Process for removing volatile contaminants

Abstract

A process for cleansing a liquid of volatile contaminants can be accomplished by cross flowing a liquid through a contactor vessel. As the liquid cross flows through the horizontal contactor vessel, a radial flow pattern is induced in the liquid and the liquid is contacted with a cleansing gas. As the liquid moves through the contactor vessel, contaminants enter the cleansing cross current gas percolating through the liquid. The cross current gas may then be collected and cleansed of the contaminants it collected. The cleaned cleansing gas may then be recycled back into the contactor vessel.

Claims

1. A process for removing volatile contaminants from a liquid comprising: cross flowing a liquid through a contactor vessel comprising: a longitudinal axis; a bottom region; a cleansing gas distribution grid within the bottom region of the contactor vessel that is disposed within a central area on a cross section of the contactor vessel parallel to the longitudinal axis of the contactor vessel; and a gas outlet within an upper region of the contactor vessel; and contacting the cross flowing liquid with a cross current cleansing gas; inducing a radial flow pattern in the cross flowing liquid; allowing the cleansing gas to leave the contactor vessel after percolating upwards through the cross flowing liquid; and drying the cleansing gas leaving the contactor vessel by passing the cleansing gas through a gas drying vessel, wherein the gas drying vessel comprises: a bottom region; a wet gas distribution grid within the bottom region; an upper outlet; a conduit operatively connecting the gas outlet of the contactor vessel to the wet gas distribution grid; and a conduit operatively connecting the upper outlet to the cleansing gas distribution grid.

2. The process of claim 1, wherein the contactor vessel further comprises a periphery, and the radial flow pattern induced in the liquid comprises movement of the liquid towards the periphery of the contactor vessel.

3. The process of claim 1, wherein contacting the cross flowing liquid with the cross current cleansing gas comprises introducing the cleansing gas at the bottom region of the contactor vessel along at least a portion of the longitudinal axis of the contactor vessel.

4. The process of claim 3, wherein the cleansing gas is introduced on a cross section of the contactor vessel parallel to the longitudinal axis of the contactor vessel.

5. The process of claim 3, wherein the cleansing gas is introduced from a central area on a cross section of the contactor vessel parallel to the longitudinal axis of the contactor vessel.

6. The process of claim 1, wherein the cleansing gas is introduced from approximately fifty percent of a cross section of the contactor vessel parallel to the longitudinal axis of the contactor vessel.

7. The process of claim 1, wherein the cleansing gas is introduced in the form of a plurality of bubbles.

8. The process of claim 1, wherein drying the cleansing gas leaving the contactor vessel comprises percolating the cleansing gas leaving the contactor vessel through a salt solution held in the gas drying vessel.

9. The process of claim 8, further comprising: removing a portion of the salt solution from the drying vessel; and adding fresh salt to the salt solution held in the drying vessel.

10. A horizontal cross flow contactor comprising: a horizontal contactor vessel comprising: a first end; a second end opposite the first end; a longitudinal axis; and a bottom region; wherein the horizontal contactor vessel is configured to permit a cross flow of liquid; a liquid inlet at the first end of the horizontal contactor vessel; a liquid outlet at the second end of the horizontal contactor vessel; a cleansing gas distribution grid within the bottom region of the horizontal contactor vessel that is disposed within a central area on a cross section of the horizontal contactor vessel parallel to the longitudinal axis of the horizontal contactor vessel; a gas outlet within an upper region of the horizontal contactor vessel; and a gas drying vessel, the gas drying vessel comprising: a bottom region; a wet gas distribution grid within the bottom region; an upper outlet; a conduit operatively connecting the gas outlet of the horizontal contactor vessel to the wet gas distribution grid; and a conduit operatively connecting the upper outlet to the cleansing gas distribution grid.

11. The horizontal cross flow contactor of claim 10, wherein the cleansing gas distribution grid comprises a plurality of bayonet spargers arranged parallel to a least a portion of the longitudinal axis of the horizontal contactor vessel, each bayonet sparger of the plurality comprising: a longitudinal axis; a non-porous body; and a porous portion substantially parallel with the longitudinal axis of the bayonet sparger.

12. The horizontal cross flow contactor of claim 11, wherein the porous portions of the plurality of bayonet spargers comprise pores of approximately 5-100 microns in size.

13. The horizontal cross flow contactor of claim 10, further comprising a crinkle wire mesh screen at the gas outlet.

14. The horizontal cross flow contactor of claim 10, wherein the central area is approximately fifty percent of the cross section of the horizontal contactor vessel parallel to the longitudinal axis.

15. The horizontal cross flow contractor of claim 10, further comprising: a coalescer operatively connected to the liquid inlet at the first end of the horizontal contactor vessel; and a filter operatively connected to the coalescer.

16. The horizontal cross flow contactor of claim 10, further comprising a crinkle wire mesh screen at the upper outlet of the drying vessel.

17. The horizontal cross flow contractor of claim 10, wherein the gas drying vessel further comprises longitudinal axis, and wherein the wet gas distribution grid comprises a plurality of spargers arranged parallel to a least a portion of the longitudinal axis of the gas drying vessel.

18. The horizontal cross flow contactor of claim 10, further comprising a tote tank operatively connected to the gas drying vessel.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The present disclosure is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific exemplary implementations thereof have been shown in the drawings and are herein described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the description herein of specific exemplary implementations is not intended to limit the disclosure to the particular forms disclosed herein.

(2) This disclosure is to cover all modifications and equivalents as defined by the appended claims. It should also be understood that the drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon clearly illustrating principles of exemplary embodiments of the present invention. Moreover, certain dimensions may be exaggerated to help visually convey such principles. Further where considered appropriate, reference numerals may be repeated among the drawings to indicate corresponding or analogous elements. Moreover, two or more blocks or elements depicted as distinct or separate in the drawings may be combined into a single functional block or element. Similarly, a single block or element illustrated in the drawings may be implemented as multiple steps or by multiple elements in cooperation.

