, and a structural layer. In an example, a first portion of a device can comprise all four layers (e.g. air-gap-reducing layer, optical layer, expandable layer, and structural layer) and a second portion of a device can comprise only three of these layers.
[0205] In an example, a device can comprise only three layers: an inner air-gap-reducing layer (closest to the surface of the breast), an optical layer, and an outer structural layer (farthest from the surface of the breast). In an example, the optical layer can comprise light emitters and light detectors. In an example, the inner air-gap-reducing layer can be sufficiently conformable, flexible, and thick that it can greatly reduce (or even eliminate) air gaps between the optical layer and the surface of the breast, even for breasts with different sizes and shapes. In an example, the inner air-gap-reducing layer can comprise a conformable gel which is either transparent or has optical qualities which are similar to those of normal breast tissue.
[0206] In an example, a device can comprise only three layers: an inner optical layer (closest to the surface of the breast), and middle expandable layer, and an outer structural layer (farthest from the surface of the breast). In an example, the inner optical layer can comprise light emitters and light detectors which are in direct contact with the surface of a breast. In an example, the expandable layer can be sufficiently controllable and flexible that it can greatly reduce (or even eliminate) air gaps between the optical layer and the surface of the breast, even for breasts with different sizes and shapes. In an example, the expandable layer can have a sufficiently large number of individually-controllable expandable components that is can cause the optical layer to conform to the shape of a particular breast with a specific size and shape, thereby reducing (or even eliminating) air gaps between the optical layer and the surface of the breast.
[0207] In an example, light which has been transmitted through and/or reflected from breast tissue can be analyzed to detect and/or image levels, concentrations, and/or locations of deoxyhemoglobin in breast tissue. In an example, light which has been transmitted through and/or reflected from breast tissue can be analyzed to detect and/or image the locations, sizes, and/or configurations of extracellular matrix structures in breast tissue. In an example, light which has been transmitted through and/or reflected from breast tissue can be analyzed to detect and/or image levels, concentrations, and/or locations of oxygenated hemoglobin in breast tissue.
[0208] In an example, light which has been transmitted through and/or reflected from breast tissue can be analyzed to detect and/or image the locations, sizes, and/or configurations of vasculature sprouting in breast tissue. In an example, light which has been transmitted through and/or reflected from breast tissue can be analyzed to detect and/or image levels, concentrations, and/or locations of water in breast tissue. In an example, light which has been transmitted through and/or reflected from breast tissue can be analyzed to detect and/or image levels, concentrations, and/or locations of collagen in breast tissue.
[0209] In an example, light which has been transmitted through and/or reflected from breast tissue can be analyzed to detect and/or image levels, concentrations, and/or locations of hemoglobin in breast tissue. In an example, light which has been transmitted through and/or reflected from breast tissue can be analyzed to detect and/or image levels, concentrations, and/or locations of lipids in breast tissue. In an example, light which has been transmitted through and/or reflected from breast tissue can be analyzed to detect and/or image levels, concentrations, and/or locations of oxygen in breast tissue. In an example, light which has been transmitted through and/or reflected from breast tissue can be analyzed to detect and/or image the locations and configurations of lymphatics in breast tissue.
[0210] In an example, light which has been transmitted through and/or reflected from breast tissue and received by light detectors can be analyzed to detect and/or image abnormal breast tissue using one or more methods selected from the group consisting of: Time Reversal Optical Tomography (TROT), changes in the frequency spectrum of light transmitted through a breast, Diffuse Optical Imaging (DOI), Diffuse Optical Tomography (DOT), spectroscopic analysis, analysis of absorption and/or scattering of light transmitted through a breast, Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS), functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS), changes in the intensity or amplitude of light transmitted through a breast, changes in the phase of light transmitted through a breast, Diffuse Correlation Spectroscopy (DCS), Carlavian Curve Analysis (CCA), machine learning, neural network analysis, broadband spectroscopy, and/or changes in the spectral distribution of light transmitted through a breast.
[0211] In an example, this device can use Diffuse Optical Imaging (DOI) to analyze the molecular composition of breast tissue, detect abnormal breast tissue, evaluate the size and shape of abnormal breast tissue, identify selected biometric parameters in breast tissue, identify the location of abnormal breast tissue, and/or image breast tissue. In an example, this device can use Diffuse Optical Tomography (DOT) to analyze the molecular composition of breast tissue, detect abnormal breast tissue, evaluate the size and shape of abnormal breast tissue, identify selected biometric parameters in breast tissue, identify the location of abnormal breast tissue, and/or image breast tissue. In an example, this device can use time of flight DOT to analyze the molecular composition of breast tissue, detect abnormal breast tissue, evaluate the size and shape of abnormal breast tissue, identify selected biometric parameters in breast tissue, identify the location of abnormal breast tissue, and/or image breast tissue.
