Positive electrode active material and secondary battery comprising the same

Abstract

In the positive electrode active material according to the inventive concept, A positive active material for lithium secondary battery comprises a particle comprising M1, M2, and Li, wherein the particle comprises a center, a surface, and an intermediate portion between the center and the surface, wherein M1 and M2 are selected from transition metal and are different each other, and wherein concentrations of M1 and M2 have continuous concentration gradients from the center to the intermediate portion.

Claims

1. A positive active material for lithium secondary battery comprising a particle comprising M1, M2, M3 and Li, wherein the particle comprises a center, a surface, and an intermediate portion between the center and the surface, wherein M1, M2, and M3 are selected from transition metal and are different each other, wherein concentrations of M1, M2, and M3 have continuous concentration gradients from the center to the intermediate portion, wherein the concentrations of M1, M2, and M3 have continuous concentration gradient in an entire region of the particle, wherein the concentration of M1 decreases in the entire region of the particle, from the center to the surface, and wherein the concentrations of M2 and M3 increase in the entire region of the particle, from the center to the surface.

2. A positive active material for lithium secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein the particle comprises a same concentration portion in which the concentration of M1 is equal to the concentration of M2, and wherein a distance between the center and the same concentration portion is smaller than a distance between the surface and the same concentration portion.

3. A positive active material for lithium secondary battery according to claim 2, wherein the center comprises the same concentration portion.

4. A positive active material for lithium secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein M1 is Ni, and M2 is Co.

5. A positive active material for lithium secondary battery according to claim 4, wherein the particle further comprises Al.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

(1) The above and other objects and features of the present invention will become apparent from the following description of the invention taken in conjunction with the following accompanying drawings, which respectively show:

(2) FIGS. 1 to 6: the results measuring the atomic ratio in each precursor particle prepared in Examples 1 to 6 of the present invention, respectively;

(3) FIGS. 7 to 12: the results measuring the atomic ratio in each precursor particle prepared in Examples 1-1 to 1-6 of the present invention after heat-treating, respectively;

(4) FIGS. 13 to 18: the results of charging/discharging test and the results measuring cycle characteristics of each battery prepared by using the active materials prepared in Examples 1-1 to 1-6 of the present invention and the active materials prepared in Comparative Examples 1-1 to 1-7, respectively; and

(5) FIGS. 19 to 24: the results measuring heat flow of each cathode including active materials prepared in Examples 1-1 to 1-6 of the present invention and active materials prepared in Comparative examples 1-1 to 1-7, by charging at 4.3 V and then heating at the speed of 10 C./min by using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), respectively.

(6) FIGS. 25 to 29: the results measuring the atomic ratio in each precursor particle prepared in Examples 2-1 to 2-5 of the present invention, respectively;

(7) FIGS. 30 to 34: the results measuring the atomic ratio in each precursor particle prepared in Examples 2-1 to 2-5 of the present invention after heat-treating, respectively;

(8) FIGS. 35 to 39 and FIGS. 40 to 44: the surface images of each precursor particle and the final active material prepared in Examples 2-1 to 2-5 of the present invention measured by scanning electron microscope, respectively;

(9) FIGS. 45 to 48: the results of charging/discharging test and the results measuring cycle characteristics of each battery prepared by using the active material prepared in Examples 2-1 to 2-4 of the present invention, respectively;

(10) FIG. 49: the result of charging/discharging test and the result measuring cycle characteristics of each battery prepared by using the active material, which has the same concentration gradient and is prepared in Example 2-3 of the present invention prepared by using a CSTR reactor, and Example 2-5 of the present invention prepared by using a BATCH reactor, respectively;

(11) FIGS. 50 to 53: the results measuring heat flow of each cathode including active materials prepared in Examples 2-1 to 2-4 of the present invention and active materials prepared in Comparative examples 2-1 to 2-4, by charging at 4.3 V and then heating at the speed of 10 C./min by using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), respectively;

(12) FIG. 54: the results measuring heat flow of each cathode including the active material, which has the same concentration gradient and is prepared in Example 2-3 of the present invention prepared by using a CSTR reactor, and Example 2-5 of the present invention prepared by using a BATCH reactor, by charging at 4.3 V and then heating at the speed of 10 C./min by using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), respectively;

(13) FIG. 55: the result measuring the atomic ratio in the precursor particle prepared in Example 3-1 of the present invention;

(14) FIG. 56: the results measuring the atomic ratio in the precursor particle prepared in Example 3-1 of the present invention after heat-treating;

(15) FIGS. 57 to 58: the surface images of the precursor particle and the final active material prepared in Example 3-1 of the present invention measured by scanning electron microscope;

(16) FIG. 59: the results of charging/discharging test and the results measuring cycle characteristics of the battery prepared by using the active material prepared in Example 3-1 of the present invention; and

(17) FIG. 60: the results measuring heat flow of each cathode including active materials prepared in Example 2-1 of the present invention and active materials prepared in Comparative example 2-1, by charging at 4.3 V and then heating at the speed of 10 C./min by using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC).

(18) FIG. 61A illustrates the cross section of the second element for explaining the second element of the positive electrode active material according to a first embodiment of the inventive concept.

(19) FIG. 61B illustrates the positive electrode active material containing the second element composed of the first element having a rod shape according to a first embodiment of the inventive concept.

(20) FIGS. 62A and 62B are graphs is a graph illustrating the change in content of the first metal in the second element of the positive electrode active material according to a first embodiment of the inventive concept.

(21) FIG. 63 illustrates the cross section of the second element for explaining the second element of the positive electrode active material according to a second embodiment of the inventive concept.

(22) FIGS. 64A, 64B, 65A and 65B are graphs illustrating the change in content of the first metal in the second element of the positive electrode active material according to a second embodiment of the inventive concept.

(23) FIG. 66 illustrates the cross section of the second element for explaining the second element of the positive electrode active material according to a third embodiment of the inventive concept.

(24) FIG. 67 is a graph illustrating the change in content of the first metal in the second element of the positive electrode active material according to a third embodiment of the inventive concept.

(25) FIG. 68 illustrates the cross section of the second element for explaining the second element of the positive electrode active material according to a fourth embodiment of the inventive concept.

(26) FIGS. 69A, 69B, 70A, and 70B are graphs illustrating the change in content of the first metal in the second element of the positive electrode active material according to a fourth embodiment of the inventive concept.

(27) FIG. 71 illustrates the cross section of the second element for explaining the second element of the positive electrode active material according to a modified example of a fourth embodiment of the inventive concept.

(28) FIG. 72 illustrates the cross section of the second element for explaining the second element of the positive electrode active material according to a fifth embodiment of the inventive concept.

(29) FIGS. 73A and 73B are graphs illustrating the change in content of the first metal in the second element of the positive electrode active material according to a fifth embodiment of the inventive concept.

(30) FIG. 74 illustrates the cross section of the second element for explaining the second element of the positive electrode active material according to a sixth embodiment of the inventive concept.

(31) FIGS. 75A, 75B, 76A and 76B are graphs illustrating the change in content of the first metal in the second element of the positive electrode active material according to a sixth embodiment of the inventive concept.

(32) FIG. 77 illustrates the cross section of the second element for explaining the second element of the positive electrode active material according to a modified example of a sixth embodiment of the inventive concept.

(33) FIG. 78 illustrates the cross section of the second element for explaining the second element of the positive electrode active material according to a seventh embodiment of the inventive concept.

(34) FIGS. 79A, 79B, 80A and 80B are graphs illustrating the change in content of the first metal in the second element of the positive electrode active material according to a seventh embodiment of the inventive concept.

(35) FIG. 81 illustrates the cross section of the second element for explaining the second element of the positive electrode active material according to a modified example of a seventh embodiment of the inventive concept.

(36) FIG. 82 is a diagram for explaining a secondary battery which contains the positive electrode active material according to embodiments of the inventive concept.

(37) FIGS. 83A and 83B illustrates the concentrations of Ni, Mn, Co depending on the distance from the center in the particles prepared according to an embodiment of the inventive concept and Comparative Example, which are measured by EDX.

(38) FIG. 84 illustrates SEM images of the particles prepared according to an embodiment of the inventive concept and Comparative Example.

(39) FIGS. 85A, 85B, 86A, 86B and 86C, illustrate the measurement results on charge and discharge characteristics, cycle-life characteristics, and DSC characteristics of the batteries containing the active materials prepared according to an embodiment of the inventive concept and Comparative Example, respectively.

(40) FIGS. 87A, and 87B illustrate: the concentrations of Ni, Mn, Co depending on the distance from the center in the particles prepared according to an embodiment of the inventive concept and Comparative Example, which are measured by EDX.

(41) FIG. 88 illustrates the measurement results on charge and discharge characteristics of the batteries containing the active materials prepared according to an embodiment of the inventive concept and Comparative Example.

(42) FIGS. 89 and 90 illustrate the concentrations of Ni, Mn, Co depending on the distance from the center in the particles prepared according to embodiments of the inventive concept, which are measured by EDX.

(43) FIGS. 91 to 93 illustrate the measurement results on charge and discharge characteristics, cycle-life characteristics, and DSC characteristics of the particles prepared according to an embodiment of the inventive concept and Comparative Example, respectively.

(44) FIGS. 94 to 96 illustrate the measurement results on charge and discharge characteristics, cycle-life characteristics, and DSC characteristics of the particles prepared according to an embodiment of the inventive concept and Comparative Example, respectively.

(45) FIG. 97 illustrates the concentrations of Ni, Mn, Co depending on the distance from the center in the particles prepared according to an embodiment of the inventive concept, which are measured by EDX.

(46) FIGS. 98 to 100 illustrate the measurement results on charge and discharge characteristics, cycle-life characteristics, and DSC characteristics of the particles prepared according to an embodiment of the inventive concept and Comparative Example, respectively.

(47) FIG. 101 illustrates the tap density and surface area by the BET method of the particles prepared according to an embodiment of the inventive concept and Comparative Example.

(48) FIG. 102 illustrates the concentrations of Ni, Mn, Co depending on the distance from the center in the particles prepared according to an embodiment of the inventive concept, which are measured by EDX.

(49) FIGS. 103 to 105 illustrate the measurement results on charge and discharge characteristics, cycle-life characteristics, and DSC characteristics of the particles prepared according to an embodiment of the inventive concept and Comparative Example, respectively.

(50) FIG. 106 illustrates the concentrations of Ni, Mn, Co depending on the distance from the center in the particles prepared according to an embodiment of the inventive concept, which are measured by EDX.

(51) FIGS. 107 to 109 illustrate the measurement results on charge and discharge characteristics, cycle-life characteristics, and DSC characteristics of the particles prepared according to an embodiment of the inventive concept and Comparative Example, respectively.

(52) FIG. 110 illustrates the concentrations of Ni, Mn, Co depending on the distance from the center in the particles prepared according to an embodiment of the inventive concept measured by EDX.

(53) FIGS. 111 to 114 illustrate the measurement results on charge and discharge characteristics, cycle-life characteristics, and DSC characteristics of the batteries containing the active materials prepared according to an embodiment of the inventive concept and Comparative Example, respectively.

(54) FIG. 115 illustrates the results of concentrations of Ni, Mn, Co depending on the distance from the center in the particles produced in Example of the inventive concept measured by EDX.

(55) FIGS. 116 to 118 illustrate the results of charge and discharge characteristics, lifespan characteristics, and DSC characteristics measured on the particles produced in Example and Comparative Examples of the inventive concept, respectively.

(56) FIG. 119 illustrates the results of concentrations of Ni, Mn, Co depending on the distance from the center in the particles produced in Example of the inventive concept measured by EDX.

(57) FIGS. 120 to 122 illustrate the results of charge and discharge characteristics, lifespan characteristics, and DSC characteristics measured on the particles produced in Example and Comparative Examples of the inventive concept, respectively.

(58) FIG. 123 illustrates the results of EDX measurement on the cross-section of the active materials produced in Example and Comparative Examples of the inventive concept.

(59) FIGS. 124 and 125 illustrate the results of charge and discharge characteristics and cycle-life characteristics measured on the batteries which include the active materials produced in Example and Comparative Examples of the inventive concept.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(60) The inventive concepts will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which exemplary embodiments of the inventive concepts are shown. The advantages and features of the inventive concepts and methods of achieving them will be apparent from the following exemplary embodiments that will be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. It should be noted, however, that the inventive concepts are not limited to the following exemplary embodiments, and may be implemented in various forms. Accordingly, the exemplary embodiments are provided only to disclose the inventive concepts and let those skilled in the art know the category of the inventive concepts. In the drawings, embodiments of the inventive concepts are not limited to the specific examples provided herein and are exaggerated for clarity.

(61) It will be understood that when an element such as a layer, region or substrate is referred to as being on another element, it can be directly on the other element or intervening elements may be present. In contrast, the term directly means that there are no intervening elements. In the drawings, the thicknesses of layers and regions are exaggerated for clarity.

(62) It will be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer or section from another element, component, region, layer or section. Thus, a first element, component, region, layer or section discussed below could be termed a second element, component, region, layer or section without departing from the teachings of example embodiments. Exemplary embodiments of aspects of the present inventive concepts explained and illustrated herein include their complementary counterparts. As used herein, the term and/or includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.

(63) As used herein, the singular terms a, an and the are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms comprises, comprising,, includes and/or including, when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.

(64) In addition, in explanation of the present invention, the descriptions to the elements and functions of related arts may be omitted if they obscure the subjects of the present invention.

(65) The same reference numerals or the same reference designators denote the same elements throughout the specification.

(66) In addition, the terms to be constant and/or constant as described herein are interpreted to mean to be substantially constant. In addition, the term center part as described herein is interpreted to mean to include a region of the inside, but it is not limited to the intermediate position and/or the central position. In addition, the term content as described herein is interpreted to include the atomic ratio and/or the concentration.

(67) In the present specification, that a concentration of a metal has a concentration gradient may mean that the concentration of the metal is substantially varied in a particle. In addition, that a concentration of a metal is constant may mean that the concentration of the metal is substantially constant in a particle.

(68) According to embodiments of the inventive concepts, a positive active material for a lithium secondary battery may include a particle including M1, M2, M3, and lithium (Li). The particle may include a center, a surface, and an intermediate portion disposed between the center and the surface.

(69) M1, M2, and M3 may be transition metals of which kinds are different from each other. For example, each of the M1, M2, and M3 may be nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn), or aluminum (Al). Alternatively, in other embodiments, the particle may further include M4 that is different from M1, M2, and M3. For example, M4 may include at least one of iron (Fe), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), germanium (Ge), strontium (Sr), silver (Ag), barium (B a), zirconium (Zr), niobium (Nb), molybdenum (Mo), aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), or boron (B).

(70) For example, the particle may include Li, Ni, Co, and Mn. Alternatively, the particle may include Li, Ni, Co, and Al.

(71) Concentrations of M1 and M2 may have continuous concentration gradients from the center to at least the intermediate portion.

(72) In some embodiments, concentrations of M1, M2, and M3 may have continuous concentration gradients in an entire region of the particle. For example, the concentration of M1 (e.g., Ni) may decrease from the center to the surface in the entire region of the particle, and the concentrations of M2 (e.g., Co) and M3 (e.g., Mn) may increase from the center to the surface in the entire region of the particle. Alternatively, the concentrations of M1 (e.g., Ni) and M2 (e.g., Co) may decrease from the center to the surface, and the concentration of M3 (e.g., Mn) may increase from the center to the surface.

(73) In other embodiments, the concentrations of M1 (e.g., Co) and M2 (e.g., Mn) may have continuous concentration gradients in the entire region of the particle, and the concentration of M3 (e.g., Ni) may be substantially constant in the entire region of the particle. For example, the concentration of M1 (e.g., Co) may decrease from the center to the surface in the entire region of the particle, the concentration of M2 (e.g., Mn) may increase from the center to the surface in the entire region of the particle, and the concentration of M3 (e.g., Ni) may be substantially constant in the entire region of the particle.

(74) In still other embodiments, the concentrations of M1 (e.g., Ni) and M2 (e.g., Co) may have continuous concentration gradients in the entire region of the particle, the concentration of M3 (e.g., Al) may be substantially constant in the entire region of the particle, and the concentration of M3 may be lower than the concentrations of M1 and M2.

(75) In yet other embodiments, the concentrations of M1, M2 and M3 may have continuous concentration gradients from the center to the intermediate portion and may be substantially constant from the intermediate portion to the surface. In this case, for example, the concentrations of M1, M2 and M3 from the intermediate portion to the surface may be equal to the concentrations of M1, M2 and M3 at the intermediate portion. In other words, the concentrations of M1, M2 and M3 may be continuous from the center to the surface. Alternatively, the concentrations of M1, M2 and M3 from the intermediate portion to the surface may be different from the concentrations of M1, M2 and M3 at the intermediate portion. In other words, the concentrations of M1, M2 and M3 may be discontinuous from the center to the surface.

(76) In some embodiments, the particle may include a same concentration portion. The concentration of M1 and the concentration of M2 may be equal to each other in the same concentration portion. A distance between the center and the same concentration portion may be smaller than a distance between the surface and the same concentration portion. For example, the same concentration portion may be disposed between the center and the intermediate portion. Alternatively, the same concentration portion may be the center. In other words, the concentration of M1 and the concentration of M2 may be equal to each other at the center of the particle.

(77) In some embodiments, the concentrations of M1, M2 and M3 may have substantially constant concentration gradients from the center to at least the intermediate portion. In other words, the concentration gradients of M1, M2 and M3 may be constant from the center to at least the intermediate portion. In certain embodiments, the concentration gradients of M1, M2 and M3 may be constant in the entire region of the particle.

(78) In other embodiments, each of the concentrations of M1, M2 and M3 may have at least two concentration gradients from the center to at least the intermediate portion. For example, a magnitude of each of the concentration gradients of M1, M2 and M3 may decrease or increase from the center to at least the intermediate portion. Alternatively, each of the concentrations of M1, M2 and M3 from the center to at least the intermediate portion may increase and then decrease or may decrease and then increase. In this case, each of the concentration gradients of M1, M2 and M3 from the center to at least the intermediate portion may have a vertex.

(79) In still other embodiments, the concentrations of M1, M2 and M3 from the center to at least the intermediate portion may have curved shapes.

(80) In some embodiments, at least one concentration gradient portion and at least one concentration maintained portion may be provided between the intermediate portion and the surface. The concentrations of M1, M2 and M3 of the concentration gradient portion may have gradients, and the concentrations of M1, M2 and M3 of the concentration maintained portion may be constant.

(81) The first embodiment of the inventive concept will be described with FIGS. 1 to 24.

(82) Unlike the prior art that the metal concentration is constant at the interior region, but the metal concentration shows gradual concentration gradient at the exterior region, in the cathode active material of the present invention, all metals making up the cathode active material show continuous concentration gradient in the whole region from the particle core to the surface part.

(83) Namely, in the cathode active material of the present invention, the concentrations of all metals making up the cathode active material are increased or decreased with continuous concentration gradient in the whole region from the particle core to the surface part.

(84) The present invention is characterized that the concentrations of the M1 and the M2 are increased with continuous concentration gradient from the core to the surface part, and the concentration of the M3 is decreased with continuous concentration gradient from the core to the surface part.

(85) Further, the present invention is characterized that the concentration of the M2 is increased with continuous concentration gradient from the core to the surface part, and the concentrations of the M1 and the M3 are decreased with continuous concentration gradient from the core to the surface part.

(86) In the present invention, metal concentration shows continuous concentration gradient refers that the concentration of metal except for lithium exists with concentration distribution, which is changed gradually from the core of the active material particle to the surface part. The concentration gradient refers that there may be metal concentration difference of 0.1 to 30 mol %, preferably 0.1 to 20 mol %, more preferably 1 to 10 mol % per 0.1 .mu.Math.m, from the particle core to the surface part. In the present invention, the particle core refers to the range within the diameter 0.2 .mu.Math.m from the center of the active material particle, and the particle surface part refers to the range within the diameter 0.2 .mu.Math.m from the outermost of the particle.

