Modified ionic liquids containing triazine

Abstract

The present disclosure is directed to a triazine-modified ionic liquid compound, the synthesis thereof and an electrochemical cell electrolyte containing the triazine-modified ionic liquid compound.

Claims

1. An ionic liquid compound, comprising: an anion; and a cation attached to a triazine moiety according to the formula: ##STR00006## wherein: R is a Q.sup.+ or R.sub.1 or R.sub.2; Q.sup.+ is an azepanium, sulfonium, phosphonium, or a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring having 1 to 3 heteroatoms as ring members comprising nitrogen, oxygen, silicon or sulfur; R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are independently a C.sub.1-C.sub.8 alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, aryl, alkynyl, alkylsiloxy, silyl, thioether, sulfoxide, azo, silane or amino group, wherein any of the carbon or hydrogen atoms therein are optionally further substituted with a halide, alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, aryl, alkynyl, alkylsiloxy, silyl, thioether, sulfoxide, azo, or amino group; and X is (a) a linker, comprising a C.sub.1-C.sub.8 alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, alkyleneoxy, ester, carbonyl, thioether, sulfoxide, azo or arylene group, wherein any of the carbon or hydrogen atoms therein are optionally further substituted with a halide; (b) O, S; or (c) O, S attached to the linker, wherein when X is O, O attached to C.sub.2 alkylene or C.sub.2 alkylene then Q.sup.+ is not imidazolium.

2. The compound of claim 1, wherein the anion comprises a halide, aluminate, arsenide, cyanide, thiocyanate, nitrite, benzoate, chlorate, chlorite, chromate, sulfate, sulfite, silicate, thiosulfate, oxalate, acetate, formate, hydroxide, nitrate, phosphate, imide, or borate.

3. An electrical energy storage device electrolyte comprising: a) an aprotic organic solvent system; b) a metal salt; c) an additive; and d) an ionic liquid compound according to claim 1.

4. The electrolyte of claim 3, wherein the anion of either or both of the metal salt and ionic liquid comprises a halide, aluminate, arsenide, cyanide, thiocyanate, nitrite, benzoate, chlorate, chlorite, chromate, sulfate, sulfite, silicate, thiosulfate, oxalate, acetate, formate, hydroxide, nitrate, phosphate, imide, or borate.

5. The electrolyte of claim 3, wherein the aprotic organic solvent comprises an open-chain or cyclic carbonate, carboxylic acid ester, nitrite, ether, sulfone, ketone, lactone, dioxolane, glyme, crown ether, siloxane, phosphoric acid ester, phosphite, mono- or polyphosphazene or mixtures thereof.

6. The electrolyte of claim 5, wherein the phosphoric acid ester is 4-fluorophenyldiphenylphosphate, 3,5-difluorophenyldiphenylphosphate, 4-chlorophenyldiphenylphosphate, trifluorophenylphosphate, heptafluorobutyldiphenylphosphate, trifluoroethyldiphenylphosphate, bis(trifluoroethyl)phenylphosphate, or phenylbis(trifluoroethyl)phosphate.

7. The electrolyte of claim 3, wherein the additive comprises a sulfur-containing compound, phosphorus-containing compound, boron-containing compound, silicon-containing compound, fluorine-containing compound, nitrogen-containing compound, compound containing at least one unsaturated carbon-carbon bond, carboxylic acid anhydride or the mixtures thereof.

8. The electrolyte of claim 3, wherein the electrolyte comprises the ionic liquid compound in a concentration of from about 0.01 wt. % to about 50.0 wt. %.

9. An electrochemical device comprising: a cathode; an anode; and an electrolyte according to claim 3.

10. The device of claim 9, wherein the cathode comprises a lithium metal oxide, spinel, olivine, carbon-coated olivine, vanadium oxide, lithium peroxide, sulfur, polysulfide, a lithium carbon monofluoride or mixtures of any two or more thereof.

11. The device of claim 10, wherein the lithium metal oxide is LiCoO.sub.2, LiNiO.sub.2, LiNi.sub.xCo.sub.yMet.sub.zO.sub.2, LiMn.sub.0.5Ni.sub.0.5O.sub.2, LiMn.sub.0.3Co.sub.0.3Ni.sub.0.3O.sub.2, LiMn.sub.2O.sub.4, LiFeO.sub.2, Li.sub.1+xNi.sub.Mn.sub.Co.sub.Met.sub.O.sub.2zF.sub.z, where Met is Al, Mg, Ti, B, Ga, Si, Mn or Co; Met is Mg, Zn, Al, Ga, B, Zr or Ti; and wherein 0x0.3, 0y0.5, 0z0.5, 0x0.4, 01, 01, 01, 00.4, and 0z0.4.

