Methods and Compositions for Modulating TH-GM Cell Function

Abstract

Disclosed herein is a T-helper cell (T.sub.H-GM cell) that is regulated by IL-7/STAT5 and which secrete GM-CSF/IL-3. Also disclosed are methods and compositions for modulating T.sub.H-GM function for the treatment of, e.g., inflammatory disorders. Diagnostic and prognostic methods for specifically identifying T.sub.H-GM-mediated inflammatory disorders (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis), as distinct from and/or in addition to non-T.sub.H-GM-mediated (e.g., TNF--mediated) inflammatory disorders, are also provided.

Claims

1.-33. (canceled)

34. A method of treating an inflammatory disease associated with a TNF--independent inflammatory pathway, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) inhibitor, wherein the inflammatory disease is mediated by granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-secreting T-helper (Th-GM) cells, wherein the STAT5 inhibitor reduces serum level of GM-CSF in the subject and thereby providing a therapeutic benefit to the subject in a TNF--independent manner.

35. The method of claim 34, wherein the inflammatory disease is rheumatoid arthritis.

36. The method of claim 34, wherein the inflammatory disease is multiple sclerosis.

37. The method of claim 34, wherein the T.sub.H-GM cells are differentiated from precursor CD4.sup.+ cells in the presence of activated STAT5 and IL-7.

38. The method of claim 34, wherein the STAT5 inhibitor is pimozide.

39. The method of claim 34, wherein the STAT5 inhibitor is CAS 285986-31-4.

40. The method of claim 34, wherein the STAT5 inhibitor is an antibody that specifically binds to STAT5.

41. The method of claim 34, wherein the STAT5 inhibitor is an antisense nucleic acid, small interfering RNA, short hairpin RNA, or microRNA.

42. A method of treating rheumatoid arthritis, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of (A) a STAT5 inhibitor and (B) a therapeutic agent that inhibits the TNF- inflammatory pathway.

43. The method of claim 42, wherein the STAT5 inhibitor is pimozide.

44. The method of claim 42, wherein the STAT5 inhibitor is CAS 285986-31-4.

45. The method of claim 42, wherein the STAT5 inhibitor is an antibody that specifically binds to STAT5.

46. The method of claim 42, wherein the STAT5 inhibitor is an antisense nucleic acid, small interfering RNA, short hairpin RNA, or microRNA.

47. The method of claim 42, wherein the therapeutic agent that inhibits the TNF- inflammatory pathway is an etanercept, adalimumab, infliximab, golimumab, or certolizumab pegol.

48. The method of claim 42, wherein the therapeutic agent that inhibits the TNF- inflammatory pathway is prednisone, methotrexate, or tofacitinib.

49. The method of claim 42, Wherein the therapeutic agent that inhibits the TNF- inflammatory pathway is anakinra, abatacept, rituximab, or tocilizumab.

50. The method of claim 42, wherein (A) and (B) are administered sequentially.

51. The method of claim 42, wherein (A) and (B) are administered simultaneously.

52. The method of claim 42, wherein (A) and (B) are administered in a single dose.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0013] The foregoing will be apparent from the following more particular description of example embodiments of the invention.

[0014] FIGS. 1A-1D depict Stat5-conditional mutant mice are resistant to EAE. Clinical EAE scores (FIG. 1A) and incidence (FIG. 1B) of Stat5.sup.+/+ and Stat5.sup./ mice immunized twice with MOG.sub.35-55/CFA. Data are representative of three independent experiments (FIG. 1A) or pooled from three experiments (FIG. 1B, n=18 per group). Clinical scores of EAE mice immunized once with MOG.sub.35-55/CFA (FIG. 1C, n=5 per group) or immunized twice with MOG.sub.35-55/LPS (FIG. 1D). Data are representative of two independent experiments.

[0015] FIGS. 2A-2D depict reduced neuroinflammation in Stat5 conditional mutant mice. Histology of spinal cord sections obtained from EAE mice at day 9 after 2.sup.nd immunization (FIG. 1A). Images shown are representative of two independent experiments with three mice per group. Scale bars, 200 m (top), 50 m (bottom). CD4.sup.+ and CD11b.sup.+ cells in spinal cord sections were stained by immunofluorescence (FIG. 1B). Images shown are representative of two independent experiments with three mice per group. Scale bars, 200 m. CNS mononuclear cells were analyzed by flow cytometry at peak of disease (FIGS. 2C and 2D). Right panels are cell proportions (FIG. 2C, right) or cell numbers (FIG. 2D, right) pooled from two experiments (n=9).

[0016] FIGS. 3A and 3B depict the resistance to EAE in Stat5-deficient mice is independent of T.sub.H1, T.sub.H17 or T.sub.reg cells. Flow cytometric analysis of IL-17 and IFN- expression by CNS-infiltrating CD4.sup.+ T cells at peak of disease (FIG. 3A). Data are representative of three independent experiments. Percentage of CD25.sup.+ among CD4.sup.+ T cells in the CNS of Stat5.sup.+/+ and Stat5.sup./ EAE mice at peak of disease were analyzed by flow cytometry (FIG. 3B).

[0017] FIGS. 4A-4C depict conditional Stat5 mutant mice have no defect in CD4.sup.+ T cell generation in periphery. Spleens were obtained from MOG.sub.35-55/CFA-immunized Stat5.sup.+/+ and Stat5.sup./ mice at day 7 (FIG. 4A) and day 21 (FIG. 4B). The proportions of CD4.sup.+ and CD8.sup.+ T cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. The absolute number of CD4.sup.+ T cells was calculated (right panels). Data are representative of two independent experiments (FIG. 4A) or pooled from two independent experiments (FIG. 4B). IL-17 and IFN- expression by splenic CD4.sup.+ T cells of Stat5.sup.+/+ and Stat5.sup./ EAE mice was determined by intracellular cytokine staining (FIG. 4C). Data are representative of three independent experiments. *p<0.5, **p<0.005, ***p<0.0005.

[0018] FIGS. 5A-5D depict Stat5-deficient CD4.sup.+ T cells can infiltrate CNS but fail to induce effective neuroinflammation. CCR6, CXCR3 and CD69 expression by splenic CD4.sup.+ T cells of Stat5.sup.+/+ and Stat5.sup./ EAE mice was measured. Data are representative of two independent experiments with three to five mice per group (FIG. 5A). CNS-infiltrating CD4.sup.+ T cells were analyzed at day 7, 9 and 21 after first MOG.sub.35-55/CFA immunization (FIGS. 5B-5D). Cell numbers were calculated (FIG. 5D). Data are representative of two independent experiments with three mice per group. *p<0.5.

[0019] FIGS. 6A-6C show resistance to EAE in Stat5.sup./ mice is not caused by any defect in the survival of CD4.sup.+ T cells in the absence of STAT5. CD4.sup.+ T cell infiltration (FIG. 6A) and clinical scores (FIG. 6B) of Rag2.sup./ recipient mice transferred with different numbers of Stat5.sup.+/+ and Stat5.sup./ CD4.sup.+ T cells. Clinical scores and frequencies of CD4.sup.+ T cells in the CNS at day 21 (disease peak) of EAE induction (FIG. 6C). *p<0.05. ***p<0.0005.

[0020] FIGS. 7A-7C depict the intrinsic defect of Stat5-deficient CD4.sup.+ T cells in encephalitogenicity. Clinical EAE scores (FIG. 7A) and incidence (FIG. 7B) of Rag2.sup./ mice (n=5 per group) after adoptive transfer of 2 million MOG.sub.35-55-specific Stat5.sup.+/+ or Stat5.sup./ CD4.sup.+ T cells respectively. IL-17 and IFN- expression by CNS-infiltrating CD4.sup.+ T cells was measured at peak of disease (FIG. 7C). Data represent two independent experiments, *p<0.05.

[0021] FIGS. 8A-8D depict the diminished induction of GM-CSF in splenic Stat5.sup./ CD4.sup.+ T cells. In FIGS. 8A-8D, splenocytes were obtained from MOG.sub.35-55/CFA-immunized Stat5.sup.+/+ and Stat5.sup./ mice (n=3 per group) before disease onset and challenged with MOG.sub.35-55 at various concentrations for 24 h. GM-CSF secretion was measured by ELISA (FIG. 8A). Golgiplug was added in the last 4 h of MOG.sub.35-55 (20 g/ml) challenge and the frequencies of IL-17.sup.+ and GM-CSF.sup.+ cells among CD4.sup.+CD44.sup.hi T cells were measured (FIG. 8B). In FIGS. 8C and 8C, splenocytes were obtained from MOG.sub.35-55/CFA-immunized Stat5.sup./, Stat3.sup./ or wild-type control mice and stimulated with PMA/Ionomycin in the presence of Golgiplug for 4 h. The frequencies of IL-17.sup.+ and GM-CSF.sup.+ cells among splenic CD4.sup.+CD44.sup.hi T cells were measured by intracellular cytokine staining. *p<0.05, ***p<0.001.

[0022] FIGS. 9A-9C depict the diminished induction of GM-CSF in CNS-infiltrating Stat5.sup./ CD4.sup.+ T cells. In FIG. 9A, IL-17, IFN- and GM-CSF expression by CNS-infiltrating CD4.sup.+ T cells of Stat5.sup.+/+ and Stat5.sup./ mice was measured at peak of disease. The percentage of GM-CSF.sup.+ cells among IL-17.sup.+ or IFN-.sup.+ cells was calculated (bottom right. FIG. 9A). IL-17. IFN- and GM-CSF expression by CNS-infiltrating CD4.sup.+ T cells of Rag2.sup./ recipient mice at peak of disease in adoptive transfer EAE (FIG. 9B). Time-course analysis of cytokine mRNA expression in the CNS of nave and MOG.sub.35-55/CFA-immunized Stat5.sup.+/+ and Stat5/ mice (n=3 per group at each time point). The RT-PCR data were normalized to Rn18S, and expression in nave mice was set to 1 (FIG. 9C). Data represent two independent experiments. *p<0.05.

[0023] FIGS. 10A-10C show STAT5-mediated GM-CSF induction is independent of IL-23 or IL-1 signaling. In FIG. 10A, purified CD4.sup.+ T cells were cultured with TGF- and IL-6 for 3 days, followed by starvation for 6 h. Then cells were treated with various cytokines for 30 min. and pSTAT3 and pSTAT5 was determined by immunoblotting. STAT3 and STAT5 were further detected after stripping. FIG. 10B shows the mRNA expression of IL-23R and IL-1R1 in splenic CD4.sup.+ T cells of Stat5.sup.+/+ and Stat5.sup./ EAE mice (n=3 per group). The RT-PCR data were normalized to -Actin. In FIG. 10C, splenocytes were obtained from MOG.sub.35-55/CFA-immunized WT mice before disease onset and challenged with MOG.sub.35-55 (20 g/ml) in the absence or presence of IL-2 for 48 h. The frequencies of GM-CSF.sup.+ and IL-17.sup.+ cells among CD4.sup.+CD44.sup.hi T cells were measured by flow cytometry. *p<0.05.

[0024] FIGS. 11A-11C depict IL-7-induced STAT5 activation promotes GM-CSF expression in autoreactive CD4.sup.+ T cells. Splenocytes were obtained from MOG.sub.35-55/CFA-immunized Stat5.sup.+/+ and Stat5.sup./ mice before disease onset and challenged with MOG.sub.35-55 (20 g/ml) in the absence or presence of IL-7 for 48 h. Frequencies of GM-CSF.sup.+ and IL-17.sup.+ cells among CD4.sup.+CD44.sup.hi T cells were measured by flow cytometry (FIG. 11A). GM-CSF secretion was measured by ELISA (FIG. 11B). Data represent two independent experiments with two to three mice per group. Splenic CD62L.sup.hiCD44.sup.lo and CD62L.sup.loCD44.sup.hi T cells from MOG.sub.35-55/CFA-immunized mice were sorted out. Cells were stimulated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 in the absence or presence of IL-7 for 4 h and then harvested for the analysis of GM-CSF expression by RT-PCR (FIG. 11C). *p<0.05

[0025] FIGS. 12A-12F depict IL-7R neutralization attenuates GM-CSF expression and ameliorates EAE. Clinical scores of EAE mice (n=5) treated with anti-IL-7R or normal IgG given every other day from day 5 after 2.sup.nd immunization, as indicated by arrows. Data represent two independent experiments (FIG. 12A). Spinal cord sections were obtained from EAE mice at day 11 after 2.sup.nd immunization. Immune cell infiltration was assessed histologically. Images shown are representative of three individuals per group. Scale bars, 200 m (top), 50 m (FIG. 12B, bottom). The percentages of CD4.sup.+ and CD8.sup.+ T cells in spleens of EAE mice. Data represent two independent experiments (FIG. 12C). FIGS. 12D and 12E illustrate the frequencies of GM-CSF.sup.+, IL-17.sup.+ and IFN-.sup.+ cells among CD4.sup.+ T cells in the CNS of EAE mice receiving different treatment. The mRNA expression of IFN-, IL-17 and GM-CSF in the CNS of EAE mice (FIG. 12F). *p<0.05

[0026] FIGS. 13A and 13B depict the differentiation of GM-CSF-expressing T.sub.H cells is distinct from T.sub.H17 and T.sub.H1. Nave CD4.sup.+ T cells were primed with plate-bound anti-CD3 and soluble anti-CD28 in the presence of a combination of various cytokines and neutralizing antibodies as indicated. GM-CSF, IL-17 and IFN- expression was analyzed by intracellular staining (FIG. 13A) or RT-PCR (FIG. 13B)

[0027] FIGS. 14A-14D show the effect of IL-2 and IL-6 on T.sub.H-GM differentiation from nave T cells. GM-CSF and IFN- expression in naive CD4.sup.+ T cells activated for 72 h with anti-CD3 alone or plus anti-CD28 (FIG. 14A). In FIG. 14B, sorted nave CD4.sup.+ T cells were stimulated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 in the presence of neutralizing antibodies against IL-12 and IFN- without or with the addition of IL-6. The frequencies of GM-CSF.sup.+ and IL-17.sup.+ cells were measured by intracellular staining (FIG. 14B). In FIG. 14C, nave CD4.sup.+ T cells from Stat3.sup.+/+ and Stat3.sup./ mice were polarized under conditions as indicated for 72 h. The frequencies of GM-CSF.sup.+ and IL-17.sup.+ cells were analyzed. In FIG. 14D, nave CD4.sup.+ T cells were activated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 in the presence of IL-2 or anti-IL-2. The frequencies of GM-CSF.sup.+, IL-17.sup.+ and IFN-.sup.+ cells were analyzed.

[0028] FIGS. 15A-15F depict IL-7-STAT5 signaling programs T.sub.H-GM differentiation from nave precursor cells. Nave CD4.sup.+ T cells were primed with plate-hound anti-CD3 and soluble anti-CD28 in the presence of various concentration of IL-7 as indicated. GM-CSF and IFN- expression was analyzed by intracellular staining (FIG. 15A) or ELISA (FIG. 15B). In FIGS. 15C and 15D, Stat5.sup.+/+ and Stat5.sup./ nave CD4.sup.+ T cells were activated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 in the presence IL-7 for 3 days. GM-CSF, IL-17 and IFN- expression was analyzed by intracellular cytokine staining (FIG. 15C). GM-CSF secretion was measured by ELISA (FIG. 15D). Immunoblotting of pSTAT5 and STAT5 in IL-7-stimulated CD4.sup.+ T cells isolated from Stat5.sup./ or control mice (FIG. 15E). The ChIP assay was performed with Stat5.sup.+/+ and Stat5.sup./ CD4.sup.+ T cells using normal IgG or STAT5-specific antibody. The binding of antibodies to Csf2 promoter region was detected by RT-PCR (FIG. 15F).

[0029] FIGS. 16A and 16B depict the differentiation conditions for T.sub.H-GM subset. Nave CD4.sup.+ T cells were activated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 in the presence of IL-7 or/and anti-IFN- as indicated. GM-CSF. IL-17 and IFN- expression was analyzed (FIG. 16A). The mRNA expression of T-bet and RORt in nave. T.sub.H1 (IL-12+anti-IL-), T.sub.H17 (TGF-+IL-6+anti-IFN-+anti-IL-4) and T.sub.H-GM cells (IL-7 anti-IFN-) (FIG. 16B). The RT-PCR data were normalized to Gapdh, and expression in nave T cells was set to 1.