(87) In the present invention, it is preferred that the concentration gradients of the M1, the M2 and the M3 are constant from the particle core to the surface part. Namely, in the present invention, in terms of the structure stability, it is preferred that the concentrations of the M1 and the M2 are continuously increased as continuous concentration gradient form the core to the surface part, and the concentration of the M3 is continuously decreased as continuous concentration gradient from the core to the surface part. Further, in the present invention, in terms of the structure stability, it is preferred that the concentration of the M2 is continuously increased as continuous concentration gradient from the core to the surface part, and the concentrations of the M1 and the M3 are continuously decreased as continuous concentration gradient from the core to the surface part.

(88) In the present invention, the M1 may be Co, the M2 may be Mn, and the M3 may be Ni. Namely, the concentration of the Ni is decreased in the whole particle, the concentration of the Mn is increased in the whole particle, and the concentration of the Co shows concentration gradient in the whole particle, but any structure of increase or decrease may be used.

(89) In the present invention, it is preferred that the concentration range of the M3 at the core, z1 may be 0.6z11 so as to maintain the nickel concentration in the core high, and the concentration difference of the nickel between the core and the surface part of the M3 may be 0.2|z2z|0.4 so as to show thermostability and to prevent the capacity reduction.

(90) In the present invention, it is preferred that the concentration range of the M1 at the core, x1 may be 0x10.2, and the concentration difference between the core and the surface part of the M1 may be 0.05|x2x1|0.1, so as to reduce the amount of the Co and to prevent the capacity reduction at the same time.

(91) In the present invention, it is preferred that the concentration range of the M2 at the core, y1 may be 0y10.1 and the Mn content a the surface par may be 0.2 or more, so as to have thermostability and the prevent the capacity reduction at the same time, and the concentration difference of the manganese between the core and the surface part of the M2 may be 0.2|y2y|0.4.

(92) Hereinafter, an example method for preparing the cathode active material of the present invention will be described.

(93) First of all, a metal salt aqueous solution for forming the core and a metal salt aqueous solution for forming the surface part, which contain the M1, the M2 and the M3 as a metal salt aqueous solution, wherein the concentrations of the M1, the M2 and the M3 are different each other, are prepared.

(94) The metal salt aqueous solution for forming the core and the metal salt aqueous solution for forming the surface part may be prepared by adding nickel salt, cobalt salt, manganese salt and salts containing M to a solvent, or may be prepared by preparing aqueous solution containing nickel salt, cobalt salt, manganese salt and salts containing M, respectively followed by mixing thereof for using. The metal salt may be sulfate, nitrate, acetate, halide, hydroxide and the like, and it may be any salt, which can be dissolved in water, without particular limitation.

(95) Then, the metal salt aqueous solution for forming the core and the metal salt aqueous solution for forming the surface part are mixed together and simultaneously, the chelating agent and the basic aqueous solution are mixed in a reactor so as to obtain a precipitate wherein the concentrations of the M1, the M2 and the M3 have continuous concentration gradients from the core to the surface part.

(96) In the present invention, a precipitate having continuous concentration gradient from the particle core to the surface part, from the particle forming process through one coprecipitation process, by mixing the metal salt aqueous solution for forming the core and the metal salt aqueous solution for forming the surface part from the initial stage of the particle forming process and supplying thereof continuously at the same time. The produced concentration gradient and its gradient may be controlled according to the compositions and the mixing and supplying ratio of the metal salt aqueous solution for forming the core and the metal salt aqueous solution for forming the surface part. The entire particle size may be controlled by adjusting the reaction time to 1 to 10 hours.

(97) Further, the present invention is characterized that the molar ratio of the chelating agent and the metal salt may be 0.2 to 1.0:1.

(98) The chelating agent may be ammonia aqueous solution, ammonium sulfate aqueous solution and a combination thereof. It is preferred that the molar ratio of the chelating agent and the metal salt may be 0.2 to 0.5:1, 0.2 to 0.4:1. The reason to set the molar ratio of the chelating agent to 0.2 to 1.0 based on the metal aqueous solution 1 mole, is that the chelating agent forms a complex by reacting with metal at the ratio of 1:1 or more, but the chelating agent remained after the reaction of sodium hydroxide and the complex may be changed to intermediates and then recovered as the chelating agent. Furthermore, the reason is that it is the best condition for improving and stabilizing the crystallinity of the cathode active material.

(99) The concentration of the basic aqueous solution may be 2 M to 10 M, preferably. If the concentration of the basic aqueous solution is less than 2 M, particle forming may take longer, tap density may be deteriorated, and the yield of the co-precipitation reaction product may be reduced. And, if the concentration is over 10 M, it is not preferred because it may be difficult to form homogeneous particles due to rapid particle growth by rapid reaction, and the tap density may be also reduced.

(100) In the second step, the reaction atmosphere of the transition metal aqueous solution may be under a nitrogen flow, pH may be within 10 to 12.5, reaction temperature is within 30 to 80 C., and reaction stirring speed may be within 100 to 2000 rpm, preferably.

(101) Then, in the third step, the obtained precipitate may be dried or heat-treated to prepare an active material precursor. The drying process may be conducted at 110 C. to 400 C. for 15 to 30 hours.

(102) Finally, the active material precursor and the lithium salt are mixed and then heat-treated to obtain an active material.

(103) It is preferred that the heat-treating process after mixing the active material precursor and the lithium salt may be conducted at 700 C. to 1100 C. The heat-treating atmosphere may be in an oxidative atmosphere of air or oxygen or a reductive atmosphere of nitrogen or hydrogen, preferably, and the heat-treating time may be 10 to 30 hours, preferably. During this heat-treating process, metal may be diffused even at the part where the internal metal concentration is constant, and consequently, a metal oxide having continuous metal concentration distribution from the core to the surface may be obtained.

(104) Before the heat-treating process, a pre-calcining process may be conducted by maintaining at 250 to 650 C. for 5 to 20 hours. Further, after the heat-treating process, an annealing process may be conducted at 600 to 750 C. for 10 to 20 hours.

(105) Further, the present invention may further include a step of adding sintering additives when mixing the active material precursor and the lithium salt, preferably. The sintering additives may be any one selected from the group consisting of compounds containing ammonium ion, metal oxides, metal halides and a combination thereof, preferably.

(106) The compounds containing ammonium ion may be any one selected from the group consisting of NH.sub.4F, NH.sub.4NO.sub.3, (NH.sub.4).sub.2SO.sub.4, and a combination thereof, preferably; the metal oxides may be any one selected from the group consisting of B.sub.2O.sub.3, Bi.sub.2O.sub.3, and a combination thereof, preferably; and the metal halides may be any one selected from the group consisting of NiCl.sub.2, CaCl.sub.2, and a combination thereof, preferably.

(107) The sintering additives may be used in an amount of 0.01.about.0.2 mole based on the active material precursor 1 mole, preferably. If the amount of the sintering additives is too low, the sintering effect of the active material precursor may not be improved a lot, and if the amount is higher than the said range, the initial capacity during charging/discharging may be reduced or the performance of the cathode active material may be deteriorated.

(108) Further, the present invention provides a lithium secondary battery including the cathode active material according to the present invention.

(109) The lithium battery may include a cathode including the cathode active material having the above constitution, an anode including anode active material and a separator existing between thereof. Further, it may include an electrolyte, which is immersed in the cathode, the anode and the separator. The anode active material may be a material which can reversibly absorb or release lithium ions, preferably, for example, a material including artificial graphite, natural graphite, graphitized carbon fiber, amorphous Carbon, and metal lithium also can be used as a cathode active material. The electrolyte may be a liquid electrolyte containing lithium salts and non-aqueous organic solvent, or polymer gel electrolyte.

EXAMPLES

(110) Hereinafter, the present invention is explained by the following Examples and Test Examples in more detail. The following Examples and Test Examples are intended to further illustrate the present invention, and the scope of the present invention cannot be limited thereby in any way.

Examples 1

Example 1-1

(111) In order to prepare a compound, wherein the Ni concentration is continuously decreased from the core to the surface, the Co and the Mn concentrations are continuously increased, a 2.4 M metal aqueous solution, prepared by mixing nickel sulfate and cobalt sulfate at the molar ratio of 80:20, as a metal salt aqueous solution for forming the core and a metal aqueous solution containing nickel sulfate, cobalt sulfate and manganese sulfate at the molar ratio of 55:15:30 as a metal salt aqueous solution for forming the surface part were prepared.

(112) Distilled water 4 L was put into a coprecipitation reactor (Capacity: 4 L, power of a rotation motor: 80 W); nitrogen gas was supplied to the reactor at the speed of 0.5 L/min so as to remove dissolved oxygen; and stirred at 1000 rpm while maintaining the temperature of the reactor at 50 C.

(113) The metal salt aqueous solution for forming the core and the metal salt aqueous solution for forming the surface part were mixed at a certain ratio, and simultaneously supplied into the reactor at the rate of 0.3 L/hour. Further, 3.6 M ammonia solution was continuously supplied into the reactor at the rate of 0.03 L/hour. Further, for adjusting pH, 4.8 M NaOH aqueous solution was supplied to maintain pH in the reactor at 11. Then, the impeller speed of the reactor was controlled to 1000 rpm, and the co-precipitation reaction was conducted until the diameter of the obtained precipitate became 1 .mu.Math.m. At this time, the flow rate was controlled to make the average retention time of the solution in the reactor about 2 hours, and after the reaction reached to the steady state, the reactant was kept at the steady state for a certain time to so as to obtain a co-precipitated compound having higher density. The compound was filtered, washed with water, and dried with 110 C. warm air dryer for 15 hours so as to obtain an active material precursor.

(114) LiNO.sub.3 as a lithium salt was mixed to the obtained active material precursor, heated at a rate of 2 C./min, and then pre-calcined by maintaining at 280 C. for 10 hours followed by calcining at 750 C. for 15 hours to obtain a final active material particle. The size of the finally obtained active material particle was 12 m.

Example 1-2 to Example 1-5

(115) The procedure of Example 1-1 was repeated except for mixing nickel sulfate, cobalt sulfate and manganese sulfate of the metal salt aqueous solution for forming the core and the metal salt aqueous solution for forming the surface part at the molar ratio as listed in the following Table 1 so as to obtain an active material particle.

Example 1-6

(116) A cathode active material, which has the same composition with Examples 1-1 was prepared by using a batch reactor.

(117) Distilled water 2.5 L was put into a coprecipitation batch reactor (Capacity: 8 L, power of a rotation motor: 180 W); nitrogen gas was supplied to the reactor at the speed of 0.6 L/min so as to remove dissolved oxygen; and stirred at 450 rpm while maintaining the temperature of the reactor at 50 C.

(118) The metal salt aqueous solution for forming the core and the metal salt aqueous solution for forming the surface part having the same concentration with Example 1-3 were mixed at a certain ratio, and simultaneously supplied into the reactor at the rate of 0.2 L/hour. Further, 4.8 M ammonia solution was continuously supplied into the reactor at the rate of 0.1 L/hour. Further, for adjusting pH, 10 M NaOH aqueous solution was supplied to maintain pH in the reactor at 11. Then, the impeller speed of the reactor was controlled to 450 rpm, and the reaction solution was supplied until the total amount of the initially added distilled water, the added metal aqueous solution, the ammonia solution and the NaOH solution became 8 L. The compound was filtered, washed with water, and dried with 110 C. warm air dryer for 15 hours so as to obtain an active material precursor.

(119) LiNO.sub.3 as a lithium salt was mixed to the obtained active material precursor, heated at a rate of 2 C. min, and then pre-calcined by maintaining at 280 C. for 10 hours followed by calcining at 750 C. for 15 hours to obtain a final active material. The size of the finally obtained active material particle was 12 m.

(120) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1-1 Metal salt aqueous solution Metal salt aqueous solution for forming the core for forming the surface part Ni Co Mn Ni Co Mn Example 1 90 10 0 55 15 30 Example 2 90 10 0 60 13 27 Example 3 90 10 0 65 05 33 Example 4 90 10 0 75 05 20 Example 5 85 10 5 70 05 25 Example 6 90 10 0 55 15 30

Comparative Example

(121) An cathode active material, wherein the molar ratio of the nickel, the cobalt and the manganese is as listed in the following Table 1-2, respectively, and each concentration in the whole active material is not changed so as to have constant composition, was prepared.

(122) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 1-2 Ni Co Mn Comparative Example 1 80 07 13 Comparative Example 2 75 07 18 Comparative Example 3 70 09 21 Comparative Example 4 65 10 25 Comparative Example 5 75 07 18 Comparative Example 6 90 10 0 Comparative Example 7 85 10 5

Test Example 1-1

Confirmation of Concentration Gradient Structure in Precursor Particle

(123) In order to confirm the concentration gradient structure of each metal from the core to the surface of the precursor particle of the present invention, the atomic ratio in each precursor particle prepared in Examples 1-1 to 1-6 was measured by using EPMA (Electron Probe Micro Analyzer) while moving form the core to the surface part, and the results are shown in FIGS. 1 to 6, respectively.

(124) As shown in FIGS. 1 to 6, it was confirmed that in the case of the precursors prepared in Examples 1-1 to 1-6, the Ni metal concentration from the core to the surface was decreased, and the Mn and Co concentrations were gradually increased with certain gradient.

Test Example 1-2

Confirmation of Concentration Gradient Structure in Active Material Particle after Heat-Treatment

(125) In order to confirm whether each metal shows concentration gradient from the particle core to the surface part after heat-treating the precursor of the present invention, the atomic ratio was measured by using EPMA (Electron Probe Micro Analyzer) while moving from the core to the surface, and the results are shown in FIGS. 7 to 12, respectively.

(126) In FIGS. 6 to 9, it could be confirmed that: the Ni metal concentration was decreased, and the concentrations of the Co and the Mn at the core were little changed by the diffusion between the metal salts, but the Co and Mn concentrations were gradually increased with certain gradient.

Test Example 1-3

Measuring Charging/Discharging Capacity and Cycle Characteristics

(127) Cathodes were prepared by using the active materials prepared in Examples 1-1 to 1-6 and the active materials prepared in Comparative Examples 1-1 to 1-7, and applied to cylindrical lithium secondary batteries, respectively.

(128) For the batteries prepared by using the active materials prepared in Examples 1-1 to 1-6, charging/discharging test and cycle characteristics were measured, and the results are shown in FIGS. 13 to 18. The charging/discharging was conducted 10 times per each sample at the condition of 2.7.about.4.3 V and 0.2 C, and the average value was taken.

(129) In FIGS. 13 to 18, the results of charging/discharging of Examples 1-1 to 1-6, Comparative Examples corresponding to each bulk composition and Comparative Examples representing each core composition are shown. In FIGS. 13 to 18, Examples 1-1 to 1-6 showed similar charging/discharging characteristics with Comparative Examples corresponding to each bulk composition, but Comparative Examples representing the core composition showed very poor charging/discharging characteristics.

Test Example 1-4

Evaluation of Thermostability by DSC Measurement

(130) The cathodes containing the active materials prepared in Examples 1-1 to 1-6 and the active materials prepared in Comparative Examples 1-1 to 1-4, were charged at 4.3 V, respectively, and thermostability was measured by using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and heating at a rate of 10 C./min. The results are shown in FIGS. 19 to 24.

(131) As shown in FIGS. 19 to 24, the results of charging/discharging of Examples 1-1 to 1-6, Comparative Examples corresponding to each bulk composition and Comparative Examples representing each core composition are shown.

(132) As shown in FIGS. 19 to 24, when the active materials prepared in Examples 1-1 to 1-6 according to the present invention were contained, an exothermic peak was showed at the higher temperature than Comparative Examples corresponding to each bulk composition and Comparative Examples representing each core composition. Thus, when the active materials prepared in Examples 1-1 to 1-6 according to the present invention were contained, the thermostability was much improved than when the active materials prepared in Comparative Examples 1-1 to 1-7 were contained.

(133) Namely, in the present invention, the concentrations of all metals are increased or decreased with continuous concentration gradient from the core to the surface part. Accordingly, because the structures are not rapidly changed and show stability, it could be confirmed that the thermostability is largely increased.

(134) The second embodiment of the inventive concept will be described with FIGS. 25 to 60.

(135) Unlike the prior art that the metal concentration is constant at the interior region, but the metal concentration shows gradual concentration gradient at the exterior region, in the cathode active material of the present invention, a part of the metal shows continuous concentration gradient at the whole region from the particle core to the surface part, but the other one metal shows constant metal concentration at the whole region from the particle core to the surface part.

(136) In the cathode active material particle of the present invention, one of metals making up the cathode active material shows constant metal concentration at the whole region from the particle core to the surface part, but the other two metals show decreased or increased continuous concentration gradient at the whole region from the particle core to the surface part.

(137) Namely, the present invention is characterized that the concentration of the M2 is increased with continuous concentration gradient from the core to the surface part, and the concentration of the M3 is decreased with continuous concentration gradient from the core to the surface part.

(138) In the present invention, metal concentration shows continuous concentration gradient refers that the concentration of metal except for lithium exists with concentration distribution, which is changed gradually from the core of the active material particle to the surface part. The concentration gradient refers that there may be metal concentration difference of 0.1 to 30 mol %, preferably 0.1 to 20 mol %, more preferably 1 to 10 mol % per 0.1 .mu.Math.m, from the particle core to the surface part. In the present invention, the particle core refers to the range within the diameter 0.2 .mu.Math.m from the center of the active material particle, and the particle surface part refers to the range within the diameter 0.2 .mu.Math.m from the outermost of the particle.

(139) The present invention is characterized that the concentration gradients of the M2 and the M3 should be constant from the particle core to the surface, i.e., the concentrations of the M2 and the M3 may be continuously changed at the whole particle, preferably.

(140) The present invention is characterized that the M1 is Ni, the M2 is Mn and the M3 is Co. The Ni concentration is maintained constantly so as to obtain high capacity, and the Mn concentration becomes increased at the surface and the Co concentration becomes decreased at the surface so as to obtain higher stability.

(141) In the present invention, the constant concentration range of the M1, i.e., Ni, x may be 0.4x1, and it is more preferred that the Ni concentration should be maintained at high concentration of 0.6x0.9.

(142) In the present invention, when the M1 is Ni, the concentration difference of the Co and the Mn between the particle core and the particle surface may be 0.2|y2y1|0.4, 0.2|z2z1|0.4, preferably, because there may be no rapid concentration change. And the concentrations of the Mn and the Co at the surface may be 0.2y20.4, 0z20.1, preferably. The Mn content at the surface should be 0.2 or more to obtain thermostability and to prevent capacity reduction.

(143) The present invention is characterized that the M1 is Co, the M2 is Mn and the M3 is Ni.

(144) The present invention is characterized that the M1 is Mn, the M2 is Co and the M3 is Ni.

(145) Hereinafter, another method for preparing the cathode active material of the present invention will be described.

(146) First of all, a metal salt aqueous solution for forming the core and a metal salt aqueous solution for forming the surface part, which contain the M1, the M2 and the M3 as a metal salt aqueous solution, wherein the concentration of the M1 is the same each other, and the concentration of the M2 and the concentration of the M3 are different each other, are prepared. The present invention is characterized that in order to constantly maintain the concentration of the M1 in the whole particle, the M1 concentration may be maintained same at the metal salt aqueous solution for forming the core and the metal salt aqueous solution for forming the surface part.

(147) The metal salt aqueous solution for forming the core and the metal salt aqueous solution for forming the surface part may be prepared by adding nickel salt, cobalt salt, manganese salt and salts containing M to a solvent, or may be prepared by preparing aqueous solution containing nickel salt, cobalt salt, manganese salt and salts containing M, respectively followed by mixing thereof for using. The metal salt may be sulfate, nitrate, acetate, halide, hydroxide and the like, and it may be any salt, which can be dissolved in water, without particular limitation.