(3) The forms disclosed herein are illustrated by way of example, and not by way of limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings and in which like reference numerals refer to similar elements and in which:

(4) FIG. 1 is a flow chart depicting a process for removing volatile contaminants from a liquid;

(5) FIG. 2 is a schematic of an installation employing the process detailed in FIG. 1;

(6) FIG. 3 presents the results of removing the contaminated water from diesel with nitrogen gases having varying percent saturation with respect to water;

(7) FIG. 4 reports the results of drying a cross flow of diesel having 100 wppm of water with varying volumes of nitrogen gas having a constant relative humidity;

(8) FIG. 5 is perspective view of a section of a bayonet sparger;

(9) FIG. 6 reports the ability of a salt solution to dry wet nitrogen gas;

(10) FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a contactor vessel with a portion of the vessel outer wall removed.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Terminology

(11) The words and phrases used herein should be understood and interpreted to have a meaning consistent with the understanding of those words and phrases by those skilled in the relevant art. No special definition of a term or phrase, i.e., a definition that is different from the ordinary and customary meaning as understood by those skilled in the art, is intended to be implied by consistent usage of the term or phrase herein. To the extent that a term or phrase is intended to have a special meaning, i.e., a meaning other than the broadest meaning understood by skilled artisans, such a special or clarifying definition will be expressly set forth in the specification in a definitional manner that provides the special or clarifying definition for the term or phrase.

(12) For example, the following discussion contains a non-exhaustive list of definitions of several specific terms used in this disclosure (other terms may be defined or clarified in a definitional manner elsewhere herein). These definitions are intended to clarify the meanings of the terms used herein. It is believed that the terms are used in a manner consistent with their ordinary meaning, but the definitions are nonetheless specified here for clarity.

(13) A/an: The articles “a” and “an” as used herein mean one or more when applied to any feature in embodiments and implementations of the present invention described in the specification and claims. The use of “a” and “an” does not limit the meaning to a single feature unless such a limit is specifically stated. The term “a” or “an” entity refers to one or more of that entity. As such, the terms “a” (or “an”), “one or more” and “at least one” can be used interchangeably herein.

(14) Above/below: In the following description of the representative embodiments of the invention, directional terms, such as “above”, “below”, “upper”, “lower”, etc., are used for convenience in referring to the accompanying drawings. In general, “above”, “upper”, “upward” and similar terms refer to a direction away from the earth's surface, and “below”, “lower”, “downward”, “bottom” and similar terms refer to a direction towards from the earth's surface. The terms “upper” and “bottom” may also refer to relative positions above and below, respectively, the longitudinal axis of an element, component or other subject matter.

(15) Adapted and configured: As used herein the terms “adapted” and “configured” mean that the element, component, or other subject matter is designed and/or intended to perform a given function. Thus, the use of the terms “adapted” and “configured” should not be construed to mean that a given element, component, or other subject matter is simply “capable of” performing a given function but that the element, component, and/or other subject matter is specifically selected, created, implemented, utilized, and/or designed for the purpose of performing the function. It is also within the scope of the present disclosure that elements, components, and/or other recited subject matter that is recited as being adapted to perform a particular function may additionally or alternatively be described as being configured to perform that function, and vice versa.

(16) And/or: The term “and/or” placed between a first entity and a second entity means one of (1) the first entity, (2) the second entity, and (3) the first entity and the second entity. Multiple elements listed with “and/or” should be construed in the same fashion, i.e., “one or more” of the elements so conjoined. Other elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified by the “and/or” clause, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, a reference to “A and/or B”, when used in conjunction with open-ended language such as “comprising” can refer, in one embodiment, to A only (optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to B only (optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to both A and B (optionally including other elements). As used herein in the specification and in the claims, “or” should be understood to have the same meaning as “and/or” as defined above. For example, when separating items in a list, “or” or “and/or” shall be interpreted as being inclusive, i.e., the inclusion of at least one, but also including more than one, of a number or list of elements, and, optionally, additional unlisted items. Only terms clearly indicated to the contrary, such as “only one of” or “exactly one of” or, when used in the claims, “consisting of” will refer to the inclusion of exactly one element of a number or list of elements. In general, the term “or” as used herein shall only be interpreted as indicating exclusive alternatives (i.e. “one or the other but not both”) when preceded by terms of exclusivity, such as “either,” “one of” “only one of” or “exactly one of”.

(17) Any: The adjective “any” means one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity.

(18) At least: As used herein in the specification and in the claims, the phrase “at least one,” in reference to a list of one or more elements, should be understood to mean at least one element selected from any one or more of the elements in the list of elements, but not necessarily including at least one of each and every element specifically listed within the list of elements and not excluding any combinations of elements in the list of elements. This definition also allows that elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified within the list of elements to which the phrase “at least one” refers, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, “at least one of A and B” (or, equivalently, “at least one of A or B,” or, equivalently “at least one of A and/or B”) can refer, in one embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, with no B present (and optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, B, with no A present (and optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, and at least one, optionally including more than one, B (and optionally including other elements). The phrases “at least one”, “one or more”, and “and/or” are open-ended expressions that are both conjunctive and disjunctive in operation. For example, each of the expressions “at least one of A, B and C”, “at least one of A, B, or C”, “one or more of A, B, and C”, “one or more of A, B, or C” and “A, B, and/or C” means A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, or A, B and C together.

(19) Based on: “Based on” does not mean “based only on”, unless expressly specified otherwise. In other words, the phrase “based on” describes both “based only on,” “based at least on,” and “based at least in part on.”

(20) Comprising: In the claims, as well as in the specification, all transitional phrases such as “comprising,” “including,” “carrying,” “having,” “containing,” “involving,” “holding,” “composed of,” and the like are to be understood to be open-ended, i.e., to mean including but not limited to. Only the transitional phrases “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of” shall be closed or semi-closed transitional phrases, respectively, as set forth in the United States Patent Office Manual of Patent Examining Procedures, Section 2111.03.

(21) Flow diagram: Exemplary methods may be better appreciated with reference to flow diagrams or flow charts. While for purposes of simplicity of explanation, the illustrated methods are shown and described as a series of blocks, it is to be appreciated that the methods are not limited by the order of the blocks, as in different embodiments some blocks may occur in different orders and/or concurrently with other blocks from that shown and described. Moreover, less than all the illustrated blocks may be required to implement an exemplary method. In some examples, blocks may be combined, may be separated into multiple components, and may employ additional blocks, and so on. In some examples, blocks may be implemented in logic. In other examples, processing blocks may represent functions and/or actions performed by functionally equivalent circuits (e.g., an analog circuit, a digital signal processor circuit, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC)), or other logic device. Blocks may represent executable instructions that cause a computer, processor, and/or logic device to respond, to perform an action(s), to change states, and/or to make decisions. While the figures illustrate various actions occurring in serial, it is to be appreciated that in some examples various actions could occur concurrently, substantially in parallel, and/or at substantially different points in time. In some examples, methods may be implemented as processor executable instructions. Thus, a machine-readable medium may store processor executable instructions that if executed by a machine (e.g., processor) cause the machine to perform a method.