[0030] FIGS. 17A-17E illustrate that IL-7 but not IL-2 induces STAT5 activation and GM-CSF expression in nave CD4.sup.+ T cells. FIGS. 17A-17C show flow cytometry of CD25 and CD127 on the surface of nave CD4.sup.+ T cells or cells activated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 at various time points as indicated. Activation of STAT5 in nave CD4.sup.+ T cells stimulated with IL-2 or IL-7 for 30 min (FIG. 17D). FIG. 17E shows the mRNA expression of GM-CSF in nave CD4.sup.+ T cells stimulated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 in the presence of IL-2 or IL-7. The RT-PCR data were normalized to -Actin, and expression in nave T cells activated for 2 h without cytokine was set to 1.

[0031] FIGS. 18A-18C show that both IL-2 and IL-7 can induce STAT5 activation and GM-CSF expression in activated CD4.sup.+ T cells. As shown in FIGS. 1.8A and 18B, CD4.sup.+ T cells were activated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 for 3 days. After resting in fresh medium, cells were stimulated with IL-2 or IL-7 at various time points. The pTyr-STAT5 and -Actin were detected by immunoblotting (FIG. 18A). GM-CSF mRNA expression was measured by RT-PCR (FIG. 18B). The RT-PCR data were normalized to 13-Actin, and expression in cells without cytokine stimulation was set to 1. The ChIP assay shown in FIG. 18C was performed with normal IgG or STAT5-specific antibody. The binding of antibodies to Csf2 promoter region was detected by RT-PCR.

[0032] FIG. 19 depicts surface molecules selectively expressed at high level or low level in T.sub.H-GM subset as characterized by microarray analysis. These surface molecules specific for each lineage serves as markers, signatures and potential targets for novel diagnosis, treatment and prevention of autoimmune inflammation including, but not limited to multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. These cell surface molecules are listed in detail in Table 1. The order of nave, Th1, Th17, and Th-GM as indicated in the figure insert is the same as that appears for the bars in each graph.

[0033] FIGS. 20A-20D show that IL-3 is preferentially expressed in T.sub.H-GM cells. In FIGS. 20A and 20B, nave CD4.sup.+ T cells were activated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 under T.sub.H1(IL-12+anti-IL-4), T.sub.H17(TGF-+IL-6+anti-IFN-+anti-IL-4) and T.sub.H-GM(GM-CSF.sup.+ T.sub.H, IL-7+anti-IFN-+anti-IL-4) polarizing conditions. GM-CSF and IL-3 expression was analyzed by intracellular staining (FIG. 20A). The mRNA expression of IL-3, EBI-3, PENK or RANKL cytokines was measured by RT-PCR (FIG. 20B). Frequency of IL-3+ cells differentiated without or with IL-7 (FIG. 20C). GM-CSF and IL-3 expression by WT or STAT5-deficient GM-CSF-producing TH cells (FIG. 20D).

[0034] FIG. 21 depicts clinical EAE scores of Rag2.sup./ mice (n=36 mice per group) after adoptive transfer of 610.sup.5 various MOG.sub.35-55-specific T.sub.H subsets.

[0035] FIGS. 22A-27E depict inhibition of STAT5 activation suppresses T.sub.H-GM cell differentiation in vitro. CD4.sup.+ T cells were pre-incubated with STAT5 inhibitor (Calbiochem) (FIG. 22A) or JAK3 inhibitor (FIG. 22B) at indicated concentrations or vehicle () for 1 h before stimulation with IL-7 for 30 min. Activation (Tyr694 phosphorylation) of STAT5 was determined by immunoblotting. CD4.sup.+ T cells were pre-incubated with STAT5 inhibitor at indicated concentrations or vehicle () for 1 h before stimulation with IL-6 for 30 min. Activation (Tyr705 phosphorylation) of STAT3 was determined by immunoblotting (FIG. 22C). In FIG. 221), CD4.sup.+ T cells were pre-incubated with STAT5 inhibitor at indicated concentrations or vehicle () for 1 h before stimulation with IFN- for 30 min. Activation (Tyr701 phosphorylation) of STAT1 was determined by immunoblotting. In FIG. 22E, nave CD4.sup.+ T cells were isolated and activated under neutral condition or T.sub.H-GM cell-favoring condition with the addition of different concentrations of STAT5 inhibitor for 3 days. GM-CSF and IFN- expression was analyzed by intracellular cytokine staining and flow cytometry.

[0036] FIGS. 23A-23D depict targeting STAT5 activation by chemical inhibitor ameliorates EAE. (FIG. 23A) Clinical EAE scores of wild-type control mice (n=5) or administrated with STAT5 inhibitor (Calbiochem). Arrow indicates the treatment points. (FIG. 23B) Histology of spinal cords at clay 18 of EAE mice receiving different treatments. (FIG. 23C) Intracellular staining and flow cytometry of CNS-infiltrating CD4.sup.+ T cells at peak of disease. (FIG. 23D) Whole CNS was harvest for RNA extraction. GM-CSF mRNA expression was analyzed by RT-PCR. Data represent two independent experiments. *p<0.05.

[0037] FIGS. 24A-24E depict GM-CSF-producing T.sub.H cells are in association with human RA. Plasma concentrations of GM-CSF and TNF- in healthy control HC (n=32) and RA (n=47) were quantified by ELISA (FIG. 24A). In FIGS. 24B and 24C, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected from healthy control (HC) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, and were stimulated for 4 h with PMA/lonomycin in the presence of Golgiplug, followed by intracellular cytokine staining. Representative flow cytometry of GM-CSF, IFN- and IL-17 in CD4.sup.+ T cells (FIG. 24B) and statistics of n>=9 per group (FIG. 24C) are shown. FIG. 241D shows the correlation between the frequency of GM-CSF.sup.+IFN- T.sub.H cells and the level of plasma GM-CSF in peripheral blood of RA patients (n=18). Cytokine expression by CD4.sup.+ T cells derived from synovial fluid of RA patients was analyzed by intracellular cytokine staining and flow cytometry (FIG. 24E). A representative image of three cases was shown. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001; ns, not significant.

[0038] FIGS. 25A-25E depict distinguishable effects of GM-CSF and TNF- in mouse AIA. FIG. 25A shows knee joint swelling of wild-type mice over 7 days after intraarticular injection of 100 g mBSA in AIA model, receiving treatment with control IgG, GM-CSF-specific and TNF--specific neutralizing antibodies separately or in combination (n=5 per group) at indicated times (arrows). FIG. 25B shows knee joint swelling of Stat5.sup.+/+ and Stat5.sup./ mice (n=6 per group) over 7 days after arthritis induction. Data are representative of more than three independent experiments. Representative images of joint sections stained with H&E (FIG. 25C) or Safranin-O/Fast Green (FIG. 25D) at day 7 after arthritis induction as in FIG. 25C. Bars, 500 m (FIG. 25C upper panels and FIG. 25D) or 100 m (FIG. 25C lower panels). Arrow in upper panels (FIG. 25C) indicated hone destruction. In FIG. 25E, serum concentrations of GM-CSF, IFN- and TNF- in Stat5.sup.+/+ and Stat5.sup./ AIA mice were quantified by ELISA. Statistics of n>=8 per group were shown. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.

[0039] FIGS. 26A-26D depicts mice with Stat5 deletion in T cells are resistant to CIA. (FIG. 26A) Representative images of paw swelling of Stat5.sup.+/+ and Stat5.sup./ mice at day 40 after collagen II/CFA immunization in CIA model. (FIG. 26B) Clinical score of Stat5.sup.+/+ and Stat5.sup./ mice (n=5 per group) over 40 days after collagen II/CFA immunization. Data are representative of two independent experiments. (FIG. 26C) Representative images of paw sections stained with H&E at clay 40. (FIG. 26D) Serum concentrations of TNF- (n=8 per group) were quantified by ELISA. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.

[0040] FIGS. 27A-27E depicts STAT5-deficient CD4.sup.+ T cells are defective in arthritogenic potential. (FIGS. 27A and 27B) Representative flow cytometry of CD4.sup.+ T cells in spleens (FIG. 27A) and inguinal lymph nodes (FIG. 27B) of Stat5.sup.+/+ and Stat5.sup./ mice at day 7 after AIA induction. (FIGS. 27C and 27D) Synovial tissues were harvested from Stat5.sup.+/+ and Stat5.sup./ mice at day 7 after AIA induction, and dissociated into single cells. Cell numbers of CD45.sup.+ leukocytes were calculated (FIG. 27C). The percentages of CD4.sup.+ T cells among CD45.sup.+ fraction were analyzed by flow cytometry, and cell numbers were calculated (FIG. 27D). (FIG. 27E) Histological analysis of joint sections from wild-type nave mice at day 7 after being transferred with in vitro-expanded antigen-reactive CD4.sup.+ T cells and followed with intraarticular injection of mBSA. Bars, 100 m. Data represent two independent experiments. *p<0.05; ns, not significant.

[0041] FIGS. 28A-28G depicts STAT5-regulated GM-CSF-producing T.sub.H cells are crucial for AIA. Spleens and synovial tissues were collected from Stat5.sup.+/+ and Stat5.sup./ mice at day 7 after arthritis induction. (FIG. 28A) Splenic fractions of wild-type AIA mice (n=3) were stimulated under indicated conditions for 18 h. GM-CSF levels in supernatant were quantified by ELISA. (FIGS. 28B-28D) Intracellular staining and flow cytometry of GM-CSF, IL-17 and IFN- in splenic CD4.sup.+CD44.sup.hi effector T cells (FIG. 28B) or in synovial infiltrating CD4.sup.+ T cells (FIGS. 28C and 28D) after restimulation for 4 h with PMA/Ionomycin in the presence of Golgiplug. Representative images and statistics of n=5 (FIG. 28B, right panels) or n=3 (FIG. 28D, right panels) per group were shown. Data represent two independent experiments. (FIG. 28E) Protein expression of several proinflammatory cytokines in synovial tissues was measured by ELISA. (FIGS. 28F and 28G) Representative images of joint sections stained with H&E (FIG. 28F) or Safranin-O/Fast Green (FIG. 28G) at day 7 after intraarticular injection of mBSA alone to the right knee joints and mBSA supplemented with GM-CSF to the left knee joints. Bars, 500, 50 or 200 m as indicated. Data represent two independent experiments.*p<0.05, **p<0.01. ***p<0.001; ns, not significant. Splenocytes represent the left-most bars in each group, splenocytes depleted of CD4+ T cells represent the middle bars in each group, and CD4+ T cells represent the right-most bars in each group.

[0042] FIGS. 29A-29C depicts loss of STAT5 results in impaired GM-CSF production by antigen-specific CD4.sup.+ T cells. Spleens and inguinal LNs were collected from Stat5.sup.+/+ and Stat5.sup./ mice at day 7 after arthritis induction, and dissociated into single cell suspensions. Then, cells were stimulated with mBSA (20 g/ml) for 24 h. (FIG. 29A) Golgiplug was added in the last 4 h of culture, followed by intracellular staining and flow cytometry. Representative plots of GM-CSF, IL-17 and IFN- expression in CD4.sup.+CD44.sup.hi effector T cells was shown, representing two independent experiments. (FIGS. 29B and 29C) Secreted cytokines in the supernatant (n=3 per group) were quantified by ELISA. Data represent two independent experiments. *p<0.05; ns, not significant.

[0043] FIGS. 30A-30C depicts loss of STAT5 impairs IL-6 and IL-1 expression in synovial tissues of arthritic mice. (FIGS. 30A-30C) The mRNA (FIGS. 30A and 30 C) and protein (FIG. 30B) expression of several proinflammatory cytokines in synovial tissues of Stat5.sup.+/+ and Stat5.sup./ mice (n>=3 per group) at day 5 or 7 after arthritis induction was measured by qPCR and ELISA. The qPCR data were normalized to Rn18S.

[0044] FIGS. 31A-31D depicts SAT5-induced GM-CSF expression mediates CD11b.sup.+ cell accumulation in inflamed synovial tissues. (FIG. 31A) The frequencies of CD11b.sup.+ cells in spleens of Stat5.sup.+/+ and Stat5.sup./ AIA mice were analyzed by flow cytometry. Statistics of n=3 per group (right panel) were shown. (FIG. 31B) Synovial tissues were harvested from Stat5.sup.+/+ and Stat5.sup./ mice at day 7 after arthritis induction, and dissociated into single cell suspensions. The percentage of CD11b.sup.+ myeloid cells among CD45.sup.+ fraction was analyzed by flow cytometry. Statistics of n=5 per group were shown in right panel. (FIG. 31C) Representative flow cytometry of CD11b.sup.+ and CD4.sup.+ cells gated on synovial CD45.sup.+ fraction over 7 days after arthritis induction. (FIG. 31D) Flow cytometric analysis of CD4.sup.+, CD11b.sup.+ and B220.sup.+ cell infiltration in synovial tissues of Stat5.sup.+/+ and Stat5.sup./ mice at day 7 after intraarticular injection of mBSA alone to the right knee joints and mBSA supplemented with GM-CSF to the left knee joints. Representative images were shown. All data shown are representative of two independent experiments. **p<0.01; ns, not significant.

[0045] FIGS. 32A-32D depicts GM-CSF mediates neutrophil accumulation in arthritic mice. (FIG. 32A) Flow cytometric analysis of Ly6C and Ly6G expression gated on synovial CD45.sup.+CD11b.sup.+ fraction over 7 days after arthritis induction. (FIG. 32B) Giemsa stain of sorted Ly6C.sup.hiLy6G.sup. and Ly6C.sup.loLy6G.sup.hi cells from synovial tissues of AIA mice. Scale bar, 100 m (left) or 20 m (right). (FIG. 32C) Flow cytometric analysis of Ly6C.sup.hiLy6G.sup. and Ly6C.sup.loLy6G.sup.hi populations in synovial tissues of Stat5.sup.+/+ and Stat5.sup./ mice at day 7 after intraarticular injection of mBSA alone to the right knee joints and mBSA supplemented with GM-CSF to the left knee joints. (FIG. 32D) Knee joint swelling of wild-type mice treated with Ly6G-specific neutralizing antibody (1A8) or IgG control (n=5 per group) over 3 days after intraarticular injection of mBSA in AIA model. Arrows indicate time points of antibody administration. *p<0.05.

[0046] FIGS. 33A-33C depicts GM-CSF enhances neutrophil transmigration and delay apoptosis in vitro. (FIG. 33A) Percentages of migrated neutrophils with or without GM-CSF as chemoattractant in transmigration assay at 3 h post start. (FIG. 33B) Microscopic images of CFSE-labeled neutrophils in the bottom of the lower chamber in transmigration assay. (FIG. 33C) Sorted neutrophils were cultured in vitro with or without GM-CSF (20 ng/ml) for 24 h. Neutrophils undergoing apoptosis were examined by Annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) co-staining. A representative flow cytometry of three repeats was shown. *p<0.05.

[0047] FIGS. 34A-34I depicts GM-CSF mediates proinflammatory cytokine expression by myeloid cells and synovial fibroblasts in arthritic mice. Synovial tissues were dissected from wild-type AIA mice and dissociated into single cell suspensions. (FIG. 34A) Flow cytometry plots depicting the fractionation into different populations based on differential expression of surface markers. (FIG. 34B) The mRNA expression of several proinflammatory cytokines in sorted CD45.sup.+TCR.sup.+ (TCR.sup.+ in short). CD45.sup.+TCR.sup.CD11c.sup.CD11b.sup.+ (CD11b.sup.+) and CD45.sup.+TCR.sup.CD11c.sup.+ (CD11c.sup.+) populations was measured by qPCR. The qPCR data were normalized to GAPDH. (FIG. 34C) The mRNA expression of IL-6, IL-1 and TNF- in sorted Ly6C.sup.hiLy6G.sup. and Ly6C.sup.loLy6G.sup.hi populations (gated on CD11b.sup.+ cells). The qPCR data were normalized to GAPDH. (FIGS. 34D and 34E) The mRNA expression of IL-6 and IL-1 by BMDMs (FIG. 34D) and BMDCs (FIG. 34E) upon stimulation with 20 ng/ml GM-CSF for 1 h. The qPCR data were normalized to GAPDH. (FIGS. 34F and 34G) BMDMs (FIG. 34F) and BMDCs (FIG. 34G) were stimulated with GM-CSF at indicated concentrations (n=3 per group) for 18 h. The secretion of IL-6 in the culture supernatant was quantified by ELISA. (FIG. 34H) BMDMs were primed with LPS (100 g/ml) in the presence of GM-CSF at indicated concentrations (n=3 per group) for 6 h, followed by stimulation with ATP (5 mM) for 30 min. The secretion of IL-1 in the culture supernatant was quantified by ELISA. (FIG. 34I) Cells were cultured in DMEM medium supplemented with 10% PBS for over 20 days with more than 5 passages to obtain synovial fibroblasts. Synovial fibroblasts were stimulated with GM-CSF (20 ng/ml) for 1 h and harvested for RNA extraction. The mRNA expression of IL-1 was measured by qPCR. The qPCR data were normalized to GAPDH. All data shown represent two independent experiments.*p<0.05, **p<0.01.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0048] A description of example embodiments of the invention follows.