(148) Then, the metal salt aqueous solution for forming the core and the metal salt aqueous solution for forming the surface part are mixed together and simultaneously, the chelating agent and the basic aqueous solution are mixed in a reactor so as to obtain a precipitate wherein the M1 concentration is constant from the core to the surface, and the M2 and M3 concentrations have continuous concentration gradients from the core to the surface part. Namely, the metal salt aqueous solution for forming the core and the metal salt aqueous solution for forming the surface part are mixed at the mixing ratio, which is gradually changed from 100 v %:0 v % to 0 v %:100 v %, and simultaneously, the chelating agent and the basic aqueous solution are mixed in a reactor, so as to form a precipitate, wherein the M1 concentration is constant from the core to the surface, and the M2 and M3 concentrations have continuous concentration gradients from the core to the surface part.

(149) In the present invention, a precipitate having continuous concentration gradient from the particle core to the surface part, from the particle forming process through one coprecipitation process, by mixing the metal salt aqueous solution for forming the core and the metal salt aqueous solution for forming the surface part from the initial stage of the particle forming process and supplying thereof continuously at the same time. The produced concentration gradient and its gradient may be controlled according to the compositions and the mixing ratio of the metal salt aqueous solution for forming the core and the metal salt aqueous solution for forming the surface part. The entire particle size may be controlled by adjusting the reaction time to 1 to 10 hours.

(150) Further, the present invention is characterized that the molar ratio of the chelating agent and the metal salt may be 0.2 to 1.0:1.

(151) The chelating agent may be ammonia aqueous solution, ammonium sulfate aqueous solution and a combination thereof. It is preferred that the molar ratio of the chelating agent and the metal salt may be 0.2 to 0.5:1, 0.2 to 0.4:1. The reason to set the molar ratio of the chelating agent to 0.2 to 1.0 based on the metal aqueous solution 1 mole, is that the chelating agent forms a complex by reacting with metal at the ratio of 1:1 or more, but the chelating agent remained after the reaction of sodium hydroxide and the complex may be changed to intermediates and then recovered as the chelating agent. Furthermore, the reason is that it is the best condition for improving and stabilizing the crystallinity of the cathode active material.

(152) The concentration of the basic aqueous solution may be 2 M to 10 M, preferably. If the concentration of the basic aqueous solution is less than 2 M, particle forming may take longer, tap density may be deteriorated, and the yield of the co-precipitation reaction product may be reduced. And, if the concentration is over 10 M, it is not preferred because it may be difficult to form homogeneous particles due to rapid particle growth by rapid reaction, and the tap density may be also reduced.

(153) In the second step, the reaction atmosphere of the transition metal aqueous solution may be under a nitrogen flow, pH may be within 10 to 12.5, reaction temperature is within 30 to 80 C., and reaction stirring speed may be within 100 to 2000 rpm, preferably.

(154) Then, in the third step, the obtained precipitate may be dried or heat-treated to prepare an active material precursor. The drying process may be conducted at 110 C. to 400 C. for 15 to 30 hours.

(155) Finally, the active material precursor and the lithium salt are mixed and then heat-treated to obtain an active material.

(156) It is preferred that the heat-treating process after mixing the active material precursor and the lithium salt may be conducted at 700 C. to 1100 C. The heat-treating atmosphere may be in an oxidative atmosphere of air or oxygen or a reductive atmosphere of nitrogen or hydrogen, preferably, and the heat-treating time may be 10 to 30 hours, preferably. During this heat-treating process, metal may be diffused even at the part where the internal metal concentration is constant at the initial stage of the particle forming process, and consequently, a metal oxide having continuous metal concentration distribution from the core to the surface part in the whole particle may be obtained.

(157) Before the heat-treating process, a pre-calcining process may be conducted by maintaining at 250 to 650 C. for 5 to 20 hours. Further, after the heat-treating process, an annealing process may be conducted at 600 to 750 C. for 10 to 20 hours.

(158) Further, the present invention may further include a step of adding sintering additives when mixing the active material precursor and the lithium salt, preferably. The sintering additives may be any one selected from the group consisting of compounds containing ammonium ion, metal oxides, metal halides and a combination thereof, preferably.

(159) The compounds containing ammonium ion may be any one selected from the group consisting of NH.sub.4F, NH.sub.4NO.sub.3, (NH.sub.4).sub.2SO.sub.4, and a combination thereof, preferably; the metal oxides may be any one selected from the group consisting of B.sub.2O.sub.3, Bi.sub.2O.sub.3, and a combination thereof, preferably; and the metal halides may be any one selected from the group consisting of NiCl.sub.2, CaCl.sub.2, and a combination thereof, preferably.

(160) The sintering additives may be used in an amount of 0.01.about.0.2 mole based on the active material precursor 1 mole, preferably. If the amount of the sintering additives is too low, the sintering effect of the active material precursor may not be improved a lot, and if the amount is higher than the said range, the initial capacity during charging/discharging may be reduced or the performance of the cathode active material may be deteriorated.

(161) Further, the present invention provides a lithium secondary battery including the cathode active material according to the present invention.

(162) The lithium battery may include a cathode including the cathode active material having the above constitution, a cathode including cathode active material and a separator existing between thereof. Further, it may include an electrolyte, which is immersed in the cathode, the cathode and the separator. The cathode active material may be a material which can reversibly absorb or release lithium ions, preferably, for example, a material including artificial graphite, natural graphite, graphitized carbon fiber, Amorphous Carbon, and metal lithium also can be used as a cathode active material. The electrolyte may be a liquid electrolyte containing lithium salts and non-aqueous organic solvent, or polymer gel electrolyte.

Examples 2

Case of Constant Nickel Concentration

Example 2-1

(163) In order to prepare a compound, wherein the Ni concentration is constant from the core to the surface, the Co concentration is decreased, and the Mn concentration is increased, a 2.4 M metal aqueous solution, prepared by mixing nickel sulfate and cobalt sulfate at the molar ratio of 80:20, as a metal salt aqueous solution for forming the core and a metal aqueous solution containing nickel sulfate and manganese sulfate at the molar ratio of 80:20 as a metal salt aqueous solution for forming the surface part were prepared. Distilled water 4 L was put into a coprecipitation reactor (Capacity: 4 L, power of a rotation motor: 80 W); nitrogen gas was supplied to the reactor at the speed of 0.5 L/min so as to remove dissolved oxygen; and stirred at 1000 rpm while maintaining the temperature of the reactor at 50 C.

(164) The metal salt aqueous solution for forming the core and the metal salt aqueous solution for forming the surface part were mixed at a certain ratio, and simultaneously supplied into the reactor at the rate of 0.3 L/hour. Further, 3.6 M ammonia solution was continuously supplied into the reactor at the rate of 0.03 L/hour. Further, for adjusting pH, 4.8 M NaOH aqueous solution was supplied to maintain pH in the reactor at 11. Then, the impeller speed of the reactor was controlled to 1000 rpm, and the co-precipitation reaction was conducted until the diameter of the obtained precipitate became 1 .mu.Math.m. At this time, the flow rate was controlled to make the average retention time of the solution in the reactor about 2 hours, and after the reaction reached to the steady state, the reactant was kept at the steady state for a certain time to so as to obtain a co-precipitated compound having higher density. The compound was filtered, washed with water, and dried with 110 C. warm air dryer for 15 hours so as to obtain an active material precursor.

(165) LiNO.sub.3 as a lithium salt was mixed to the obtained active material precursor, heated at a rate of 2 C./min, and then pre-calcined by maintaining at 280 C. for 10 hours followed by calcining at 750 C. for 15 hours to obtain a final active material particle. The size of the finally obtained active material particle was 12 m.

Example 2-2 to Example 2-4

(166) In order to prepare a compound, wherein the Ni concentration is constant from the core to the surface, the Co concentration is decreased and the Mn concentration is increased, the procedure of Example 2-1 was repeated except for mixing nickel sulfate, cobalt sulfate and manganese sulfate of the metal salt aqueous solution for forming the core and the metal salt aqueous solution for forming the surface part at the molar ratio as listed in the following Table 3 so as to obtain an active material particle.

Example 2-5

(167) An cathode active material, which has the same composition and the same structure with Examples 2-3 was prepared by using a batch reactor.

(168) Distilled water 2.5 L was put into a coprecipitation batch reactor (Capacity: 8 L, power of a rotation motor: 180 W); nitrogen gas was supplied to the reactor at the speed of 0.6 L/min so as to remove dissolved oxygen; and stirred at 450 rpm while maintaining the temperature of the reactor at 50 C.

(169) The metal salt aqueous solution for forming the core and the metal salt aqueous solution for forming the surface part having the same concentration with Example 2-3 were mixed at a certain ratio, and simultaneously supplied into the reactor at the rate of 0.2 L/hour. Further, 4.8 M ammonia solution was continuously supplied into the reactor at the rate of 0.1 L/hour. Further, for adjusting pH, 10 M NaOH aqueous solution was supplied to maintain pH in the reactor at 11. Then, the impeller speed of the reactor was controlled to 450 rpm, and the reaction solution was supplied until the total amount of the initially added distilled water, the added metal aqueous solution, the ammonia solution and the NaOH solution became 8 L. The compound was filtered, washed with water, and dried with 110 C. warm air dryer for 15 hours so as to obtain an active material precursor.

(170) LiNO.sub.3 as a lithium salt was mixed to the obtained active material precursor, heated at a rate of 2 C./min, and then pre-calcined by maintaining at 280 C. for 10 hours followed by calcining at 750 C. for 15 hours to obtain a final active material. The size of the finally obtained active material particle was 12 m.

(171) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Metal salt aqueous solution Metal salt aqueous solution for forming the core for forming the surface part Example 2-1 80 20 0 80 0 20 Example 2-2 75 25 0 75 02 23 Example 2-3 70 30 0 70 02 28 Example 2-4 65 35 0 65 02 33 Example 2-5 70 30 0 70 02 28

Comparative Example

(172) An cathode active material, wherein the molar ratio of the nickel, the cobalt and the manganese is as listed in the following Table 4, respectively, and each concentration in the whole active material is not changed so as to have constant composition, was prepared.

(173) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Ni Co Mn Comparative Example 2-1 80 07 13 Comparative Example 2-2 75 07 18 Comparative Example 2-3 70 09 21 Comparative Example 2-4 65 10 25

Test Example 2-1

Confirmation of Formation of Concentration Gradient in Precursor Particle

(174) In order to confirm the concentration gradient structure of each metal from the core to the surface of the precursor particle of the present invention, the atomic ratio in each precursor particle prepared in Examples 2-1 to 2-5 was measured by using EPMA (Electron Probe Micro Analyzer) while moving form the core to the surface part, and the results are shown in FIGS. 25 to 29, respectively.

(175) In FIGS. 25 to 28, it was confirmed that the Ni metal concentration from the core to the surface was constant, and there was concentration gradient, where the Mn concentration was gradually increased with certain gradient, but the Co concentration was gradually decreased with certain gradient.

(176) Further, for Example 2-5 prepared by using the batch type reactor, as shown in FIG. 29, it was confirmed that the Ni metal concentration from the core to the surface was constant, and there was concentration gradient, where the Mn concentration was gradually increased with certain gradient, but the Co concentration was gradually decreased with certain gradient.

Test Example 2-2

Confirmation of Formation of Concentration Gradient in Active Material Particle after Heat-Treatment

(177) In order to confirm whether each metal shows concentration gradient from the particle core to the surface part after heat-treating the precursor of the present invention, the particles prepared in Examples 2-1 to 2-5 were heat-treated. And then the atomic ratio was measured by using EPMA (Electron Probe Micro Analyzer) while moving from the core to the surface, and the results are shown in FIGS. 30 to 34, respectively.

(178) In FIGS. 30 to 33, it could be confirmed that: the Ni metal concentration was constant from the core to the surface, and the precursor showed the concentration of the aqueous solution for forming the core; but after heat-treatment, the Co and Mn concentrations in the core were same each other, and later there was concentration gradient, where the Mn concentration was gradually increased with certain gradient, but the Co concentration was gradually decreased with certain gradient.

(179) Further, as shown in FIG. 34, for Example 2-5 prepared by using the batch type reactor, it was confirmed that the Ni metal concentration from the core to the surface was constant, and there was concentration gradient, where the Mn concentration was gradually increased with certain gradient, but the Co concentration was gradually decreased with certain gradient.

(180) In FIGS. 30 to 34, unlike the precursor, becoming the concentrations of the Mn and the Co in the core the same was resulted from diffusion between metal salts in the heat-treatment process.

Test Example 2-3

Confirmation of Surface Image of Particles of Precursor and Active Material

(181) Surface images of the precursors and the final active materials prepared in Examples 2-1 to 2-5 were taken by using a scanning electron microscope, and the results are shown in FIGS. 35 to 39 and FIGS. 40 to 44.

(182) Each of the pictures is a surface image with different magnification, and it could be confirmed that each particle was homogeneously formed.

Test Example 2-4

Measuring Charging/Discharging Capacity and Cycle Characteristics

(183) Cathodes were prepared by using the active materials prepared in Examples 2-1 to 2-5 and the active materials prepared in Comparative Examples 2-1 to 2-4, and applied to cylindrical lithium secondary batteries, respectively.

(184) For the batteries prepared by using the active materials prepared in Examples 2-1 to 2-4, charging/discharging test and cycle characteristics were measured, and the results are shown in FIGS. 45 to 48. The charging/discharging was conducted 10 times per each sample at the condition of 2.7.about.4.3 V and 0.2 C, and the average value was taken.

(185) In FIGS. 45 to 48, Example 2-1 and Comparative Example 2-1, Example 2-2 and Comparative Example 2-2, Example 2-3 and Comparative Example 2-3, and Example 2-4 and Comparative Example 2-4 have the same molar ratio of the nickel contained in the whole particle, respectively, thereby showing similar initial charging/discharging capacity and cycle characteristics. However, Examples 2-1 to 2-5 showing concentration gradient showed better performance than Comparative Examples 2-1 to 2-4.

(186) Further, in FIG. 49, when comparing Example 2-3 prepared by using a CSTR reactor and Example 2-5 prepared by using a BATCH reactor, which show the same concentration gradient, they showed identical charge/discharge characteristics.

Test Example 2-5

Evaluation of Thermostability by DSC Measurement

(187) The cathodes containing the active materials prepared in Examples 2-1 to 2-4 and the active materials prepared in Comparative Examples 2-1 to 2-4, were charged at 4.3 V, respectively, and thermostability was measured by using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and heating at a rate of 10 C./min. The results are shown in FIGS. 50 to 53.

(188) As shown in FIGS. 50 to 53, when the active materials prepared in Examples 2-1 to 2-4 according to the present invention were contained, an exothermic peak was showed at the higher temperature in the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) than when the active materials prepared in Comparative Examples 2-1 to 2-4 were contained. Thus, when the active materials prepared in Examples 2-1 to 2-4 according to the present invention were contained, the thermostability was much improved than when the active materials prepared in Comparative Examples 2-1 to 2-4 were contained.

(189) Namely, in the present invention, the concentration of one metal is constant, and the concentrations of the other two metals are increased or decreased with continuous concentration gradient from the core to the surface part. Accordingly, because the concentrations of the metals inside of the particle are not rapidly changed and show table structure, it could be confirmed that the thermostability is largely increased.

(190) Further, in FIG. 54, when comparing Example 2-3 prepared by using a CSTR reactor and Example 2-5 prepared by using a BATCH reactor, which show the same concentration gradient, they showed DSC peaks at the same temperature.

Examples 3

Case of Constant Cobalt Concentration

Example 3-1

(191) In order to prepare a compound, wherein the Co concentration is constant from the core to the surface, the NI concentration is decreased, and the Mn concentration is increased, a 2.4 M metal aqueous solution, prepared by mixing nickel sulfate and cobalt sulfate at the molar ratio of 90:10, as a metal salt aqueous solution for forming the core and a metal aqueous solution containing nickel sulfate, cobalt sulfate and manganese sulfate at the molar ratio of 65:10:25 as a metal salt aqueous solution for forming the surface part were prepared, and a precursor was prepared as described in Example 3-1.

(192) LiNO.sub.3 as a lithium salt was mixed to the obtained active material precursor, heated at a rate of 2 C./min, and then pre-calcined by maintaining at 280 C. for 10 hours followed by calcining at 750 C. for 15 hours to obtain a final active material particle. The size of the finally obtained active material particle was 12 m.

(193) As Comparative Example 3-1, a precursor containing the nickel, cobalt and manganese at the molar ratio of 72:10:18, wherein each metal concentration is the same in the whole particle was prepared.

(194) TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Ni Co Mn Comparative Example 3-1 72 10 18

Test Example 3-1

Confirmation of Formation of Concentration Gradient in Precursor Particle

(195) In order to confirm the concentration gradient structure of each metal from the core to the surface of the precursor particle of the present invention, the atomic ratio of the precursor particle prepared in Example 3-1 was measured by using EPMA (Electron Probe Micro Analyzer) while moving form the core to the surface part as described in Test Example 3-1, and the results is shown in FIG. 55.

(196) In FIG. 55, it could be confirmed that: the Co metal concentration was constant from the core to the surface, the Mn concentration was gradually increased with certain gradient, but the Ni concentration was gradually decreased with certain gradient.

Test Example 3-2

(197) Confirmation of Formation of Concentration Gradient in Active Material Particle after Heat-Treatment

(198) In order to confirm whether each metal shows concentration gradient from the core to the surface part after heat-treating the precursor particle of the present invention, the atomic ratio of the particle prepared in Example 3-1 was measured by using EPMA (Electron Probe Micro Analyzer) while moving from the core to the surface as described in Test Example 3-2, and the result is shown in FIG. 56.

Test Example 3-3

Confirmation of Surface Image of Particles of Precursor and Active Material

(199) Surface images of the precursors and the final active materials prepared in Example 3-1 and Comparative Example 3-1 were taken by using a scanning electron microscope, and the results are shown in FIGS. 57 to 58.

(200) Each of the pictures is a surface image with different magnification, and it could be confirmed that each particle was homogeneously formed.

Test Example 3-4

Measuring Charging/Discharging Capacity and Cycle Characteristics

(201) Cathodes were prepared by using the active material prepared in Example 3-1 and the active material prepared in Comparative Example 3-1, and applied to cylindrical lithium secondary batteries, respectively.

(202) For the batteries prepared by using the active material prepared in Example 3-1 and the active material prepared in Comparative Example 3-1, charging/discharging test and cycle characteristics were measured, and the results are shown in FIG. 59. The charging/discharging was conducted 10 times per each sample at the condition of 2.7.about.4.3 V and 0.2 C, and the average value was taken.

(203) In FIG. 59, Example 3-1 and Comparative Example 3-1 have the same molar ratio of the nickel contained in the whole particle, respectively, thereby showing similar initial charging/discharging capacity and cycle characteristics.

(204) However, Example 3-1 showing concentration gradient showed better performance than Comparative Example 3-1.

Test Example 3-5

Evaluation of Thermostability by DSC Measurement

(205) The cathodes containing the active materials prepared in Example 3-1 and Comparative Example 3-1 were charged at 4.3 V, respectively, and thermostability was measured by using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and heating at a rate of 10 C./min. The results are shown in FIG. 60.

(206) As shown in FIG. 60, the cathode containing the active material prepared in Example 3-1 according to the present invention showed an exothermic peak at the higher temperature in the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) than the cathode containing the active material prepared in Comparative Example 3-1. Thus, in the cathode containing the active material prepared in Example 3-1 according to the present invention, wherein the Co was contained constantly, the Ni was decreased with continuous concentration gradient, and the Mn was increased with continuous concentration gradient, and the cathode containing the active material prepared in Comparative Example 3-1 were the same in the composition. But, the active material prepared in Example 3-1, wherein the metal concentration showed concentration gradient in the whole particle, showed much improved thermostability than the active material prepared in Comparative Example 3-1, wherein the metal concentration was constant in the whole particle.

(207) Namely, in the present invention, the concentration of one metal is constant, and the concentrations of the other two metals are increased or decreased with continuous concentration gradient from the core to the surface part. Accordingly, because the concentrations of the metals inside of the particle are not rapidly changed and show table structure, it could be confirmed that the thermostability is largely increased.