[0212] In an example, this device can use Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) to analyze the molecular composition of breast tissue, detect abnormal breast tissue, evaluate the size and shape of abnormal breast tissue, identify selected biometric parameters in breast tissue, identify the location of abnormal breast tissue, and/or image breast tissue. In an example, this device can use Raman scattering to analyze the molecular composition of breast tissue, detect abnormal breast tissue, evaluate the size and shape of abnormal breast tissue, identify selected biometric parameters in breast tissue, identify the location of abnormal breast tissue, and/or image breast tissue. In an example, the results from optically-scanning right and left breasts can be compared and/or contrasted to each other to help detect abnormal breast tissue.
[0213] In an example, this device can be used for one or more optical scanning methods selected from the group consisting of: Diffuse Optical Imaging (DOI), Diffuse Optical Spectroscopic Imaging (DOSI), Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy (DOS), Diffuse Optical Tomography (DOT), Frequency-Domain Photon Migration (FDPM), Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS), Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS), Raman spectroscopy, Reflectance Diffuse Optical Tomography (RDOT), Transillumination Imaging (TI), and/or Transmittance Diffuse Optical Tomography (TDOT). In an example, this device can be used for continuous wave (CW) optical analysis. In an example, this device can be used frequency domain (FD) optical analysis. In an example, this device can be used for time domain (TD) optical analysis.
[0214] In an example, changes in the direction of light caused by its transmission through breast tissue can be analyzed to create an image of the breast tissue. In an example, changes in the direction of light caused by its transmission through breast tissue can be analyzed to identify the levels, concentrations, and/or locations of specific biological substances (e.g. markers associated with abnormal tissue) in the breast tissue. In an example, changes in the intensity of light caused by its transmission through breast tissue can be analyzed to create an image of the breast tissue. In an example, changes in the intensity of light caused by its transmission through breast tissue can be analyzed to identify the levels, concentrations, and/or locations of specific biological substances (e.g. markers associated with abnormal tissue) in the breast tissue.
[0215] In an example, changes in the spectrum of light caused by its transmission through breast tissue can be analyzed to create an image of the breast tissue. In an example, changes in the spectrum of light caused by its transmission through breast tissue can be analyzed to identify the levels, concentrations, and/or locations of specific biological substances (e.g. markers associated with abnormal tissue) in the breast tissue. In an example, spectroscopic analysis of light which has been transmitted through breast tissue can be done to identify the levels, concentrations, and/or locations of specific biological substances (e.g. markers associated with abnormal tissue) in the breast tissue.
[0216] In an example, spectroscopic analysis of light which has been transmitted through and/or reflected from breast tissue can be done to identify the levels, concentrations, and/or locations of specific biological substances (e.g. markers associated with abnormal tissue) in the breast tissue. In an example, spectroscopic analysis of light which has been transmitted through and/or reflected from breast tissue can be done to identify the levels, concentrations, and/or locations of specific biological substances (e.g. markers associated with abnormal tissue) in the breast tissue. In an example, spectroscopic analysis of light which has been transmitted through and/or reflected from breast tissue can be done to identify the sizes, configurations, and/or locations of specific biological structures associated with abnormal tissue.
[0217] In an example, spectroscopic analysis of light which has been transmitted through and/or reflected from breast tissue can be done to identify the sizes, configurations, and/or locations of specific biological structures associated with abnormal tissue. In an example, spectroscopic analysis of light which has been transmitted through and/or reflected from breast tissue can be done to identify the sizes, configurations, and/or locations of specific biological structures associated with abnormal tissue. In an example, spectroscopic analysis of near-infrared light which has been transmitted through and/or reflected from breast tissue can be done to identify the levels, concentrations, and/or locations of specific biological substances (e.g. markers associated with abnormal tissue) in the breast tissue. In an example, spectroscopic analysis of near-infrared light which has been transmitted through and/or reflected from breast tissue can be done to identify the levels, concentrations, and/or locations of specific biological substances (e.g. markers associated with abnormal tissue) in the breast tissue.