12. The device of claim 9, wherein the anode comprises lithium metal, graphitic material, amorphous carbon, Li.sub.4Ti.sub.5O.sub.12, tin alloy, silicon alloy, intermetallic compound or mixtures thereof.

13. The device of claim 9, wherein the device comprises a lithium battery, lithium-ion battery, lithium-sulfur battery, lithium-air battery, sodium ion battery, magnesium battery, lithium/MnO.sub.2 battery, or Li/poly(carbon monofluoride) battery.

14. The device of claim 9, further comprising a porous separator separating the anode and cathode from each other.

15. The device of claim 14, wherein the porous separator comprises an electron beam-treated micro-porous polyolefin separator or a microporous polymer film comprising nylon, cellulose, nitrocellulose, polysulfone, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylidene fluoride, polypropylene, polyethylene, polybutene, or co-polymers or blends of any two or more such polymers.

16. The device of claim 9, wherein the device comprises a capacitor or solar cell.

17. The device of claim 9, wherein the cathode is LiFePO.sub.4 or A.sub.nB.sub.2(XO.sub.4).sub.3, where A is Li, Ag, Cu, Na, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu or Zn; B is Ti, V, Cr, Fe or Zr; X is P, S, Si, W or Mo and wherein 0n3.

18. The electrolyte of claim 3, wherein the metal salt is an alkali metal salt.

19. The electrolyte of claim 18, wherein the cation of the alkali metal salt comprises lithium or sodium.

20. The electrolyte of claim 3, wherein the metal salt is an aluminum salt or a magnesium salt.

21. The compound of claim 1, wherein the aryl is phenyl or benzyl.

22. The compound of claim 1, wherein Q.sup.+ is pyrrolidinium, piperdinium, imidazolium, or pyridine.

23. The compound of claim 1, wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are independently a silane.

24. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is phenylene.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The FIGURE is a room temperature cycle life comparison between a Comparative Example electrolyte and electrolytes including a modified phosphate (Electrolyte 2 & 3).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(2) The present disclosure is directed towards an ionic liquid compound including at least one cation and at least one anion, wherein the at least one cation is covalently bonded to at least one triazine moiety.

(3) In an embodiment, an electrical energy storage device electrolyte includes a) an aprotic organic solvent system; b) an alkali metal salt; c) an additive; and d) an ionic liquid compound including at least one cation and an at least one anion, wherein at least one cation is covalently bonded to at least one triazine moiety.

(4) In an embodiment, an ionic liquid compound includes an anion; and a cation attached to a triazine moiety according to the formulas:

(5) ##STR00001##

(6) wherein: R is a Q.sup.+ or R.sub.1 or R.sub.2; Q.sup.+ is a pyrrolidinium, piperdinium, azepanium, onium, such as sulfonium and phosphonium, imidazolium, pyridine or a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring having 1 to 3 heteroatoms as ring members including nitrogen, oxygen, silicon or sulfur; R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are independently a C.sub.1-C.sub.8 alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, aryl, alkynyl, alkylsiloxy, phenyl, benzyl, silyl, thioether, sulfoxide, azo, amino or silane group, wherein any of the carbon or hydrogen atoms therein are optionally further substituted with a halide, alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, aryl, alkynyl, alkylsiloxy, phenyl, benzyl, silyl, thioether, sulfoxide, azo, amino or silane; and X is (a) a linker, including a C.sub.1-C.sub.8 alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, alkyleneoxy, ester, carbonyl, phenylene, thioether, sulfoxide, azo or arylene group, wherein any of the carbon or hydrogen atoms therein are optionally further substituted with a halide; (b) O, S or (c) O, S attached to the linker. In an embodiment the triazine-modified ionic liquid compound is present in an amount of from about 0.01 wt. % to about 50 wt. %.