(22) May: Note that the word “may” is used throughout this application in a permissive sense (i.e., having the potential to, being able to), not a mandatory sense (i.e., must).

(23) Operatively connected and/or coupled: Operatively connected and/or coupled means directly or indirectly connected for transmitting or conducting information, force, energy, or matter.

(24) Optimizing: The terms “optimal,” “optimizing,” “optimize,” “optimality,” “optimization” (as well as derivatives and other forms of those terms and linguistically related words and phrases), as used herein, are not intended to be limiting in the sense of requiring the present invention to find the best solution or to make the best decision. Although a mathematically optimal solution may in fact arrive at the best of all mathematically available possibilities, real-world embodiments of optimization routines, methods, models, and processes may work towards such a goal without ever actually achieving perfection. Accordingly, one of ordinary skill in the art having benefit of the present disclosure will appreciate that these terms, in the context of the scope of the present invention, are more general. The terms may describe one or more of: 1) working towards a solution which may be the best available solution, a preferred solution, or a solution that offers a specific benefit within a range of constraints; 2) continually improving; 3) refining; 4) searching for a high point or a maximum for an objective; 5) processing to reduce a penalty function; 6) seeking to maximize one or more factors in light of competing and/or cooperative interests in maximizing, minimizing, or otherwise controlling one or more other factors, etc.

(25) Order of steps: It should also be understood that, unless clearly indicated to the contrary, in any methods claimed herein that include more than one step or act, the order of the steps or acts of the method is not necessarily limited to the order in which the steps or acts of the method are recited. It is within the scope of the present disclosure that an individual step of a method recited herein may additionally or alternatively be referred to as a “step for” performing the recited action.

(26) Ranges: Concentrations, dimensions, amounts, and other numerical data may be presented herein in a range format. It is to be understood that such range format is used merely for convenience and brevity and should be interpreted flexibly to include not only the numerical values explicitly recited as the limits of the range, but also to include all the individual numerical values or sub-ranges encompassed within that range as if each numerical value and sub-range is explicitly recited. For example, a range of about 1 to about 200 should be interpreted to include not only the explicitly recited limits of 1 and about 200, but also to include individual sizes such as 2, 3, 4, etc. and sub-ranges such as 10 to 50, 20 to 100, etc. Similarly, it should be understood that when numerical ranges are provided, such ranges are to be construed as providing literal support for claim limitations that only recite the lower value of the range as well as claims limitation that only recite the upper value of the range. For example, a disclosed numerical range of 10 to 100 provides literal support for a claim reciting “greater than 10” (with no upper bounds) and a claim reciting “less than 100” (with no lower bounds). In FIGS. 1-5, like numerals denote like, or similar, structures and/or features; and each of the illustrated structures and/or features may not be discussed in detail herein with reference to the figures. Similarly, each structure and/or feature may not be explicitly labeled in the figures; and any structure and/or feature that is discussed herein with reference to the figures may be utilized with any other structure and/or feature without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

(27) Substantially: As used herein, “substantially” refers to a degree of deviation based on experimental error typical for the particular property identified. The latitude provided the term “substantially” will depend on the specific context and particular property and can be readily discerned by those skilled in the art. The term “substantially” is not intended to either expand or limit the degree of equivalents which may otherwise be afforded a particular value. Further, unless otherwise stated, the term “substantially” shall expressly include “exactly,” consistent with the discussion below regarding ranges and numerical data.

(28) In general, structures and/or features that are, or are likely to be, included in a given embodiment are indicated in solid lines in the figures, while optional structures and/or features are indicated in broken lines. However, a given embodiment is not required to include all structures and/or features that are illustrated in solid lines therein, and any suitable number of such structures and/or features may be omitted from a given embodiment without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

Description

(29) A process for removing volatile contaminants from a liquid is depicted in FIG. 1. The process depicted in FIG. 1 may be implemented using all or a portion of the installation depicted in FIG. 2. The installation depicted in FIG. 2 comprises a horizontal contactor vessel 6, having a longitudinal axis 5, through which a liquid to be cleansed is cross flowed. The liquid to be cleansed of volatile contaminants may be cross flowed through horizontal contactor vessel 6 by being introduced into vessel 6 through liquid inlet 11 at first end 12 of vessel 6 and simultaneous removed through liquid outlet 9 at second end 13 of vessel 6, opposite the first end 12. The liquid to be cleansed may by any liquid or liquefied hydrocarbon, such as liquefied petroleum gas, gasoline, refinery component streams, distillates, gas oils, crude oils and/or emulsions. For instance, a hot wax may be cleansed with a single pass.

(30) Horizontal contactor vessel 6 shown in FIG. 2 is a converted coalescer vessel having a length longer than its width. When the vessel is essentially cylindrical, the width will be its diameter. In addition to a coalescer vessel, installations may be made using other vessels having a length longer than their width. For instance, a pipe may be used as horizontal contactor vessel 6. Regardless of the specific vessel chosen, horizontal contactor vessel 6 should have a length to width ratio sufficient to operate more like a cross-flow reactor than a continuously stirred tank reactor, so that the liquid to be cleansed substantially flows in one direction through vessel 6. Sufficient cross-flow may be obtained by using a cylindrical vessel having a length to diameter ratio of approximately 4 or greater. A length to diameter ratio of approximately 8 may provide better operation. The width of the vessel to be used as vessel 6 should also be taken into account. A cylindrical vessel having a diameter of approximately 2 feet may be sufficient in some installations. Other installations may require a vessel having a diameter of 3 to 4 feet.