[0049] The present disclosure relates, in part, to the identification of a granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-secreting T helper cell, termed T.sub.H-GM. As detailed herein. IL-7/STAT5 signaling programs the differentiation of precursor CD4+ cells to T.sub.H-GM, a process which is further modulated by IL-2 and IL-23 signaling. T.sub.H-GM cells are characterized by, e.g., GM-CSF and IL-3 production. T.sub.H-GM cells are distinct from the known helper T cells T.sub.H1 and T.sub.H17, with respect to, e.g., differentiation conditions, transcriptional regulation and effector cytokine expression. For example, IL-12/IFN- and TGF-0/IL-6, which mediate (e.g., promote the development of) T.sub.H1 and T.sub.H17, respectively, potently suppress the development of T.sub.H-GM from nave CD4.sup.+ precursor cells, establishing that T.sub.H-GM cells develop via a lineage distinct from T.sub.H1 and T.sub.H17. Thus, the present disclosure provides a distinct network of factors, unique from factors known to mediate T.sub.H1 or T.sub.H17, that mediate T.sub.H-GM function (e.g., its differentiation and pathogenicity).

[0050] As shown herein, T.sub.H-GM cells preferentially induce EAE as compared with T.sub.H1 and T.sub.H17 cells, indicating that T.sub.H-GM cells represent the primary effectors in the pathogenesis of autoimmune neuroinflammation in humans. Moreover, blockade of IL-7 signaling and/or inhibition of STAT5 function (e.g., abrogation of expression or inhibition of STAT5 activity) attenuates autoimmune neuroinflammation associated with diminished GM-CSF production by T.sub.H-GM cells. Further, blockade of T.sub.H-GM cell-secreted GM-CSF ameliorates experimental arthritis in a TNT--independent manner, indicating an approach for the treatment of, e.g., rheumatoid arthritis patients who are unresponsive to TNF- antagonistic drugs. Thus, the present disclosure enables one to distinguish between an inflammatory disorder (e.g., RA) that is mediated by the T.sub.H-GM pathway (e.g., a disorder that results from T.sub.H-GM pathogenicity through the action of, e.g., GM-CSF and/or IL-3, or any factor associated with the T.sub.H-GM pathway), or an inflammatory disorder that is mediated by, e.g., TNF-, IL-6, and/or IL-1 pathways (i.e., non-T.sub.H-GM-mediated pathway). For example, a patient who has, e.g., RA may be afflicted with a type of RA that is primarily T.sub.H-GM-mediated, or primarily non-T.sub.H-GM-mediated (e.g., TNF--mediated or IL-6 mediated). The present disclosure enables the classification between T.sub.H-GM-mediated and non-T.sub.H-GM-mediated inflammation, allowing for a more precise diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment in an individual who is afflicted with an inflammatory disorder such as RA or MS.

[0051] As demonstrated herein, the present disclosure identifies a helper T cell subset (T.sub.H-GM), provides the molecular basis for the commitment and development of this subset from nave precursor cells in vitro and in vivo, and demonstrates T.sub.H-GM cells as the primary pathogenic cells in autoimmune diseases and inflammatory disorders, for example, MS and RA. Thus, provided herein are compositions and methods for diagnosing inflammatory conditions primarily mediated by T.sub.H-GM cells, thereby enabling the identification of, e.g., RA patients who are non-responsive to TNF- therapy (e.g., TNF- inhibitor based therapy), as well as compositions and methods for modulating T.sub.H-GM function to treat autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. The methods of modulating T.sub.H-GM function include, e.g., administering agents to modulate the function (e.g., signaling, expression or activity) of the network of factors (e.g., IL-2/IL-7/STAT5/GM-CSF/IL-3) that mediate T.sub.H-GM function in an effective amount to modulate the function (e.g., development and pathogenicity) of T.sub.H-GM cells. In particular, the disclosure provides methods and composition for differentiating and diagnosing an inflammatory disorder, e.g., multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) as primarily mediated by either T.sub.H-GM cells (i.e. T.sub.H-GM pathway mediated) or by non-T.sub.H-GM mechanism (e.g., TNF-, IL-6, and/or IL-1 pathways), or both. Also provided herein are compositions and methods for and the treatment of inflammatory disorders, particularly those that are T.sub.H-GM-mediated.

[0052] Accordingly, in one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of diagnosing a T.sub.H-GM-mediated inflammatory disorder in a patient suffering from an inflammatory disorder. In some embodiments, the method comprises contacting a sample collected from a patient suffering from an inflammatory disorder with a detecting agent that detects a polypeptide or nucleic acid level of a T.sub.H-GM-mediating factor, such as, e.g., STAT5, IL-7, GM-CSF or IL-3, or a combination thereof; and quantifying the polypeptide or nucleic acid level of the T.sub.H-GM-mediating factor (e.g., STAT5, IL-7, GM-CSF or IL-3, or a combination thereof), wherein an increased level of a T.sub.H-GM-mediating factor (e.g., STAT5, IL-7, GM-CSF or IL-3, or a combination thereof) relative to a reference level indicates that the patient suffers from a T.sub.H-GM-mediated inflammatory disorder, thereby diagnosing a T.sub.H-GM-mediated inflammatory disorder in a patient suffering from an inflammatory disorder.

[0053] As used herein, a T.sub.H-GM-mediated inflammatory disorder refers to a subtype of an inflammatory disorder (e.g., a subtype of RA or MS) that results from the physiological action of any one or more of the network of factors in the pathway that modulate T.sub.H-GM function (a T.sub.H-GM-mediating factor), as described herein. Such factors include, e.g., GM-CSF, activated STAT5, IL-7, IL-2, and IL-3. In a particular embodiment, STAT5 is activated STAT5, wherein tyrosine at position 694 is phosphorylated.

[0054] In some embodiments, the level of a T.sub.H-GM-mediating factor (e.g., STAT5, IL-7, GM-CSF or IL-3, or a combination thereof) that is not increased relative to a reference level indicates that the patient suffers from a non-T.sub.H-GM-mediated inflammatory disorder.

[0055] In certain embodiments, the method further comprises administering to the patient a TNF- therapy, as described herein, if the level of a T.sub.H-GM-mediating factor (e.g. STAT5, IL-7, GM-CSF or IL-3, or a combination thereof) is not increased relative to a reference level.

[0056] As used herein, a non-T.sub.H-GM-mediated inflammatory disorder refers to an inflammatory disorder (e.g., RA or MS) that is primarily caused by, e.g., TNF-, IL-6, or IL-1 (and/or factors in the TNF-, IL-6, or IL-1 pathway). As such, a T.sub.H-GM-mediated inflammatory disorder results primarily (or exclusively) from a pathway that is distinct from one or more of the pathways that leads to a non-T.sub.H-GM-mediated inflammatory disorder (e.g., the pathways associated with TNF-, IL-6, or IL-1).

[0057] However, as those of skill in the art would appreciate, a T.sub.H-GM-mediated inflammatory disorder does not necessarily exclude the possibility that the inflammatory disorder could also be partially non-T.sub.H-GM-mediated (e.g., mediated by TNF-, IL-6, or IL- and/or factors in the TNF-, IL-6, or IL-1 pathway). Thus, a classification or diagnosis as T.sub.H-GM-mediated is synonymous with primarily/predominantly T.sub.H-GM-mediated, and a classification as non-T.sub.H-GM-mediated is synonymous with primarily/predominantly non-T.sub.H-GM-mediated. For example, without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, an inflammatory disorder in its early stage may be T.sub.H-GM-mediated. As the inflammatory condition advances to a late stage characterized by, e.g., tissue damage, the inflammatory disorder becomes progressively non-T.sub.H-GM-mediated. In some embodiments, a T.sub.H-GM-mediated inflammatory disorder is a condition that is responsive to modulation of T.sub.H-GM function, as determined by clinical standards; a non-T.sub.H-GM-mediated inflammatory disorder is a condition that is responsive to, e.g., TNF-, IL-6, or IL-1 therapy, as determined by clinical standards. In certain embodiments, an inflammatory disorder can be responsive to modulation of T.sub.H-GM function as well as TNF-, IL-6, and/or IL-1 therapy.

[0058] In some embodiments, the sample can be e.g., peripheral blood, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, or synovial membrane, or a combination thereof.

[0059] In some embodiments, the inflammatory disorder is an autoimmune disorder. In certain embodiments, the inflammatory disorder can be any inflammatory disorder mediated by T.sub.H-GM cells, and includes, but is not limited to rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn's disease, diabetes. Hashimoto's thyroiditis, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), lupus erythematosus, polymyalgia rheumatic, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, Raynaud's syndrome/phenomenon, reactive arthritis (Reiter syndrome), sarcoidosis, scleroderma, Sjgren's syndrome, ulcerative colitis, uveitis, or vasculitis.

[0060] As used herein, a detecting agent refers to, e.g., an antibody, a peptide, a small molecule, or a nucleic acid that binds to a polypeptide or nucleic acid to be detected (e.g., STAT5 (e.g., phospho-STAT5 (Tyr694)), IL-7, GM-CSF or IL-3), and enables the quantification of the polypeptide or nucleic acid to be detected. The detecting agent can be detectably labeled, or quantifiable by other means known in the art.

[0061] In some embodiments, the detecting agent is an antibody that binds to the polypeptide of STAT5, IL-7, GM-CSF or IL-3. In one embodiment, the antibody is one that binds to an activated STAT5 (e.g., phosphorylated STAT5), as described herein. Antibodies to STAT5 (e.g., phospho-STAT5 (Tyr694)), IL-7, GM-CSF or IL-3 suitable for use in the present method are known and commercially available in the art (e.g., STAT5 Ab: C-17 from Santa Cruz Biotech; Phospho-STAT5 (Tyr694) Ab: #9351 or #9359 from Cell Signaling; IL-7 Ab: clone BVD10-40F6 from BD Pharmingen; IL-7R Ab: clone SB/14 from BD Pharmingen; GM-CSF Ab: clone MP1-22E9 from BD Pharmingen; IL-3 Ab: clone MP2-8F8 from BD Pharmingen.

[0062] In other embodiments, the detecting agent is a nucleic acid that hinds to the nucleic acid of STAT5. IL-7, GM-CSF and/or IL-3. Nucleic acid molecules encoding a, e.g., STAT5. IL-7, GM-CSF and/or IL-3 sequence, or fragments or oligonucleotides thereof, that hybridize to a nucleic acid molecule encoding a e.g., STAT5, IL-7, GM-CSF and/or IL-3 polypeptide sequence at high stringency may be used as a probe to monitor expression of nucleic acid levels of STAT5, IL-7, GM-CSF and/or IL-3 in a sample for use in the diagnostic methods of the disclosure. Methods of quantifying nucleic acid levels are routine and available in the art.

[0063] In some embodiments, the method further comprises contacting the sample with a detecting agent that detects a polypeptide or nucleic acid level of one or more genes (as well as the gene product) listed in Table 1. As described herein, Table 1 lists genes that are differentially expressed in T.sub.H-GM cells as well as genes that are differentially expressed on the surface of T.sub.H-GM cells, as compared to T.sub.H1 or T.sub.H17 cells.

[0064] In a particular embodiment, the method further comprises contacting the sample with a detecting agent that detects the polypeptide or nucleic acid level of basic helix-loop-helix family member e40 (BHLHe40), chemokine (C-C Motif) Receptor 4 (CCR4), and/or CCR6.

[0065] Standard methods may be used to quantify polypeptide levels in any sample. Such methods include, e.g., ELISA, Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, fluorescence activated cells sorting (FACS) using antibodies directed to a polypeptide, and quantitative enzyme immunoassay techniques known in the art. Such methods are routine and available in the art. Similarly, methods for quantifying nucleic acid levels (e.g., mRNA) are known in the art.

[0066] In the diagnostic method of the present disclosure, an increased level of STAT5 (e.g., activated phospho-STAT5 (Tyr694)), IL-7, GM-CSF and/or IL-3 relative to a reference level indicates that the patient suffers from a T.sub.H-GM-mediated inflammatory disorder.

[0067] In some embodiments, a STAT5 (e.g., activated phospho-STAT5 (Tyr694)), IL-7, GM-CSF and/or IL-3 level that is increased by at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 100%, at least 110%, at least 120%, at least 130%, at least 140%, at least 150%, at least 160%, at least 170%, at least 180%, at least 190%, at least 200%, at least 220%, at least 240%, at least 260%, at least 280%, at least 300%, at least 350%, at least 400%, at least 450%, at least 500%, at least 550%, or at least 600% relative to a reference level indicates that the patient suffers from a T.sub.H-GM-mediated inflammatory disorder. In a particular embodiment, an increase of at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 100%, or at least 150% relative to a reference level indicates that the patient suffers from a T.sub.H-GM-mediated inflammatory disorder.

[0068] In some embodiments, a STAT5 (e.g., activated phospho-STAT5 (Tyr694)), IL-7, GM-CSF and/or IL-3 level that is not increased by at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 100%, or at least 150% relative to a reference level indicates that the patient suffers from a non-T.sub.H-GM-mediated inflammatory disorder.

[0069] In certain embodiments, a STAT5 (e.g., activated phospho-STAT5 (Tyr694)), IL-7, GM-CSF and/or IL-3 level that is comparable (or unchanged) relative to a reference level indicates that the patient suffers from a non-T.sub.H-GM-mediated disorder. As used herein, a level that is comparable to that of a reference level refers to a level that is unchanged, or a change relative to the reference level that is statistically insignificant according to clinical standards. In certain embodiments, a comparable level (or unchanged level) can include a level that is not increased by at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, or at least 70% relative to a reference level as, for example, it may not indicate a clinically significant change. In some embodiments, a level of a T.sub.H-GM-mediating factor (e.g., STAT5 (e.g., activated phospho-STAT5 (Tyr694)). IL-7, GM-CSF, and/or IL-3) that is decreased relative to a reference level can also indicate that the patient suffers from a non-T.sub.H-GM-mediated disorder.

[0070] In some embodiments, the reference level is a level that is used for comparison purposes, and may be obtained from, for example, a prior sample taken from the same patient; a normal healthy subject; a sample from a subject not having an autoimmune disease or an inflammatory disorder; a subject that is diagnosed with a propensity to develop an autoimmune disease but does not yet show symptoms of the disease; a patient that has been treated for an autoimmune disease; or a sample of a purified reference polypeptide or nucleic acid molecule of the disclosure (e.g., STAT5) at a known normal concentration. By reference standard or level is meant a value or number derived from a reference sample, or a value or range accepted in the art as indicative of being healthy (e.g., an individual that does not have an inflammatory disorder). A normal reference standard or level can also be a value or number derived from a normal subject who does not have an autoimmune disease. In one embodiment, the reference sample, standard, or level is matched to the sample subject by at least one of the following criteria; age, weight, body mass index (BMI), disease stage, and overall health. A standard curve of levels of purified DNA. RNA or mRNA within the normal reference range can also be used as a reference. A standard curve of levels of purified protein within the normal reference range can also be used as a reference.

[0071] In some embodiments, the patient afflicted with an inflammatory disorder who has been diagnosed or classified as having a T.sub.H-GM-mediated inflammatory disorder does not have a non-T.sub.H-GM-mediated inflammatory disorder (i.e., does not have a TNF-, IL-6, or IL-1-mediated inflammatory disorder). That is, the patient diagnosed as suffering from a T.sub.H-GM-mediated inflammatory disorder responds to modulation of T.sub.H-GM function (e.g., inhibition of STAT5, IL-7, GM-CSF and/or IL-3), but does not respond (or exhibits a limited response) to TNF- therapy, as determined by clinical standards. However, as described herein, a T.sub.H-GM-mediated inflammatory disorder does not exclude the possibility that the inflammatory disorder is also partially (though not primarily) contributed by a non-T.sub.H-GM-mediated pathway (e.g., TNF-, IL-6, IL-1).