(7) Suitable anions in accordance with the present disclosure, include but are not limited to halides (e.g., Cl, Br), nitrates (e.g., NO.sub.3), phosphates (e.g., PF.sub.6, TFOP), imides (e.g., TFSI, BETI), borates (e.g., BOB, BF.sub.4), aluminates, arsenides, cyanides, thiocyanates, nitrites, benzoates, carbonates, chlorates, chlorites, chromates, sulfates, sulfites, silicates, thiosulfates, chalcogenides, pnictogenides, crystallogenides, oxalates, acetates, formates, or hydroxides.

(8) In the present disclosure, an electrolyte includes a thermally stable ionic liquid, an alkali metal, such as lithium, an additive and an aprotic solvent for use in an electrochemical cell. The ionic liquid contains an organic cation and an inorganic/organic anion, with the organic cation being N-alkyl-N-alkyl-pyrrolidinium, N-alkyl-N-alkyl-pyridnium, N-alkyl-N-alkyl-sulfonium, N-alkyl-N-alkyl-ammonium, N-alkyl-N-alkyl-piperdinium or the like, and the anion being tetrafluoroborate, hexafluorophosphate, bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, bis(pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)imide, trifluoroacetate or the like. The polymer in the electrolyte includes poly(ethylene glycol) derivatives, with varying molecular weights ranging from about 150 g/mol to about 10,000,000 g/mol. Suitable aprotic solvents include carbonates, ethers, acetamides, acetonitrile, symmetric sulfones, 1,3-dioxolanes, dimethoxyethanes, glymes, siloxanes and their blends. The alkali metal salt can be LiBF.sub.4, LiNO.sub.3, LiPF.sub.6, LiAsF.sub.6, lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI), lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI), lithium bis(pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)imide, lithium trifluoroacetate, or a similar compound.

(9) In an embodiment, the electrolyte includes a lithium salt in addition to the ionic liquid. A variety of lithium salts may be used, including, for example, Li[CF.sub.3CO.sub.2]; Li[C.sub.2F.sub.5CO.sub.2]; Li[ClO.sub.4]; Li[BF.sub.4]; Li[AsF.sub.6]; Li[PF.sub.6]; Li[PF.sub.2(C.sub.2O.sub.4).sub.2]; Li[PF.sub.4C.sub.2O.sub.4]; Li[CF.sub.3SO.sub.3]; Li[N(CP.sub.3SO.sub.2).sub.2]; Li[C(CF.sub.3SO.sub.2).sub.3]; Li[N(SO.sub.2C.sub.2F.sub.5).sub.2]; lithium alkyl fluorophosphates; Li[B(C.sub.2O.sub.4).sub.2]; Li[BF.sub.2C.sub.2O.sub.4]; Li.sub.2[B.sub.12Z.sub.12-jH.sub.j], Li.sub.2[B.sub.10X.sub.10-jH.sub.j]; or a mixture of any two or more thereof, wherein Z is independent at each occurrence a halogen, j is an integer from 0 to 12 and j is an integer from 1 to 10.

(10) In some applications of the present electrolyte, such as a formulation for a lithium ion battery, aprotic solvents are combined with the present ionic liquids to decrease the viscosity and increase the conductivity of the electrolyte. The most appropriate aprotic solvents lack exchangeable protons, including cyclic carbonic acid esters, linear carbonic acid esters, oligoether substituted siloxanes/silanes, cyclic ethers, chain ethers, lactone compounds, chain esters, nitrile compounds, amide compounds, sulfone compounds, siloxanes, phosphoric acid esters, such as phosphates, phosphites, mono- or polyphosphazenes and the like. These solvents may be used singly, or at least two of them in admixture. Examples of aprotic solvents or carriers for forming the electrolyte systems include but are not limited to dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, ethyl propyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, bis(trifluoroethyl) carbonate, bis(pentafluoropropyl) carbonate, trifluoroethyl methyl carbonate, pentafluoroethyl methyl carbonate, heptafluoropropyl methyl carbonate, perfluorobutyl methyl carbonate, trifluoroethyl ethyl carbonate, pentafluoroethyl ethyl carbonate, heptafluoropropyl ethyl carbonate, perfluorobutyl ethyl carbonate, etc., fluorinated oligomers, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, butyl propionate, dimethoxyethane, triglyme, dimethylvinylene carbonate, tetraethyleneglycol, dimethyl ether, polyethylene glycols, triphenyl phosphate, tributyl phosphate, hexafluorocyclotriphosphazene, 2-Ethoxy-2,4,4,6,6-pentafluoro-1,3,5,2-5,4-5,6-5 triazatriphosphinine, triphenyl phosphite, sulfolane, dimethyl sulfoxide, ethyl methyl sulfone, ethylvinyl sulfone, allyl methyl sulfone, divinyl sulfone, fluorophenylmethyl sulfone and gamma-butyrolactone.