(31) As shown in FIG. 2, vessel 6 is oriented horizontally. Orienting vessel 6 horizontally, such that longitudinal axis 5 is parallel to the ground, may minimize supporting infrastructure. Vertical towers, such as those utilizing a counter current to remove contaminants, require underground infrastructures capable of withstanding wind and earthquake loads. Accordingly, a sufficient infrastructure has to be constructed beneath the tower to support the weight of the tower while preventing it from toppling. Vertical towers additionally need to be sufficiently reinforced to withstand their own weight and the weight of material within them. As the height of a fluid within a tower increases, so does the amount of pressure exerted against the lower walls of the tower by the material within the tower. Thus, vertical towers have to be sufficiently reinforced to avoid toppling, buckling from their own weight, and to withstand internal pressure generated by the weight of material within the tower. Orienting vessel 6 horizontally, however, removes many of these engineering challenges. Instead of a reinforced infrastructure, the horizontally oriented contactor vessel 6 may be supported with crushed rocks, a simple concrete pad, and/or other rudimentary structures. Additionally, the horizontal orientation of contactor vessel 6 reduces the vertical weight of the liquid to be cleansed, thereby reducing the internal pressure generated by the weight of the liquid against its walls. Thus, orientating contactor vessel 6 horizontally reduces the need to reinforce the walls of vessel 6. The reduced reinforcement and/or rudimentary infrastructure may enable horizontal contactor vessel 6 to be part of a portable and/or temporary installations. Additionally, the reduced infrastructure and/or reinforcement requirements may enable the use of such installations on ships and/or other vehicles. The horizontal orientation of contactor vessel 6 making such mobile, temporary and/or portable installations possible results from induction of radial flow pattern in the cross flowing liquid and cross current introduction of a cleansing gas into the cross flowing liquid to be cleansed.

(32) A cross flow of the liquid to be cleansed through contactor vessel 6 may be induced by introducing the liquid through an inlet on one end of the vessel 6, while removing liquid from an outlet on an opposite end. For instance, as shown in FIG. 2, liquid inlet 11 is positioned in a bottom region 17 of contactor vessel 6. Likewise, liquid outlet 9 is positioned in bottom region 17 of contactor vessel 6. Liquid inlet 11 and outlet 9 may be positioned at other locations to be configured to supply liquids to contactor vessel 6 and remove liquids passing through vessel 6, respectively. As such, when a length of pipe is used as contactor vessel 6, liquid inlet 11 and/or liquid outlet 9 may be opposing open ends of the pipe. Additionally, liquid inlet 11 and/or liquid outlet 9 may be placed in upper and/or central regions of the contactor vessel chosen.

(33) Regardless of the orientation of liquid inlet 11 and liquid outlet 9, the liquid to be cleansed of volatile contaminants flows through vessel 6 by being supplied through liquid inlet 11 and removed through liquid outlet 9. As to better induce cross flow of the liquid to cleansed, contactor vessel 6 may include opposing partitions 10 and 14 positioned within the first end 12 and second end 13, respectively, of vessel 6. As shown in FIG. 2, partitions 10 and 14 contain openings permitting the passage of the fluid to be cleansed. The use of such partitions may not be necessary in every installation. For instance, installations in which the liquid to be cleansed is introduced and/or removed from inlets and/or outlets within central regions of contactor vessel 6 may not require partitions to induce a sufficient cross flow of the liquid to be cleansed.

(34) Contaminants are removed from the cross flowing liquid to be cleansed by contacting the liquid with a cross current cleansing gas supplied via distribution grid 15. Accordingly, a gas is utilized to remove contaminants form the liquid cross flowing through contactor vessel 6. Prior to contacting the cross flowing liquid with a cross current of the cleansing gas, a radial flow pattern may be induced in the cross flowing liquid. The cross current introduction of the cleansing gas may induce a radial flow pattern in the cross flowing liquid to be cleansed. As such, in some installations inducing a radial flow pattern in the cross flowing liquid may occur simultaneously with contacting the cross flowing with the cleansing gas. Inducing a radial flow pattern with the cross current introduction of the cleansing gas may be achieved by positioning distribution grid 15 substantially parallel to longitudinal axis 5 such that gas distribution grid 15 may be disposed within a central area on a cross section 25 of contactor vessel 6 parallel to longitudinal axis 5 and on plane 36, as shown in FIG. 7. As the liquid to be cleansed flows through drying contactor vessel 6, gas distribution grid 15 within bottom region 17 introduces a cleansing gas at the bottom region 17 of contactor vessel 6. Gas introduced via distribution grid 15 percolates upward through the cross flowing liquid within vessel 6. As the gas percolates upwards, a radial flow pattern may be induced in the liquid cross flowing through vessel 6. Regardless of how the radial flow pattern is created, the resulting cross-flow followed by a radial flow pattern of the liquid to be cleansed may provide a near plug flow of the liquid to be cleansed and/or a high contact efficiency. The near plug flow and/or high contact efficiency may minimize the amount and/or purity of the cleansing gas needed to remove volatile contaminants from the liquid to be cleansed. Additionally, the radial flow pattern may confine back mixing to regions near the outlet end. Accordingly, positioning gas distribution grid 15 to provide a cross current of the cleansing gas inducing a radial flow pattern in the cross flowing liquid may reduce the size of contactor vessel 6 and/or improve efficiency by providing a near plug flow of the liquid to be cleansed.

(35) Cross flow followed by a radial flow pattern of the liquid to be cleansed is believed to result in the following manner. As the cleansing gas introduced through the distribution grid 15 percolates upwards, the liquid cross flowing through contactor vessel 6 moves towards the periphery of vessel 6. The cleansing gas induced peripheral movement of the cross flowing liquid induces a radial flow pattern. Accordingly, the radial flow pattern induced in the liquid cross flowing through contactor vessel 6 may comprise movement of the liquid towards the periphery of contactor vessel 6. Limiting the size of central area in which gas distribution grid 15 is disposed to approximately fifty percent of cross section 25 may also facilitate inducing the radial flow pattern in the liquid cross flowing through contactor vessel 6.

(36) The cross current introduction of the cleansing gas into the cross flowing liquid to be cleansed may reduce the required purity of the gas utilized to remove contaminants form the liquid to be cleansed. For instance, when the liquid is to be cleansed of water (i.e. dried), the gas supplied via distribution grid 15 does not have to be very dry to achieve a water saturation of fifty to seventy-five percent within the liquid. As such, a gas having a relatively humidity of fifty percent or less may be sufficiently dry to achieve a water saturation of fifty to seventy-five percent. In other instances, a gas with a relatively humidity of one-hundred percent may be used to dry the liquid, depending on the contacting temperature. Within contactor vessel 6, transfer of a volatile contaminant from the liquid to be cleansed to the cleansing gas introduced via gas distribution grid 15 is determined by the difference between the percent saturation of the liquid and percent saturation of the gas with respect to the volatile contaminant to be removed (i.e. the ratio of the partial pressure of the contaminant in the gas to the equilibrium vapor pressure of the contaminant) at the temperature of the gas when in contacts the liquid within vessel 6. When the gas introduced via distribution grid 15 has a lower percent saturation than the liquid to be cleansed, contacting the liquid with the gas will transfer the contaminant from the liquid to be cleansed to the introduced gas. Accordingly, a liquid flowing through contactor vessel 6 may be cleansed to 75% saturation by introducing via distribution grid 15 a cross current cleansing gas having 74% saturation for the contaminant.