[0072] In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure further comprise administering an effective amount of a modulating agent that modulates T.sub.H-GM cell function to the patient diagnosed or classified as having a T.sub.H-GM-mediated inflammatory disorder. As described herein, in some embodiments, the modulating agent inhibits T.sub.H-GM function.

[0073] In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure further comprise administering an effective amount of, e.g., a TNF- therapy, an IL-6 therapy, or an IL-1 therapy to a patient diagnosed or classified as having a non-T.sub.H-GM-mediated inflammatory disorder, as described herein.

[0074] In some aspects, the present disclosure also provides a method of classifying a patient suffering from an inflammatory disorder as having a T.sub.H-GM-mediated inflammatory disorder or a non-T.sub.H-GM-mediated inflammatory disorder. In some embodiments, the method comprises contacting a sample collected from a patient suffering from an inflammatory disorder with a detecting agent that detects a polypeptide or nucleic acid level of a T.sub.H-GM-mediating factor, such as, e.g., STAT5 (e.g., phosphorylated STAT5, Tyr694), IL-7, GM-CSF or IL-3, or a combination thereof. In certain aspects, the method further comprises quantifying the polypeptide or nucleic acid level of the T.sub.H-GM-mediating factor, such as, e.g., STAT5. IL-7, GM-CSF or IL-3, or a combination thereof, wherein an increased level of the T.sub.H-GM-mediating factor, such as, e.g., STAT5, IL-7, GM-CSF or IL-3, or a combination thereof relative to a reference level indicates that the patient suffers from a T.sub.H-GM-mediated inflammatory disorder; or a comparable level of the T.sub.H-GM-mediating factor, such as, e.g., STAT5, IL-7, GM-CSF or IL-3, or a combination thereof relative to a reference level indicates that the patient suffers from a non-T.sub.H-GM-mediated inflammatory disorder, thereby classifying the patient suffering from an inflammatory disorder as a T.sub.H-GM-mediated inflammatory disorder or a non-T.sub.H-GM-mediated inflammatory disorder.

[0075] In other aspects of the present disclosure, the methods disclosed herein can further comprise measuring the polypeptide or nucleic acid level of a factor that mediates a non-T.sub.H-GM-mediated inflammatory disorder. Such factors include, e.g., TNF-, IL-6, and IL-1.

[0076] For example, in some aspects, the present disclosure provides a method of determining a treatment regimen in a patient suffering from an inflammatory disorder. To illustrate, the method comprises quantifying a polypeptide or nucleic acid level of, e.g., activated STAT5 or GM-CSF in a sample collected from a patient suffering from an inflammatory disorder, and quantifying the polypeptide or nucleic acid level of, e.g., TNF- in a sample collected from the patient. At least four scenarios can be considered.

[0077] In the first scenario, if the activated STAT5 or GM-CSF level is increased (e.g., by at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 100%, or at least 150%) relative to a first reference level and the TNF- level is comparable to a second reference level, then the patient is classified as having a T.sub.H-GM-mediated inflammatory disorder and the patient can be treated with an agent that modulates T.sub.H-GM function, as described herein.

[0078] In a second scenario, if the activated STAT5 or GM-CSF level is comparable to the first reference level and the TNF- level is increased (e.g., by at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 100%, or at least 150%) relative to the second reference level, then the patient is classified as having a non-T.sub.H-GM-mediated inflammatory disorder and the patient can be treated with, e.g., a TNF- therapy.

[0079] In a third scenario, if the activated STAT5 or GM-CSF level is increased relative to the first reference level and the TNF- level is also increased relative to the second reference level, and the increase is equivalent within clinical and/or statistical standards (e.g., both GM-CSF and TNF- are at least 50% increased relative to the respective reference levels), then the patient is classified as having an inflammatory disorder that is equally T.sub.H-GM-mediated and non-T.sub.H-GM mediated (e.g., TNF--mediated). In such a case, the patient can be treated with an effective amount of an agent that modulates T.sub.H-GM function and an effective amount of, e.g., a TNF- therapy. As demonstrated herein, the combination of both agents can have a synergistic effect.

[0080] In a fourth scenario, if the activated STAT5 or GM-CSF level is increased relative to the first reference level and the TNF- level is also increased relative to the second reference level, but one is increased more than the other, then the inflammatory disorder is primarily mediated by the pathway that shows a greater increase. For example, if GM-CSF is increased by 40% relative to a reference level, and TNF- is increased by 90% relative to a reference level, then the inflammatory disorder is primarily non-T.sub.H-GM-mediated. However, in this scenario, the patient may receive a combined treatment with an agent that modulates T.sub.H-GM function as well a TNF- therapy (e.g., anti-TNF- therapy), since GM-CSF is increased by, e.g., at least 40% relative to a reference level.

[0081] In some embodiments, the first and second reference levels are obtained from the same reference sample.

[0082] In a related aspect, the disclosure also provides a method of tailoring the treatment of a patient suffering from an inflammatory disorder according to the progression of a patient's inflammatory disorder. In the above illustrative example, the first scenario (increased T.sub.H-GM-mediating factor, e.g. STAT5 or GM-CSF but TNF- level is comparable to a reference level) may indicate that the patient is in an early stage of an inflammatory disorder. Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, during, for example, the early stages of an inflammatory disorder, nave T cells are stimulated by antigen and programmed by IL-7/STAT5 to differentiate into GM-CSF/IL-3 producing T.sub.H-GM cells. During, for example, the late stages of an inflammatory disorder, T.sub.H-GM cytokines (e.g., IL-3 and GM-CSF) progressively stimulate more inflammatory cells such as macrophages and neutrophils resulting in the production of, e.g., TNF-, IL-6, IL-1, resulting in full-scale inflammation. Thus, in the above illustrative example, the second scenario (activated STAT5 Or GM-CSF level is comparable to the first reference level and the TNF- level is increased) may indicate that the patient is in a late stage of an inflammatory disorder characterized by, e.g., tissue damage. Accordingly, the present disclosure enables the prognosis of a patient depending on the quantifiable level of one or more T.sub.H-GM-mediating factor (e.g., STAT5 (e.g., activated phospho-STAT5 (Tyr694)), IL-7, GM-CSF, and/or IL-3) and one or more non-T.sub.H-GM-mediating factor (e.g., TNF-, IL-6, IL-1), thereby tailoring the treatment according to the progression of the disease. Accordingly, as would be appreciated by those of skill in the art, a patient suffering from an inflammatory disorder can be monitored for disease progression to ensure effective and tailored treatment according to the level of one or more T.sub.H-GM-mediating factor, as described herein, and one or more non-T.sub.H-GM-mediating factor (e.g., TNF-, IL-6, IL-1).

[0083] In related aspects, the present disclosure also provides a method of prognosing progression of an inflammatory disorder in a patient in need thereof. In some embodiments, the method comprises a) quantifying a polypeptide or nucleic acid level of a T.sub.H-GM-mediating factor, such as, e.g., STAT5, IL-7, GM-CSF or IL-3, or a combination thereof, in a first sample collected from a patient suffering from an inflammatory disorder, and b) quantifying a polypeptide or nucleic acid level of, e.g., TNF-, IL-6, or IL-1, or a combination thereof, in a second sample collected from the patient, wherein i) an increased level of the T.sub.H-GM-mediating factor, such as, e.g., STAT5, IL-7, GM-CSF or IL-3, or a combination thereof relative to a first reference level and an unchanged level of TNF-, IL-6, or IL-1, or a combination thereof relative to a second reference level indicates that the patient is in an early stage of the inflammatory disorder, as described herein; or ii) an unchanged level of the T.sub.H-GM-mediating factor, such as, e.g., STAT5, IL-7, GM-CSF or IL-3, or a combination thereof relative to the first reference level and an increased level of TNF-, IL-6, or IL-43, or a combination thereof relative to the second reference level indicates that the patient is in a late stage of the inflammatory disorder, as described herein. In some embodiments, the method further comprises administering an effective amount of an agent that modulates T.sub.H-GM function and/or, e.g., a TNF- therapy, as described herein.

[0084] In some embodiments, the first sample and the second sample are the same.

[0085] In various aspects, the present disclosure also provides an isolated population of GM-CSF-secreting T-helper cells (T.sub.H-GM). In one embodiment, the T.sub.H-GM cells are differentiated from a precursor cell (e.g., CD4+ cells) in the presence of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) and/or IL-7, and wherein the T.sub.H-GM cells express GM-CSF and IL-3.

[0086] In some embodiments, the T.sub.H-GM cells are differentiated from a precursor cell (e.g., CD4+ cells) in the presence of an agent that inhibits IL-12, IFN-. TGF-, and/or IL-6. Similarly, the differentiation of a precursor cell (e.g., CD4+ precursor cell) into a T.sub.H-GM cell is inhibited by IL-12, IFN-, TFG-, and/or IL-6.

[0087] In some embodiments, the T.sub.H-GM cells are differentiated from a precursor cell in vitro, under artificial conditions, but wherein the T.sub.H-GM cells retain physiological properties as described herein.

[0088] In some embodiments, the T.sub.H-GM cells are further characterized by an overexpression of one or more genes listed in Table 1. For example, the T.sub.H-GM cells are further characterized by an overexpression of, for example, basic helix-loop-helix family, member e40 (BHLHe40), preproenkephalin (PENK), IL-2, serine (or cysteine) peptidase inhibitor, Glade B member 6 h (Serpinb6b), neuritin 1 (Nrn1), stearoyl-Coenzyme A desaturase 1 (Scd1), or phosphotriesterase related C1q-like 3 (Pter), or a combination thereof.

[0089] In some embodiments, the T.sub.H-GM cells are further characterized by an underexpression of one or more genes listed in Table 1. For example, the T.sub.H-GM cells are further characterized an underexpression of lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus A (Ly6a); CD27; or selectin, lymphocyte (Sell).

[0090] As described herein, the identification of a distinct network of factors (unique from factors known to mediate T.sub.H1 or T.sub.H17) that mediate T.sub.H-GM function (e.g., its differentiation and pathogenicity) enables targeted modulation of T.sub.H-GM function to treat T.sub.H-GM-mediated disorders, e.g., disorders that result from aberrant T.sub.H-GM function. Thus, in some aspects, the present disclosure provides a method of modulating T.sub.H-GM function, comprising contacting the T.sub.H-GM, or cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4+) precursor cells, or both, with a modulating agent that modulates T.sub.H-GM function. In one embodiment, the modulating agent is contacted with the T.sub.H-GM cells or CD4+ precursor cells in vitro or in VIVO.

[0091] As used herein, T.sub.H-GM function refers to the commitment, development, maintenance, survival, proliferation, or activity, or a combination thereof, of T.sub.H-GM cells. Thus, an agent that modulates (e.g., enhances or inhibits) T.sub.H-GM function is one that modulates T.sub.H-GM commitment, development, survival, proliferation, or activity, or combination thereof, of T.sub.H-GM cells. For example, T.sub.H-GM function can be modulated by modulating its: commitment from a CD4.sup.+ precursor T cell; development of a CD4.sup.+ precursor cell that has been committed to the T.sub.H-GM developmental pathway; maintenance of a T.sub.H-GM phenotype; survival or proliferation under development or effector T.sub.H-GM cells; and/or activity of effector T.sub.H-GM cells (e.g., modulating function of a secreted factor such as GM-CSF or IL-3). For example, a modulation in T.sub.H-GM function includes, but is not limited to, a modulation in: the number of T.sub.H-GM cells; the survival of T.sub.H-GM cells; the proliferation of T.sub.H-GM cells; and/or the activity of T.sub.H-GM cells. The activity of T.sub.H-GM cells herein includes the activity induced by the cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, enzymes and other factors secreted by T.sub.H-GM cells, as described herein, and the activity induced by direct contact with T.sub.H-GM cells.

[0092] As used herein, a T helper subset cell T.sub.H-GM refers to a cell that, similar to T.sub.H1 and T.sub.H17 cells, differentiates from precursor CD4+ precursor cells, but which commits and develops through a pathway that is mediated by a subset of factors (the T.sub.H-GM-mediating factors) that is distinct and unique from the known subset of factors that commit and develop T.sub.H1 or T.sub.H17 cell subtypes, as described herein. In some embodiments, a T.sub.H-GM cell produces a distinct and unique set of genes (see, e.g., Table 1) and effects pathogenicity through a different mechanism and pathway than the known factors that mediate pathogenicity of T.sub.H1 or T.sub.H17 cell subtypes. For example, a T.sub.H-GM cell commits and develops by IL-7/STAT5 function (its regulators), and effects pathogenicity by GM-CSF/IL-3 (its effectors).

[0093] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a method of treating a T.sub.H-GM-mediated inflammatory disorder in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to said patient an effective amount of a modulating agent that modulates T.sub.H-GM cell function. In certain embodiments, the patient is previously diagnosed as having a T.sub.H-GM-mediated inflammatory disorder, as described herein.

[0094] In some aspects, the present disclosure also provides a method of treating rheumatoid arthritis in a patient who exhibits limited response to TNF- therapy, comprising administering to said patient an effective amount of a modulating agent that modulates T.sub.H-GM function.

[0095] As used herein, limited response refers to no response or insignificant response such that a patient is not treated by the therapy, as determined by clinical standards.

[0096] Treatment or treating refers to therapy, prevention and prophylaxis and particularly refers to the administration of medicine or the performance of medical procedures with respect to a patient, for either prophylaxis (prevention) or to reduce the extent of or likelihood of occurrence of the condition or event in the instance where the patient is afflicted. It also refers to reduction in the severity of one or more symptoms associated with the disease or condition. In the present application, it may refer to amelioration of one or more of the following: pain, swelling, redness or inflammation associated with an inflammatory condition or an autoimmune disease. As used herein, and as well-understood in the art, treatment is an approach for obtaining beneficial or desired results, including clinical results. For purposes of this disclosure, beneficial or desired clinical results include, but are not limited to, alleviation or amelioration of one or more symptoms, diminishment of extent of disease, stabilized (e.g., not worsening) state of disease, delay or slowing of disease progression, and/or amelioration or palliation of the disease state. Treatment can also mean prolonging survival as compared to expected survival if not receiving treatment.

[0097] An effective amount of an agent is that amount sufficient to effect beneficial or desired results, including clinical results. An effective amount depends upon the context in which it is being applied. In the context of administering a composition that modulates an autoimmune response, an effective amount of an agent which is a modulator of T.sub.H-GM function is an amount sufficient to achieve such a modulation as compared to the response obtained when there is no agent administered. An effective amount can confer immediate, short term or long term benefits of disease modification, such as suppression and/or inhibition of T.sub.H-GM function, as defined herein. An effective amount can be administered in one or more administrations. An effective amount as used herein, is intended to mean an amount sufficient to reduce by at least 10%, at least 25%, at least 50%, at least 75%, or an amount that is sufficient to cause an improvement in one or more clinically significant symptoms in the patient.

[0098] In some embodiments, the modulating agent inhibits T.sub.H-GM function to, e.g., reduce inflammation. The inhibition conferred by the modulating agent (the inhibitor) does not imply a specific mechanism of biological action. Indeed, the term antagonist or inhibitor as used herein includes all possible pharmacological, physiological, and biochemical interactions with factors that mediate T.sub.H-GM function (e.g., IL-7, IL-7 receptor, STAT5, GM-CSF, IL-3, IL-2, IL-2 receptor, PENK, RANKL, JAK1/3, or any of the genes that are differentially expressed in T.sub.H-GM cells, e.g., genes in Tables 1 and 2), whether direct or indirect, and includes interaction with a factor (or its active fragment) that mediates T.sub.H-GM function at the protein and/or nucleic acid level, or through another mechanism.

[0099] In certain embodiments, a modulating agent that inhibits T.sub.H-GM function includes an antibody, a polypeptide (e.g., a soluble receptor that hinds and inhibits, for example, IL-7), a small molecule, a nucleic acid (e.g., antisense, small interfering RNA molecule, short hairpin RNA, microRNA), or a protein (e.g., cytokine), or a combination thereof that prevents the function (e.g., expression and/or activity) of a factor that mediates T.sub.H-GM function. Methods of designing, producing, and using such inhibitors are known and available in the art.