(11) In an embodiment, the electrolytes further include an additive to protect the electrodes from degradation. Thus, electrolytes of the present technology may include an additive that is reduced or polymerized on the surface of a negative electrode to form a passivation film on the surface of the negative electrode. Likewise, electrolytes can include an additive that can be oxidized or polymerized on the surface of the positive electrode to form a passivation film on the surface of the positive electrode. Furthermore, electrolyte may encompass additives acting as scavenging agents for water, acids, and undesirable metal ions. In an embodiment, electrolytes of the present technology further include mixtures of the three types of additives.

(12) In an embodiment, an additive is a substituted or unsubstituted linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbon including at least one oxygen atom and at least one aryl, alkenyl or alkynyl group. The passivating film formed from such additives may also be formed from a substituted aryl compound or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl compound where the additive includes at least one oxygen atom.

(13) Representative additives include glyoxal bis(diallyl acetal), tetra(ethylene glycol) divinyl ether, 1,3,5-triallyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione, 1,3,5,7-tetravinyl-1,3,5,7-tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane, 2,4,6-triallyloxy-1,3,5-triazine, 1,3,5-triacryloylhexahydro-1,3,5-triazine, 1,2-divinyl furoate, 1,3-butadiene carbonate, 1-vinylazetidin-2-one, 1-vinylaziridin-2-one, 1-vinylpiperidin-2-one, 1 vinylpyrrolidin-2-one, 2,4-divinyl-1,3-dioxane, 2-amino-3-vinylcyclohexanone, 2-amino-3-vinylcyclopropanone, 2 amino-4-vinylcyclobutanone, 2-amino-5-vinylcyclopentanone, 2-aryloxy-cyclopropanone, 2-vinyl-[1,2]oxazetidine, 2 vinylaminocyclohexanol, 2-vinylaminocyclopropanone, 2-vinyloxetane, 2-vinyloxy-cyclopropanone, 3-(N-vinylamino)cyclohexanone, 3,5-divinyl furoate, 3-vinylazetidin-2-one, 3 vinylaziridin-2-one, 3-vinylcyclobutanone, 3-vinylcyclopentanone, 3-vinyloxaziridine, 3-vinyloxetane, 3-vinylpyrrolidin-2-one, 2-vinyl-1,3-dioxolane, acrolein diethyl acetal, acrolein dimethyl acetal, 4,4-divinyl-3-dioxolan-2-one, 4-vinyltetrahydropyran, 5-vinylpiperidin-3-one, allylglycidyl ether, butadiene monoxide, butyl-vinyl-ether, dihydropyran-3-one, divinyl butyl carbonate, divinyl carbonate, divinyl crotonate, divinyl ether, divinyl ethylene carbonate, divinyl ethylene silicate, divinyl ethylene sulfate, divinyl ethylene sulfite, divinyl methoxypyrazine, divinyl methylphosphate, divinyl propylene carbonate, ethyl phosphate, methoxy-o-terphenyl, methyl phosphate, oxetan-2-yl-vinylamine, oxiranylvinylamine, vinyl carbonate, vinyl crotonate, vinyl cyclopentanone, vinyl ethyl-2-furoate, vinyl ethylene carbonate, vinyl ethylene silicate, vinyl ethylene sulfate, vinyl ethylene sulfite, vinyl methacrylate, vinyl phosphate, vinyl-2-furoate, vinylcylopropanone, vinylethylene oxide, 3-vinyl--butyrolactone or a mixture of any two or more thereof. In some embodiments, the additive may be a cyclotriphosphazene that is substituted with F, alkyloxy, alkenyloxy, aryloxy, methoxy, allyloxy groups or combinations thereof. For example, the additive may be a (divinyl)-(methoxy)(trifluoro)cyclotriphosphazene, (trivinyl)(difluoro)(methoxy)cyclotriphosphazene, (vinyl)(methoxy)(tetrafluoro)cyclotriphosphazene, (aryloxy)(tetrafluoro)(methoxy)cyclotriphosphazene or (diaryloxy)(trifluoro)(methoxy)cyclotriphosphazene compounds or a mixture of two or more such compounds. In an embodiment, the additive is vinyl ethylene carbonate, vinyl carbonate, or 1,2-diphenyl ether, or a mixture of any two or more such compounds.