[0218] In an example, spectroscopic analysis of near-infrared light which has been transmitted through and/or reflected from breast tissue can be done to identify the levels, concentrations, and/or locations of specific biological substances (e.g. markers associated with abnormal tissue) in the breast tissue. In an example, spectroscopic analysis of near-infrared light which has been transmitted through and/or reflected from breast tissue can be done to identify the sizes, configurations, and/or locations of specific biological structures associated with abnormal tissue. In an example, spectroscopic analysis of near-infrared light which has been transmitted through and/or reflected from breast tissue can be done to identify the sizes, configurations, and/or locations of specific biological structures associated with abnormal tissue. In an example, spectroscopic analysis of near-infrared light which has been transmitted through and/or reflected from breast tissue can be done to identify the sizes, configurations, and/or locations of specific biological structures associated with abnormal tissue.
[0219] In an example, changes in the direction of light caused by its reflection from breast tissue can be analyzed to create an image of the breast tissue. In an example, changes in the direction of light caused by its reflection from breast tissue can be analyzed to identify the levels, concentrations, and/or locations of specific biological substances (e.g. markers associated with abnormal tissue) in the breast tissue. In an example, changes in the intensity of light caused by its reflection from breast tissue can be analyzed to create an image of the breast tissue. In an example, changes in the intensity of light caused by its reflection from breast tissue can be analyzed to identify the levels, concentrations, and/or locations of specific biological substances (e.g. markers associated with abnormal tissue) in the breast tissue.
[0220] In an example, changes in the spectrum of light caused by its reflection from breast tissue can be analyzed to create an image of the breast tissue. In an example, changes in the spectrum of light caused by its reflection from breast tissue can be analyzed to identify the levels, concentrations, and/or locations of specific biological substances (e.g. markers associated with abnormal tissue) in the breast tissue. In an example, spectroscopic analysis of light which has been reflected from breast tissue can be done to identify the levels, concentrations, and/or locations of specific biological substances (e.g. markers associated with abnormal tissue) in the breast tissue.
[0221] In an example, spectroscopic analysis of light which has been reflected from breast tissue can be done to identify the levels, concentrations, and/or locations of specific biological substances (e.g. markers associated with abnormal tissue) in the breast tissue. In an example, spectroscopic analysis of light which has been reflected from breast tissue can be done to identify the levels, concentrations, and/or locations of specific biological substances (e.g. markers associated with abnormal tissue) in the breast tissue. In an example, spectroscopic analysis of light which has been reflected from breast tissue can be done to identify the sizes, configurations, and/or locations of specific biological structures associated with abnormal tissue.
[0222] In an example, spectroscopic analysis of light which has been reflected from breast tissue can be done to identify the sizes, configurations, and/or locations of specific biological structures associated with abnormal tissue. In an example, spectroscopic analysis of light which has been reflected from breast tissue can be done to identify the sizes, configurations, and/or locations of specific biological structures associated with abnormal tissue. In an example, spectroscopic analysis of near-infrared light which has been reflected from breast tissue can be done to identify the levels, concentrations, and/or locations of specific biological substances (e.g. markers associated with abnormal tissue) in the breast tissue. In an example, spectroscopic analysis of near-infrared light which has been reflected from breast tissue can be done to identify the levels, concentrations, and/or locations of specific biological substances (e.g. markers associated with abnormal tissue) in the breast tissue.
[0223] In an example, spectroscopic analysis of near-infrared light which has been reflected from breast tissue can be done to identify the levels, concentrations, and/or locations of specific biological substances (e.g. markers associated with abnormal tissue) in the breast tissue. In an example, spectroscopic analysis of near-infrared light which has been reflected from breast tissue can be done to identify the sizes, configurations, and/or locations of specific biological structures associated with abnormal tissue. In an example, spectroscopic analysis of near-infrared light which has been reflected from breast tissue can be done to identify the sizes, configurations, and/or locations of specific biological structures associated with abnormal tissue. In an example, spectroscopic analysis of near-infrared light which has been reflected from breast tissue can be done to identify the sizes, configurations, and/or locations of specific biological structures associated with abnormal tissue.
[0224] In an example, changes in the intensity and/or spectral distribution of light caused by transmission through breast tissue can be analyzed to create a (3D) image of breast tissue. In an example, changes in the intensity and/or spectral distribution of light caused by transmission through breast tissue can be analyzed to create a (3D) image which shows variation in breast tissue composition. In an example, changes in the intensity and/or spectral distribution of light caused by transmission through breast tissue can be analyzed to create a (3D) image which shows variation in breast tissue structure. In an example, changes in the intensity and/or spectral distribution of light caused by transmission through breast tissue can be analyzed to create a (3D) image which shows the locations, sizes, and shapes of abnormal breast tissue. In an example, changes in the intensity and/or spectral distribution of light caused by transmission through breast tissue can be analyzed to create a (3D) image which shows levels and/or concentrations of biological substances (e.g. markers) which are associated with abnormal tissue.