[0100] As used herein, binds is used interchangeably with specifically binds, which means a polypeptide (e.g., a soluble receptor) or antibody which recognizes and hinds a polypeptide of the present disclosure, but that does not substantially recognize and bind other molecules in a sample, for example, a biological sample, which naturally includes a polypeptide of the present disclosure. In one example, an antibody specifically binds an activated STAT5 polypeptide does not hind a non-STAT5 polypeptide.

[0101] As used herein, antibody refers to an intact antibody or antigen-binding fragment of an antibody, including an intact antibody or antigen-binding fragment that has been modified or engineered, or that is a human antibody.

[0102] In a particular embodiment, the antibody binds to and inhibits the function of any one or more of the factors that mediate T.sub.H-GM function. For example, the antibody hinds to and inhibits the function of IL-7, IL-7 receptor (IL-7R), IL-2, IL-2 receptor (IL-2R), STAT5 or janus kinase 1/3 (JAK1/3), or a combination thereof. In other examples, the antibody hinds to and inhibits the function of GM-CSF (or its receptor), IL-3, PENK, or RANKL, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the antibody binds to and inhibits the function of a gene listed in Table 1. In some embodiments, the antibody hinds to and inhibits the protein or any functional fragment thereof. Methods of designing, producing and using suitable antibodies are known and available to those of skill in the art. Examples of antibodies suitable for use in the present disclosure include. e.g., daclizumab, basiliximab, mavrilimumab, MOR103, KB003, namilumab, and MOR Ab-022.

[0103] The terms protein and polypeptide are used interchangeably, and can include full-length polypeptide or functional fragments thereof (e.g., degradation products, alternatively spliced isoforms of the polypeptide, enzymatic cleavage products of the polypeptide), the polypeptide hound to a substrate or ligand, or free (unbound) forms of the polypeptide. The term functional fragment, refers to a portion of a full-length protein that retains some or all of the activity (e.g., biological activity, such as the ability to bind a cognate ligand or receptor) of the full-length polypeptide.

[0104] In some embodiments, the modulating agent that inhibits T.sub.H-GM function can be a particular biological protein (e.g., cytokines) that inhibits, directly or indirectly, one or more of the factors that mediate T.sub.H-GM function. Such cytokines include, e.g., IL-12, IFN-, TGF-, and IL-6.

[0105] In some embodiments, the modulating agent that inhibits T.sub.H-GM function can be a small molecule that inhibits, directly or indirectly, one or more of the factors that mediate T.sub.H-GM function. As used herein a small molecule is an organic compound or such a compound complexed with an inorganic compound (e.g., metal) that has biological activity and is not a polymer. A small molecule generally has a molecular weight of less than about 3 kilodaltons. Examples of known small molecules include CAS 285986-31-4 (Calbiochem), pimozide, and tofacitinib.

[0106] In other embodiments, the modulating agent enhances T.sub.H-GM function in disorders such as, e.g., viral, fungal and bacterial infections, cancers and/or conditions associated with therewith. In one embodiment, modulating agents that enhance T.sub.H-GM function include. e.g., CD28 activator; IL-7 and/or IL-2 on nave (precursor) CD4.sup.+ T cells; activator of STAT5; or effectors of T.sub.H-GM cells (e.g., GM-CSF. IL-3).

[0107] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of treating a STAT5-mediated inflammatory disorder in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient an effective amount of an agent that modulates STAT5 function.

[0108] As used herein, STAT5-mediated inflammatory disorder refers to an inflammatory disorder that is caused by aberrant STAT5 function (aberrantly enhanced or inhibited), and which is responsive to modulation of STAT5 function, as determined by clinical standards. In some embodiments, the STAT5 is activated STAT5 (e.g., phospho-STAT5, Tyr694).

[0109] In some embodiments, the inflammatory disorder is an autoimmune disorder. In certain embodiments, the inflammatory disorder can be any inflammatory disorder mediated by STAT5 (e.g., activated STAT5), and includes, but is not limited to rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, ankylosing spondylitis. Crohn's disease, diabetes. Hashimoto's thyroiditis, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), lupus erythematosus, polymyalgia rheumatic, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis. Raynaud's syndrome/phenomenon, reactive arthritis (Reiter syndrome), sarcoidosis, scleroderma. Sjgren's syndrome, ulcerative colitis, uveitis, or vasculitis.

[0110] In some embodiments, the term patient refers to a mammal, preferably human, but can also include an animal in need of veterinary treatment, e.g., companion animals (e.g., dogs, cats, and the like), farm animals (e.g., cows, sheep, pigs, horses, and the like), and laboratory animals (e.g., rats, mice, guinea pigs, and the like).

[0111] In some embodiments, the agent inhibits STAT5 function (e.g., expression and/or activity). Examples of agents that inhibit STAT5 (e.g., activated STAT5, Tyr694) are described herein.

[0112] In certain embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure further comprise administering to the patient a TNF-c therapy. In certain embodiments, TNF- therapy is administered in a patient determined to have an inflammatory condition that is non-T.sub.H-GM-mediated. As described herein, in certain embodiments, a TNF- therapy is administered if a quantified TNF- level is increased by, e.g., at least 40% relative to a reference level.

[0113] Examples of TNF- therapy include those that are TNF--inhibitor based, and those that are non-TNF--inhibitor based. In particular, TNF--inhibitor based therapy includes etanercept, adalimuinab, infliximab, golimumab, and certolizumab pegol. Examples of non-TNF--inhibitor based therapy includes corticosteroid medications (e.g., prednisone), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., methotrexate), and JAK inhibitors (e.g., tofacitinib). Other examples of non-TNF--inhibitor based therapy include anakinra, abatacept, rituximab and tocilizumab.

[0114] The TNF- therapy can be administered before, simultaneously with, or alter the administration of an effective amount of an agent that modulates T.sub.H-GM function. Accordingly, an agent that modulates T.sub.H-GM function and the TNF- therapy can be administered together in a single dose, or can be administered in separate doses, e.g., either simultaneously or sequentially, or both. The duration of time between the administration of an agent that modulates T.sub.H-GM function and a TNF- therapy will depend on the nature of the therapeutic agent(s). In addition, an agent that modulates T.sub.H-GM function and a TNF- therapy may or may not be administered on similar dosing schedules. For example, the agent that modulates T.sub.H-GM function and the TNF- therapy may have different half-lives and/or act on different time-scales such that the agent that modulates T.sub.H-GM function is administered with greater frequency than the TNF- therapy, or vice-versa. The number of days in between administration of therapeutic agents can be appropriately determined by persons of ordinary skill in the art according to the safety and pharmacodynamics of each drug.

[0115] The identification of the T.sub.H-GM cells as well as the identification of genes differentially produced by T.sub.H-GM cells relative to T.sub.H1 or T.sub.H17 enables the use of T.sub.H-GM cells to identify novel therapeutics for modulating T.sub.H-GM function, thereby enabling new therapeutics for treating T.sub.H-GM-mediated disorders (e.g., inflammatory disorders). Thus, in further aspects, the present disclosure provides a method of screening to identify a modulator of T.sub.H-GM cell function, comprising contacting an isolated population of T.sub.H-GM cells, or an isolated population of CD4+ precursor cells, with a candidate agent, and measuring a readout of T.sub.H-GM function in the presence or absence of the candidate agent, wherein a change in the readout of T.sub.H-GM function indicates that the candidate agent is a modulator of T.sub.H-GM function.

[0116] As used herein, a candidate agent refers to an agent that may modulate T.sub.H-GM function by modulating the function (e.g., expression and/or activity) of a factor that mediates T.sub.H-GM function. Such candidate agents include, e.g., an antibody, a peptide, a small molecule, a nucleic acid (e.g., antisense, small interfering RNA molecule), or a protein (e.g., cytokine), or a combination thereof. A candidate agent can be designed to target any of the factors (at the protein and/or nucleic acid level) that mediate T.sub.H-GM function, as described herein, including the genes listed in Table 1 (e.g., genes preferentially upregulated in T.sub.H-GM cells, genes preferentially overexpressed/underexpressed on the surface of T.sub.H-GM cells).

[0117] As used herein, readout refers to any change (or lack of change) in T.sub.H-GM function that can be measured or quantified. For example, a candidate agent can be assessed for its effect on, e.g., GM-CSF secretion by T.sub.H-GM cells, or its effect on the abundance of T.sub.H-GM cells (through an effect on the commitment/development/proliferation of T.sub.H-GM cells), as described herein. Assays for determining such readouts are known and available in the art, and are exemplified herein.

[0118] In some embodiments, the change in the presence of the candidate agent is a reduction in the measurement of the readout, indicating an inhibition of T.sub.H-GM function (e.g., decrease in GM-CSF or IL-3 production, or decrease in the abundance of T.sub.H-GM cells), thereby identifying the candidate agent as an inhibitor of T.sub.H-GM function.

[0119] In certain embodiments, the change in the presence of the candidate agent is an increase in the measurement of the readout, indicating an enhancement of T.sub.H-GM function (e.g., increase in GM-CSF or IL-3 production, or increase in the abundance of T.sub.H-GM cells), thereby identifying the candidate agent as an enhancer of T.sub.H-GM function.

[0120] In some embodiments, the readout can be any one or more of the genes listed in Tables 1 and 2 which are preferentially upregulated or downregulated in T.sub.H-GM cells. Thus, a candidate agent that downregulates a gene that is preferentially upregulated in a T.sub.H-GM cell is a inhibitor of T.sub.H-GM function. Similarly, a candidate agent that upregulates a gene that is preferentially downregulated in a T.sub.H-GM cell is an enhancer of T.sub.H-GM function.

[0121] In certain aspects, the method of screening, if performed with precursor CD4+ cells, is performed under T.sub.H-GM polarizing conditions, as described herein. For example, the method can be performed in the presence of IL-7/STAT5, TCR activation, CD28 co-stimulation, in combination with the blockade of IFN-gamma and IL-4.

[0122] Unless indicated otherwise, the definitions of terms described herein apply to all aspects and embodiments of the present disclosure

[0123] The practice of the present disclosure includes use of conventional techniques of molecular biology such as recombinant DNA, microbiology, cell biology, biochemistry, nucleic acid chemistry, and immunology as described for example in: Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, second edition (Sambrook et al., 1989) and Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, third edition (Sambrook and Russel, 2001), jointly and individually referred to herein as Sambrook); Oligonucleotide Synthesis (M. J. Gait, ed., 1984); Animal Cell Culture (R. I. Freshney, ed., 1987); Handbook of Experimental Immunology (D. M. Weir & C. C. Blackwell, eds.); Gene Transfer Vectors for Mammalian Cells (J. M. Miller & M. P. Calos, eds., 1987); Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (F. M. Ausubel et al., eds., 1987, including supplements through 2001); PCR: The Polymerase Chain Reaction, (Mullis et al., eds., 1994); Current Protocols in Immunology (J. E. Coligan et al., eds., 1991); The Immunoassay Handbook (D. Wild. ed., Stockton Press NY, 1994); Bioconjugate Techniques (Greg T. Hermanson, ed., Academic Press, 1996); Methods of Immunological Analysis (R. Masseyeff, W. H. Albert, and N. A. Staines, eds., Weinheim: VCH Verlags gesellschaft mbH, 1993), Harlow and Lane (1988) Antibodies, A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Publications, New York. and Harlow and Lane (1999) Using Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. jointly and individually referred to herein as Harlow and Lane), Beaucage et al. eds., Current Protocols in Nucleic Acid Chemistry (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 2000); and Aerawal, ed., Protocols for Oligonucleotides and Analogs, Synthesis and Properties (Humana Press Inc., New Jersey, 1993).

EXEMPLIFICATION

[0124] Methods

[0125] Mice

[0126] Stat5.sup.f/f mice were provided by L. Hennighausen (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases). Stat3.sup.f/f mice were generated as described.sup.2. Cd4-Cre transgenic mice were purchased from Taconic Farms. Rag2.sup./ mice were obtained from Jean-Pierre Abastado (Singapore Immunology Network). All mice are on a C57BL/6 genetic background and housed under specific-pathogen-free conditions at National University of Singapore. All experiments were performed with mice 68 weeks old and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of NUS.

[0127] Patients and Controls

[0128] Blood samples (n=47) and synovial fluid samples (n=3) were collected from RA patients admitted to the Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School. All patients fulfilled the American College of Rheumatology criteria for the classification of RA. Age and gender matched healthy controls (n=32) were obtained from Medical Examination Center of the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Affiliate Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School.

[0129] In Vitro T Cell Differentiation

[0130] CD4.sup.+ T cells were obtained from spleens and lymph nodes by positive selection and magnetic separation (Miltenyi Biotech), followed by purification of nave CD4.sup.+ T cell population (CD4.sup.+CD25.sup.CD62L.sup.hiCD44.sup.lo) sorted with FACS Aria. Nave CD4.sup.+ T cells were stimulated with plate-hound anti-CD3 (3 g/ml; BD Pharmingen) and anti-CD28 (1 g/ml; BD Pharmingen) in presence of different combinations of neutralizing antibodies and cytokines for 34 days: for neutral conditions, no addition of any cytokine or neutralizing antibody; for T.sub.H 1 conditions, IL-12 (10 ng/ml), and anti-IL-4 (10 g/ml, BD Pharmingen); for T.sub.H17 conditions, hTGF- (3 ng/ml), IL-6 (20 ng/ml), anti-IFN- (10 g/ml, eBioscience), and anti-IL-4 (10 g/ml); for an alternative T.sub.H17 conditions, IL-6 (20 ng/ml), IL-23 (10 ng/ml), IL-1 (10 ng/ml), anti-IFN- (10 g/ml), and anti-IL-4 (10 g/ml). For GM-CSF-expressing cell differentiation, nave CD4.sup.+ T cells were stimulated with plate-bound anti-CD3 (2 g/ml) and soluble anti-D28 (1 g/ml) with the addition of IL-7 and/or anti-IFN- (10 g/ml) as indicated. All cytokines were obtained from R&D Systems. All cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% FBS, 100 units/ml penicillin, 0.1 mg/ml streptomycin, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 0.1 mM nonessential amino acid and 5 M beta-mercaptoethanol. After 34 days polarization, cells were washed and restimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and ionomycin in presence of Golgiplug for 4-5 h, followed by fixation and intracellular staining with a Cytofix/Cytoperm kit from BD Pharmingen. Foxp3 staining was done with a kit from eBioscience. Cells were acquired on the LSR II (BD Biosciences) and analyzed with FlowJo software (Tree Star).

[0131] EAE Induction

[0132] EAE induction procedures were modified from previous report.sup.3. For active EAE induction, mice were immunized in two sites on the hind flanks with 300 g MOG.sub.35-55 in 100 l CFA containing 5 mg/ml heat-killed M. tuberculosis strain H37Ra (Difco) at day 0 and day 7. Pertussis toxin (List Bio Lab) was administrated intraperitoneally at the dosage of 500 ng per mouse at day 1 and day 8. For single MOG.sub.35-55/CFA immunization, the similar procedure was performed at day 0 and day 1 only. In an alternative active EAE induction, LPS (600 g/ml in IFA, O111:B4 from Sigma) was used as adjuvant. For active EAE induction in Rag2.sup./ mice, CD4.sup.+ T cells derived from Stat5.sup.f/f or Cd4-Cre; Stat5.sup.f/f mice were transferred, followed by MOG.sub.35-55/CFA immunization as described above. Clinical symptoms were scored as follows: 0, no clinical sign; 1, loss of tail tone; 2, wobbly gait; 3, hind limb paralysis; 4, hind and fore limb paralysis; 5, death. IL-7R neutralizing antibody (SB/14, BD Pharmingen) and isotype control was administrated intraperitoneally at 200 g per mouse every other day. For analysis of CNS-infiltrating cells, both spinal cord and brain were collected and minced from perfused mice, and mononuclear cells were isolated by gradient centrifuge with Percoll (GE Healthcare).