(14) Other representative additives include compounds with phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, furanyl, indolyl, carbazolyl, imidazolyl, thiophenyl, fluorinated carbonates, sultone, sulfide, anhydride, silane, siloxy, phosphate or phosphite groups. For example, additives may be phenyl trifluoromethyl sulfide, fluoroethylene carbonate, 1,3,2-dioxathiolane 2,2-dioxide, 1-propene 1,3-sultone, 1,3-propanesultone, 1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 4-[(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)methyl], 1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 4-[[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethoxy]methyl]-, methyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl carbonate, nonafluorohexyltriethoxysilane, octamethyltrisiloxane, methyltris(trimethylsiloxy)silane, tetrakis(trimethylsiloxy)silane, (tridecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrooctyl)triethoxysilane, tris(1H1H-heptafluorobutyl)phosphate, 3,3,3-trifluoropropyltris(3,3,3-trifluoropropyldimethylsiloxy)silane, (3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)trimethoxysilane, trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate, tris(trimethylsilyl) borate, tripropyl phosphate, bis(trimethylsilylmethyl)benzylamine, phenyltris(trimethylsiloxy)silane, 1,3-bis(trifluoropropyl)tetramethyldisiloxane, triphenyl phosphate, tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphate, tris(1H.1H,5H-octafluoropentyl)phosphate, triphenyl phosphite, trilauryl trithiophosphite, tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite, tri-p-tolyl phosphite, tris(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl)phosphate, succinic anhydride, 1,5,2,4-dioxadithiane 2,2,4,4-tetraoxide, tripropyl trithiophosphate, aryloxpyrrole, aryloxy ethylene sulfate, aryloxy pyrazine, aryloxy-carbazole trivinylphosphate, aryloxy-ethyl-2-furoate, aryloxy-o-terphenyl, aryloxy-pyridazine, butyl-aryloxy-ether, divinyl diphenyl ether, (tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)-vinylamine, divinyl methoxybipyridine, methoxy-4-vinylbiphenyl, vinyl methoxy carbazole, vinyl methoxy piperidine, vinyl methoxypyrazine, vinyl methyl carbonate-allylanisole, vinyl pyridazine, 1-divinylimidazole, 3-vinyltetrahydrofuran, divinyl furan, divinyl methoxy furan, divinylpyrazine, vinyl methoxy imidazole, vinylmethoxy pyrrole, vinyl-tetrahydrofuran, 2,4-divinyl isooxazole, 3,4 divinyl-1-methyl pyrrole, aryloxyoxetane, aryloxy-phenyl carbonate, aryloxy-piperidine, aryloxy-tetrahydrofuran, 2-aryl-cyclopropanone, 2-diaryloxy-furoate, 4-allylanisole, aryloxy-carbazole, aryloxy-2-furoate, aryloxy-crotonate, aryloxy-cyclobutane, aryloxy-cyclopentanone, aryloxy-cyclopropanone, aryloxy-cycolophosphazene, aryloxy-ethylene silicate, aryloxy-ethylene sulfate, aryloxy-ethylene sulfite, aryloxy-imidazole, aryloxy-methacrylate, aryloxy-phosphate, aryloxy-pyrrole, aryloxyquinoline, diaryloxycyclotriphosphazene, diaryloxy ethylene carbonate, diaryloxy furan, diaryloxy methyl phosphate, diaryloxy-butyl carbonate, diaryloxy-crotonate, diaryloxy-diphenyl ether, diaryloxy-ethyl silicate, diaryloxy-ethylene silicate, diaryloxy-ethylene sulfate, diaryloxyethylene sulfite, diaryloxy-phenyl carbonate, diaryloxy-propylene carbonate, diphenyl carbonate, diphenyl diaryloxy silicate, diphenyl divinyl silicate, diphenyl ether, diphenyl silicate, divinyl methoxydiphenyl ether, divinyl phenyl carbonate, methoxycarbazole, or 2,4-dimethyl-6-hydroxy-pyrimidine, vinyl methoxyquinoline, pyridazine, vinyl pyridazine, quinoline, vinyl quinoline, pyridine, vinyl pyridine, indole, vinyl indole, triethanolamine, 1,3-dimethyl butadiene, butadiene, vinyl ethylene carbonate, vinyl carbonate, imidazole, vinyl imidazole, piperidine, vinyl piperidine, pyrimidine, vinyl pyrimidine, pyrazine, vinyl pyrazine, isoquinoline, vinyl isoquinoline, quinoxaline, vinyl quinoxaline, biphenyl, 1,2-diphenyl ether, 1,2-diphenylethane, o terphenyl, N-methyl pyrrole, naphthalene or a mixture of any two or more such compounds.