(37) Such is shown in FIG. 3, which presents the results of removing the contaminated water from diesel with nitrogen gases having varying percent saturation with respect to water. As water is the contaminant being removed, the diesel is being dried. Furthermore, the percent saturation of the nitrogen gas is the relative humidity of the gas. For each relative humidity, the diesel to be dried had an initial water content of approximately 100 wppm and the same volume of nitrogen gas was delivered to the same volume of diesel. That is, the volume ratio of nitrogen gas to diesel ratio (N2 volume:Diesel volume) remained constant. The wet diesel was cross flowed through a contactor vessel. The nitrogen gas was introduced cross current to the flow of the wet diesel through the contactor vessel. As can be seen in FIG. 3, the water content of the diesel was reduced (i.e. the diesel was dried) with nitrogen gas having a relative humidity of greater than 55%. Drier nitrogen, i.e. nitrogen having lower relative humidity, was more efficient at drying the diesel. As can also be seen from FIG. 3, the water content of the diesel tracked the relative humidity of the nitrogen gas. This indicates that the water content of the cross flowing diesel and cross current nitrogen attempt to achieve an equilibrium. Thus, as long as the cross current of the gas has a lower percent saturation than the liquid to be cleansed, contacting the liquid with the cleansing gas will transfer the contaminant from the liquid to be cleansed to the introduced cleansing gas. Accordingly, a cross flowing liquid may be cleansed to 75% saturation by a cross current of gas having 74% saturation for the contaminant. However, as the cross flowing liquid to be cleansed approaches the percent saturation of the cross current cleansing gas, the volume of gas with respect to the liquid will need to be increased.

(38) Cleansing a cross flowing liquid based on the difference in saturation between the liquid and a cross current cleansing gas, the temperature of the cleansing gas is not necessarily important. As long as the cross current cleansing gas has a lower saturation than the cross flowing liquid, contaminants will transfer from the liquid to the cleansing gas. As such, if the cleansing cross current gas has a lower saturation than the cross flowing liquid to be cleansed, heating the cross current gas and/or the cross flowing liquid will not be necessary. The ability to use cold cross current gases and/or cross flowing liquids enables the process to be employed in moderate and/or cold climates.

(39) The volume of gas necessary to achieve a particular level of saturation in the liquid to be cleansed will be dependent on the difference in saturation between the cross flowing liquid and the cross current cleansing gas introduced via distribution grid 15 for the contaminant. As the initial saturation of the liquid approaches that of the gas, a greater volume of gas will be required. This is shown in FIG. 4, which reports the results of drying a cross flow of diesel having 100 wppm of water with varying volumes of nitrogen gas having a constant relative humidity. As reported in FIG. 4, higher volume ratios of nitrogen gas to diesel provide drier diesel products. That is, as the volume of the cross current gas increases the amount of contaminants removed from the cross flowing liquid increases.

(40) The volume of cross current gas needed to remove a certain amount of contaminant from a cross flowing liquid is also dependent upon the contact temperature of the gas. As demonstrated by FIG. 3, the saturation of the cross flowing liquid for a volatile contaminant tracks the percent saturation of the cross current gas for the contaminant. Percent saturation of the cross current cleansing gas with respect to the contaminant is a function of temperature. Accordingly, a cleansing gas having one-hundred percent saturation for a contaminant may be heated when introduced into the cross flowing liquid, thereby lowering the percent saturation of the gas below that of the liquid to be cleansed. As the heated cleansing gas will have a lower saturation then the liquid to be cleansed, the contaminant will transfer from the liquid to the gas. Accordingly, hot wax at a temperature of 140° F. may be dried using ambient air when the ambient conditions are 100° F. and 100% relative humidity. In such a scenario, the gas may be heated by contacting the hot wax. Accordingly, the cross current cleansing gas may be heated by the cross flowing liquid to be cleansed. In combination or the alternative, the cleansing gas could be heated prior to being released into the cross flowing liquid.

(41) Enabling the use of highly saturated gases to remove contaminants from liquids, the cross current introduction of a cleansing gas into a cross flowing liquid reduces the size and/or increases efficiency of installations. The reduced size and increased efficiency may be achieved by the cross current introduction of a cleansing gas via gas distribution grid 15 into a cross flowing liquid having a radial flow pattern. In some applications, the radial flow pattern may be induced in the cross flowing liquid to be cleansed using a variety of gas distributions grids arranged substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis 5 of vessel 6. For instance, a continuous axial distribution grid may be sufficient to induce a radial flow pattern in the cross-flowing liquid to be cleansed. A distribution grid comprising multiple distributers may be better suited for large scale installations.

(42) The cross current cleansing gas may be introduced into the liquid to be cleansed cross flowing through contactor vessel 6 in the form of a plurality of bubbles. Optimizing the size of such bubbles may optimize the radial flow pattern induced in the liquid flowing through contactor vessel 6. As such, gas distribution grid 15 may comprise a plurality of bayonet spargers arranged parallel to at least a portion of longitudinal axis 15 of contactor vessel 6. As shown in FIG. 5, each bayonet spargers of such a plurality may comprise a longitudinal axis 30, a non-porous body 31, and a porous portion 32 substantially parallel with the longitudinal axis 30 of the bayonet sparger. As to optimize the size of the bubbles, porous portions 32 of the plurality of bayonet spargers may comprise pores of approximately 5-100 microns in size. The resulting gas flow pattern may establish a near plug flow of the liquid to be cleansed, that may be achieved without the use of any internal components other than gas distribution grid 15.

(43) Establishing at least a near plug flow changes contactor vessel 6 from a single stage, continuously stirred reactor to a multiple stage, cross flow reactor, which approaches the thermodynamic efficiency of a full counter current reactor. This reactor transformation provided by radial flow pattern in the cross flowing liquid and the cross current introduction of the cleansing gas may lower gas requirements. Accordingly, the cross current positioning of gas distribution grid 15 on a cross section of contactor vessel 6 substantially parallel to longitudinal axis 5 may improve efficiency, reduce the necessary size of vessel 6, and/or lower gas requirements. Cleansing of low vapor pressure hydrocarbons may be easiest, as there will be very little entrainment of the such liquids in the gas introduced via distribution grid 15.