(208) The third embodiment of the inventive concept will be described with FIGS. 61A to 114.

(209) FIG. 61A illustrates the cross section of the second element for explaining the second element of the positive electrode active material according to a first embodiment of the inventive concept. FIG. 61B illustrates the positive electrode active material containing the second element composed of the first element having a rod shape according to a first embodiment of the inventive concept. FIG. 62 is a graph illustrating the change in content of the first metal in the second element of the positive electrode active material according to a first embodiment of the inventive concept.

(210) Referring to FIG. 61A, FIG. 61B, and FIG. 62, the second element of the positive electrode active material according to the first embodiment of the inventive concept may include a center part 10 and a surface part 20. The center part 10 may include a region of the intermediate position, the central position, and/or the inside of the second element, as described in the boilerplate of the description. The surface part 20 may be the exterior surface of the second element.

(211) The second element is illustrated as a sphere in FIG. 61A and FIG. 61B. However, embodiments of the inventive concepts are not limited thereto. In another embodiment, the second element may have a shape with an oval cross section.

(212) The second element may be composed of one or more first elements 30. In other words, the second element may be formed by aggregation of the first elements 30. The first element 30 may extend from the center part 10 toward the surface part 20. In other words, the first element 30 may have a rod shape radiated from the center part 10 toward the surface part 20.

(213) The pathway for a metal ion (e.g., lithium ion) and an electrolyte may be provided between the first elements 30 having the rod shape, namely, between the first elements 30 extending in a direction D from the center part 10 to the surface part 20 of the second element. This enables the positive electrode active material according to an embodiment of the inventive concept to improve the charge and discharge efficiency of a secondary battery.

(214) The first element 30 may be formed of a plurality of metals including a first metal, a second metal, and a third metal. Hence, the second element containing the first element 30 may include the plurality of metals including the first to third metals. For example, the first metal may be nickel (Ni), the second metal may be manganese (Mn), and the third metal may be cobalt (Co). In this case, the second element may be formed of a compound of lithium, nickel, manganese, and cobalt.

(215) The second element may include a concentration gradient portion 110 in which the content of the first metal changes, and a concentration maintained portion 120 in which the content of the first metal is constant. The concentration maintained portion 120 may surround the concentration gradient portion 110. In other words, the concentration gradient portion 110 may correspond to the core of the second element and the concentration maintained portion 120 may correspond to the shell of the second element.

(216) The second element including the concentration gradient portion 110 and the concentration maintained portion 120 may be prepared by controlling the contents of an aqueous solution containing the first metal, an aqueous solution containing the second metal, and an aqueous solution containing the third metal. For example, in a case in which the aqueous solution containing the first metal includes nickel sulfate, the aqueous solution containing the second metal includes manganese sulfate, and the aqueous solution containing the third metal includes cobalt sulfate, nickel-manganese-cobalt hydroxide is prepared using nickel sulfate, manganese sulfate, cobalt sulfate, and a coprecipitation reactor. The second element containing lithium, nickel, manganese, and cobalt may be prepared by mixing the nickel, manganese, cobalt hydroxide with lithium hydroxide and heating and sintering the mixture.

(217) The content of the first metal in the concentration gradient portion 110 may gradually decrease in the direction D from the center part 10 to the surface part 20. The content of at least one of the second metal or the third metal in the concentration gradient portion 110 may gradually increase in a case in which the content of the first metal in the concentration gradient portion 110 gradually decreases. According to an embodiment of the inventive concept, the content 200 of the second metal may gradually increase in the direction D from the center part 10 to the surface part 20 in a case in which the content of the first metal gradually decreases in the direction D from the center part 10 to the surface part 20, as illustrated in (a) of FIG. 62. In this case, the content of the third metal may increase, be maintained, or decrease.

(218) According to an embodiment of the inventive concept, the content of the first metal may continuously change between the concentration gradient portion 110 and the concentration maintained portion 120 as illustrated in (a) of FIG. 62. In this case, the minimum value of the content of the first metal in the concentration gradient portion 110 may be substantially equal to the average value of the content of the first metal in the concentration maintained portion 120. As described above, the minimum value of the content of the first metal in the concentration gradient portion 110 may be the value of the content of the first metal at a part of the outside of the concentration gradient portion 110 close to the concentration maintained portion 120 in a case in which the content of the first metal in the concentration gradient portion 110 gradually decreases in the direction D from the center part 10 to the surface part 20.

(219) Alternatively, according to another embodiment of the inventive concept, the content of the first metal may discontinuously change between the concentration gradient portion 110 and the concentration maintained portion 120, as illustrated in (b) of FIG. 62. In this case, the minimum value of the content of the first metal in the concentration gradient portion 110 may be different from the average value of the content of the first metal in the concentration maintained portion 120. The content 210 or 220 of the first metal in the concentration maintained portion 120 may be higher or lower than the minimum value of the content of the first metal in the concentration gradient portion 110, namely, the value of the content of the first metal at a part of the outside of the concentration gradient portion 110 close to the concentration maintained portion 120.

(220) According to an embodiment of the inventive concept, the contents of the second metal and the third metal in the concentration maintained portion 120 may be constant. Alternatively, according to another embodiment of the inventive concept, the content of at least one of the second metal or the third metal may change in the concentration maintained portion 120.

(221) Unlike the first embodiment of the inventive concept described above, a rate of change in content of the first metal may change in the concentration gradient portion in a second embodiment of the inventive concept. Hereinafter, this will be described with reference to FIGS. 63 to 65.

(222) FIG. 63 illustrates the cross section of the second element for explaining the second element of the positive electrode active material according to a second embodiment of the inventive concept, and FIGS. 64 and 5 are graphs illustrating the change in content of the first metal in the second element of the positive electrode active material according to a second embodiment of the inventive concept.

(223) Referring to FIGS. 63 to 65, a second element of a positive electrode active material according to the second embodiment of the inventive concept may be composed of one or more first elements 30 extending from the center part 10 toward the surface part 20 as described with reference to FIG. 61B. The first element 30 may be formed of a plurality of metals including the first metal to the third metal as described with reference to FIG. 61A, FIG. 61B, and FIG. 62.

(224) The second element may include a first concentration gradient portion 110a in which the content of the first metal changes, a second concentration gradient portion 110b which has a rate of change in content of the first metal different from the rate of change in content of the first metal in the first concentration gradient portion 110a, and a concentration maintained portion 120 in which the content of the first metal is constant. The second concentration gradient portion 110b may surround the first concentration gradient portion 110a, and the concentration maintained portion 120 may surround the second concentration gradient portion 110b.

(225) According to an embodiments of the inventive concept, as illustrated in (a) and (b) of FIG. 64, the content of the first metal in the first concentration gradient portion 110a and the content of the first metal in the second concentration gradient portion 110b may gradually decrease in the direction D from the center part 10 to the surface part 20. For example, in the direction D from the center part 10 to the surface part 20, the rate of decrease in content of the first metal in the first concentration gradient portion 110a may be smaller than the rate of decrease in content of the first metal in the second concentration gradient portion 110b, as illustrated in (a) of FIG. 64. Alternatively, for another example, in the direction D from the center part 10 to the surface part 20, the rate of decrease in content of the first metal in the first concentration gradient portion 110a may be greater than the rate of decrease in content of the first metal in the second concentration gradient portion 110b, as illustrated in (b) of FIG. 64.

(226) According to another embodiment of the inventive concept, as illustrated in (a) and (b) of FIG. 65, one of the content of the first metal in the first concentration gradient portion 110a and the content of the first metal in the second concentration gradient portion 110b may increase and the other thereof may decrease in the direction D from the center part 10 to the surface part 20. For example, in the direction D from the center part 10 to the surface part 20, the content of the first metal in the first concentration gradient portion 110a may increase and the content of the first metal in the second concentration gradient portion 110b may decrease, as illustrated in (a) of FIG. 65. Alternatively, for another example, in the direction D from the center part 10 to the surface part 20, the content of the first metal in the first concentration gradient portion 110a may decrease and the content of the first metal in the second concentration gradient portion 110b may increase, as illustrated in (b) of FIG. 65.

(227) In a case in which the contents of the first metal in the first and second concentration gradient portions 110a and 110b gradually decrease or increase in the direction D from the center part 10 to the surface part 20, the contents of the second metal in the first and second concentration gradient portions (110a and 110b) may gradually increase or decrease in the direction D from the center part 10 to the surface part 20, as described with reference to FIG. 62.

(228) According to an embodiment of the inventive concept, as illustrated in FIGS. 64 and 65, the content of the first metal may continuously change between the second concentration gradient portion 110b and the concentration maintained portion 120. In this case, the minimum value or the maximum value of the content of the first metal in the second concentration gradient portion 110b may be equal to the average value of the content of the first metal in the concentration maintained portion 120. Alternatively, according to another embodiment of the inventive concept, as described with reference to (b) of FIG. 62, the content of the first metal may discontinuously change between the second concentration gradient portion 110b and the concentration maintained portion 120. In this case, the minimum value or the maximum value of the content of the first metal in the second concentration gradient portion 110b may be different from the average value of the content of the first metal in the concentration maintained portion 120.

(229) Unlike the embodiments of the inventive concept described above, the concentration maintained portion may include a first concentration maintained portion and a second concentration maintained portion which have different contents of the first metal from each other in according to a third embodiment of the inventive concept. Hereinafter, this will be described with reference to FIGS. 66 and 67.

(230) FIG. 66 illustrates the cross section of the second element for explaining the second element of the positive electrode active material according to a third embodiment of the inventive concept, and FIG. 67 is a graph illustrating the change in content of the first metal in the second element of the positive electrode active material according to a third embodiment of the inventive concept.

(231) Referring to FIGS. 66 and 67, a second element of a positive electrode active material according to a third embodiment of the inventive concept may be composed of one or more first elements 30 extending from the center part 10 toward the surface part 20, as described with reference to FIG. 61B. The first element 30 may be formed of a plurality of metals including the first metal to the third metal as described with reference to FIG. 61A, FIG. 61B, and FIG. 62.

(232) The second element may include the concentration gradient portion 110 in which the content of the first metal changes, a first concentration maintained portion 120a in which the content of the first metal is constant, and a second concentration maintained portion 120b in which the content of the first metal is constant but different from the content of the first metal in first concentration maintained portion 120a. The first concentration maintained portion 120a may surround the concentration gradient portion 110. The second concentration maintained portion 120b may surround the first concentration maintained portion 120a.

(233) According to an embodiment of the inventive concept, the content of the first metal in the concentration gradient portion 110 may gradually decrease in the direction D from the center part 10 to the surface part 20. In this case, the content of the second metal in the concentration gradient portion 110 may gradually increase as described with reference to FIG. 62.

(234) The content of the first metal may discontinuous change between the first concentration maintained portion 120a and the second concentration maintained portion 120b. According to an embodiment of the inventive concept, the content of the first metal in the first concentration maintained portion 120a may be lower than a content 310 of the first metal in the second concentration maintained portion 120b. Alternatively, unlike this, according to another embodiment of the inventive concept, the content of the first metal in the first concentration maintained portion 120a may be higher than a content 320 of the first metal in the second concentration maintained portion 120b.

(235) According to an embodiment of the inventive concept, the content of the first metal may continuous change between the concentration gradient portion 110 and the first concentration maintained portion 120a, as illustrated in FIG. 67. In this case, the minimum value of the content of the first metal in the concentration gradient portion 110 may be equal to the average value of the content of the first metal in the first concentration maintained portion 120a. Alternatively, according to another embodiment of the inventive concept, the content of the first metal in the concentration gradient portion 110 may be discontinuous with the average value of the content of the first metal in the first concentration maintained portion 120a, as described with reference to (b) of FIG. 62. In this case, the minimum value of the content of the first metal in the concentration gradient portion 110 may be different from the average value of the content of the first metal in the first concentration maintained portion 120a.

(236) Unlike the embodiments of the inventive concept described above, according to a fourth embodiment of the inventive concept, an outer portion of the second element may correspond to a concentration gradient portion. Hereinafter, this will be described with reference to FIGS. 68 to 70.

(237) FIG. 68 illustrates the cross section of the second element for explaining the second element of the positive electrode active material according to a fourth embodiment of the inventive concept, and FIGS. 69 and 10 are graphs illustrating the change in content of the first metal in the second element of the positive electrode active material according to a fourth embodiment of the inventive concept.

(238) Referring to FIGS. 68 to 70, the second element of the positive electrode active material according to the fourth embodiment of the inventive concept may be composed of one or more first elements 30 extending from the center part 10 toward the surface part 20 as described with reference to FIG. 61B. The first element 30 may be formed of a plurality of metals including the first metal to the third metal as described with reference to FIG. 61A, FIG. 61B, and FIG. 62.

(239) The second element may include a first concentration gradient portion 110a in which the content of the first metal changes, a concentration maintained portion 120 in which the content of the first metal is constant, and a second concentration gradient portion 110b in which the content of the first metal changes. The concentration maintained portion 120 may surround the first concentration gradient portion 110a, and the second concentration gradient portion 110b may surround the concentration maintained portion 120.

(240) According to an embodiment of the inventive concept, as illustrated in (a) of FIG. 69, the content of the first metal in the first concentration gradient portion 110a and the content of the first metal in the second concentration gradient portion 110b may gradually decrease in the direction D from the center part 10 to the surface part 20. According to another embodiment of the inventive concept, as illustrated in (b) of FIG. 69, the content of the first metal in the first concentration gradient portion 110a and the content of the first metal in the second concentration gradient portion 110b may gradually increase in the direction D from the center part 10 to the surface part 20.

(241) Alternatively, according to still another embodiment of the inventive concept, in the direction D from the center part 10 to the surface part 20, the content of the first metal in the first concentration gradient portion 110a may gradually decrease and the content of the first metal in the second concentration gradient portion 110b may gradually increase, as illustrated in (a) of FIG. 70. In this case, the content of the first metal at a part including the interface between the first concentration gradient portion 110a and the second concentration gradient portion 110b may be highest in the inside of the second element.

(242) Alternatively, according to yet still another embodiments of the inventive concept, in the direction D from the center part 10 to the surface part 20, the content of the first metal in the first concentration gradient portion 110a may gradually increase and the content of the first metal in the second concentration gradient portion 110b may gradually decrease, as illustrated in (b) of FIG. 70. In this case, the content of the first metal at a part including the interface between the first concentration gradient portion 110a and the second concentration gradient portion 110b may be lowest in the inside of the second element.

(243) In a case in which the contents of the first metal in the first and second concentration gradient portions 110a and 110b gradually decrease or increase in the direction D from the center part 10 to the surface part 20, the contents of the second metal in the first and second concentration gradient portions (110a and 110b) may gradually increase or decrease in the direction D from the center part 10 to the surface part 20, as described with reference to FIG. 62.

(244) According to an embodiment of the inventive concept, as illustrated in FIGS. 69 and 70, the content of the first metal may continuously change between the first concentration gradient portion 110a and the concentration maintained portion 120 and between the concentration maintained portion 120 and the second concentration gradient portion 110b. In this case, the maximum values or the minimum values of the contents of the first metal in the first and second concentration gradient portions 110a and 110b may be equal to the average value of the content of the first metal in the concentration maintained portion 120. Alternatively, according to another embodiment of the inventive concept, the content of the first metal may discontinuously change between the first concentration gradient portion 110a and the concentration maintained portion 120 and between the concentration maintained portion 120 and the second concentration gradient portion 110b.

(245) Unlike the fourth embodiment of the inventive concept described above, according to a modified example of the fourth embodiment of the inventive concept, a second concentration maintained portion may surround the second concentration gradient portion 110b of the second element according to the fourth embodiment of the inventive concept described with reference to FIG. 68. Hereinafter, this will be described with reference to FIG. 61.

(246) FIG. 61 illustrates the cross section of the second element for explaining the second element of the positive electrode active material according to a modified example of a fourth embodiment of the inventive concept.

(247) Referring to FIG. 61, a second element of a positive electrode active material according to a modified example of the fourth embodiment of the inventive concept may be composed of one or more first elements 30 extending from the center part 10 toward the surface part 20 as described with reference to FIG. 61B. The first element 30 may be formed of a plurality of metals including the first metal to the third metal as described with reference to FIG. 61A, FIG. 61B, and FIG. 62.

(248) The second element may include the first concentration gradient portion 110a in which the content of the first metal changes, the first concentration maintained portion 120a in which the content of the first metal is constant, the second concentration gradient portion 110b in which the content of the first metal changes, and the second concentration maintained portion 120b in which the content of the first metal is constant. The first concentration maintained portion 120a may surround the first concentration gradient portion 110a, the second concentration gradient portion 110b may surround the first concentration maintained portion 120a, and the second concentration maintained portion 120b may surround the second concentration gradient portion 110b.

(249) The first concentration gradient portion 110a, the first concentration maintained portion 120a, and the second concentration gradient portion 110b may respectively correspond to the first concentration gradient portion 110a, the concentration maintained portion 120, and the second concentration gradient portion 110b, which are described with reference to FIGS. 68 to 70.

(250) In a case in which the contents of the first metal in the first and second concentration gradient portions 110a and 110b are the same as described with reference to FIG. 69, the average value of the content of the first metal in the second concentration maintained portion 120b may be different from the average value of the content of the first metal in the first concentration maintained portion 120a. In a case in which the contents of the first metal in the first and second concentration gradient portions 110a and 110b are the same as described with reference to FIG. 70, the average value of the content of the first metal in the second concentration maintained portion 120b may be the same as or different from the average value of the content of the first metal in the first concentration maintained portion 120a.

(251) According to an embodiment of the inventive concept, the content of the first metal may continuously change between the second concentration gradient portion 110b and the second concentration maintained portion 120b. In this case, the maximum value or the minimum value of the content of the first metal in the second concentration gradient portion 110b may be equal to the average value of the content of the first metal in the second concentration maintained portion 120b. Alternatively, according to another embodiment of the inventive concept, the content of the first metal may discontinuously change between the second concentration gradient portion 110b and the second concentration maintained portion 120b.

(252) Unlike the embodiments of the inventive concept described above, according to a fifth embodiment of the inventive concept, a concentration gradient portion may be disposed between concentration maintained portions. Hereinafter, this will be described with reference to FIGS. 62 and 63.

(253) FIG. 62 illustrates the cross section of the second element for explaining the second element of the positive electrode active material according to a fifth embodiment of the inventive concept. FIG. 63 is a graph illustrating the change in content of the first metal in the second element of the positive electrode active material according to a fifth embodiment of the inventive concept.

(254) Referring to FIGS. 62 and 63, a second element of a positive electrode active material according to the fifth embodiment of the inventive concept may be composed of one or more first elements 30 extending from the center part 10 toward the surface part 20 as described with reference to FIG. 61B. The first element 30 may be formed of a plurality of metals including the first metal to the third metal as described with reference to FIG. 61A, FIG. 61B, and FIG. 62.

(255) The second element may include the first concentration maintained portion 120a in which the content of the first metal is constant, the concentration gradient portion 110 in which the content of the first metal changes, and the second concentration maintained portion 120b in which the content of the first metal is constant. The concentration gradient portion 110 may surround the first concentration maintained portion 120a and the second concentration maintained portion 120b may surround the concentration gradient portion 110.

(256) According to an embodiment of the inventive concept, the content of the first metal in the concentration gradient portion 110 may gradually decrease in the direction D from the center part 10 to the surface part 20, as illustrated in (a) of FIG. 73. In this case, the content of the first metal in the first concentration maintained portion 120a may be higher than the content of the first metal in the second concentration maintained portion 120b.

(257) Alternatively, according to another embodiment of the inventive concept, the content of the first metal in the concentration gradient portion 110 may gradually increase in the direction D from the center part 10 to the surface part 20, as illustrated in (b) of FIG. 73. In this case, the content of the first metal in the first concentration maintained portion 120a may be lower than the content of the first metal in the second concentration maintained portion 120b.