(15) In an embodiment, the electrolyte of the present technology includes an aprotic gel polymer carrier/solvent. Suitable gel polymer carrier/solvents include polyethers, polyethylene oxides, polyimides, polyphosphazines, polyacrylonitriles, polysiloxanes, polyether grafted polysiloxanes, derivatives of the foregoing, copolymers of the foregoing, cross-linked and network structures of the foregoing, blends of the foregoing and the like, to which is added a suitable ionic electrolyte salt. Other gel-polymer carrier/solvents include those prepared from polymer matrices derived from polypropylene oxides, polysiloxanes, sulfonated polyimides, perfluorinated membranes (Nafion resins), divinyl polyethylene glycols, polyethylene glycol-bis-(methyl acrylates), polyethylene glycol-bis(methyl methacrylates), derivatives of the foregoing, copolymers of the foregoing and cross-linked and network structures of the foregoing.

(16) The electrolytic solution containing the salt are high in electrical conductivity and solubility in organic solvents and are suitable for use as an electrolytic solution for electrochemical devices. Examples of electrochemical devices are electric double-layer capacitor, secondary batteries, solar cells of the pigment sensitizer type, electrochromic devices and condensers, and this list is not limitative. Especially suitable as electrochemical devices are electric double-layer capacitor and secondary batteries, such as a lithium ion battery.

(17) In yet another aspect, an electrochemical device is provided that includes a cathode, an anode and an electrolyte including modified ionic liquid containing triazine as described herein. In one embodiment, the electrochemical device is a lithium secondary battery. In an embodiment, the secondary battery is a lithium battery, a lithium-ion battery, a lithium-sulfur battery, a lithium-air battery, a sodium ion battery or a magnesium battery. In an embodiment, the electrochemical device is an electrochemical cell, such as a capacitor. In an embodiment, the capacitor is an asymmetric capacitor or supercapacitor. In an embodiment, the electrochemical cell is a primary cell. In an embodiment, the primary cell is a lithium/MnO.sub.2 battery or Li/poly(carbon monofluoride) battery. In an embodiment, the electrochemical cell is a solar cell.

(18) Suitable cathodes include those such as, but not limited to, a lithium metal oxide, spinel, olivine, carbon-coated olivine, LiFePO.sub.4, LiCoO.sub.2, LiNiO.sub.2, LiNi.sub.xCo.sub.yMet.sub.zO.sub.2, LiMn.sub.0.5Ni.sub.0.5O.sub.2, LiMn.sub.0.3Co.sub.0.3Ni.sub.0.3O.sub.2, LiMn.sub.2O.sub.4, LiFeO.sub.2, LiFe.sub.1+xNi.sub.Mn.sub.Co.sub.Met.sub.O.sub.2zF.sub.z, A.sub.nB.sub.2(XO.sub.4).sub.3 (NASICON), vanadium oxide, lithium peroxide, sulfur, polysulfide, a lithium carbon monofluoride (also known as LiCFx) or mixtures of any two or more thereof, where Met is Al, Mg, Ti, B, Ga, Si, Mn or Co; Met is Mg, Zn, Al, Ga, B, Zr or Ti; A is Li, Ag, Cu, Na, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu or Zn; B is Ti, V, Cr, Fe or Zr; X is P, S, Si, W or Mo; and wherein 0x0.3, 0y0.5, 0z0.5, 0x0.4, 01, 01, 01, 00.4, 0z0.4 and 0h3. According to an embodiment, the spinel is a spinel manganese oxide with the formula of Li.sub.1+xMn.sub.2zMet.sub.yO.sub.4mX.sub.n, wherein Met is Al, Mg, Ti, B, Ga, Si, Ni or Co; X is S or F; and wherein 0x0.3, 0y0.5, 0z0.5, 0m0.5 and 0n0.5. In an embodiment, the olivine has a formula of Li.sub.1+xFe.sub.1zMet.sub.yPO.sub.4mX.sub.n, wherein Met is Al, Mg, Ti, B, Ga, Si, Ni, Mn or Co; X is S or F; and wherein 0x0.3, 0 0y0.5, 0z0.5, 0m0.5 and 0n0.5.