[0225] In an example, changes in the intensity (e.g. amplitude) of light emitted from light emitters and received by light detectors which are caused by passage of the light through breast tissue can be analyzed to detect abnormal breast tissue. In an example, changes in the intensity (e.g. amplitude) of light emitted from light emitters and received by light detectors which are caused by passage of the light through breast tissue can be analyzed to image breast tissue. In an example, changes in the intensity (e.g. amplitude) of light emitted from light emitters and received by light detectors which are caused by passage of the light through breast tissue can be analyzed to evaluate the size, shape, density, and/or location of abnormal breast tissue. In an example, changes in the intensity (e.g. amplitude) of light emitted from light emitters and received by light detectors which are caused by passage of the light through breast tissue can be analyzed to evaluate the molecular composition of breast tissue and detect abnormal breast tissue.
[0226] In an example, changes in the spectrum (e.g. spectral distribution) of light emitted from light emitters and received by light detectors which are caused by passage of the light through breast tissue can be analyzed to detect abnormal breast tissue. In an example, changes in the spectrum (e.g. spectral distribution) of light emitted from light emitters and received by light detectors which are caused by passage of the light through breast tissue can be analyzed to image breast tissue. In an example, changes in the spectrum (e.g. spectral distribution) of light emitted from light emitters and received by light detectors which are caused by passage of the light through breast tissue can be analyzed to evaluate the size, shape, density, and/or location of abnormal breast tissue. In an example, changes in the spectrum (e.g. spectral distribution) of light emitted from light emitters and received by light detectors which are caused by passage of the light through breast tissue can be analyzed to evaluate the molecular composition of breast tissue and detect abnormal breast tissue.
[0227] Although light energy is significantly diffused through the depth of breast tissue, joint three-dimensional analysis of light transmitted through multiple intersecting vectors between multiple pairs of light emitters and light detectors can provide parallel pathway data which increases the accuracy and locational precision of spectroscopic analysis in order to identify and locate abnormal tissue. Joint analysis of the intensity and spectral changes of light beams traveling through the breast tissue along different three-dimensional vectors can identify whether there is abnormal tissue within the breast and, if so, where the abnormal tissue is located. In an example, light which has been transmitted through breast tissue between different pairs of light emitters and light detectors (at different times) can be triangulated in order to identify the presence, composition, shape, size, and/or location of abnormal tissue.
[0228] In an example, this device can be worn for a short period of time (on a periodic basis, such as annually, monthly, weekly, or daily) in order to obtain a periodic longitudinal time series of optical of breast tissue for identification of changes in tissue composition. In an example, this device can be worn periodically in order to obtain a periodic longitudinal time series of optical scans of breast tissue. In an example, changes in tissue composition over time can be identified which could indicate abnormal tissue growth. In an example, results from more recent scans can be compared and/or contrasted with earlier scans to help detect growth of abnormal breast tissue.
[0229] In an example, this device can further comprise a power source. In an example, a power source can be a battery. In an example, a power source which powers light emitters and other components can be an integral part of the device. In an example, a power source can be located on a posterior portion of a smart bra. In an example, a power source can be located on the back strap of a smart bra.
[0230] In an example, this device can further comprise a data processor. In an example, this data processor can control the light emitters and light detectors. In an example, a device can further comprise a local data processor which is physically integrated into the device. In an example, a device can further comprise a local data processor which is an integral part of a smart bra. In an example, a device can further comprise a local data processor which is located on the posterior portion of a smart bra. In an example, a device can further comprise a local data processor which is located on the back strap of a smart bra. In an example, a device can further comprise a local data processer which is in electronic communication with a remote data processor.
[0231] In an example, a data processor can receive data from the light detectors. In an example, a device can be a component of a system which includes a local data processor, a local data transmitter (which are contiguous parts of the device) and a remote (non-contiguous) data processor which receives data from the data transmitter. In an example, a system can comprise a local data processor and data transmitter which are part of a smart bra and a remote data processor which receives data from the local data processor via the data transmitter. In an example, a system can comprise a smart bra which is in wireless communication with a cell phone, smart watch, smart glasses, tablet computer, laptop computer, or remote server.