(258) In a case in which the content of the first metal in the concentration gradient portion 110 gradually decreases or increases in the direction D from the center part 10 to the surface part 20, the content of the second metal in the concentration gradient portion 110 may gradually increase or decrease in the direction D from the center part 10 to the surface part 20, as described with reference to FIG. 62.

(259) According to an embodiment of the inventive concept, the content of the first metal may continuously change between the first maintained concentration portion 120a and the concentration gradient portion 110 and between the concentration gradient portion 110 and the second concentration maintained portion 120b. In this case, the maximum value and the minimum value of the content of the first metal in the concentration gradient portion 110 may be equal to the average values of the contents of the first metal in the concentration maintained portions 120a and 120b (or 120b and 120a), respectively. Alternatively, according to another embodiment of the inventive concept, the content of the first metal may discontinuously change between the first maintained concentration portion 120a and the concentration gradient portion 110 and between the concentration gradient portion 110 and the second concentration maintained portion 120b.

(260) Unlike the embodiments of the inventive concept described above, according to a sixth embodiment of the inventive concept, concentration gradient portions may surround a plurality of concentration maintained portions. Hereinafter, this will be described with reference to FIGS. 74 to 76.

(261) FIG. 74 illustrates the cross section of the second element for explaining the second element of the positive electrode active material according to a sixth embodiment of the inventive concept. FIGS. 75 and 76 are graphs illustrating the change in content of the first metal in the second element of the positive electrode active material according to a sixth embodiment of the inventive concept.

(262) Referring to FIGS. 74 to 76, a second element of a positive electrode active material according to the sixth embodiment of the inventive concept may be composed of one or more first elements 30 extending from the center part 10 toward the surface part 20 as described with reference to FIG. 61B. The first element 30 may be formed of a plurality of metals including the first metal to the third metal as described with reference to FIG. 61A, FIG. 61B, and FIG. 62.

(263) The second element may include the first concentration maintained portion 120a in which the content of the first metal is constant, the first concentration gradient portion 110a in which the content of the first metal changes, the second concentration maintained portion 120b in which the content of the first metal is constant, and the second concentration gradient portion 110b in which the content of the first metal changes. The first concentration gradient portion 110a may surround the first concentration maintained portion 120a, the second concentration maintained portion 120b may surround the first concentration gradient portion 110a, and the second concentration gradient portion 110b may surround the second concentration maintained portion 120b.

(264) According to an embodiment of the inventive concept, as illustrated in (a) of FIG. 75, the contents of the first metal in the first and second concentration gradient portions 110a and 110b may gradually decrease in the direction D from the center part 10 to the surface part 20. Alternatively, according to another embodiment of the inventive concept, as illustrated in (b) of FIG. 75, the contents of the first metal in the first and second concentration gradient portions 110a and 110b may gradually increase in the direction D from the center part 10 to the surface part 20.

(265) Alternatively, according to still another embodiments of the inventive concept, in the direction D from the center part 10 to the surface part 20, the content of the first metal in the first concentration gradient portion 110a may gradually increase and the content of the first metal in the second concentration gradient portion 110b may gradually decrease, as illustrated in (a) of FIG. 76. Alternatively, according to yet still another embodiments of the inventive concept, in the direction D from the center part 10 to the surface part 20, the content of the first metal in the first concentration gradient portion 110a may gradually decrease and the content of the first metal in the second concentration gradient portion 110b may gradually increase, as illustrated in (b) of FIG. 76.

(266) In a case in which the contents of the first metal in the first and second concentration gradient portions 110a and 110b gradually decrease or increase in the direction D from the center part 10 to the surface part 20, the contents of the second metal in the first and second concentration gradient portions (110a and 110b) may gradually increase or decrease in the direction D from the center part 10 to the surface part 20 as described with reference to FIG. 62.

(267) The content of the first metal may continuously or discontinuously change between the first maintained concentration portion 120a and the first concentration gradient portion 110a, between the first concentration gradient portion 110a and the second concentration maintained portion 120b, and between the second concentration maintained portion 120b and the second concentration gradient portion 110b.

(268) Unlike the sixth embodiment of the inventive concept described above, according to a modified example of the sixth embodiment of the inventive concept, a third concentration maintained portion may surround the second concentration gradient portion 110b of the second element according to the sixth embodiment of the inventive concept described with reference to FIG. 74. Hereinafter, this will be described with reference to FIG. 77.

(269) FIG. 77 illustrates the cross section of the second element for explaining the second element of the positive electrode active material according to a modified example of a sixth embodiment of the inventive concept.

(270) Referring to FIG. 77, a second element of a positive electrode active material according to a modified example of the sixth embodiment of the inventive concept may be composed of one or more first elements 30 extending from the center part 10 toward the surface part 20 as described with reference to FIG. 61A. The first element 30 may be formed of a plurality of metals including the first metal to the third metal as described with reference to FIG. 61A, FIG. 61B, and FIG. 62.

(271) The second element may further include a third concentration maintained portion 120c which has a constant content of the first metal and surrounds the second concentration gradient portion 110b in addition to the first concentration maintained portion 120a, the first concentration gradient portion 110a, the second concentration maintained portion 120b, and the second concentration gradient portion 110b described with reference to FIG. 74.

(272) In a case in which the contents of the first metal in the first and second concentration gradient portions 110a and 110b are the same as described with reference to FIG. 75, the average value of the content of the first metal in the third concentration maintained portion 120c may be different from the average values of the contents of the first metal in the first and second concentration maintained portions 120a and 120b. Unlike this, in a case in which the contents of the first metal in the first and second concentration gradient portions 110a and 110b are the same as described with reference to FIG. 76, the average value of the content of the first metal in the third concentration maintained portion 120c may be the same as or different from at least one of the average values of the contents of the first metal in the first and second concentration maintained portions 120a and 120b.

(273) According to an embodiment of the inventive concept, the content of the first metal may continuously change between the second concentration gradient portion 110b and the second concentration maintained portion 120b. In this case, the minimum value or maximum value of the content of the first metal in the second concentration gradient portion 110b may be equal to the average value of the content of the first metal in the third concentration maintained portion 120c. Unlike this, according to another embodiment of the inventive concept, the content of the first metal may discontinuously change between the second concentration gradient portion 110b and the third concentration maintained portion 120c.

(274) Unlike the embodiments of the inventive concept described above, according to a seventh embodiment of the inventive concept, a first concentration gradient portion and a second concentration gradient portion which have different rates of change in content of the first metal from each other may compose an outer portion of the second element. Hereinafter, this will be described with reference to FIGS. 78 to 80.

(275) FIG. 78 illustrates the cross section of the second element for explaining the second element of the positive electrode active material according to a seventh embodiment of the inventive concept. FIGS. 79 and 80 are graphs illustrating the change in content of the first metal in the second element of the positive electrode active material according to a seventh embodiment of the inventive concept.

(276) Referring to FIGS. 78 to 80, a second element of a positive electrode active material according to the seventh embodiment of the inventive concept may be composed of one or more first elements 30 extending from the center part 10 toward the surface part 20 as described with reference to FIG. 61B. The first element 30 may be formed of a plurality of metals including the first metal to the third metal as described with reference to FIG. 61A, FIG. 61B, and FIG. 62.

(277) The second element may include the concentration maintained portion 120 in which the content of the first metal is constant, the first concentration gradient portion 110a in which the content of the first metal changes, and the second concentration gradient portion 110b in which the content of the first metal changes. The first concentration gradient portion 110a may surround the concentration maintained portion 120 and the second concentration gradient portion 110b may surround the first concentration gradient portion 110a.

(278) According to an embodiment of the inventive concept, as illustrated in (a) of FIG. 79, the content of the first metal in the first concentration gradient portion 110a and the content of the first metal in the second concentration gradient portion 110b may gradually decrease in the direction D from the center part 10 to the surface part 20. Alternatively, according to another embodiment of the inventive concept, as illustrated in (b) of FIG. 79, the content of the first metal in the first concentration gradient portion 110a and the content of the first metal in the second concentration gradient portion 110b may gradually increase in the direction D from the center part 10 to the surface part 20.

(279) Alternatively, according to still another embodiment of the inventive concept, in the direction D from the center part 10 to the surface part 20, the content of the first metal in the first concentration gradient portion 110a may gradually increase and the content of the first metal in the second concentration gradient portion 110b may gradually decrease, as illustrated in (a) of FIG. 80. In this case, the content of the first metal at a part including the interface between the first concentration gradient portion 110a and the second concentration gradient portion 110b may be highest in the inside of the second element.

(280) Alternatively, according to yet still another embodiment of the inventive concept, in the direction D from the center part 10 to the surface part 20, the content of the first metal in the first concentration gradient portion 110a may gradually decrease and the content of the first metal in the second concentration gradient portion 110b may gradually increase, as illustrated in (b) of FIG. 80. In this case, the content of the first metal at a part including the interface between the first concentration gradient portion 110a and the second concentration gradient portion 110b may be lowest in the inside of the second element.

(281) In a case in which the contents of the first metal in the first and second concentration gradient portions 110a and 110b gradually decrease or increase in the direction D from the center part 10 to the surface part 20, the contents of the second metal in the first and second concentration gradient portions 110a and 110b may gradually increase or decrease in the direction D from the center part 10 to the surface part 20 as described with reference to FIG. 62.

(282) According to an embodiment of the inventive concept, the content of the first metal may continuously change between the first concentration gradient portion 110a and the concentration maintained portion 120. In this case, the minimum value or maximum value of the content of the first metal in the first concentration gradient portion 110a may be equal to the average value of the content of the first metal in the concentration maintained portion 120. Alternatively, according to another embodiment of the inventive concept, the content of the first metal may discontinuously change between the first concentration gradient portion 110a and the concentration maintained portion 120.

(283) Unlike the seventh embodiment according to the inventive concept, according to a modified example of the seventh embodiment of the inventive concept, a second concentration maintained portion may surround the second concentration gradient portion 110b of the second element according to the seventh embodiment of the inventive concept described with reference to FIG. 78. Hereinafter, this will be described with reference to FIG. 81.

(284) FIG. 81 illustrates the cross section of the second element for explaining the second element of the positive electrode active material according to a modified example of a seventh embodiment of the inventive concept.

(285) Referring to FIG. 81, a second element of a positive electrode active material according to a modified example of the seventh embodiment of the inventive concept may be composed of one or more first elements 30 extending from the center part 10 toward the surface part 20 as described with reference to FIG. 61B. The first element 30 may be formed of a plurality of metals including the first metal to the third metal as described with reference to FIG. 61A, FIG. 61B, and FIG. 62.

(286) The second element may include the first concentration maintained portion 120a in which the content of the first metal is constant, the first and second concentration gradient portions 110a and 110b in which the content of the first metal changes, and the second concentration maintained portion 120b in which the content of the first metal is constant. The first concentration gradient portion 110a may surround the first concentration maintained portion 120a, the second concentration gradient portion 110b may surround the first concentration gradient portion 110a, and the second concentration maintained portion 120b may surround the second concentration gradient portion 110b.

(287) The first concentration maintained portion 120a, the first concentration gradient portion 110a, and the second concentration gradient portion 110b may respectively correspond to the concentration maintained portion 120, the first concentration gradient portion 110a, and the second concentration gradient portion 110b which are described with reference to FIGS. 78 to 80.

(288) In a case in which the contents of the first metal in the first and second concentration gradient portions 110a and 110b are the same as described with reference to FIG. 79, the average value of the content of the first metal in the second concentration maintained portion 120b may be different from the average value of the content of the first metal in the first concentration maintained portion 120a. In a case in which the contents of the first metal in the first and second concentration gradient portions 110a and 110b are the same as described with reference to FIG. 80, the average value of the content of the first metal in the second concentration maintained portion 120b may be the same as or different from the average value of the content of the first metal in the first concentration maintained portion 120a.

(289) According to an embodiment of the inventive concept, the content of the first metal may continuously change between the second concentration gradient portion 110b and the second concentration maintained portion 120b. In this case, the minimum value or maximum value of the content of the first metal in the second concentration gradient portion 110b may be the same as the average value of the content of the first metal in the second concentration maintained portion 120b. Unlike this, according to another embodiment of the inventive concept, the content of the first metal may discontinuously change between the second concentration gradient portion 110b and the second concentration maintained portion 120b.

(290) As described above, the second element according to the embodiments of the inventive concept may include the concentration gradient portion in which the content of the first metal changes and the concentration maintained portion in which the content of the first metal is constant. Hence, the first element can be formed in a rod shape, and at the same time, the content of the first metal in the second element can be controlled. This makes it possible to provide the positive electrode active material in which the characteristics (e.g., capacity and/or safety) are maximized due to the first metal.

(291) The positive electrode active material containing the second element according to the embodiments of the inventive concept described above may be included in a positive electrode of a secondary battery. Hereinafter, a secondary battery which contains the positive electrode active material according to the aforementioned embodiments of the inventive concept will be described.

(292) FIG. 82 is a diagram for explaining a secondary battery which contains the positive electrode active material according to embodiments of the inventive concept.

(293) Referring to FIG. 82, a secondary battery which contains the positive electrode active material according to embodiments of the inventive concept may include a positive electrode 410, a negative electrode 420 facing the positive electrode 410, a separation layer 440 disposed between the positive electrode 410 and the negative electrode 420, and an electrolyte 430 filling a space between the positive electrode 410 and the negative electrode 420.

(294) The positive electrode 410 may contain the positive electrode active material according to the aforementioned embodiments described above.

(295) The negative electrode 420 may contain a negative electrode active material. For example, the negative electrode active material may include at least one of a carbon material (e.g., graphite or hard carbon), a metal material (e.g., Li, Na, Mg, Al, Si, In, Ti, Pb, Ga, Ge, Sn, Bi, Sb, or an alloy thereof), silicon, silicon oxide, or a Ti-based oxide (e.g., Li.sub.4Ti.sub.5O.sub.12).

(296) The separation layer 440 may include at least one of a polyolefin-based resin, a fluorine-based resin, a polyester-based resin, a polyacrylonitrile resin, or a micro-porous layer formed of a cellulose-based material, or the separation membrane 440 may be obtained by coating at least one of these layers with an inorganic material such as ceramic.

(297) The electrolyte 430 may be impregnated into the separation layer 440, the positive electrode 410, and/or the negative electrode 420. The electrolyte 430 may be a gel polymer-type electrolyte or a liquid electrolyte.

Examples 4

Examples 4-1 to 4-6

(298) Into a coprecipitation reactor (volume: 16 L, output of rotary motor: 80 W or more), 2.5 L of distilled water was introduced, N.sub.2 gas was then supplied thereto at a rate of 2 L/min, and the distilled water was stirred at 400 rpm while maintaining the temperature of the reactor at 45 C.

(299) A first aqueous metal solution and a second aqueous metal solution were prepared by mixing nickel sulfate, cobalt sulfate, and manganese sulfate so as to have a composition of Ni.sub.x1Co.sub.y1Mn.sub.z1OH.sub.2 (X1, Y1, Z1) and a composition of Ni.sub.x2Co.sub.y2Mn.sub.z2OH.sub.2 (x2, y2, z2), respectively, the first aqueous metal solution and the second aqueous metal solution were continuously introduced into the reactor at 0.7 L/hr while mixing them and changing the mixing ratio thereof, and an ammonia solution having a concentration of 25 mol was also continuously introduced into the reactor at 0.07 L/hr, thereby forming the core portion and the concentration gradient portion which had a concentration gradient. In addition, a sodium hydroxide solution having a concentration of 5 mol was supplied into the reactor in order to adjust the pH so that the pH was maintained at 11.5. The speed of impeller was controlled at 400 rpm.

(300) Thereafter, only the second aqueous metal solution was supplied into the reactor for a certain period of time to form the shell portion having constant concentrations of nickel, manganese, and cobalt on the outside of the core portion and the concentration gradient portion which had a concentration gradient, thereby producing a composite metal hydroxide.

(301) The concentrations of the aqueous metal solutions in Examples 4-1 to 4-6 are as presented in the following Table 6.

(302) TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 First aqueous Second aqueous metal solution metal solution Ni Co Mn Ni Co Mn Example 4-1 75 0 25 55 20 25 Example 4-2 70 0 30 50 20 30 Example 4-3 78 0 22 54 19 27 Example 4-4 90 0 10 54 15 31 Example 4-5 90 5 5 65 10 25 Example 4-6 96 0 1 54 15 31

(303) The composite metal hydroxide thus prepared was filtered, washed with water, and then dried for 12 hours in a hot air dryer at 110 C. The composite metal hydroxide and lithium hydroxide (LiOH) were mixed at a molar ratio of 1:1, the mixture was subjected to the preliminary firing by heating at a temperature rise rate of 2 C./min and then maintaining at 450 C. for 10 hours and then fired at from 700 to 900 C. for 10 hours, thereby obtaining a positive electrode active material powder.

Comparative Examples 4-1 to 4-3

(304) In Comparative Example 4-1, the positive electrode active material particles containing only the core portion and the concentration gradient portion which had a concentration gradient were prepared in the same manner as in Example 4-1 except that the shell portion having constant concentrations of nickel, manganese, and cobalt was not formed.

(305) In Comparative Example 4-2, composite oxide particles having constant concentrations of nickel, manganese, and cobalt was prepared using an aqueous metal solution having a composition of Ni.sub.55Co.sub.20Mn.sub.25OH.sub.2 which corresponds to the composition of the shell portion in Example 4-1. In Comparative Example 4-3, composite oxide particles having constant concentrations of nickel, manganese, and cobalt was prepared using an aqueous metal solution having a composition of Ni.sub.65Co.sub.10Mn.sub.25OH.sub.2 which corresponds to the composition of the shell portion in Example 4-5.

<Experimental Example> Taking of EDX Image

(306) The concentrations of Ni, Mn, and Co depending on the distance from the center in the particles prepared in Example 4-1 and Comparative Example 4-1 were measured by EDX, and the results are illustrated in FIG. 83. From FIG. 83, it can be seen that the magnitude of the concentration gradient in the core portion and the concentration gradient portion is constant as the core portion and the concentration gradient portion have a concentration gradient, a shell portion that is continuous with respect to the core portion and the concentration gradient portion and has constant concentrations of nickel, manganese, and cobalt is formed, and the functional relation of the concentration to the distance is linear in the core portion and the concentration gradient portion in the case of the particles according to Example of the inventive concept.

Experimental Example: Taking of SEM Image

(307) The images of the particles prepared in Example 4-5 and Comparative Example 1-3 were taken using a SEM, and the results are illustrated in FIG. 84.

<Experimental Example> Measurement of Residual Lithium

(308) Into 100 ml of distilled water, 10 g of the active material particles prepared in Example 1-1 and Comparative Example 1-1 were added, respectively, stirred for 10 minutes, then filtered, and subjected to the titration with 10% hydrochloric acid, thereby determining the amount of residual lithium. The amounts of LiOH and Li.sub.2CO.sub.3 measured are as presented in the following Table 7.

(309) TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 Residual LiOH Li.sub.2CO.sub.3 Sum Example 4-1 4728 2101 6829 Comparative Example 4-1 5728 2733 8461

<Experimental Example> Measurement of Charge and Discharge Characteristics, Cycle-Life Characteristics, and DSC

(310) The charge and discharge characteristics, cycle-life characteristics, and DSC characteristics of the batteries containing the active materials prepared in Examples 4-1 to 4-6 and Comparative Examples 4-1 to 4-3 were measured, and the results are presented in the following Table 8 and illustrated in FIGS. 85 and 86.

(311) TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 Cycle-life Discharge characteristics capacity (100.sup.th) DSC Example 4-1 189 mAh/g 95.2% 288 C. Example 4-2 184 mAh/g 96.2% 298 C. Example 4-3 190 mAh/g 96.0% 289 C. Example 4-4 195 mAh/g 96.1% 288 C. Example 4-5 203 mAh/g 94.3% 266 C. Example 4-6 196 mAh/g 95.2% 286 C. Comparative 191 mAh/g 96.7% 273 C. Example 4-1 Comparative 176 mAh/g 89.2% 267 C. Example 4-2 Comparative 186 mAh/g 90.4% 272 C. Example 4-3

Examples 4-7 to 4-10

(312) Into a coprecipitation reactor (volume: 16 L, output of rotary motor: 80 W or more), 2.5 L of distilled water was introduced, N.sub.2 gas was then supplied thereto at a rate of 2 L/min, and the distilled water was stirred at 400 rpm while maintaining the temperature of the reactor at 45 C.