[0133] For passive EAE induction with Stat5.sup.+/+ or Stat5.sup./ T cells, splenocytes and LNs were harvested 10-14 days post-immunization and passed through a 70 m cell strainer (BD Falcon). Cells were cultured in vitro for 3 days with MOG.sub.35-55 (20 g/ml) in the presence of IL-23 (5 ng/ml) and IL-1 (2 ng/ml). After harvesting, CD4.sup.+ T cells were purified by positive selection to a purity >90%. CD4.sup.+ T cells (2 million in sterile PBS) were injected intraperitoneally into Rag2.sup./ mice, followed by Pertussis toxin administration on the following day. Mice were observed daily for the signs of EAE as described above. For EAE induction by transferring various T.sub.H subsets, similar procedures was performed as described above. Different subsets skewing conditions were as follows: Non-skewed, MOG.sub.35-55 only; T.sub.H1: MOG.sub.35-55 plus IL-12 (10 ng/ml) and anti-IL-4 (5 g/ml); T.sub.H17: MOG.sub.35-55 plus TGF- (3 ng/ml), IL-6 (10 ng/ml), anti-IFN- (5 g/ml) and anti-IL-4 (5 g/ml); GM-CSF-expressing T.sub.H: MOG.sub.35-55 plus IL-7 (2 ng/ml) and anti-IFN- (5 g/ml). 610.sup.5 CD4.sup.+ T cells were transferred per recipient mouse.

[0134] Antigen-Induced Arthritis (AIA)

[0135] Briefly, mice were immunized subcutaneously in two sites on the hind flanks with 100 g methylated bovine serum albumin (mBSA, Sigma) in 100 l complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) containing 5 mg/ml heat-killed M. tuberculosis strain H37Ra (Difco) at day 0. Pertussis toxin (List Bio Lab) was administrated intraperitoneally at the dosage of 250 ng per mouse at day 1. Arthritis was induced by intraarticular injection of 100 g mBSA (in 10 saline) into the hind right knee joint at day 7 after immunization. The hind left knee joint was injected with same volume of saline as control. Joint swelling was recorded by measuring the difference between right and left knee joint diameters with a caliper over 7 days after arthritis induction. To assess the effect of GM-CSF administration, MA was induced by intraarticular injection of mBSA alone to the right knee joint or mBSA supplemented with 100 ng GM-CSF (ImmunoTools) to the left knee joint. To assess the effect of GM-CSF and/or TNF- blockade, mice were administrated intraperitoneally with neutralizing antibodies (100 g for each antibody per mouse) specific for GM-CSF (MP1-22E9, BD Pharmingen) and/or TNF- (MP6-XT3. BD Pharmingen) at indicated times.

[0136] For AIA induction by adoptive transfer, splenocytes and inguinal LN cells were isolated from mBSA/CFA-immunized mice at day 7, and cultured in vitro with mBSA (10 g/ml) in the presence of IL-7 (2 ng/ml) for 3 days. After harvesting, CD4.sup.+ T cells were purified by positive selection (Miltenyi Biotec) to a purity >90%. Then CD4.sup.+ T cells (1 million in sterile PBS) were transferred into WT nave mice, followed by intraarticular injection of mBSA on the next day.

[0137] Collagen-Induced Arthritis (CIA)

[0138] CIA was induced in a similar procedure as AIA as described above, by immunizing mice with chicken collagen II/CFA emulsion (purchased from Chondrex, Inc), followed with pertussis toxin injection. Mice were monitored and scored for arthritis; 0, normal; 1, mild swelling of ankle or wrist, or apparent swelling limited to individual digits; 2, moderate swelling of entire paw; 3, severe swelling of entire paw with ankylosis. Scores for four limbs were summed for each mouse.

[0139] Histological Analysis

[0140] For paraffin-embedded tissues, spinal cords were fixed in 4% PFA. Knee joints or paws were removed, fixed in 10% formalin and decalcified in 5% formic acid before dehydration and embedding. Sections (5 m) were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) to assess immune cell infiltration and inflammation, or with Safranin-O/Fast Green to assess cartilage depletion. For frozen tissues, spinal cords were embedded in OCT (Tissue-Tek) and snap frozen on dry ice. Sections (10 m) were fixed in ice-cold acetone and stained with primary anti-CD4 (Biolegend) and anti-CD11b (eBioscience), followed by incubation with fluorescence-conjugated secondary antibodies (Invitrogen). For ALA experiments, knee joint were fixed in 10% formalin for 5 days, followed by decalcification in 5% formic acid for 5 clays. Sections (10 m) were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) to assess immune cell infiltration and inflammation, or stained with Safranin-O/fast green to access cartilage destruction.

[0141] Cell Sorting and May Grnwald-Giemsa Staining

[0142] Monocytes/macrophages (Ly6C.sup.hiLy6G.sup.) and neutrophils (Ly6C.sup.loLy6G.sup.hi) gated on CD45.sup.+CD11b.sup.+ were sorted with FACS Aria from spleens or synovial single cell suspensions. Sorted cells were cytospun onto glass slides and subsequently stained with May Grnwald and Giemsa dye following a standard procedure.

[0143] Real-Time PCR

[0144] Total RNA was extracted from cells with RNeasy kit (Qiagen) according to the manufacturer's instruction. Complementary DNA (cDNA) was synthesized with Superscript reverse transcriptase (Invitrogen). Gene expressions were measured by 7500 real-time PCR system (Applied Biosystems) with SYBR qPCR kit (KAPA). Actinb, Gapdh or Rn18S was used as internal control. The primer sequences are available upon request.

[0145] ELISA

[0146] TNF-, IL-6, IL-1, IFN-, GM-CSF and IL-2 levels were assayed by Ready-SET-Go ELISA kit (eBioscience), and IL-17 level was measured by DuoSet ELISA kit (R&D Systems) according to the manufactures' instructions.

[0147] Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assays

[0148] CD4.sup.+ T cells isolated from Stat5.sup.f/f or Cd4-Cre; Stat5.sup.f/f mice were activated with plate-bound anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 for 3 days. Cells were stimulated with IL-7 (20 ng/ml) or IL-2 (25 ng/ml) for 45 min. Crosslink was performed by addition of formaldehyde at final concentration of 1% for 10 min followed by quenching with Glycine. Cell lysates were fragmented by sonication and precleared with protein G Dynabeals, and subsequently precipitated with anti-STAT5 antibody (Santa Cruz) or normal rabbit IgG (Santa Cruz) overnight at 4 C. After washing and elution, crosslink reversal was clone by incubating at 65 C. for 8 hr. The eluted DNA was purified and analyzed by RT-PCR with primers specific to C42 promoter as described previously.sup.5.

[0149] Statistics

[0150] Statistical significance was determined by Student's t test using GraphPad Prism 6.01. The p value <0.05 was considered significant. The p values of clinical scores were determined by two-way multiple-range analysis of variance (ANOVA) for multiple comparisons. Unless otherwise specified, data were presented as mean and the standard error of the mean (meanSEM).

Example 1. Stat5 Conditional Knockout Mice are Resistant to EAE

[0151] STAT5 negatively regulates T.sub.H17 differentiation by restraining IL-17 production (Laurence et al., 2007; Yang et al., 2011). However, the function of STAT5 in T.sub.H17-mediated pathogenesis is not well understood. To explore this question, EAE was induced in Cd4-Cre; Stat5.sup.f/f (Stat5.sup./) mice, where Stat5 was specifically deleted in T cell compartment, and in littermate controls by immunizing the mice with MOG.sub.35-55/CFA at day 0 and day 7. Development of paralysis was assessed by daily assignment of clinical scores. Surprisingly, diminished occurrence and severity of clinical disease in Stat5.sup./ mice was observed (FIGS. 1A and 1B), a result that was opposite to expectations based on an antagonistic role for STAT5 in T.sub.H17 generation. Similar results were observed when a single MOG.sub.35-55/CFA immunization was performed or replaced CFA with LPS as the adjuvant to induce EAE (FIGS. 1C and 1D). Consistent with reduced EAE disease in Stat5.sup./ mice, a remarkable reduction of immune cell infiltration in the spinal cord of Stat5.sup./ mice was observed (FIG. 2A). Furthermore, the infiltration of various immune cell populations, including CD4.sup.+, CD8.sup.+. B220.sup.+ and CD11b.sup.+ cells was reduced in Stat5.sup./ mice (FIGS. 2B-D and data not shown). However, the frequencies of IL-17.sup.+ and IFN-.sup.+ cells among CD4.sup.+ T cells in the CNS were comparable between Stat5.sup.+/+ and Stat5.sup./ mice (FIG. 3A), suggesting the resistance to EAE in Stat5.sup./ mice is independent of T.sub.H1 and T.sub.H17 cell development. Nevertheless, decreased CD4.sup.+CD25.sup.+ T.sub.reg population in the CNS of Stat5.sup./ mice was detected (FIG. 3B), indicating the resistance to EAE in Stat5.sup./ mice was unlikely due to altered T.sub.reg, cells.

Example 2. Resistance to EAE in Stat5-Mutant Mice is Due to an Intrinsic Defect of Antigen Specific CD4.SUP.+ T Cells Independent of T.SUB.H.1 and T.SUB.H.17 Generation

[0152] Stat5 deletion (Cd4-cre; Stat5.sup.f/) mice was reported to develop peripheral lymphopenia, with a reduction of both CD4.sup.+ and CD8.sup.+ T cells (Yao et al., 2006). However, another study showed that Stat5 deletion (Cd4-cre; Stat5.sup.f/f) did not affect the proportion of peripheral CD4.sup.+ T cells (Burchill et al., 2007). In the experimental setting, a change in the absolute number of peripheral CD4.sup.+ T cells was not detected by Stat5 deletion during EAE development (FIGS. 4A and 4B), suggesting the resistance to EAE in Stat5.sup./ mice was not caused by peripheral lymphopenia. Furthermore, increased frequencies of IL-17.sup.+ and IFN-.sup.+ cells were detected among CD4.sup.+ T cells in spleens of Stat5.sup./ mice (FIG. 4C), which further support the idea that the resistance to EAE in Stat5.sup./ mice is likely independent of T.sub.H1 and T.sub.H17 generation. To validate the function of STAT5 in T.sub.H1 and T.sub.H17 generation, the in vitro differentiation was performed by activating nave CD4.sup.+ T cells under T.sub.H1- and T.sub.H17-polarizing conditions. In agreement with previous reports, that STAT5 mediated the suppressive effect of IL-2 on T.sub.H17 differentiation (data not shown). Interestingly, IL-7, which also signals through STAT5, was not observed to have a demonstrable effect on T.sub.H17 differentiation (data not shown). Nevertheless, a slight decrease of IFN-.sup.+ cells under T.sub.H1-polarizing condition was observed when STAT5 was deleted (data not shown).

[0153] To confirm if the resistance of EAE in Stat5.sup.+/+ mice is mediated by CD4.sup.+ T cells, Rag2.sup./ mice were reconstituted with Stat5.sup.+/+ or Stat5.sup./ CD4.sup.+ T cells followed by EAE induction. We found that Rag1.sup./ mice that received Stat5.sup./ CD4.sup.+ T cells were resistant to the disease compared with mice receiving wild-type cells (data not shown), demonstrating that Stat5.sup./ CD4.sup.+ T cells were impaired in their ability to promote EAE development.

[0154] Next, whether the lack of encephalitogenicity was caused by defects in migration of Stat5.sup./ CD4.sup.+ T cells to the CNS was examined. It has been shown that the chemokine receptor CCR6 is essential for T.sub.H17 cell entry into the CNS through the choroid plexus (Reboldi et al., 2009). Thus. CCR6 expression in both Stat5.sup./ and Stat5.sup.+/+ CD4.sup.+ T cells was examined. Increased CD4.sup.+CCR6.sup.+ cells in spleens of Stat5.sup./ mice compared with Stat5.sup.+/+ controls (FIG. 5A) was observed. CXCR3 and CD69 expression was also examined, which showed increased expression of both molecules in CD4.sup.+ T cells in the absence of STAT5 (FIG. 5A). These results indicate that Stat5.sup./ CD4.sup.+ T cells can infiltrate CNS. Furthermore, comparable number of CD4.sup.+ T cells present in the CNS of Stat5.sup.+/+ and Stat5.sup./ mice during EAE induction was observed (at day 7 and day 9) (FIG. 5B). However, CD4.sup.+ T cells in CNS of Stat5.sup./ mice dropped dramatically during disease onset (Day 21) (FIGS. 5C and 5D). Together, these results demonstrate that Stat5.sup./ CD4.sup.+ T cells can infiltrate CNS, but fail to induce effective inflammation in the CNS in EAE.

[0155] To further exclude the possibility that the resistance of Stat5-deficient mice to EAE was caused by any potential defect in the survival of autoreactive CD4.sup.+ T in the CNS, increased numbers of Stat5.sup./ CD4.sup.+ T cells than wild-type cells were transferred into Rag1.sup./ mice respectively to make sure comparable numbers of autoreactive CD4.sup.+ T cells were present in the CNS during EAE development. As shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B, despite similar numbers of CD4.sup.+ T cells in the CNS between two groups of mice, reduced disease severity was nevertheless observed in mice receiving Stat5-deficient CD4.sup.+ T cells. Additionally, certain numbers of Stat5-deficient mice containing similar numbers of CD4.sup.+ T cells in the CNS as wild-type mice at peak of EAE disease were observed, yet, they were relatively resistant to EAE compared with those wild-type mice (FIG. 6C), further suggesting that the resistance to EAE disease in Stat5-deficient mice was unlikely due to impaired CD4.sup.+ T cell survival in the CNS.

[0156] To further develop a causal link between these observations and the intrinsic impairment of Stat5.sup./ CD4.sup.+ T cells, MOG.sub.35-55-specific Stat5.sup.+/+ and Stat5.sup./ CD4.sup.+ T cells were transferred into Rag2.sup./ mice separately without further immunization to test if these cells were able to mediate EAE development. As shown in FIGS. 7A and 7B, mice receiving Stat5.sup.+/+ CD4.sup.+ T cells spontaneously developed EAE disease 1 week after transfer. In contrast, mice receiving Stat5.sup./ CD4.sup.+ T cells had significantly reduced disease severity and incidence. The frequencies of IL-17.sup.+ and IFN-.sup.+ cells among CD4.sup.+ T cells in the CNS of Rag2.sup./ mice were comparable between two groups (FIG. 7C), further suggesting that the intrinsic defect in encephalitogenicity of Stat5.sup./ CD4.sup.+ T cells is independent of T.sub.H1 and T.sub.H17. To exclude the possible role of CD8.sup.+ T cells in the resistance to EAE observed in Stat5.sup. mice, Rag2.sup./ mice were reconstituted with MOG.sub.35-55-specific Stat5.sup.+4 or Stat5.sup./ CD4.sup.+ T cells together with equal numbers of Stat5.sup.+/+ CD8.sup.+ T cells. The transfer of Stat5.sup./ CD4.sup.+ together with Stat5.sup.+/+ CD8.sup.+ T cells still failed to induce EAE (data not shown). Together, these data demonstrate that Stat5.sup.+/+ CD4.sup.+ T cells have intrinsic defect in encephalitogenicity. The relevant teachings of all patents, published applications and references cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Example 3. Diminished Expression of GM-CSF in Stat5.SUP./ CD4.SUP.+ T Cells

[0157] To test whether GM-CSF production was impaired by Stat5 deletion, its expression was examined in MOG.sub.35-53-specific Stat5.sup.+/+ and Stat5.sup.+/+ CD4.sup.+ T cells. Splenocytes derived from MOG.sub.35-55/CFA-immunized Stat5.sup.+/+ and Stat5.sup./ mice were challenged with various concentrations of MOG.sub.35-55 for 24 h, to examine the secretion of GM-CSF. GM-CSF production was observed to increase in a MOG.sub.35-55 dose-dependent manner in Stat5.sup.+/+ cells (FIG. 8A). In contrast, GM-CSF production was severely diminished in Stat5.sup.+/ cells in all conditions. To further validate this, splenocytes derived from mice were stimulated during the development of EAE with PMA/Ionomycin in the presence of GolgiPlug for GM-CSF and IL-17 intracellular staining. Although IL-17 expression was enhanced in Stat5.sup./ cells, a significantly reduced proportion of GM-CSF.sup.+IL-17 and GM-CSF.sup.+IL-17.sup.+ cells was observed among CD4.sup.+CD44.sup.hi cells in the absence of STAT5 (FIG. 8B). Moreover, the frequency of MOG.sub.35,55-specific GM-CSF.sup.+ T cells was also significantly reduced in spleens of Stat5.sup./ mice (FIG. 8C). Together, these results indicate that STAT5 is required for GM-CSF expression in autoreactive CD4.sup.+ T cells. However, STAT5, an important transcription factor in T.sub.H17 differentiation, was required for GM-CSF expression (FIG. 8D).