(44) After percolating through the liquid to be cleansed, the gas is allowed to leave vessel 6 through outlet 8 within upper region 19 of contactor vessel 6. As to knock out any entrained droplets of the liquid to be cleansed from the gas leaving vessel 6, a crinkle wire mesh screen 25 may be provided at outlet 8.

(45) The cross current gas introduced via distribution grid 15 may be drawn from the ambient air. However, as shown in FIG. 3, less saturated cross-current gases are more efficient at removing contaminants from cross flowing liquids. As such, installations, such as those shown in FIG. 2, may be made more efficient by removing contaminants from the gas prior to cross current introduction of gas into the cross flowing liquid to be cleansed. Accordingly, the amount of cross current cleansing gas required to achieve a certain level of contaminant within a cross flowing liquid may be reduced by reducing the percent saturation of the gas prior to introduction into the liquid. Reducing the percent saturation of the cross current gas may be accomplished by several means, including, but not limited to, passing the gas through a molecular sieve, filtration, and percolating the gas through a liquid held in a second horizontal contactor vessel. The liquid held within the second vessel may be any liquid capable of removing contaminants from the cross current gas. For example, when the cross current gas is to be used to remove water (i.e. dry) the cross flowing liquid, a salt solution may be held within the second vessel. Accordingly, prior to introducing the cross current gas into a cross flowing liquid to be dried, the relative humidity of the gas may be reduced by percolating the gas through a salt solution held within a second vessel.

(46) As to simplify the installation, the second vessel utilized to reduce the percent saturation of the cross current gas may be identical to the first vessel. Accordingly, the second vessel may be configured to induce a cross flow in the liquid utilized to reduce the percent saturation of the cross current gas. Additionally, the cross current gas may be introduced via a gas distribution occupying the center 50% of a cross section within a bottom region of the second vessel. The percent saturation of the cross current gas may also be reduced by a still liquid held within the second vessel. When the liquid held within the second vessel is still, it will accumulate contaminants over time. As the liquid becomes more saturated with contaminants, its efficacy of removing contaminants from the cross current gas will decrease. Accordingly, it may be necessary to periodically purge at least portion of a still liquid held within the second vessel and replace the purged portion with a fresh amount of liquid.

(47) As shown in FIG. 2, an installation utilizing a second vessel 23 to reduce the percent saturation of the cross current gas prior to introduction into a cross flowing liquid may include conduit 16 operatively connecting upper outlet 18 of vessel 23 to distribution grid 15 of contactor vessel 6. Vessel 23 may comprise a bottom region 21 and a gas distribution grid 20 within bottom region 21. Cleansing gases may be cleansed of contaminants as the gas percolates through a liquid held with vessel 23. As cleansing gas percolates through the liquid held within vessel 23, contaminants within the gas will attempt to achieve an equilibrium with the liquid. Thus, the contaminants will move from the higher saturation fluid to the one with the lower saturation. Accordingly, as long as the cleansing gas has a higher percent saturation than the liquid within vessel 23, contaminants will be transferred from the gas to the liquid as the gas percolates through vessel 23.

(48) After being cleansed of at least a portion of the contaminants, the cross current gas may exit vessel 23 via outlet 18 and be transported to contactor vessel 6 through conduit 16 operatively connected to distribution grid 15. As to minimize, if not eliminate, entrained liquids from the cleansed cross current gas leaving vessel 23, a crinkle wire mesh 26 may be placed at outlet 18. After exiting vessel 23, the cleansed gas may then be introduced cross current to a liquid cross flowing through contactor vessel 6. As the cleansed cross current gas percolates through the cross flowing liquid contaminants are transferred from the liquid to the gas. After percolating through the cross flowing liquid, the cross current gas may be allowed to leave contactor vessel 6 through gas outlet 8. Depending on the contaminant, cross current gas, liquid to be cleansed and/or associated environmental concerns, the gas leaving gas outlet 8 may be allowed to escape into the ambient air. In some instances, treating and/or burning the cross current gas leaving outlet 8 may be desirable. Efficiency of the installation may be improved by recycling the gas leaving gas outlet 8. Accordingly, an installation may comprise a conduit 7 operatively connecting gas outlet 8 of contactor vessel 6 to a plurality of spargers forming gas distribution grid 20 of vessel 23. Cleansing the cross current leaving contactor vessel 6 of at least a portion of its contaminants and recycling the cleansed cross current gas back into the cross flowing liquid to be cleansed may reduce operating costs of an installation. In combination or the alternative, cleansing and recycling the cross current gas may reduce the amount of gas required to operate the installation. When the cross current gas is recycled, consumption of the gas may be limited to the amount of gas dissolving in the liquid to be cleansed and the amount of gas leaking from the installation. Accordingly, consumption of the gas may be limited to the solubility of the cross current gas in the cross flowing liquid to be cleansed and/or the integrity of the installation.

(49) For instance, when the installation is used for the purposes of drying a cross flowing liquid, improving efficiency of the installation may be accomplished by drying the cleansing gas leaving contactor vessel 6 at outlet 8 and reintroducing the dried cleansing gas through gas distribution grid 15. Drying and recycling the cross current cleansing gas leaving the cross flowing liquid to be dried may reduce operating cost of an installation. In combination or the alternative, drying and recycling the cross current gas may reduce the amount gas necessary to sufficiently dry the cross flowing liquid. For instance, when nitrogen is used as the cross current cleansing gas, drying and recycling the nitrogen may reduce the amount nitrogen required to that which can be produced utilizing a nitrogen generation membrane unit typical of those found at service garages to fill tires with nitrogen.

(50) Drying recycled nitrogen cross current cleansing gas may be accomplished utilizing various means. For instance, compression induced condensation in the range of 50-150 psig may be sufficient to dry the nitrogen gas to approximately 10% to 30% relative humidity. Recycled nitrogen cross current gas may also be dried by contacting the nitrogen gas with a near-saturated salt solution to achieve 10% to 75% relative humidity. The ability of a salt solution to dry wet nitrogen is reported in FIG. 6. The experiment reported in FIG. 6 entailed percolating wet nitrogen gas through a near saturated magnesium chloride salt solution at 153 cubic centimeters per minute to provide dry nitrogen gas. As shown in FIG. 6, the relative humidity of the dried nitrogen gas tracks the initial relative humidity of the wet nitrogen gas. Additionally, wet nitrogen gas having a relative humidity of 95% was dried to approximately 75% relative humidity.