(313) A first aqueous metal solution and a second aqueous metal solution were prepared by mixing nickel sulfate, cobalt sulfate, and manganese sulfate so as to have a composition of Ni.sub.x1Co.sub.y1Mn.sub.z1OH.sub.2 (X1, Y1, Z1) and a composition of Ni.sub.x2Co.sub.y2Mn.sub.z2OH.sub.2 (x2, y2, z2), respectively, the first aqueous metal solution and the second aqueous metal solution were continuously introduced into the reactor at 0.7 L/hr while mixing them and changing the mixing ratio thereof, and an ammonia solution having a concentration of 25 mol was also continuously introduced into the reactor at 0.07 L/hr, thereby forming the core portion and the concentration gradient portion which had a concentration gradient. In addition, a sodium hydroxide solution having a concentration of 5 mol was supplied into the reactor in order to adjust the pH so that the pH was maintained at 11.5. The speed of impeller was controlled at 400 rpm.

(314) Thereafter, a third aqueous metal solution prepared by mixing nickel sulfate, cobalt sulfate, and manganese sulfate so as to have a constant composition of Ni.sub.x3Co.sub.y3Mn.sub.z3OH.sub.2 was supplied into the reactor to form the shell portion in which the concentrations of nickel, manganese, and cobalt were constant but different from those at the outermost part of the core portion and the concentration gradient portion, thereby producing a composite metal hydroxide.

(315) The concentrations of the aqueous metal solutions in Examples 4-7 to 4-10 are as presented in the following Table 9.

(316) TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 9 First aqueous Second aqueous Third aqueous Thickness metal solution metal solution metal solution of shell Ni Co Mn Ni Co Mn Ni Co Mn portion Example 85 6 9 62 13 25 48 20 32 0.5 m 4-7 Example 85 6 9 62 13 25 48 20 32 1.0 m 4-8 Example 90 5 5 65 10 25 40 30 30 0.3 m 4-9 Example 90 5 5 65 10 25 50 20 30 0.3 m 4-10

(317) The composite metal hydroxide thus prepared was filtered, washed with water, and then dried for 12 hours in a hot air dryer at 110 C. The composite metal hydroxide and lithium hydroxide (LiOH) were mixed at a molar ratio of 1:1, the mixture was subjected to the preliminary firing by heating at a temperature rise rate of 2 C./min and then maintaining at 450 C. for 10 hours and then fired at from 700 to 900 C. for 10 hours, thereby obtaining a positive electrode active material powder.

Comparative Examples 4-4 and 4-5

(318) In Comparative Example 4-4, positive electrode active material particles were prepared in the same manner as in Example 4-7 except that the shell portion was not formed.

(319) In Comparative Example 4-5, positive electrode active material particles were prepared in the same manner as in Example 4-9 except that the shell portion was not formed.

<Experimental Example> Taking of EDX Image

(320) The concentrations of Ni, Mn, and Co depending on the distance from the center in the particles prepared in Example 4-7 and Comparative Example 4-4 were measured by EDX, and the results are illustrated in FIG. 87.

(321) From FIG. 87, it can be seen that the magnitude of the concentration gradient in the core portion and the concentration gradient portion is constant as a shell portion having constant concentrations of nickel, manganese, and cobalt that is formed on the outside of the core portion having a concentration gradient and the functional relation of the concentration to the distance is linear in the core portion and the concentration gradient portion in the case of the particles according to Example of the inventive concept.

<Experimental Example> Measurement of Charge and Discharge Characteristics, Cycle-Life Characteristics, and DSC

(322) The charge and discharge characteristics, cycle-life characteristics, and DSC characteristics of the batteries containing the active materials prepared in Examples 3-7 to 3-10 and Comparative Examples 4-4 and 4-5 were measured, and the results are presented in the following Table 10.

(323) TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 10 Cycle-life Discharge characteristics capacity (100.sup.th) DSC Example 4-7 196 mAh/g 96.3% 289 C. Example 4-8 192 mAh/g 97.7% 297 C. Example 4-9 196 mAh/g 96.3% 289 C. Example 4-10 192 mAh/g 97.7% 297 C. Comparative 199 mAh/g 94.3% 271 C. Example 4-4 Comparative 204 mAh/g 93.2% 263 C. Example 4-5

(324) The charge and discharge characteristics of the batteries containing the active materials prepared in Example 4-7 and Comparative Example 4-4 were measured, and the results are illustrated in FIG. 88.

Examples 4-11 to 4-20

(325) In order to produce particles having different magnitudes of concentration gradient in the core portion and the concentration gradient portion, first, a first aqueous metal solution and a second aqueous metal solution were prepared by mixing nickel sulfate, cobalt sulfate, and manganese sulfate so as to have a composition of Ni.sub.x1Co.sub.y1Mn.sub.z1OH.sub.2 (X1, Y1, Z1) and a composition of Ni.sub.x2Co.sub.y2Mn.sub.z2OH.sub.2 (x2, y2, z2), respectively, the first aqueous metal solution and the second aqueous metal solution were continuously introduced into the reactor at 0.7 L/hr while mixing them and changing the mixing ratio thereof, and an ammonia solution having a concentration of 25 mol was also continuously introduced into the reactor at 0.07 L/hr, thereby forming the core portion having a first magnitude of concentration gradient.

(326) Thereafter, a third aqueous metal solution was prepared by mixing nickel sulfate, cobalt sulfate, and manganese sulfate so as to have a constant composition of Ni.sub.x3Co.sub.y3Mn.sub.z3OH.sub.2, the third aqueous metal solution and the second aqueous metal solution were continuously introduced into the reactor at 0.7 L/hr while mixing them and changing the mixing ratio thereof, and an ammonia solution having a concentration of 25 mol was also continuously introduced into the reactor at 0.07 L/hr, thereby forming the concentration gradient portion having a second magnitude of concentration gradient.

(327) Thereafter, only the third aqueous metal solution prepared by mixing nickel sulfate, cobalt sulfate, and manganese sulfate so as to have a constant composition of Ni.sub.x3Co.sub.y3Mn.sub.z3OH.sub.2 was supplied into the reactor to form the shell portion in which the concentrations of nickel, manganese, and cobalt were constant and the same as those at the outermost part of the concentration gradient portion having a second magnitude of concentration gradient. The concentrations of the aqueous metal solutions thus prepared in Examples 4-11 to 4-20 are as presented in the following Table 11.

(328) TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 11 Third aqueous metal solution First aqueous Second aqueous Thickness metal solution metal solution of shell Ni Co Mn Ni Co Mn Ni Co Mn portion Example 85 6 9 62 13 25 48 20 32 0.3 m 4-11 Example 85 6 9 62 13 25 48 20 32 0.5 m 4-12 Example 90 5 5 65 10 25 40 30 30 0.5 m 4-13 Example 90 5 5 65 10 25 50 20 30 0.2 m 4-14 Example 85 1 14 76 9 15 64 11 25 0.3 m 4-15 Example 90 1 9 80 8 12 65 10 25 0.5 m 4-16 Example 95 1 4 84 7 9 66 9 25 0.4 m 4-17 Example 95 2 3 77 7 16 63 11 26 0.5 m 4-18 Example 98 1 1 95 2 3 65 10 25 0.3 m 4-19 Example 95 2 3 85 5 10 55 18 27 0.5 m 4-20

(329) The composite metal hydroxide thus prepared was filtered, washed with water, and then dried for 12 hours in a hot air dryer at 110 C. The composite metal hydroxide and lithium hydroxide (LiOH) were mixed at a molar ratio of 1:1, the mixture was subjected to the preliminary firing by heating at a temperature rise rate of 2 C./min and then maintaining at 450 C. for 10 hours and then fired at from 700 to 900 C. for 10 hours, thereby obtaining a positive electrode active material powder.

Comparative Examples 4-6 and 4-7

(330) In Comparative Example 1-6, composite oxide particles having constant concentrations of nickel, manganese, and cobalt in the entire particle were prepared using an aqueous metal solution having a composition of Ni.sub.80Co.sub.7Mn.sub.13OH.sub.2 which corresponds to the average composition of Example 4-11.

(331) In Comparative Example 4-7, particles of a composite oxide which was represented by LiNi.sub.0.8Co.sub.0.15Al.sub.0.05O.sub.2 and known to have a capacity of 200 mAh/g were used.

<Experimental Example> Taking of EDX Image

(332) The concentrations of Ni, Mn, and Co depending on the distance from the center in the particles prepared in Example 4-11 were measured by EDX, and the results are illustrated in FIG. 89. From FIG. 89, it can be seen that the concentration is linear with respect to the distance from the center, the magnitudes of the concentration gradient in the core portion and the concentration gradient portion are different from each other, and a shell portion having constant concentrations of nickel, manganese, and cobalt is formed on the outside of the concentration gradient portion in the case of the particles according to Example of the inventive concept.

(333) The concentrations of Ni, Mn, and Co depending on the distance from the center in the particles prepared in Example 4-13 were measured by EDX, and the results are illustrated in FIG. 90. From FIG. 90, it can be seen that the concentration to the distance from the center has two straight lines having different inclinations, the magnitudes of the concentration gradient in the core portion and the concentration gradient portion are different from each other, and a shell portion having constant concentrations of nickel, manganese, and cobalt is formed on the outside of the core portion and the concentration gradient portion in the case of the particles according to Example of the inventive concept.

<Experimental Example> Measurement of Charge and Discharge Characteristics, Cycle-Life Characteristics, and DSC

(334) The charge and discharge characteristics, cycle-life characteristics, and DSC characteristics of the batteries containing the active materials prepared in Examples 4-11 to 4-20 and Comparative Examples 4-6 and 4-7 were measured, and the results are presented in the following Table 12.

(335) TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 12 Cycle-life Discharge characteristics capacity (100.sup.th) DSC Example 4-11 221 mAh/g 94.9% 250 C. Example 4-12 211 mAh/g 95.3% 257 C. Example 4-13 201 mAh/g 96.6% 280 C. Example 4-14 205 mAh/g 96.1% 277 C. Example 4-15 204 mAh/g 94.3% 274 C. Example 4-16 212 mAh/g 94.9% 272 C. Example 4-17 216 mAh/g 94.2% 268 C. Example 4-18 207 mAh/g 94.8% 271 C. Example 4-19 220 mAh/g 92.3% 256 C. Example 4-20 209 mAh/g 95.5% 272 C. Comparative 203 mAh/g 79.2% 233 C. Example 4-6 Comparative 198 mAh/g 90.8% 221 C. Example 4-7

(336) The charge and discharge characteristics, cycle-life characteristics, and DSC characteristics of the particles prepared in Example 4-11 and Comparative Example 4-6 were measured, and the results are illustrated in FIGS. 91 to 93, respectively.

(337) From FIGS. 91 to 93, it has been confirmed that the average composition of the particles in Example 4-11 is the same as the composition of the particles in Comparative Example 1-6, but the charge and discharge characteristics, cycle-life characteristics, and thermal stability are greatly improved in Example 4-11 since the particles in Example 4-11 includes the core portion, and the concentration gradient portion, and the shell portion which has constant concentrations of nickel, manganese, and cobalt and is formed on the outside of the core portion.

(338) The charge and discharge characteristics, cycle-life characteristics, and DSC characteristics of the particles prepared in Example 4-13 and Comparative Example 4-7 were measured, and the results are illustrated in FIGS. 94 to 96, respectively. From FIGS. 94 to 96, it has been confirmed that the average composition of the particles in Example 4-13 is the same as the composition of the particles in Comparative Example 4-7, but the charge and discharge characteristics, cycle-life characteristics, and DSC characteristics are greatly improved in Example 4-13 as compared to those in Comparative Example 4-7 since the particles in Example 4-13 includes the core portion, and the concentration gradient portion, and the shell portion.

Examples 4-21 to 4-28

(339) In order to produce particles having different magnitudes of concentration gradient in the core portion and the concentration gradient portion, first, a first aqueous metal solution and a second aqueous metal solution were prepared by mixing nickel sulfate, cobalt sulfate, and manganese sulfate so as to have a composition of Ni.sub.x1Co.sub.y1Mn.sub.z1OH.sub.2 (X1, Y1, Z1) and a composition of Ni.sub.x2Co.sub.y2Mn.sub.z2OH.sub.2 (x2, y2, z2), respectively, the first aqueous metal solution and the second aqueous metal solution were continuously introduced into the reactor at 0.7 L/hr while mixing them and changing the mixing ratio thereof, and an ammonia solution having a concentration of 25 mol was also continuously introduced into the reactor at 0.07 L/hr, thereby forming the core portion having a first concentration gradient.

(340) Thereafter, a third aqueous metal solution prepared by mixing nickel sulfate, cobalt sulfate, and manganese sulfate so as to have a constant composition of Ni.sub.x3Co.sub.y3Mn.sub.z3OH.sub.2 and the second aqueous metal solution were continuously introduced into the reactor at 0.7 L/hr while mixing them and changing the mixing ratio thereof, and an ammonia solution having a concentration of 25 mol was also continuously introduced into the reactor at 0.07 L/hr, thereby forming the concentration gradient portion having a second concentration gradient.

(341) Thereafter, only a fourth aqueous metal solution prepared by mixing nickel sulfate, cobalt sulfate, and manganese sulfate so as to have a constant composition of Ni.sub.x4Co.sub.y4Mn.sub.z4OH.sub.2 was supplied into the reactor to form the shell portion having constant concentrations of nickel, manganese, and cobalt.

(342) The concentrations of the aqueous metal solutions thus prepared in Examples 4-21 to 4-28 are as presented in the following Table 13.

(343) TABLE-US-00013 TABLE 13 Fourth aqueous metal solution First aqueous Second aqueous Third aqueous Thickness metal solution metal solution metal solution of shell Ni Co Mn Ni Co Mn Ni Co Mn Ni Co Mn portion Example 95 2 3 90 4 6 67 9 24 60 15 25 0.3 m 4-21 Example 95 2 3 85 5 10 67 11 22 60 13 27 0.4 m 4-22 Example 96 2 2 91 4 5 70 10 20 63 12 25 0.5 m 4-23 Example 95 2 3 90 4 6 67 9 24 56 17 27 0.2 m 4-24 Example 96 2 2 85 5 10 67 11 22 55 15 30 0.3 m 4-25 Example 95 2 3 90 4 6 75 8 17 57 16 27 0.5 m 4-26 Example 96 2 2 91 3 6 80 7 13 57 16 27 0.4 m 4-27 Example 85 5 10 80 7 13 55 15 30 45 20 35 0.5 m 4-28

(344) The composite metal hydroxide thus prepared was filtered, washed with water, and then dried for 12 hours in a hot air dryer at 110 C. The composite metal hydroxide and lithium hydroxide (LiOH) were mixed at a molar ratio of 1:1, the mixture was subjected to the preliminary firing by heating at a temperature rise rate of 2 C./min and then maintaining at 450 C. for 10 hours and then fired at from 700 to 900 C. for 10 hours, thereby obtaining a positive electrode active material powder.

Comparative Example 4-8

(345) In Comparative Example 1-8, composite oxide particles having constant concentrations of nickel, manganese, and cobalt in the entire particle were prepared using an aqueous metal solution having a composition of Ni.sub.76Co.sub.8Mn.sub.16OH.sub.2 which corresponds to the average composition of Example 4-24.

<Experimental Example> Taking of EDX Image

(346) The image of the cross section of the particles prepared in Example 21 was taken using a TEM, and the concentrations of Ni, Mn, and Co depending on the distance from the center in the particles were measured by EDX, and the results are illustrated in FIG. 97.

(347) From FIG. 97, it can be seen that the concentration is linear with respect to the distance from the center, the magnitudes of the concentration gradients of nickel, manganese, and cobalt in the core portion are constant, and the magnitudes of the concentration gradients are different in the concentration gradient portion, and the magnitudes of the concentration gradient in the core portion and the concentration gradient portion are two different from each other in the case of the particles according to Example of the inventive concept.

<Experimental Example> Measurement of Charge and Discharge Characteristics, Cycle-Life Characteristics, and DSC

(348) The charge and discharge characteristics, cycle-life characteristics, and DSC characteristics of the batteries containing the active materials prepared in Examples 4-21 to 4-28 and Comparative Examples 4-6 and 4-8 were measured, and the results are presented in the following Table 14.

(349) TABLE-US-00014 TABLE 14 Cycle-life Discharge characteristics capacity (100.sup.th) DSC Example 4-21 220 mAh/g 95.9% 260 C. Example 4-22 215 mAh/g 95.2% 262 C. Example 4-23 223 mAh/g 93.7% 257 C. Example 4-24 212 mAh/g 96.2% 270 C. Example 4-25 211 mAh/g 96.0% 271 C. Example 4-26 221 mAh/g 93.9% 263 C. Example 4-27 225 mAh/g 94.2% 253 C. Example 4-28 195 mAh/g 97.8% 291 C. Comparative 203 mAh/g 79.2% 237 C. Example 4-6 Comparative 195 mAh/g 82.5% 233 C. Example 4-8

(350) The charge and discharge characteristics, cycle-life characteristics, and DSC characteristics of the particles prepared in Example 4-24 and Comparative Example 4-8 were measured, and the results are illustrated in FIGS. 98 to 100, respectively.

(351) From FIGS. 98 to 100, it has been confirmed that the average composition of the particles in Example 4-24 is the same as the composition of the particles in Comparative Example 4-8, but the charge and discharge characteristics, cycle-life characteristics, and DSC characteristics are greatly improved in Example 4-24 as compared to Comparative Example since the particles in Example 4-24 includes the core portion and the concentration gradient portion in which the concentrations of nickel, manganese, and cobalt have gradients and the shell portion in which the concentrations of nickel, manganese, and cobalt are constant.

<Experimental Example> Measurement of Residual Lithium

(352) The amounts of residual LiOH and Li.sub.2CO.sub.3 in the particles prepared in Example 4-21 and Comparative Example 1-6 were measured, and the results are as presented in the following Table 15.

(353) TABLE-US-00015 TABLE 15 Residual LiOH Li.sub.2CO.sub.3 Sum Example 4-21 5927 3950 9877 Comparative 9469 11466 20935 Example 4-6

<Experimental Example> Measurement of Tap Density and BET Surface Area

(354) The tap density and surface area by the BET method of the particles prepared in Example 4-21 and Comparative Example 4-6 are as presented in the following Table 16 and illustrated in FIG. 101, respectively.

(355) TABLE-US-00016 TABLE 16 Tap density Example 4-21 2.54 Comparative 2.37 Example 4-6

(356) It can be seen that the tap density is greatly improved in the active material particles prepared in Example of the inventive concept as compared to Comparative Example.

Examples 5

Examples 5-1 to 5-4: Case Having Constant Concentration in Core Portion

(357) Into a coprecipitation reactor (volume: 16 L, output of rotary motor: 80 W or more), 2.5 L of distilled water was introduced, N.sub.2 gas was then supplied thereto at a rate of 2 L/min, and the distilled water was stirred at 400 rpm while maintaining the temperature of the reactor at 45 C.

(358) A first aqueous metal solution was prepared by mixing nickel sulfate, cobalt sulfate, and manganese sulfate so as to have concentrations of Ni.sub.x1Co.sub.y1Mn.sub.z1OH.sub.2 (X1, Y1, Z1), the first aqueous metal solution was continuously introduced into the reactor at 0.7 L/hr, and an ammonia solution having a concentration of 25 mol was also continuously introduced into the reactor at 0.07 L/hr, thereby forming the inner core portion having constant concentrations of nickel, manganese, and cobalt.