(19) Suitable anodes include those such as lithium metal, graphitic materials, amorphous carbon, Li.sub.4Ti.sub.5O.sub.12, tin alloys, silicon alloys, intermetallic compounds or mixtures of any two or more such materials. Suitable graphitic materials include natural graphite, artificial graphite, graphitized meso-carbon microbeads (MCMB) and graphite fibers, as well as any amorphous carbon materials. In an embodiment, the anode and cathode are separated from each other by a porous separator.

(20) The separator for the lithium battery often is a microporous polymer film. Examples of polymers for forming films include: nylon, cellulose, nitrocellulose, polysulfone, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylidene fluoride, polypropylene, polyethylene, polybutene, or co-polymers or blends of any two or more such polymers. In an embodiment, the separator is an electron beam-treated micro-porous polyolefin separator. The electron treatment can improve the deformation temperature of the separator and can accordingly enhance the high temperature performance of the separator. Additionally, or alternatively, the separator can be a shut-down separator. The shut-down separator can have a trigger temperature above about 130 C. to permit the electrochemical cells to operate at temperatures up to about 130 C.

(21) The disclosure will be further illustrated with reference to the following specific examples. It is understood that these examples are given by way of illustration and are not meant to limit the disclosure or the claims to follow.

EXAMPLES

Example 1 Ionic Liquid Synthesis of Pyr12O-DMT_TFSI

(22) ##STR00002##

(23) TABLE-US-00001 Mass Volume Yield Reagent MW Equiv Mol (g) Density (mL) Conc (calc) N-ethylPyr-4,6-dimethoxy- 254.24 1.00 0.040 10.2 #DIV/0! 1,3,5-triazine methyliodide 141.94 1.00 0.040 5.7 2.28 2.5 DCM 53.0 1.326 40.0 30% Pyr12O-DMT Iodide 396.18 1.00 0.005 2.0 15.9 DI water 6.3 1.00 6.3 80% LiTFSI 287.09 1.05 0.005 3.0 Pyr12O-DMT TFSI 549.42 2.8

(24) Quaternization

(25) To a 250 mL 3-neck flask equipped with a magnetic stirring bar, water-cooled condenser, N2 inlet and thermocouple was added N-ethylpyrrolidine-4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazine in DCM (30 mL). While stirring at RT, methyliodide was added by pipet. A mild exotherm to about 34 C. was observed.

(26) The mixture slowly returned to RT and a pale white solid precipitate gradually formed. The mixture continued to stir at RT for 6 h. The solid was collected by vacuum filtration and the mother liquor removed all the color. Yield: white solid, 2.0 g (13%).

(27) Metathesis (TFSI)

(28) To a 100 mL capped bottle equipped with a magnetic stirring bar were added the iodide from step 1 and lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide as two separate solutions, each dissolved in 20 mL DI water. When the two solutions are combined, a cloudy precipitate quickly forms and a pale white oil deposits on the bottom. The mixture stirred at RT for 1 h.

(29) The water layer is decanted, DCM (10 mL) is added and the entire mixture is poured into a separatory funnel. The organic layer is washed with DI water (210 mL), separated, dried over MgSO4 and the solvent was stripped by rotary evaporation, pumped under high vacuum and by vacuum oven (5 mbar, 60 C.). Yield: colorless oil, 2.4 g (86%). Combined batches: 11.4 g.

(30) Characterization

(31) FTIR: 1131, 1331, 1562 cm1; Silver halide test: negative; Karl Fischer: 19.3 ppm;

(32) H.sup.1 NMR: (CDCl3) ppm 4.85 (t, 2H), 4.03 (s, 6H), 3.88 (t, 2H), 3.67 (m, 4H), 3.19 (s, 3H), 2.30 (m, 4H).

(33) F.sup.19 NMR: (CDCl3) ppm 79.02(s).