[0158] Next. GM-CSF induction in the CNS during EAE development was examined. Although IL-17 and IFN- production by CNS-infiltrating CD4.sup.+ T cells was not impaired by Stat5 deficiency, a diminished frequency of CD4.sup.+GM-CSF.sup.+ cells in the CNS of Stat5.sup./ mice was detected compared with control mice (FIG. 9A). Further analysis showed a reduced GM-CSF.sup.+ percentage among CD4.sup.+IL-17; cells and among CD4.sup.+IFN-.sup.+ cells (FIG. 9A). Similarly, Rag2.sup./ mice transferred with MOG.sub.35-55-specific Stat5.sup./ CD4.sup.+ T cells also showed a reduced frequency of CD4.sup.+GM-CSF.sup.+ T cells in the CNS compared with control mice (FIG. 9B). GM-CSF mRNA expression in the CNS of Stat5.sup./ mice was markedly lower than that of Stat5.sup.+/+ mice at day 8 after EAE induction (FIG. 9C), when comparable CD4.sup.+ T cell infiltration was detected in Stat5.sup./ and Stat5.sup.+/+ mice (FIGS. 5C and 5D). Meanwhile, no significant difference of IL-17 and IFN- expression was detected between Stat5.sup./ and Stat5.sup.+/+ mice (FIG. 9C). The impaired cytokine induction (IL-17 and IFN-) in the CNS of Stat5.sup./ mice at later stage (day 14, FIG. 9C) could be explained by the inability of Stat5.sup./ CD4.sup.+ T to sustain neuroinflammation (FIGS. 5C and 5D). Interestingly, GM-CSF induction in the CNS preceded IL-23 induction (FIG. 9C), suggesting IL-23 might not be required for GM-CSF expression in the induction phase of EAE. In summary, the results suggest that GM-CSF expression in autoreactive CD4.sup.+ T cells is regulated by STAT5 and the impaired GM-CSF production in the absence of STAT5 caused the resistance of the mice to EAE.

Example 4. IL-7-STAT5 Signaling Induces GM-CSF Expression in Autoreactive CD4.SUP.+ T Cells and Contributes to Neuroinflammation

[0159] Next, the mechanism by which STAT5 regulates GM-CSF expression was investigated. As the present disclosure indicates, neither IL-23 nor IL-1 seemed to be potent STAT5 stimulators (FIG. 10A). Furthermore, IL-1R1 expression was not changed, whereas IL-23R expression was increased in Stat5.sup./ CD4.sup.+ T cells (FIG. 10B). These data suggest that the ability of STAT5 to induce GM-CSF expression is likely independent of IL-23 and IL-1 signaling. In contrast, both IL-2 and IL-7 potently activated STAT5 by inducing tyrosine phosphorylation (FIG. 10A). Therefore, the effect of these two cytokines on GM-CSF induction in autoreactive T cells was further examined. Splenocytes derived from MOG.sub.35-55-immunized wild-type mice were challenged with MOG.sub.35-55 alone or plus IL-2. GM-CSF and IL-17 production by CD4.sup.+ T cells were analyzed by intracellular cytokine staining. As shown in FIG. 10C, IL-2 showed modest effects on the frequency of GM-CSF.sup.+ T cells. In contrast, IL-7 significantly promoted GM-CSF expression in both IL-1T and IL-17.sup.+ CD4.sup.+CD44.sup.hi T cells (FIG. 11A). Furthermore, IL-7 carried out this function in a STAT5-dependent manner, as Stat5 deletion abrogated its effect on GM-CSF expression as assessed by intracellular cytokine staining and ELISA (FIG. 11A, lower panels, and FIG. 11B).

[0160] IL-7R is expressed in both CD62L.sup.hiCD44.sup.loT cells and CD62.sup.loCD44.sup.hi T cells, suggesting IL-7 may directly act on CD4.sup.+ T cells to regulate GM-CSF expression. Thus, CD62L.sup.hiCD44.sup.lo and CD62L.sup.loCD44.sup.hi T cells were sorted from Stat5.sup./ mice and littermate controls during EAE development, and then activated cells in the presence or absence of IL-7. As shown in FIG. 11C, CD62L.sup.loCD44.sup.hi T cells potently expressed GM-CSF, while CD62L.sup.hiCD44.sup.lo) T cells expressed 30-fold lower GM-CSF amounts. STAT5 deletion resulted in reduced basal GM-CSF production in CD62L.sup.loCD44.sup.hi T cells. As expected, IL-7 promoted GM-CSF expression in both subsets of CD4.sup.+ T cells in a STAT5-dependent manner (FIG. 11C).

[0161] To examine the contribution of IL-7-induced GM-CSF expression in autoreactive CD4.sup.+ T cells to EAE development, mice were treated with IL-7R-specific antibody (clone SB/14) during EAE development. The treatment resulted in a significant reduction of disease severity, which was accompanied with reduced CNS inflammation (FIGS. 12A and 12B). In agreement with previous report (Lee et al., 2012), this neutralizing antibody did not have T cell depleting activity (FIG. 12C). Notably, the blocking of IL-7 signaling resulted in decreased GM-CSF expression in CNS-infiltrating CD4.sup.+ T cells (FIGS. 120-12F). In summary, the present findings indicate that IL-7 induces STAT5-dependent GM-CSF expression in autoreactive CD4.sup.+ T cells, which contributes to the development of neuroinflammation.

Example 5. GM-CSF-Expressing T.SUB.H .Cells are Distinct from T.SUB.H.17 and T.SUB.H.1

[0162] Since both T.sub.H17 and T.sub.H1 can produce GM-CSF, it was determined if the IL-7-stimulated phenotype was related to either of these subsets. To further understand the characteristics of GM-CSF-expressing CD4.sup.+ cells, nave CD4.sup.+ T cells were stimulated with plate-bound anti-CD3 and soluble anti-CD28 under T.sub.H1- or T.sub.H17-polarizing conditions. It was observed that anti-CD3 together with anti-CD28 induced the expression of GM-CSF (FIG. 14A). However, while T.sub.H1 differentiation conditions promoted IFN- expression and T.sub.H17 conditions promoted IL-17 expression as expected, both T.sub.H1 and T.sub.H17 differentiation conditions greatly suppressed the production of GM-CSF (FIGS. 13A and 13B). Conversely, IL-12 and IFN- neutralization promoted GM-CSF-expressing cell generation (FIG. 13A), consistent with a previous report (Codarri et al., 2011). IL-23 and IL-1 did not increase GM-CSF-expressing cell differentiation from nave CD4.sup.+ T cells (FIG. 13A), which was consistent with the finding that nave CD4.sup.+ T cells did not express their receptors. TGF- inhibits GM-CSF expression (El-Behi et al., 2011). IL-6, an essential cytokine for T.sub.H17 differentiation, had a profound inhibitory effect on GM-CSF expression (FIG. 14B), indicating STAT3 could be a negative regulator. To address this, nave CD4.sup.+ T cells were purified from Stat3.sup./ mice for cell differentiation. Strikingly, in the absence of STAT3, cells polarized under T.sub.H17 condition expressed GM-CSF (FIG. 14C). Interestingly, even without exogenous IL-6, STAT3 still had a moderate suppressive effect on GM-CSF-expressing cell differentiation (FIG. 14C). In addition, RORt and T-bet have been reported unnecessary for GM-CSF expression in CD4.sup.+ T cells (El-Behi et al., 2011). Thus, the present datasupport a model wherein GM-CSF-expressing CD4.sup.+ T cells develop via a lineage distinct from T.sub.H17 and T.sub.H1.

Example 6. IL-7-STAT5 Programs GM-CSF-Expressing T.SUB.H .Cell Differentiation

[0163] The present findings disclosed herein (including .g., diminished GM-CSF expression in Stat5.sup./ CD4.sup.+ T cells in vivo, IL-7/STAT5-mediated induction of GM-CSF expression in nave CD4.sup.+ T cells, and the distinct features of GM-CSF-expressing T.sub.H cells versus T.sub.H1 and T.sub.H17 cells) indicates a distinct T.sub.H cell subset that is regulated by IL-7-STAT5 signaling. This finding was further explored by examining GM-CSF-expressing T.sub.H cell differentiation in vitro by activating nave CD4.sup.+ T cells with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 in the presence of different concentrations of IL-7. As shown in FIGS. 15A and 15B, IL-7 strongly promoted the generation of GM-CSF-expressing cells and GM-CSF secretion. Moreover, the generation of GM-CSF-expressing T.sub.H by IL-7 was mediated by STAT5. Without STAT5, IL-7 was unable to promote the generation of GM-CSF-expressing cells (FIGS. 15C and 15D). Further investigation showed that IL-7-induced STAT5 activation directly hound promoter regions of the Csf2 gene (FIGS. 15E and 15F).

[0164] Small proportions of IFN--expressing cells were generated during GM-CSF-expressing T.sub.H differentiation (FIG. 1.5A). Thus, the effect of blocking IFN- on GM-CSF-expressing cell generation was tested, which showed that the combination of IL-7 and IFN- neutralization induced the highest frequency of GM-CSF.sup.+ cells, where few IL-17.sup.+ or IFN-.sup.+ cells were detected (FIG. 16A). Moreover, the expression of subset defining transcriptional factors in GM-CSF-expressing T.sub.H was examined and observed that the expression of RORt or T-bet in GM-CSF-expressing T.sub.H was significantly lower than those in T.sub.H17 or T.sub.H1 cells, respectively (FIG. 16B), confirming that the GM-CSF-expressing T.sub.H cells are distinct from T.sub.H1 and T.sub.H17 cells. Together, these data suggest that IL-7-STAT5 signaling direct the differentiation of a novel GM-CSF-expressing helper T cell subset, termed T.sub.H-GM.

[0165] Next, it was determined whether IL-2 signaling could influence T.sub.H-GM differentiation from nave CD4.sup.+ T cells. The addition of IL-2 or antibody against IL-2 only had modest effect on the frequency of GM-CSF.sup.+ cells (FIG. 14D), indicating a minimal effect of IL-2 on T.sub.H-GM differentiation. Unlike IL-7R, IL-2 high-affinity receptor IL-2Ra was not expressed in nave CD4.sup.+ T cells, but its expression was gradually induced by TCR activation (FIGS. 17A-17C). Thus, the minimal effect of IL-2 at least in part is due to the unresponsiveness of nave CD4.sup.+ T cells to IL-2 stimulation. In support of this view, IL-7, but not IL-2, induced STAT5 activation and upregulated GM-CSF mRNA expression in nave CD4.sup.+ T cells (FIGS. 17D and 17E). To further confirm this idea, activated CD4.sup.+ T cells were stimulated with IL-2 or IL-7, which showed that both cytokines induced STAT5 activation, Csf2 promoter binding and GM-CSF mRNA upregulation (FIGS. 18A-18C). Notably, IL-2 induced a prolonged STAT5 activation compared with IL-7 (FIG. 18A).

Example 7. Distinct Gene Expression Profile of T.SUB.H.-GM

[0166] To demonstrate T.sub.H-GM as distinct from known T cell subsets (e.g., T.sub.H1 and T.sub.H17), a whole transcriptome analysis was performed by microarray to validate its specificity compared with known T cell subsets, in particular T.sub.H17 cells. Nave CD4.sup.+ T cells were differentiated into T.sub.H1, T.sub.H17 and T.sub.H-GM. Microarray analysis was performed to examine their gene expression profiles. Whole transcriptome clustering indicates T.sub.H-GM cells as representing a novel subset distinct from T.sub.H1 or T.sub.H17 cells. T cell lineage-specific gene expression is shown in Table 1. A list of 202 genes preferentially expressed in T.sub.H1 cells were identified, compared with nave, T.sub.H17 or T.sub.H-GM cells (fold change >1.7), among which IFN- and T-bet are on the top of the list (Table 1). Similarly, T.sub.H17-feature genes, such as IL-17, IL-17F, RORt and ROR, were identified in the list including 411 genes specific to T.sub.H17 cells (Table 1). The T.sub.H-GM cell-specific gene list (Genes preferentially upregulated in T.sub.H-GM the T.sub.H-GM signature genes) contains 210 genes including the gene encoding GM-CSF as the top gene in the list (Table 1). A set of surface molecules which were selectively expressed at high level in T.sub.H-GM subset, and another set of surface molecules which were selectively expressed at low level in T.sub.H-GM subset compared with other subsets were identified (FIG. 19 and Table 1). These molecules (also T.sub.H-GM signature genes) can be used for further characterization by surface markers to identify the T.sub.H-GM subset of T cells. Several other genes of interest were also identified, including genes encoding cytokines and transcriptional factors, in particular IL-3. Various helper T cells were differentiated in vitro and confirmed that T.sub.H-GM cells are potent IL-3 producers as compared with T.sub.H1 and T.sub.H17 cells (FIGS. 20A, 20C and 20D). In addition, several other cytokines, including EBI-3, PENL and RANKL were found preferentially expressed in T.sub.H-GM cells (FIG. 20B), indicating diverse biological functions of T.sub.H-GM cells.

Example 8. T.SUB.H.-GM Cells are the Primary Pathogenic Population

[0167] To test the hypothesis that GM-CSF-expressing T.sub.H subset (T.sub.H-GM) was the primary encephalitogenic effector cells, adoptive transfer of different subsets of MOG.sub.35-55-specific CD4.sup.+ T cells was performed into Rag2.sup./ mice for EAE induction. As shown in FIG. 21, GM-CSF-expressing T.sub.H cells were preferentially able to induce EAE compared with T.sub.H17 and T.sub.H1 subsets.

Example 9. The Suppression of STAT5 Activity by Chemical Inhibitor Attenuates GM-CSF Expression by T.SUB.H.-GM and Ameliorates EAE

[0168] The effect of disrupting STAT5 activation by chemical inhibitor was examined to explore possible methods of treating autoimmune neuroinflammation. The phosphorylation on the key tyrosine residue in SH2 domain is crucial for STAT5 activation and function. A commercial STAT5 inhibitor (CAS 285986-31-4, Calbiochem) has been reported to selectively disrupt tyrosine phosphorylation and DNA binding of STAT5 (Muller et al., 2008). First, the inhibitory effect of this inhibitor on STAT5 activation upon IL-7 stimulation in CD4+ T cells was tested. At a concentration of 50 M, the inhibitor had about 50% inhibitory effect, which was further enhanced with the increase of concentration (FIG. 22A). STAT5 inhibitor had low affinity and thus required a high concentration to fully block STAT5 activation, whereas JAK3 inhibitor showed potent inhibitory effect even at low concentration (FIG. 22B). The specificity of STAT5 inhibitor was next tested by examining its effect on the activation of STAT3 and STAT1. As shown in FIGS. 22C and 22D, this STAT5 inhibitor at relatively lower concentration (50 or 100 M) showed minimal inhibitory effect on both STAT3 and STAT1 activation.

[0169] The effect of STAT5 inhibition on T.sub.H-GM differentiation was examined. As shown, STAT5 inhibitor suppressed T.sub.H-GM differentiation in a dosage-dependent manner (FIG. 22E). Reduced T.sub.H1 differentiation upon STAT5 inhibitor treatment was observed (data not shown), but T.sub.H17 differentiation was not suppressed by STAT5 inhibitor (data not shown).

[0170] To explore the therapeutic effect of targeting STAT5 activation in EAE disease, the commercial STAT5 inhibitor was administered to wild-type mice intraperitoneally every other clay after disease onset. Development of paralysis was assessed by daily assignment of clinical scores. STAT5 inhibition ameliorated EAE severity, associated with reduced immune cell infiltration in the CNS (FIGS. 23A and 23B). In contrast, although JAK3 inhibitor can potently block STAT5 activation (FIG. 22B), it showed detrimental effect on EAE (FIG. 23B). Of note, STAT5 inhibitor resulted in reduced GM-CSF production in CNS-infiltrating CD4.sup.+ T cells (FIGS. 23C and 23D). This study indicates that targeting STAT5 by chemical inhibitor is useful in therapeutic intervention in MS.