(359) A second aqueous metal solution was prepared so as to have a composition of Ni.sub.x2Co.sub.y2Mn.sub.z2OH.sub.2 (x2, y2, z2), the first aqueous metal solution and the second aqueous metal solution were continuously introduced into the reactor at 0.7 L/hr while mixing them and changing the mixing ratio thereof, and an ammonia solution having a concentration of 25 mol was also continuously introduced into the reactor at 0.07 L/hr, thereby forming the first concentration gradient portion having a concentration gradient. In addition, a sodium hydroxide solution having a concentration of 5 mol was supplied into the reactor in order to adjust the pH so that the pH was maintained at 11.5. The speed of impeller was controlled at 400 rpm.

(360) Thereafter, a third aqueous metal solution was prepared by mixing nickel sulfate, cobalt sulfate, and manganese sulfate so as to have a constant composition of Ni.sub.x3Co.sub.y3Mn.sub.z3OH.sub.2, and the third aqueous metal solution and the second aqueous metal solution were continuously introduced into the reactor at 0.7 L/hr while mixing them and changing the mixing ratio thereof, and an ammonia solution having a concentration of 25 mol was also continuously introduced into the reactor at 0.07 L/hr, thereby forming the second concentration gradient portion having a concentration gradient. In addition, a sodium hydroxide solution having a concentration of 5 mol was supplied into the reactor in order to adjust the pH so that the pH was maintained at 11.5. The speed of impeller was controlled at 400 rpm.

(361) Thereafter, only the third aqueous metal solution was supplied into the reactor to form the shell portion.

(362) The concentrations of the aqueous metal solutions in Examples 5-1 to 5-4 are as presented in the following Table 17.

(363) TABLE-US-00017 TABLE 17 Third aqueous metal solution First aqueous Second aqueous Thickness metal solution metal solution of shell Ni Co Mn Ni Co Mn Ni Co Mn portion Example 95 2 3 85 6 9 67 9 24 0.5 m 5-1 Example 98 0 2 88 4 8 67 9 24 0.3 m 5-2 Example 85 5 10 78 6 16 60 15 25 0.5 m 5-3 Example 97 0 3 82 5 13 55 15 30 0.3 m 5-4

(364) The composite metal hydroxide thus prepared was filtered, washed with water, and then dried for 12 hours in a hot air dryer at 110 C. The composite metal hydroxide and lithium hydroxide (LiOH) were mixed at a molar ratio of 1:1, the mixture was subjected to the preliminary firing by heating at a temperature rise rate of 2 C./min and then maintaining at 450 C. for 10 hours and then fired at from 700 to 900 C. for 10 hours, thereby obtaining a positive electrode active material powder.

Comparative Examples 5-1 and 5-2

(365) In Comparative Example 5-1, positive electrode active material particles having constant concentrations of nickel, manganese, and cobalt in the entire particle were prepared using an aqueous metal solution having a composition of Ni.sub.82Co.sub.5Mn.sub.13OH.sub.2 which corresponds to the average composition of the entire particle in Example 5-2.

(366) In Comparative Example 5-2, positive electrode active material particles having constant concentrations of nickel, manganese, and cobalt in the entire particle were prepared using an aqueous metal solution having a composition of Ni.sub.76Co.sub.7Mn.sub.17OH.sub.2 which corresponds to the average composition of the entire particle in Example 5-4.

<Experimental Example> Taking of EDX Image

(367) The concentrations of Ni, Mn, and Co depending on the distance from the center in the particles prepared in Example 5-2 were measured by EDX, and the results are illustrated in FIG. 102.

(368) From FIG. 102, it can be seen that the first concentration gradient portion and the second concentration gradient portion are disposed between the inner core portion and the outermost shell portion which have constant concentrations of nickel, manganese, and cobalt in the case of the particles according to Example of the inventive concept.

<Experimental Example> Measurement of Charge and Discharge Characteristics, Cycle-Life Characteristics, and DSC

(369) The charge and discharge characteristics, cycle-life characteristics, and DSC characteristics of the batteries containing the active materials prepared in Examples 5-1 to 5-4 and Comparative Examples 5-1 and 5-2 were measured, and the results are presented in the following Table 18.

(370) TABLE-US-00018 TABLE 18 Cycle-life Discharge characteristics capacity (100.sup.th) DSC Example 5-1 217.6 mAh/g 93.6% 263.5 C. Example 5-2 220.1 mAh/g 93.1% 259.6 C. Example 5-3 205.3 mAh/g 94.8% 272.7 C. Example 5-4 211.8 mAh/g 94.3% 268.2 C. Comparative 209.3 mAh/g 81.7% 243.6 C. Example 5-1 Comparative 198.7 mAh/g 83.2% 247.3 C. Example 5-2

(371) The charge and discharge characteristics, cycle-life characteristics, and DSC characteristics of the particles prepared in Example 5-2 and Comparative Example 5-1 were measured, and the results are illustrated in FIGS. 103 to 105, respectively.

(372) From FIGS. 103 to 105, it has been confirmed that the average composition of the particles in Example 5-2 is the same as the composition of the particles in Comparative Example 5-1, but the charge and discharge characteristics, cycle-life characteristics, and thermal stability are greatly improved in Example 5-2 as compared to Comparative Example 5-1 since the particles in Example 5-2 includes the inner core portion, and the first concentration gradient portion, the second concentration gradient portion, and the shell portion continuous to the second concentration gradient portion although the average concentrations of nickel, manganese, and cobalt thereof are the same as those of the particles in Comparative Example 5-1.

Examples 5-5 to 5-7

(373) Into a coprecipitation reactor (volume: 16 L, output of rotary motor: 80 W or more), 2.5 L of distilled water was introduced, N.sub.2 gas was then supplied thereto at a rate of 2 L/min, and the distilled water was stirred at 400 rpm while maintaining the temperature of the reactor at 45 C.

(374) A first aqueous metal solution was prepared by mixing nickel sulfate, cobalt sulfate, and manganese sulfate so as to have concentrations of Ni.sub.x1Co.sub.y1Mn.sub.z1OH.sub.2 (X1, Y1, Z1), the first aqueous metal solution was continuously introduced into the reactor at 0.7 L/hr, and an ammonia solution having a concentration of 25 mol was also continuously introduced into the reactor at 0.07 L/hr, thereby forming the inner core portion having constant concentrations of nickel, manganese, and cobalt.

(375) A second aqueous metal solution was prepared so as to have a composition of Ni.sub.x2Co.sub.y2Mn.sub.z2OH.sub.2 (x2, y2, z2), the first aqueous metal solution and the second aqueous metal solution were continuously introduced into the reactor at 0.7 L/hr while mixing them and changing the mixing ratio thereof, and an ammonia solution having a concentration of 25 mol was also continuously introduced into the reactor at 0.07 L/hr, thereby forming the first concentration gradient portion having a concentration gradient. In addition, a sodium hydroxide solution having a concentration of 5 mol was supplied into the reactor in order to adjust the pH so that the pH was maintained at 11.5. The speed of impeller was controlled at 400 rpm.

(376) Thereafter, a third aqueous metal solution was prepared by mixing nickel sulfate, cobalt sulfate, and manganese sulfate so as to have a constant composition of Ni.sub.x3Co.sub.y3Mn.sub.z3OH.sub.2 and only the third aqueous metal solution was supplied into the reactor to form the shell portion. In addition, a sodium hydroxide solution having a concentration of 5 mol was supplied into the reactor in order to adjust the pH so that the pH was maintained at 11.5. The speed of impeller was controlled at 400 rpm.

(377) The concentrations of the aqueous metal solutions in Examples 5-5 to 5-7 are as presented in the following Table 19.

(378) TABLE-US-00019 TABLE 19 First Second Third aqueous aqueous aqueous metal solution metal metal Thickness solution solution of shell Ni Co Mn Ni Co Mn Ni Co Mn portion Example 98 0 2 69 8 23 59 11 30 0.5 m 5-5 Example 90 3 7 70 10 20 50 15 35 0.3 m 5-6 Example 80 10 10 60 15 25 40 20 40 0.3 m 5-7

(379) The composite metal hydroxide thus prepared was filtered, washed with water, and then dried for 12 hours in a hot air dryer at 110 C. The composite metal hydroxide and lithium hydroxide (LiOH) were mixed at a molar ratio of 1:1, the mixture was subjected to the preliminary firing by heating at a temperature rise rate of 2 C./min and then maintaining at 450 C. for 10 hours and then fired at from 700 to 900 C. for 10 hours, thereby obtaining a positive electrode active material powder.

Comparative Examples 5-3 and 5-4

(380) In Comparative Example 5-3, positive electrode active material particles having constant concentrations of nickel, manganese, and cobalt in the entire particle were prepared using an aqueous metal solution having a composition of Ni.sub.81Co.sub.5Mn.sub.14OH.sub.2 which corresponds to the average composition of the entire particle in Example 5-5.

(381) In Comparative Example 5-4, positive electrode active material particles having constant concentrations of nickel, manganese, and cobalt in the entire particle were prepared using an aqueous metal solution having a composition of Ni.sub.68Co.sub.13Mn.sub.19OH.sub.2 which corresponds to the average composition of the entire particle in Example 5-4.

<Experimental Example> Taking of EDX Image

(382) The concentrations of Ni, Mn, and Co depending on the distance from the center in the particles prepared in Example 5-5 were measured by EDX, and the results are illustrated in FIG. 106.

(383) From FIG. 106, it can be seen that the concentration gradient portion is formed on the outside of the inner core portion and the shell portion having constant concentrations of nickel, manganese, and cobalt is formed on the concentration gradient portion in the case of the particles according to Example of the inventive concept.

<Experimental Example> Measurement of Charge and Discharge Characteristics, Cycle-Life Characteristics, and DSC

(384) The charge and discharge characteristics, cycle-life characteristics, and DSC characteristics of the batteries containing the active materials prepared in Examples 5-5 to 5-7 and Comparative Examples 5-3 and 5-4 were measured, and the results are presented in the following Table 20.

(385) TABLE-US-00020 TABLE 20 Cycle-life Discharge characteristics capacity (100.sup.th) DSC Example 5-5 220.4 mAh/g 94.7% 269.7 C. Example 5-6 215.7 mAh/g 94.9% 272.2 C. Example 5-7 201.8 mAh/g 96.3% 286.4 C. Comparative 206.7 mAh/g 84.8% 234.3 C. Example 5-3 Comparative 193.2 mAh/g 88.3% 271.6 C. Example 5-4

(386) The charge and discharge characteristics, cycle-life characteristics, and DSC characteristics of the particles prepared in Example 5-5 and Comparative Example 5-3 were measured, and the results are illustrated in FIGS. 107 to 109, respectively.

(387) From FIGS. 107 to 109, it has been confirmed that the average composition of the particles in Example 5-5 is the same as the composition of the particles in Comparative Example 5-3, but the charge and discharge characteristics, cycle-life characteristics, and thermal stability are greatly improved in Example 5-5 as compared to Comparative Example 5-3 since the particles in Example 5-5 includes the shell portion having a constant concentration on the outside of the inner core portion and the first concentration gradient portion.

<Experimental Example> Measurement of Residual Lithium

(388) The amounts of LiOH and Li.sub.2CO.sub.3 were measured in order to determine the amount of residual lithium in the particles prepared in Example 5-5 and Comparative Example 4-3, and the results are as presented in the following Table 21.

(389) TABLE-US-00021 TABLE 21 Sample LiOH Li.sub.2CO.sub.3 Sum of residual lithium Comparative 7124 5397 12521 Example 5-3 Example 5-5 3512 2699 6211

(390) It has been confirmed that residual lithium is improved by nearly 50% in the active material according to Example 5-5 of the inventive concept as compared to the active material prepared in Comparative example 5-3.

Examples 6

Examples 6-1 and 6-2

(391) In order to produce particles having two concentration gradients in the core portion, first, a first aqueous metal solution and a second aqueous metal solution were prepared by mixing nickel sulfate, cobalt sulfate, and manganese sulfate so as to have a composition of Ni.sub.x1Co.sub.y1Mn.sub.z1OH.sub.2 (X1, Y1, Z1) and a composition of Ni.sub.x2Co.sub.y2Mn.sub.z2OH.sub.2 (x2, y2, z2), respectively, the first aqueous metal solution and the second aqueous metal solution were continuously introduced into the reactor at 0.7 L/hr while mixing them and changing the mixing ratio thereof, and an ammonia solution having a concentration of 25 mol was also continuously introduced into the reactor at 0.07 L/hr, thereby forming the core portion having a first concentration gradient.

(392) Thereafter, a third aqueous metal solution prepared by mixing nickel sulfate, cobalt sulfate, and manganese sulfate so as to have a constant composition of Ni.sub.x3Co.sub.y3Mn.sub.z3OH.sub.2 and the second aqueous metal solution were continuously introduced into the reactor at 0.7 L/hr while mixing them and changing the mixing ratio thereof, and an ammonia solution having a concentration of 25 mol was also continuously introduced into the reactor at 0.07 L/hr, thereby forming the core portion having a second concentration gradient.

(393) Thereafter, an aqueous solution for the formation of shell portion that was prepared by mixing nickel sulfate, cobalt sulfate, and manganese sulfate so as to have a constant composition of Ni.sub.x4Co.sub.y4Mn.sub.z4OH.sub.2 was supplied into the reactor to form the shell portion having a concentration that is different from the concentration at the end of the core portion having a second concentration gradient.

(394) The concentrations of the aqueous metal solutions thus prepared in Examples 6-1 and 6-2 are as presented in the following Table 22.

(395) TABLE-US-00022 TABLE 22 First aqueous Second aqueous Third aqueous Fourth aqueous Thickness metal solution metal solution metal solution metal solution of shell Ni Co Mn Ni Co Mn Ni Co Mn Ni Co Mn portion Example 98 2 2 90 4 6 69 08 23 60 12 28 0.5 m 6-1 Example 98 2 2 90 4 6 70 7 23 60 10 30 0.5 m 6-2

(396) The composite metal hydroxide thus prepared was filtered, washed with water, and then dried for 12 hours in a hot air dryer at 110 C. The composite metal hydroxide and lithium hydroxide (LiOH) were mixed at a molar ratio of 1:1, the mixture was subjected to the preliminary firing by heating at a temperature rise rate of 2 C./min and then maintaining at 450 C. for 10 hours and then fired at from 700 to 900 C. for 10 hours, thereby obtaining a positive electrode active material powder.

Comparative Example 6-1

(397) In Comparative Example 6-1, composite oxide particles having constant concentrations of nickel, manganese, and cobalt in the entire particle were prepared using an aqueous metal solution having a composition of Ni.sub.80Co.sub.6Mn.sub.14OH.sub.2.

<Experimental Example> Taking of EDX Image

(398) The concentrations of Ni, Mn, and Co depending on the distance from the center in the particles prepared in Example 6-1 were measured by EDX, and the results are illustrated in FIG. 110.

(399) From FIG. 110, it can be seen that the core portion has two magnitudes of concentration gradient and the shell portion in which the concentration at the end is maintained is formed in the case of the particles according to Example of the inventive concept.

<Experimental Example> Measurement of Charge and Discharge Characteristics, Cycle-Life Characteristics, and DSC

(400) The charge and discharge characteristics, cycle-life characteristics, and DSC characteristics of the batteries containing the active materials prepared in Examples 6-1 and 6-2 and Comparative Example 6-1 were measured, and the results are presented in the following Table 23 and illustrated in FIGS. 111 to 114.

(401) TABLE-US-00023 TABLE 23 Cycle-life Discharge characteristics capacity (100.sup.th) DSC Example 6-1 223 mAh/g 95.5% 270 C. Example 6-2 222 mAh/g 95.9% 275 C. Comparative 207 mAh/g 84.8% 234 C. Example 6-1

(402) From Table 23 above and FIG. 111 illustrating the charge and discharge characteristics, it has been confirmed that the capacity of the battery including the positive electrode active material according to the inventive concept is 220 mAh/g or more, and from FIG. 114, it can be seen that the thermal stability thereof is greatly improved in the DSC characteristics as the ignition temperature is higher than that in Comparative Example by 40 C. or higher although a high content of nickel is contained to have a high capacity.

<Experimental Example> Measurement of Residual Lithium

(403) The amounts of residual LiOH and Li.sub.2CO.sub.3 in the particles prepared in Example 6-1 and Comparative Example 6-1 were measured, and the results are as presented in the following Table 24.

(404) TABLE-US-00024 TABLE 24 Residual LiOH Li.sub.2CO.sub.3 Sum Comparative 7124 5397 12521 Example 6-1 Example 6-1 3208 3095 6307

(405) From Table 24 above, it has been confirmed that residual lithium in Example 3-1 of the inventive concept has decreased to about 50% of that in Comparative example.

<Experimental Example> Measurement of Tap Density and BET Surface Area

(406) The tap density of the particles prepared in Example 6-1 and Comparative Example 6-1 are as presented in the following Table 25.

(407) TABLE-US-00025 TABLE 25 Tap density Example 6-1 2.52 Comparative 2.62 Example 6-1

(408) In the positive electrode active material according to embodiments of the inventive concept, a shell portion having a constant concentration is formed on the surface of the core portion in which concentrations of nickel, manganese, and cobalt have gradients, and thus the positive electrode active material exhibits excellent cycle-life characteristics and charge and discharge characteristics, has a stabilized crystal structure while having a high capacity, and is structurally stabilized even when being used at a high voltage.

(409) In addition, according to an embodiment of the inventive concept, the positive electrode active material includes a first element containing a first metal and a second element composed of one or more first elements. The second element may include a concentration gradient portion having a content of the first metal changed and a concentration maintained portion having a constant content of the first metal. Consequently, it is possible to provide a positive electrode active material containing the second element with characteristics improved by the first metal as the content of the first metal in the second element can be controlled.

Examples 7

(410) The forth embodiment of the inventive concept will be described with FIGS. 115 to 122.

(411) Into a coprecipitation reactor (volume: 16 L, output of rotary motor: 80 W or more), 2.5 L of distilled water was introduced, N.sub.2 gas was then supplied thereto at a rate of 2 L/min, and the distilled water was stirred at 400 rpm while maintaining the temperature of the reactor at 45 C.

(412) A first aqueous metal solution and a second aqueous metal solution were prepared by mixing nickel sulfate, cobalt sulfate, and manganese sulfate so as to have a composition of Ni.sub.x1Co.sub.y1Mn.sub.z1OH.sub.2 (X1, Y1, Z1) and a composition of Ni.sub.x2Co.sub.y2Mn.sub.z2OH.sub.2 (x2, y2, z2), respectively, the first aqueous metal solution and the second aqueous metal solution were continuously introduced into the reactor at 0.7 L/hr while mixing them and changing the mixing ratio thereof, and an ammonia solution having a concentration of 25 mol was also continuously introduced into the reactor at 0.7 L/hr, thereby forming the first concentration gradient portion. In addition, a sodium hydroxide solution having a concentration of 5 mol was supplied into the reactor in order to adjust the pH so that the pH was maintained at 11.5. The speed of impeller was controlled at 400 rpm.

(413) Thereafter, only the second aqueous metal solution was supplied into the reactor for a certain period of time to form the first concentration maintained portion in which the concentrations of nickel, manganese, and cobalt at the outermost part of the first concentration gradient portion are maintained on the outside of the first concentration gradient portion in a thickness of from 0.2 to 1 m.

(414) Thereafter, a third aqueous metal solution prepared by mixing nickel sulfate, cobalt sulfate, and manganese sulfate so as to have constant concentrations of Ni.sub.x3Co.sub.y3Mn.sub.z3OH.sub.2 was supplied into the reactor while mixing them and changing the mixing ratio of the third aqueous metal solution to the second aqueous metal solution, thereby forming the second concentration gradient portion on the outside of the first concentration maintained portion.

(415) Thereafter, only the third aqueous metal solution was supplied into the reactor for a certain period of time to form the second concentration maintained portion on the outside of the second concentration gradient portion.

(416) The concentrations of the aqueous metal solutions in Examples 7-1 to 7-4 are as presented in the following Table 26.