[0232] In an example, analysis of changes in light intensity and/or spectral distribution caused by light transmission through and/or reflection from breast tissue can be analyzed in a remote data processor. In an example, data from light detectors can be transmitted to a separate and/or remote data processor for spectroscopic analysis to identify changes in breast tissue composition and/or to identify abnormal breast tissue. In an example, a remote data processor can be in another wearable device (e.g. a smart watch), a mobile device (e.g. a cell phone), or a remote server (e.g. in a healthcare provider's server and/or cloud storage). In an example, data from a wearable device can be wirelessly transmitted to a data processor in a different wearable device (e.g. a smart watch), a handheld device (e.g. a cell phone), or a remote server (e.g. in a healthcare provider's server and/or cloud storage).
[0233] In an example, a device (or a system of which a device is a part) can further comprise one or more other components selected from the group consisting of: power source (e.g. battery), flexible electroconductive wires and/or textile channels, data processor (local, remote, or both local and remote), wireless data transmitter, wireless data receiver, pressure sensors, motion sensors (e.g. accelerometer and gyroscope), inclinometer, mirrors (e.g. micromirror array), pump and/or impellor (e.g. air or liquid pump or impellor), tubes (e.g. air or liquid conducting tubes), air or liquid reservoir, and electromagnetic actuator. In an example, if this device is embodied in a bra, then one or more of these components can be located on the back strap of the bra. In an example, one or more of these components can be temporarily removed from a device so that the rest of the device can be washed.
[0234] In an example, a multi-layer device for optical detection of breast cancer can comprise: an air-gap-reducing layer which is configured to be worn on the surface of a person's breast, wherein the air-gap-reducing layer is transparent or has the same optical characteristics as normal breast tissue, and wherein a first part of the air-gap-reducing layer is on a first side of a virtual plane and a second part of the air-gap-reducing layer is on a second side of the virtual plane; an optical layer with a plurality of light emitters and light detectors, wherein a first part of the optical layer is on the first side of the virtual plane and a second part of the optical layer is on the second side of the virtual plane; an expandable layer with a plurality of expandable components, wherein a first part of the expandable layer is on the first side of the virtual plane and a second part of the expandable layer is on the second side of the virtual plane; and a structural layer which reduces expansion of the expandable components away from the breast; wherein the optical layer is between the air-gap-reducing layer and the expandable layer, wherein the expandable layer is between the optical layer and the structural layer, wherein the device has an unexpanded configuration in which the expandable components are not expanded, wherein the device has an expanded configuration in which the expandable components are expanded, wherein there is a first average distance between the first part of the optical layer and the second part of the optical layer when the device is in the unexpanded configuration, wherein there is a second average distance between the first part of the optical layer and the second part of the optical layer when the device is in the expanded configuration, and wherein the second average distance is less than the first average distance.
[0235] In an example, the device can be a bra. In an example, the device can be inserted into a bra cup. In an example, the device can be worn between a bra cup and a breast. In an example, the device can be an adhesive patch, sticker, or bandage. In an example, the device can have a teardrop-shaped perimeter. In an example, the teardrop shape of the perimeter can have an apex and/or vertex which is placed over the Auxiliary Tail of Spence. In an example, the virtual plane can be an oblique virtual plane which spans from the upper outer quadrant to the lower inner quadrant of the breast.
[0236] In an example, there can be light emitters on the first side of the virtual plane and light detectors on the second side of the virtual plane. In an example, light from the light emitters which has been transmitted through and/or reflected from breast tissue and received by the light detectors can be analyzed to detect and/or image abnormal breast tissue. In an example, the air-gap-reducing layer can be transparent. In an example, the air-gap-reducing layer can have the same values for one or more optical parameters as normal breast tissue.
[0237] In an example, expandable components can be expanded by being filled with a gas. In an example, expandable components can be expanded by being filled with a liquid. In an example, expandable components can be expanded by electromagnetic actuators. In an example, expandable components can be individually and selectively expanded so that they are configured to compress wider portions of the breast to a greater degree than narrower portions of the breast. In an example, expandable components which are farther from the virtual plane can be expanded more than expandable components which are closer to the virtual plane.
[0238] In an example, the device can further comprise marks, indicators, openings, or sensors which are configured to help register and/or align the device relative to the anatomy of the breast. In an example, the device can further comprise other components selected from the group consisting of: power source, data processor, wireless data transmitter, wireless data receiver, air pump, and liquid pump. In an example, one or more of these other components can be located on the back strap of a bra. Relevant design variations discussed in priority-linked disclosures can also be applied to the example shown here.