(51) As the wet nitrogen gas percolates through the salt solution, water will be transferred from the gas to the solution. Consequently, the near-saturated salt solution will become increasingly dilute by drying nitrogen gas. In order to maintain the drying capacity of the salt solution, therefore, it may be necessary to partially purge the diluted solution and add make up salt. Make up salt may be added by introducing a volume of a saturated salt solution.

(52) Drying a cleansing gas leaving contactor vessel 6 of the installation shown in FIG. 2 may be accomplished by percolating the gas through a drying liquid held in second horizontal contactor vessel 23. The drying liquid held within vessel 23 may be any liquid capable of removing from the cross current gas water picked up by the gas as it percolated through the cross flowing liquid to be dried. Accordingly, drying the gas leaving contactor vessel 6 may entail percolating the gas leaving vessel 6 through a salt solution held in vessel 23. Over time, the efficiency of the salt solution in drying the cleaning gas may become diminished. Adding fresh salt to the solution held in vessel 23 may restore lost drying capacity. Accordingly, it may be beneficial to at least periodically remove a portion of the salt solution from vessel 23 and add fresh salt to the remaining solution held in vessel 23. The salt may be added as a volume of a saturated salt solution. Accordingly, the installation may comprise a tote tank 27 containing a saturated solution used to replenish vessel 23. As the salt solution held within vessel 23 becomes diluted and/or after periodic operation of the process, a portion of the solution may be purged from vessel 23 via conduit 24. Simultaneously and/or after the purging of vessel 23, make up salt may be added in the form a saturated salt solution held within tote tank 27 and delivered via conduit 22. The solution purged from vessel 23 via conduit 24 may be restored by boiling water out and/or subjecting to a bleed and feed system. Other manners of removing contaminants from the solution purged from vessel 23 may also be employed. Once the purged solution has been restored, it may be recycled back into the installation.

(53) Regardless of the liquid held within vessel 23, the gas leaving contactor vessel 6 is transmitted to vessel 23 via conduit 7 operatively connecting gas outlet 8 of contactor vessel 6 to gas distribution grid 20 within the bottom region 21 of vessel 23. After percolating through the drying liquid held within vessel 23, the gas leaves vessel 23 through upper outlet 18. Gas leaving through upper outlet 18 is then transmitted to gas distribution grid 15 of contactor vessel 6 via conduit 16 operatively connecting outlet 18 to gas distribution grid 15. In addition to recycled cleansing gas, fresh cleansing gas may be introduced to distribution grid 15 via conduit 3. As with contactor vessel 6, vessel 23 may have a longitudinal axis 28. Gas distribution grid 20 within vessel 23 may be arranged parallel to the longitudinal axis 28.

(54) Prior to being cross flowed through contactor vessel 6, it may be advantageous to remove a portion of the volatile contaminants from the liquid to be cleansed. For instance, as shown in FIG. 2, when the liquid is to be cleansed of water (i.e. dried) it may first be passed through a filter 2 and coalescer 4, operatively connected together via conduit 1, to remove a portion of the water. The liquid to be cleansed may then be delivered from coalescer 4 to contactor vessel 6 via conduit 30. Water and/or other volatile may be removed from coalescer 4 via conduit 29 and joined with the solution purged from vessel 23. Depending on the efficiency of the coalesce and/or filter, the water content of the liquid to be dried may be reduced down to approximately 15 vppm.

Additional Embodiments

(55) Additionally or alternately, the invention can include one or more of the following embodiments.

(56) Processes for removing volatile contaminants may comprise any one of or combination of processes set forth in Embodiments 1 to 22.

(57) Embodiment 1: A process for removing volatile contaminants from a liquid comprising: cross flowing a liquid through a contactor vessel having a longitudinal axis, and a bottom region; contacting the cross flowing liquid with a cross current cleansing; inducing a radial flow pattern in the cross flowing liquid; and allowing the cleansing gas to leave the contactor vessel after percolating upwards through the cross flowing liquid, wherein the crossing flow liquid has a percent saturation for at least one volatile contaminant and the cleansing gas when contacting the cross flowing liquid has a lower percent saturation for the at least one volatile contaminant than the cross flowing liquid.

(58) Embodiment 2: The process of Embodiment 1, wherein the contactor vessel further comprises a periphery, and the radial flow pattern induced in the cross flowing liquid comprises movement of the liquid towards the periphery of the contactor vessel.

(59) Embodiment 3: The process of Embodiment 1 or Embodiment 2, wherein contacting the cross flowing liquid with a cross current cleansing comprises introducing the cleansing gas at the bottom region of the contactor vessel along at least a portion of the longitudinal axis of the contactor vessel.

(60) Embodiment 4: The process of Embodiment 1 to Embodiment 3, wherein the cleansing gas is introduced on a cross section of the contactor vessel parallel to the longitudinal axis of the contactor vessel.

(61) Embodiment 5: The process of any one of Embodiment 1 to Embodiment 4, wherein the cleansing gas is introduced from a central area on a cross section of the contactor vessel parallel to the longitudinal axis of the contactor vessel.

(62) Embodiment 6: The process of any one of Embodiment 1 to Embodiment 5, wherein the cleansing gas is introduced from approximately fifty percent of a cross section of the contactor vessel parallel to the longitudinal axis of the contactor vessel.

(63) Embodiment 7: The process of any one of Embodiment 1 to Embodiment 6, wherein the cleansing gas is introduced in the form of a plurality of bubbles.

(64) Embodiment 8: The process of any one of Embodiment 1 to Embodiment 7 further comprising, producing a foam of the cross flowing liquid above the cross flowing liquid.

(65) Embodiment 9: The process of any one of Embodiment 1 to Embodiment 8, further comprising reducing the percent saturation of the cleansing gas for the at least one volatile contaminant prior to contacting the cross flowing liquid with the cleansing gas.

(66) Embodiment 10: The process of any one of Embodiment 1 to Embodiment 9, further comprising filtering a portion of the at least one volatile contaminant from the cleansing gas prior to contacting the cross flowing liquid with the cleansing gas.

(67) Embodiment 11: The process of any one of Embodiment 1 to Embodiment 10, further comprising heating the cleansing gas prior to contacting the cross flowing liquid with the cleansing gas.

(68) Embodiment 12: The process of any one of Embodiment 1 to Embodiment 11, further comprising, prior to contacting the cross flowing liquid with the cleansing gas, percolating the cleansing gas through a solution having a lower percent saturation for the at least one volatile contaminant than the cleansing gas.