(417) TABLE-US-00026 TABLE 26 Thickness of second First aqueous Second aqueous Third aqueous concentration metal solution metal solution metal solution maintained Ni Co Mn Ni Co Mn Ni Co Mn portion Example 95 2 3 80 7 13 54 15 31 0.3 m 7-1 Example 85 5 10 70 10 20 55 18 27 0.5 m 7-2 Example 85 3 12 73 10 17 58 14 28 0.4 m 7-3 Example 80 7 13 69 12 19 57 13 30 0.2 m 7-4

(418) The composite metal hydroxide thus produced was filtered, washed with water, and then dried for 12 hours in a hot air dryer at 110 C. The composite metal hydroxide and lithium hydroxide (LiOH) were mixed at a molar ratio of 1:1, the mixture was subjected to the preliminary firing by heating at a temperature rise rate of 2 C./min and then maintaining at 450 C. for 10 hours and then fired at from 700 to 900 C. for 10 hours, thereby obtaining a positive electrode active material powder.

Comparative Examples

(419) In Comparative Example 7-1, particles are produced in the same manner as in Example 7-1 except that a first aqueous metal solution and a second aqueous metal solution were prepared by mixing nickel sulfate, cobalt sulfate, and manganese sulfate so as to have concentration gradients from the center part to the surface part of the entire particle and a composition of Ni.sub.85Co.sub.5Mn.sub.10OH.sub.2 and a composition of Ni.sub.57Co.sub.16Mn.sub.27OH.sub.2, respectively, and the first aqueous metal solution and the second aqueous metal solution were mixed while changing the mixing ratio thereof.

(420) In Comparative Example 7-2, positive electrode active material particles having constant concentrations of nickel, manganese, and cobalt in the entire particle were produced using an aqueous metal solution having a composition of Ni.sub.62Co.sub.14Mn.sub.24OH.sub.2 which corresponds to the average composition of the particle in Example 7-2.

(421) In Comparative Example 7-3, positive electrode active material particles having constant concentrations of nickel, manganese, and cobalt in the entire particle were produced using an aqueous metal solution having a composition of Ni.sub.55Co.sub.18Mn.sub.27OH.sub.2.

<Experimental Example> Taking of EDX Image

(422) The concentrations of Ni, Mn, and Co depending on the distance from the center in the particles produced in Example 7-2 were measured by EDX, and the results are illustrated in FIG. 115.

(423) In FIG. 115, a particle structure in which the first concentration gradient portion, the concentration maintained portion, and the second concentration gradient portion are formed has been confirmed in the case of the particles according to Example of the inventive concept, and it can be seen that the magnitudes of the concentration gradients in the first concentration gradient portion and the second concentration gradient portion are constant as the functional relations between the first concentration gradient portion and the distance and between the second concentration gradient portion and the distance are linear, respectively.

<Experimental Example> Measurement of Battery Characteristics

(424) The charge and discharge characteristics, lifespan characteristics, DSC characteristics, and tap density of the batteries which included the active materials produced in Examples 7-1 to 7-4 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3 were measured, and the results are presented in the following Table 27.

(425) TABLE-US-00027 TABLE 27 Capacity Lifespan (mAh/g) characteristics DSC 2.7 to (%) 2.7 to ( C.) Tap 4.3 V, 4.3 V, 0.5 C, 4.3 V density 0.1 C 100.sup.th cycle cut off (g/cc) Example 7-1 199.8 95.0 281.9 2.59 Example 7-2 194.4 95.6 285.2 2.60 Example 7-3 200.7 94.8 277.8 2.58 Example 7-4 196.1 95.4 283.3 2.59 Comparative 193.1 95.3 284.5 2.58 Example 7-1 Comparative 183.7 90.8 268.0 2.50 Example 7-2 Comparative 178.1 95.0 286.8 2.51 Example 7-3

(426) The charge and discharge characteristics, lifespan characteristics, and DSC characteristics of the particles produced in Example 7-2 and Comparative Example 7-2 were measured, and the results are illustrated in FIGS. 116 to 118, respectively.

(427) In FIGS. 116 to 118, it has been confirmed that the composition of particles in Comparative Example 7-2 is the same as the average composition of the particles in Example 7-2 but the charge and discharge characteristics, lifespan characteristics, and thermal stability are greatly improved in Example 7-2 as compared to those in Comparative Example 7-2 since the particles in Example 7-2 includes the first concentration gradient portion, the first concentration maintained portion, the second concentration gradient portion, and the second concentration maintained portion that is continuous with respect to the second concentration gradient portion.

Examples

(428) Into a coprecipitation reactor (volume: 16 L, output of rotary motor: 80 W or more), 2.5 L of distilled water was introduced, N.sub.2 gas was then supplied thereto at a rate of 2 L/min, and the distilled water was stirred at 400 rpm while maintaining the temperature of the reactor at 45 C.

(429) A first aqueous metal solution and a second aqueous metal solution were prepared by mixing nickel sulfate, cobalt sulfate, and manganese sulfate so as to have a composition of Ni.sub.x1Co.sub.y1Mn.sub.z1OH.sub.2 (X1, Y1, Z1) and a composition of Ni.sub.x2Co.sub.y2Mn.sub.z2OH.sub.2 (x2, y2, z2), respectively, the first aqueous metal solution and the second aqueous metal solution were continuously introduced into the reactor at 0.7 L/hr while mixing them and changing the mixing ratio thereof, and an ammonia solution having a concentration of 25 mol was also continuously introduced into the reactor at 0.7 L/hr, thereby forming the first concentration gradient portion. In addition, a sodium hydroxide solution having a concentration of 5 mol was supplied into the reactor in order to adjust the pH so that the pH was maintained at 11.5. The speed of impeller was controlled at 400 rpm.

(430) Thereafter, only the second aqueous metal solution was supplied into the reactor for a certain period of time to form the first concentration maintained portion in which the concentrations of nickel, manganese, and cobalt of the first concentration gradient portion are maintained on the outside of the first concentration gradient portion in a thickness of from 0.2 to 1 m.

(431) Thereafter, a third aqueous metal solution prepared by mixing nickel sulfate, cobalt sulfate, and manganese sulfate so as to have constant concentrations of Ni.sub.x3Co.sub.y3Mn.sub.z3OH.sub.2 was supplied into the reactor while mixing them and changing the mixing ratio of the third aqueous metal solution to the second aqueous metal solution, thereby forming the second concentration gradient portion on the outside of the first concentration maintained portion.

(432) Thereafter, only a fourth aqueous metal solution prepared by mixing nickel sulfate, cobalt sulfate, and manganese sulfate so as to have constant concentrations of Ni.sub.x4Co.sub.y4Mn.sub.z4OH.sub.2 was supplied into the reactor for a certain period of time to form the second concentration maintained portion having discontinuous concentrations of nickel, manganese, and cobalt on the outside of the second concentration gradient portion.

(433) The concentrations of the aqueous metal solutions in Examples 7-5 to 7-8 are as presented in the following Table 28.

(434) TABLE-US-00028 TABLE 28 Thickness of second First aqueous Second aqueous Third aqueous Fourth aqueous concentration metal solution metal solution metal solution metal solution maintained Ni Co Mn Ni Co Mn Ni Co Mn Ni Co Mn portion Example 93 2 5 82 6 12 65 13 22 59 12 29 0.3 m 7-5 Example 90 3 7 80 6 14 63 11 26 57 13 30 0.4 m 7-6 Example 85 5 10 73 10 17 61 12 27 55 17 28 0.5 m 7-7 Example 80 5 10 70 11 19 60 19 21 56 15 29 0.2 m 7-8

(435) The composite metal hydroxide thus produced was filtered, washed with water, and then dried for 12 hours in a hot air dryer at 110 C. The composite metal hydroxide and lithium hydroxide (LiOH) were mixed at a molar ratio of 1:1, the mixture was subjected to the preliminary firing by heating at a temperature rise rate of 2 C./min and then maintaining at 450 C. for 10 hours and then fired at from 700 to 900 C. for 10 hours, thereby obtaining a positive electrode active material powder.

Comparative Examples

(436) In Comparative Example 7-4, positive electrode active material particles having constant concentrations of nickel, manganese, and cobalt in the entire particle were produced using an aqueous metal solution having a composition of Ni.sub.65Co.sub.12Mn.sub.23OH.sub.2 which corresponds to the average composition of the entire particle in Example 7-7.

(437) In Comparative Example 7-5, positive electrode active material particles having constant concentrations of nickel, manganese, and cobalt in the entire particle were produced using an aqueous metal solution having a composition of Ni.sub.65Co.sub.12Mn.sub.23OH.sub.2 which corresponds to the composition of the second concentration gradient portion in Example 7-7.

<Experimental Example> Taking of EDX Image

(438) The concentrations of Ni, Mn, and Co depending on the distance from the center in the particles produced in Example 7-7 were measured by EDX, and the results are illustrated in FIG. 119.

(439) In FIG. 119, it has been confirmed that the first concentration gradient portion, the first concentration maintained portion, the second concentration gradient portion, and the second concentration maintained portion that is discontinuous with respect to the second concentration gradient portion are formed in the case of the particles according to Example of the inventive concept.

(440) In addition, it can be seen that the magnitudes of the concentration gradients in the first concentration gradient portion and the second concentration gradient portion are constant since the functions of concentration according to distance in the first and second concentration gradient portions are linear.

<Experimental Example> Measurement of Charge and Discharge Characteristics, Lifespan Characteristics, and DSC

(441) The charge and discharge characteristics, lifespan characteristics, DSC characteristics, and tap density of the batteries which included the active materials produced in Examples 7-5 to 7-7 and Comparative Examples 7-4 and 7-5 were measured, and the results are presented in the following Table 29.

(442) TABLE-US-00029 TABLE 29 Capacity Lifespan (mAh/g) characteristics DSC 2.7 to (%) 2.7 to ( C.) Tap 4.3 V, 4.3 V, 0.5 C, 4.3 V density 0.1 C 100.sup.th cycle cut off (g/cc) Example 7-5 205.9 94.7 275.9 2.58 Example 7-6 203.3 94.9 278.8 2.59 Example 7-7 200.2 95.3 280.5 2.60 Example 7-8 197.5 95.6 284.2 2.59 Comparative 187.6 90.1 263.3 2.50 Example 7-4 Comparative 178.8 95.1 287.1 2.49 Example 7-5

(443) The charge and discharge characteristics, lifespan characteristics, and DSC characteristics of the particles produced in Example 7-7 and Comparative Example 7-4 were measured, and the results are illustrated in FIGS. 120 to 122, respectively.

(444) In FIGS. 120 to 122, it has been confirmed that the composition of particles in Comparative Example 7-4 is the same as the average composition of the particles in Example 7-7 but the charge and discharge characteristics, lifespan characteristics, and thermal stability are greatly improved in Example 7-7 as compared to those in Comparative Example 7-4 since the particles in Example 7-7 includes the first concentration gradient portion, the first concentration maintained portion, the second concentration gradient portion, and the second concentration maintained portion.

(445) The positive electrode active material according to embodiments of the inventive concept includes the first concentration maintained portion between the first concentration gradient portion and the second concentration gradient portion which have concentration gradients of nickel, manganese, and cobalt and the second concentration maintained portion on the outside of the second concentration gradient portion, thus the content of Ni contained in the particle is high so that the capacity is high, the crystal structure is stabilized by the concentration gradient so that excellent lifespan characteristics and charge and discharge characteristics are exhibited, and the positive electrode active material is structurally stabilized even when being used at a high voltage.

(446) The fifth embodiment of the inventive concept will be described with FIGS. 123 to 125.

Examples 8

(447) Into a coprecipitation reactor (volume: 16 L, output of rotary motor: 80 W or more), 2.5 L of distilled water was introduced, N.sub.2 gas was then supplied thereto at a rate of 2 L/min, and the distilled water was stirred at 400 rpm while maintaining the temperature of the reactor at 45 C.

(448) A first aqueous metal solution prepared by mixing nickel sulfate, cobalt sulfate, and manganese sulfate so as to have a composition of Ni.sub.x1Co.sub.y1Mn.sub.z1OH.sub.2 (X1, Y1, Z1) and a second aqueous metal solution prepared by mixing nickel sulfate, cobalt sulfate, and manganese sulfate so as to have a composition of Ni.sub.x2Co.sub.y2Mn.sub.z2OH.sub.2 (x2, y2, z2) were continuously introduced into the reactor at 0.7 L/hr while mixing them and changing the mixing ratio of the second aqueous metal solution to the first aqueous metal solution from 0 to 100, and an ammonia solution having a concentration of 25 mol was also continuously introduced into the reactor at 0.7 L/hr, thereby forming a core portion having a concentration gradient. In addition, a sodium hydroxide solution having a concentration of 5 mol was supplied into the reactor in order to adjust the pH so that the pH was maintained at 11.5. The speed of impeller was controlled at 400 rpm.

(449) A third aqueous metal solution prepared by mixing nickel sulfate, cobalt sulfate, and manganese sulfate so as to have constant concentrations of Ni.sub.x3Co.sub.y3Mn.sub.z3OH.sub.2 was supplied into the reactor while mixing them and changing the mixing ratio of the third aqueous metal solution to the second aqueous metal solution from 0 to 100, thereby forming a second core portion. After the second core portion having a desired thickness was formed, only the third aqueous metal solution was supplied into the reactor to form a shell portion having a constant concentration that was the same as the final concentration of the second core portion, thereby producing a composite metal hydroxide.

(450) The concentrations of the aqueous metal solutions in Examples 8-1 to 8-3 are as presented in the following Table 30.

(451) TABLE-US-00030 TABLE 30 First aqueous Second aqueous Third aqueous metal solution metal solution metal solution Thickness Ni Co Mn Ni Co Mn Ni Co Mn of shell Example 75 5 20 90 7 3 65 10 25 0.5 m 8-1 Example 86 0 14 96 0 4 54 15 31 0.4 m 8-2 Example 80 10 10 95 2 3 45 20 35 0.3 m 8-3

(452) The composite metal hydroxide thus produced was filtered, washed with water, and then dried for 12 hours in a hot air dryer at 110 C. The composite metal hydroxide and lithium hydroxide (LiOH) were mixed at a molar ratio of 1:1, the mixture was subjected to the preliminary firing by heating at a temperature rise rate of 2 C./min and then maintaining at 450 C. for 10 hours and then fired at from 700 to 900 C. for 10 hours, thereby obtaining a positive electrode active material powder.

Examples

(453) The first core portion was formed in the same manner as in Examples above, the second core portion was then formed by mixing the third aqueous metal solution and the second aqueous metal solution while changing the mixing ratio thereof, and only a fourth aqueous metal solution prepared by mixing nickel sulfate, cobalt sulfate, and manganese sulfate so as to have constant concentrations of Ni.sub.x4Co.sub.y4Mn.sub.z4OH.sub.2 was supplied into the reactor to form the shell portion.

(454) The concentrations of the aqueous metal solutions prepared in Examples 8-4 and 8-5 are as presented in the following Table 31.

(455) TABLE-US-00031 TABLE 31 First aqueous Second aqueous Third aqueous Fourth aqueous metal solution metal solution metal solution metal solution Thickness Ni Co Mn Ni Co Mn Ni Co Mn Ni Co Mn of shell Example 80 5 15 90 5 5 50 20 30 40 20 40 0.5 m 8-4 Example 75 10 15 95 2 3 65 15 20 55 15 30 0.3 m 8-5

(456) The composite metal hydroxide thus produced was filtered, washed with water, and then dried for 12 hours in a hot air dryer at 110 C. The composite metal hydroxide and lithium hydroxide (LiOH) were mixed at a molar ratio of 1:1, the mixture was subjected to the preliminary firing by heating at a temperature rise rate of 2 C./min and then maintaining at 450 C. for 10 hours and then fired at from 700 to 900 C. for 10 hours, thereby obtaining a positive electrode active material powder.

Comparative Examples

(457) In Comparative Example 8-1, particles having a constant concentration in the entire particle were produced by supplying an aqueous metal solution having a composition represented by Ni.sub.70Co.sub.9Mn.sub.21OH.sub.2 which corresponds to the average composition of the entire particle in Example 8-2.

(458) In Comparative Example 8-2, particles were produced in the same manner as in Example 8-2 except that the first core portion was not formed in Example 8-2.

(459) In Comparative Example 8-3, particles having a constant concentration in the entire particle were produced by supplying an aqueous metal solution having a composition represented by Ni.sub.60Co.sub.15Mn.sub.25OH.sub.2 which corresponds to the average composition of the entire particle in Example 8-4.

<Experimental Example> Taking of EDX Image

(460) The concentrations of Ni, Mn, and Co depending on the distance from the center in the particles produced in Example 8-2 were measured by EDX, and the results are illustrated in FIG. 123.

(461) From FIG. 123, it has been confirmed that the magnitudes of the concentration gradients of the metals in the first core portion and the magnitudes of the concentration gradients of the metals in the second core portion are reversed in the case of the particles according to Example of the inventive concept.

<Experimental Example> Measurement of Charge and Discharge Characteristics, Cycle-Life Characteristics, and DSC

(462) The charge and discharge characteristics, cycle-life characteristics, and DSC characteristics of the batteries which included the active materials produced in Examples 8-1 to 8-5 and Comparative Examples 8-1 to 8-3 were measured, and the results are presented in the following Table 32 and illustrated in FIGS. 124 and 125.

(463) TABLE-US-00032 TABLE 32 Cycle-Life Discharge characteristics characteristics (100.sup.th) DSC Example 8-1 208.3 mAh/g 94.7% 273.5 C. Example 8-2 199.7 mAh/g 95.0% 280.7 C. Example 8-3 194.8 mAh/g 95.6% 288.9 C. Example 8-4 187.6 mAh/g 96.3% 296.3 C. Example 8-5 205.9 mAh/g 95.2% 281.6 C. Comparative 185.3 mAh/g 88.2% 268.2 C. Example 8-1 Comparative 195.9 mAh/g 95.2% 283.5 C. Example 8-2 Comparative 178.7 mAh/g 91.2% 267.6 C. Example 8-3

(464) In FIGS. 124 and 125, it has been confirmed that the capacity and the cycle-life characteristics until 100.sup.th cycle are greatly improved in the active materials produced in Examples of the inventive concept as compared to the active materials produced in Comparative Examples.

(465) The positive electrode active material according to embodiments of the inventive concept exhibits excellent cycle-life characteristics and excellent charge and discharge characteristics as the magnitudes of concentration gradients of nickel, manganese, and cobalt are controlled in two core portions having the concentration gradients, and thus the positive electrode active material has a stabilized crystal structure as well as a high capacity and is structurally stabilized even when being used at a high voltage.

(466) While the inventive concept has been described with reference to exemplary embodiments, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the inventive concept. Therefore, it should be understood that the above embodiments are not limiting, but illustrative.

(467) According to a embodiment of the inventive concept, in the cathode active material for a lithium secondary battery according to the present invention, the concentrations of all metals contained in the cathode active material are increased or decreased with continuous concentration gradient from the core to the surface part. Accordingly, the crystal structure is stabilized and the thermostability is increased because there is no phase boundary having rapid concentration change from the core to the surface part.

(468) According to a embodiment of the inventive concept, in the cathode active material for a lithium secondary battery according to the present invention, the concentration of one metal is constant from the core to the surface part, and the concentrations of the other two metals are increased or decreased with continuous concentration gradient from the core to the surface part. Accordingly, the crystal structure of the particle is stabilized and the thermostability is increased because there is no phase boundary having rapid concentration change from the particle core to the surface part.

(469) Accordingly, the lithium secondary battery having the cathode active material shows excellent capacity characteristics as well as excellent lifetime characteristics and charge/discharge characteristics, and has thermostability even in high temperatures. Particularly, when the Ni concentration of the cathode active material according to the present invention, which shows the whole particle concentration gradient, is maintained constantly, a stable active material showing high capacity can be prepared.

(470) While the invention has been described with respect to the above specific embodiments, it should be recognized that various modifications and changes may be made and also fall within the scope of the invention as defined by the claims that follow.