Example 2Ionic Liquid Synthesis of PP12O-DMT_TFSI

(34) ##STR00003##

(35) TABLE-US-00002 Mass Volume Yield Reagent MW Equiv Mol (g) Density (mL) Conc (calc) N-ethylPP-4,6-dimethoxy- 268.27 1.00 0.039 10.4 #DIV/0! 1,3,5-triazine methyliodide 141.94 1.00 0.039 5.5 2.28 2.4 DCM 53.0 1.326 40.0 30% PP12O-4,6-DMT Iodide 410.21 1.00 0.035 14.5 15.9 DI water 1.00 #VALUE! 80% LiTFSI 287.09 1.05 0.037 21.3 PP12O-4,6-DMT TFSI 563.45 19.9

(36) Quaternization

(37) To a 250 mL 3-neck flask equipped with a magnetic stirring bar, water-cooled condenser, N2 inlet and thermocouple was added N-ethyl piperdinium-4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazine in DCM (30 mL). While stirring at RT, methyliodide was added by pipet. A mild exotherm to about 32 C. was observed.

(38) The mixture slowly returned to RT and a pale white solid precipitate gradually formed. The mixture continued to stir at RT for 2 h. The solid was collected by vacuum filtration and the mother liquor removed all the color. Yield: white solid, 14.5 g (92%).

(39) H.sup.+ NMR: (DMSO-d6) ppm 4.80 (t, 2H), 3.95 (s, 6H), 3.82 (t, 2H), 3.41 (m, 4H), 3.11 (s, 3H), 1.81 (m, 4H), 1.54 (m, 2H).

(40) Metathesis (TFSI)

(41) To a 100 mL capped bottle equipped with a magnetic stirring bar were added the iodide from step 1 and lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide as two separate solutions, each dissolved in 50 mL DI water. When the two solutions are combined, a cloudy precipitate quickly forms and a pale white oil deposits on the bottom. The mixture stirred at RT for 1 h.

(42) The water layer is decanted, DCM (20 mL) is added and the entire mixture is poured into a separatory funnel. The organic layer is washed with DI water (20 mL), separated, dried over MgSO4 and the solvent was stripped by rotary evaporation, pumped under high vacuum and by vacuum oven (5 mbar, 60 C.). Yield: pale amber oil, 9.4 g (47%).

(43) Characterization

(44) FTIR: 1130, 1334, 1562 cm1; Silver halide test: negative;

(45) H.sup.1 NMR: (CDCl3) ppm 4.86 (t, 2H), 4.03 (s, 6H), 3.86 (t, 2H), 3.51 (m, 4H), 3.21 (s, 3H), 1.95 (m, 4H), 1.77 (m, 2H). F.sup.19 NMR: (CDCl3) ppm 78.97(s).

(46) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE A Electrolyte formulations. Examples Solvent base Additive (1 wt %) Com- 1M Li PF.sub.6; NONE parative EC:EMC; Example 3:7 w/w A 1M Li PF.sub.6; EC:EMC; 3:7 w/w B 1M Li PF.sub.6; EC:EMC; 3:7 w/w

Example 3

(47) Electrolyte formulations were prepared in a dry argon filled glovebox by combining all the electrolyte components in a vial and stirring for 24 hours to ensure complete dissolution of the salts. The triazine-modified ionic liquid compound is included as an additive with a base electrolyte formulation comprising a 3:7 by weight mixture of ethylene carbonate, EC, and ethyl methyl carbonate, EMC, with 1 M lithium hexafluorophosphate, LiPF6, dissolved therein.

(48) The electrolyte formulations prepared are summarized in Table A.

Example 4

(49) The electrolyte formulations prepared are used as the electrolyte in 200 mAh 403520 Li-ion polymer pouch cells comprising Lithium NMC622 cathode active material and graphite as the anode active material. Each electrolyte is filled in three cells. In each cell 0.9 ml of electrolyte formulation is added and allowed to soak in the cell for 1 hour prior to vacuum sealing and testing. The cells were then charged to 4.4 V and discharged to 3.0 V at a C/10 rate for formation and then by 1C discharge and charge rate cycling at room temperature. The results of this cycling test are summarized in the FIG. It is shown that electrolyte Examples A and B demonstrates capacity retention over cycle life than the comparative example electrolyte.

(50) Although various embodiments have been depicted and described in detail herein, it will be apparent to those skilled in the relevant art that various modifications, additions, substitutions, and the like can be made without departing from the spirit of the disclosure and these are therefore considered to be within the scope of the disclosure as defined in the claims which follow.