(69) Embodiment 13: The process of any one of Embodiment 1 to Embodiment 12, further comprising compressing the cleansing gas prior to contacting the cross flowing liquid with the cleansing gas.

(70) Embodiment 14: The process of any one of Embodiment 1 to Embodiment 13, further comprising drying the cleansing gas prior to contacting the cross flowing liquid with the cleansing gas.

(71) Embodiment 15: The process of any one of Embodiment 1 to Embodiment 14, further comprising filtering a portion of the at least one volatile contaminant from the cleansing gas leaving the contactor vessel.

(72) Embodiment 16: The process of any one of Embodiment 1 to Embodiment 15, further comprising heating the cleansing gas leaving the contactor vessel.

(73) Embodiment 17: The process of any one of Embodiment 1 to Embodiment 16, further comprising percolating the cleansing gas leaving the contactor vessel through a solution have a lower percent saturation for the at least one volatile contaminant than the cleansing gas.

(74) Embodiment 18: The process of any one of Embodiment 1 to Embodiment 17 further comprising compressing the cleansing gas leaving the contactor vessel.

(75) Embodiment 19: The process of any one of Embodiment 1 to Embodiment 18, further comprising drying the cleansing gas leaving the contactor vessel.

(76) Embodiment 20: The process of Embodiment 19, wherein drying the cleansing gas leaving the contactor vessel comprises percolating the cleansing gas leaving the contactor vessel through a salt solution held in a drying vessel.

(77) Embodiment 21: The process of Embodiment 20, further comprising: removing a portion of the salt solution from the drying vessel; and adding fresh salt to the salt solution held in the drying vessel.

(78) Embodiment 22: The process of any one of Embodiment 19 to Embodiment 21, wherein drying the cleansing gas leaving the contactor vessel comprises compressing the gas.

(79) The horizontal cross flow contactor for removing volatile contaminates form a liquid may comprise one of or combination of Embodiment 23 to Embodiment 36.

(80) Embodiment 23: A horizontal cross flow contactor comprising: a horizontal contactor vessel having a first end, a second end opposite the first end, a longitudinal axis, a bottom region, and configured to permit a cross flow of a liquid; a liquid inlet at the first end of the horizontal contactor vessel; a liquid outlet at the second end of the horizontal contactor vessel; a cleansing gas distribution grid within the bottom region of the horizontal contactor vessel and disposed within a central area on a cross section of the horizontal contactor vessel parallel to the longitudinal axis of the horizontal contactor vessel; and a gas outlet within an upper region of the horizontal contactor vessel.

(81) Embodiment 24: The horizontal cross flow contactor of Embodiment 23, wherein cross current gas distribution grid comprises a plurality of bayonet spargers arranged parallel to at least a portion of the longitudinal axis of the horizontal contactor vessel, each bayonet sparger of the plurality comprising: a longitudinal axis; a non-porous body; and a porous portion substantially parallel with the longitudinal axis of the bayonet sparger.

(82) Embodiment 25: The horizontal cross flow contactor of Embodiment 24, wherein the porous portions of the plurality of bayonet spargers comprise pores of approximately 5-100 microns in size.

(83) Embodiment 26: The horizontal cross flow contactor of any one of Embodiment 23 to Embodiment 25, wherein the central area is approximately fifty percent of the cross section of the horizontal contactor vessel parallel to the longitudinal axis.

(84) Embodiment 27: The horizontal cross flow contactor of any one of Embodiment 23 to Embodiment 26, further comprising: a diameter; a length; and a length to diameter ratio of approximately 4 or greater.

(85) Embodiment 28: The horizontal cross flow contactor of Embodiment 27, wherein the length to diameter ratio is approximately 8.

(86) Embodiment 29: The horizontal cross flow contactor of Embodiment 27 or Embodiment 28, wherein the diameter is approximately 3 to 4 feet.

(87) Embodiment 30: The horizontal cross flow contactor of Embodiment 27 or Embodiment 28, wherein the diameter is approximately 2 feet.

(88) Embodiment 31: The horizontal cross flow contactor of any one of Embodiment 23 to Embodiment 30, further comprising a crinkle wire mesh at the gas outlet.

(89) Embodiment 32: The horizontal cross flow contactor of any one of Embodiment 23 to Embodiment 31, further comprising: a drying vessel comprising: a bottom region; a wet gas distribution grid within the bottom region; and an upper outlet; a conduit operatively connecting the gas outlet of the horizontal contactor vessel to the wet gas distribution grid; and a conduit operatively connecting the upper outlet to the cleansing gas distribution grid.

(90) Embodiment 33: The horizontal cross flow contactor of Embodiment 32, further comprising a crinkle wire mesh screen at the upper outlet of the drying vessel.

(91) Embodiment 34: The horizontal cross flow contactor of Embodiment 32 or Embodiment 33, wherein the gas drying vessel further comprises longitudinal axis, and wherein the wet gas distribution grid comprises a plurality of spargers arranged parallel to a least a portion of the longitudinal axis of the gas drying vessel.

(92) Embodiment 35: The horizontal cross flow contactor of any one of Embodiment 32 to Embodiment 34, further comprising a tote tank operatively connected to the second horizontal vessel.

(93) Embodiment 36: The horizontal cross flow contactor of any one of Embodiment 23 to Embodiment 35, further comprising: a coalescer operatively connected to the liquid inlet at the first end of the horizontal contactor vessel; and a filter operatively connected to the coalescer.

(94) It is believed that the disclosure set forth above encompasses multiple distinct inventions with independent utility. While each of these inventions has been disclosed in its preferred form, the specific embodiments thereof as disclosed and illustrated herein are not to be considered in a limiting sense as numerous variations are possible. The subject matter of the inventions includes all novel and non-obvious combinations and subcombinations of the various elements, features, functions and/or properties disclosed herein. Similarly, where the claims recite “a” or “a first” element or the equivalent thereof, such claims should be understood to include incorporation of one or more such elements, neither requiring nor excluding two or more such elements.

(95) It is believed that the following claims particularly point out certain combinations and subcombinations that are directed to one of the disclosed inventions and are novel and non-obvious. Inventions embodied in other combinations and subcombinations of features, functions, elements and/or properties may be claimed through amendment of the present claims or presentation of new claims in this or a related application. Such amended or new claims, whether they are directed to a different invention or directed to the same invention, whether different, broader, narrower, or equal in scope to the original claims, are also regarded as included within the subject matter of the inventions of the present disclosure.