Example 10. GM-CSF-Producing T.SUB.H .Cells are Associated with Human RA

[0171] Plasma concentrations of GM-CSF and TNF- in peripheral blood of RA patients were examined in comparison with gender/age-matched healthy control (HC), and found that both cytokines were elevated in RA (FIG. 24A). Ex vivo frequencies of IFN--, IL-17- or GM-CSF-producing T.sub.H cells were quantified in RA and HC. High frequencies of IFN-- and/or GM-CSF-producing T.sub.H cells were detected in all samples, but observed low frequency (<1%) of IL-17-producing T.sub.H cells (FIG. 24B). GM-CSF-single-producing (GM-CSF.sup.+IFN-.sup.) T.sub.H cells represented a substantial population in both RA and HC (FIG. 24B). More importantly, the frequency of this population in peripheral blood of RA was significantly higher than that of HC (FIG. 24C). In contrast, neither GM-CSF/IFN--double-producing nor IFN--single-producing T.sub.H cells showed any significant difference in their frequencies between RA and HC (FIG. 24C). Therefore, the frequency of GM-CSF-single-producing T.sub.H cells in peripheral blood is selectively elevated in RA, suggesting a functional association of T.sub.H-cell-secreted GM-CSF with RA. Moreover, a significant correlation between plasma GM-CSF concentration and GM-CSF-single-producing T.sub.H cell frequency was observed in RA (FIG. 24D).

[0172] To further evaluate the association of GM-CSF-producing T.sub.H cells with RA, mononuclear cells were isolated from synovial fluid of RA patients and analyzed the abundance of these cells. A marked elevation of GM-CSF-producing T.sub.H cell frequency was observed in synovial fluid compared with peripheral blood, but most of these cells co-expressed IFN- (FIG. 24E). Similarly, both T.sub.H1 and T.sub.H17 frequencies were also increased in synovial fluid, with T.sub.H17 remaining to be a minor population compared with T.sub.H1 (FIG. 24E).

Example 11. GM-CSF Mediates Experimental Arthritis in a TNF--Independent Manner

[0173] The elevation of GM-CSF and TNF- level in plasma of RA in comparison to HC may suggest a therapeutic approach by targeting these two cytokines. The efficacy of blocking both GM-CSF and TNF- was tested in treating arthritic mice in antigen-induced arthritis (AIA) model, which is a T-cell driven RA model and is easily inducible in C57BL/6 strain with a rapid and synchronized disease onset, facilitating the exploration of RA pathogenesis. Either GM-CSF or TNF- individual blockade attenuated MA development (FIG. 25A). Interestingly, the combination of GM-CSF- and TNF--specific neutralizing antibodies showed better efficacy in controlling arthritis development than individual treatments (FIG. 25A). That is, targeting GM-CSF may have beneficial efficacy in treating arthritis in a way independent of TNF- activity. To further study the distinguishable effects of GM-CSF and TNF- in mediating arthritis development, a mouse strain (Cd4-Cre; Stat5.sup.f/f, or Stat5.sup./ in short) with conditional Stat5 deletion was used in T cells for AIA induction. These conditional Stat5-knockout mice resisted arthritis development, as exemplified by milder joint selling, fewer immune cell infiltration in synovia, and reduced joint destruction (FIGS. 25B-25D), even though they had markedly increased level of serum TNF- as well as IFN- (FIG. 25E). In contrast, serum level of GM-CSF was significantly reduced in knockout mice (FIG. 25E), which was likely the causal factor of the resistance to arthritis development as further supported by results described below. Consistent results were also observed in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model (FIGS. 26A-26D). Together, these findings suggest that GM-CSF is an important pathogenic mediator in RA and also indicate the promise of developing anti-GM-CSF drugs to treat RA patients who are anti-TNF drugs unresponsive, marking GM-CSF-producing T.sub.H cells as a new biomarker for RA diagnosis.

Example 12. STAT5-Regulated GM-CSF Secretion by Autoreactive T.SUB.H .Cells Mediates Synovial Inflammation

[0174] On the basis of association of GM-CSF with RA, the cellular producers of GM-CSF and the regulatory mechanism underlying GM-CSF expression in arthritic mice were examined. Splenocytes were collected from wild-type AIA mice and separated cells into three fractions: splenocytes, splenocytes depleted of CD4.sup.+ T cells and CD4.sup.+ T cells; and stimulated each fraction at same cell numbers under various conditions. Splenocytes produced low but detectable level of GM-CSF without stimulation, which was markedly increased by PMA/Ionomycin or mBSA antigen stimulation (FIG. 28A). Under all conditions, splenocytes depleted of CD4.sup.+ T cells almost completely abrogated GM-CSF production (FIG. 28A). In contrast, CD4.sup.+ T cells produced dramatically elevated GM-CSF in comparison to splenocytes under all conditions (FIG. 28A). These results strongly support that CD4.sup.+ T cells are predominant producers of GM-CSF at least in spleens of arthritic mice, which is somehow consistent the observed correlation of plasma GM-CSF concentration with GM-CSF-single-producing T.sub.H cell frequency in RA (FIG. 24D). Thus, the functional significance of T.sub.H-cell-secreted GM-CSF was examined in arthritis development. Given T-cell-specific Csf2-knockout mice is not available and STAT5 is a key regulator of GM-CSF expression in T.sub.H cells, conditional Stat5-knockout mice was used, which showed decreased GM-CSF level and resistance to arthritis development as described above.

[0175] Consistent with a previous study (Burchill et al., 2007), similar frequencies of CD4.sup.+ T cells were observed in peripheral lymphoid tissues as well as in inflamed synovial tissues of STAT5-deficient mice compared with wild-type mice at day 7 after AIA induction (FIGS. 27A-27D), suggesting loss of STAT5 seems to not impair CD4.sup.+ T-cell generation in periphery and infiltration in synovial tissues. To determine the requirement of STAT5 for arthritogenic potential of CD4.sup.+ T cells, ex vivo-expanded antigen-reactive CD4.sup.+ T cells, derived from Stat5.sup.+/+ and Stat5.sup./ ALA mice, were transferred into wild-type nave mice separately, followed by intra-articular injection of mBSA. Mice receiving Stat5.sup.+/+ CD4.sup.+ T cells displayed an abundant immune cell infiltration in synovial tissues at day 7 after AIA induction (FIG. 27E). In contrast, mice receiving Stat5.sup./ CD4.sup.+ T cells had marked reduction of synovial infiltrates (FIG. 27E). Therefore, STAT5-deficient CD4.sup.+ T cells are defective in arthritogenic potential.

[0176] Multiple lines of evidence support a central role of T cells in RA. However, the pathogenic mechanism of T cells remains insufficiently understood. Although T.sub.H1 is a predominant population among synovial infiltrating CD4.sup.+ T cells in human RA (Berner et al., 2000; Yamada et al., 2008), defective IFN- signaling results in increased disease susceptibility in animal models of arthritis (Guedez et al., 2001; Irmler et al., 2007; Manoury-Schwartz et al., 1997; Vermeire et al., 1997). In contrast, T.sub.H17 cells are proven crucial in animal models of arthritis (Pernis, 2009), but predominance of T.sub.H17 cells is limited in both peripheral blood and synovial compartment of human RA (Yamada et al., 2008) and (FIGS. 1B and 1E). As demonstrated herein, STAT5-regulated GM-CSF-producing T.sub.H cells potentiate arthritis pathogenesis.

[0177] To validate the regulatory role of STAT5 in GM-CSF production, splenocytes derived from AIA mice were stimulated with PMA/Ionomycin plus Golgiplug ex viva, followed by intracellular cytokine staining and flow cytometry. As expected, the frequency of GM-CSF-single-producing cells among CD4.sup.+CD44.sup.hi population was significantly decreased in Stat5.sup./ mice (FIG. 28 34B). Notably, no significant differences were observed in frequencies of IL-17-single-producing (T.sub.H17) or IFN--single-producing (T.sub.H1) cells between two groups (FIG. 28B). Further study by combining mBSA restimulation and intracellular cytokine staining showed that the frequency of mBSA-specific GM-CSF-producing effector T cells was much lower in spleens of Stat5.sup./ mice than those in controls (FIG. 29A). In addition, AIA mice-derived splenocytes and inguinal lymph nodes (LNs) were restimulated with mBSA ex viva to measure cytokine concentrations in culture supernatants and found a significant reduction of GM-CSF with deletion of STAT5, but comparable levels of both IL-17 and IFN- between two groups (FIGS. 29B and 29C). Together, the results indicate that loss of STAT5 may specifically suppress GM-CSF-producing effector Th cells but not T.sub.H17 or T.sub.H1 cells in experimental arthritis.

[0178] To investigate the involvement of GM-CSF-producing T.sub.H cells and their regulation by STAT5 in synovial inflammation, synovial tissues were dissected from AIA mice and examined cytokine production by T.sub.H cells. In spite of multiple cellular sources of GM-CSF (Cornish et al., 2009). CD4.sup.+ T.sub.H cells were prominent producers of GM-CSF in synovial tissues of AIA mice (FIG. 28C), consistent with the observation in spleens (FIG. 28A). Moreover, a significantly lower percentage of synovial GM-CSF-producing T.sub.H cells was detected in Stat5.sup./ mice than Stat5.sup.+/+ mice (FIG. 28D). On the other hand, both T.sub.H1 and T.sub.H17 cells exhibited similar percentages between two groups (FIG. 28C). A decrease in GM-CSF level in synovial compartments of Stat5.sup./ mice in comparison to controls was expected. To address this, inflamed synovial tissues were harvested from AIA mice for RNA and protein extraction to examine cytokine level by qPCR and ELISA. Indeed, lower synovial GM-CSF but not IFN- or IL-17 was detected in Stat5.sup./ mice than Stat5.sup.+/+ mice at day 5 or 7 after arthritis induction (FIGS. 28E and 30A-30C). In addition, two important proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-1 were also found persistently and significantly reduced in STAT5-deficient mice (FIGS. 28E and 30A-30C), indicating the attenuated synovial inflammation. Notably. TNF- production was reduced at day 7 but not at day 5 in STAT5-deficient mice (FIGS. 28E and 30A-C). Together, these results indicate that STAT5-regulated GM-CSF expression by arthritogenic T.sub.H cells is crucial for evoking synovial inflammation.

[0179] To determine the critical role of STAT5-regulated GM-CSF production by T.sub.H cells in mediating synovitis and arthritis development, GM-CSF was administered via intra-articular injection in mixture with mBSA to the left knee joints of mBSA/CFA-immunized mice, whereas mBSA was injected alone to the right knee joints. Injection with mBSA alone was sufficient to induce abundant immune cell infiltration in the synovial compartments of Stat5.sup.+/+ mice but failed to do so in Stat5.sup./ mice (FIG. 28F). Administration of GM-CSF together with mBSA efficiently restored synovial inflammation in Stat5.sup./ mice (FIG. 34F). Consistently, the Safranin-O/Fast Green staining revealed severe cartilage depletion upon GM-CSF/mBSA injection, but not mBSA alone, in Stat5.sup./ mice (FIG. 28G). These results therefore provide support for the notion that STAT5-regulated GM-CSF production by arthritogenic T.sub.H cells is essential for mediating arthritis pathogenesis.

Example 13. Th-Cell-Derived GM-CSF Mediates Neutrophil Accumulation in Synovial Tissues

[0180] The mechanism by which GM-CSF-producing Th cells evoke synovial inflammation and drive arthritis development was examined. Myeloid lineage-derived cells, including neutrophils, DCs and macrophages, express GM-CSF receptor and are common targets of GM-CSF (Hamilton, 2008). Importantly, those cells invade synovial compartments in RA patients and mouse arthritis models, and contribute to synovitis (McInnes and Schett, 2011). The infiltration of myeloid lineage-derived cells in synovial compartments of ALA mice was examined. CD11b.sup.+ myeloid cells represented a predominant population (70%) among synovial infiltrating leukocytes (FIG. 31B). Although CD4.sup.+ T.sub.H cell infiltration was not altered by STAT5 deletion, synovial CD11b.sup.+ cell infiltration was significantly reduced in Stat5.sup./ mice compared with Stat5.sup.+/+ mice when examined at day 7 after arthritis induction (FIG. 31B). This reduction is unlikely due to defective hematopoiesis, as similar frequencies of CD11b.sup.+ cells were detected in spleens of two group (FIG. 31A). Further, CD11b.sup.+ cells continuously increased in synovial tissues of wild-type mice, but not STAT5-deficient mice, over a 7-day time course (FIG. 31C). Notably, the selective ablation of synovial CD11b.sup.+ cell accumulation in STAT5-deficient mice can be partially restored by local administration of GM-CSF during arthritis induction (FIG. 31D). Together, these results indicate that myeloid cell accumulation in synovial compartments may be specifically dampened by T-cell-specific STAT5 deletion and resultant GM-CSF insufficiency.

[0181] Next, different populations of CD11b.sup.+ cells, including DCs, macrophages and neutrophils were analyzed. Monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs), characterized as CD11c.sup.intCD11b.sup.hiLy6C.sup.+/hiMHCII.sup.hi, were recently reported to be involved in the mBSA/IL-1 arthritis model (Campbell et al., 2011). In the AIA model of the present study, MoDCs were identified at low abundance in spleens and synovial tissues (data not shown). Furthermore, comparable frequencies of MoDCs were detected in both peripheral lymphoid tissues and synovial tissues between Stat5.sup.+/+ and Stat5.sup./ mice (data not shown). These results are in agreement with a previous study showing a dispensable role of GM-CSF in MoDC differentiation (Greter et al., 2012).

[0182] Neutrophils have great cytotoxic potential and contribute to the RA initiation and progression in multiple ways (Wright et al., 2014). It has been suggested that RA disease activity and joint destruction directly correlates with neutrophil influx to joints (Wright et al., 2014). Based on the differential expression of Ly6C and Ly6G, CD11b.sup.+ myeloid cells can be classified into Ly6C.sup.loLy6G.sup.hi population (neutrophils) and Ly6C.sup.hiLy6G.sup. population (monocytes/macrophages). The present study shows that Ly6C.sup.loLy6G.sup.hi population continued to accumulate in synovial tissues over a 7-clay time course, and represented a predominant population among synovial CD11b.sup.+ cells in wild-type mice at day 7 after AIA induction, whereas this population was persistently and dramatically diminished in STAT5-deficient mice (FIG. 32A). Using Giemsa stain, it was validated that synovial-infiltrating Ly6C.sup.loLy6G.sup.hi population were neutrophils, which displayed typical polymorphonuclear characteristics with ring-shaped nuclei (FIG. 32B). In contrast, synovial-infiltrating Ly6C.sup.hiLy6G.sup. population had mononuclear morphology and were likely monocytes/macrophages (FIG. 32B). Importantly, intraarticular administration of GM-CSF during arthritis induction efficiently restored neutrophil accumulation in synovial compartments of STAT5-deficient mice (FIG. 32C), suggesting a critical role of T.sub.H-cell-derived GM-CSF in mediating neutrophil accumulation to inflamed joints.

[0183] Neutrophils are recruited during inflammation, in which complex interactions between neutrophils and vascular endothelial cells direct neutrophil adhesion and transmigration from circulation to inflamed tissues (Kolaczkowska and Kubes, 2013). In an in vitro transmigration assay, neutrophil adhesion and migration across monolayers of endothelial cells was significantly enhanced by GM-CSF as chemoattractant (FIGS. 33A and 33B), suggesting GM-CSF may mediate neutrophil recruitment to inflamed joints in AIA. Effective neutrophil apoptosis is crucial for the resolution of inflammation. However, in synovitis, neutrophil apoptosis is delayed with a result of extended survival and persistent inflammation (Wright et al., 2014). Thus, the effect of GM-CSF on neutrophil survival was tested and found that GM-CSF had profound efficacy in delaying neutrophil apoptosis (FIG. 33C). Together, these results indicate that GM-CSF may mediate neutrophil recruitment and sustain neutrophil survival in synovial compartments and contribute to persistent synovitis. To determine the critical role of neutrophils in AIA, \ a neutralizing antibody (1A8) specific for Ly6G was used to deplete neutrophils in vivo. The administration of neutralizing antibody resulted in significant improvement of joint swelling in AIA (FIG. 32D). Thus, neutrophils accumulation mediated by T.sub.H-cell-derived GM-CSF are important for AIA development.

Example 14. GM-CSF Enhances Proinflammatory Cytokine Production by Myeloid Cells and Synovial Fibroblasts

[0184] Cytokines are important mediators in the cross-talk between innate and adaptive immunity. As shown herein, several proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1 and TNF-), which are in association with RA pathogenesis (Choy and Panayi, 2001), were significantly reduced in synovial tissues of STAT5-deficient AIA mice (FIGS. 28E and 30A-30C). To gain insights into the mechanism underlying the observed cytokine reduction, the cellular sources of these proinflammatory cytokines were examined by fractionating synovial cells into different populations based the differential expression of surface markers (FIG. 34A). Cytokine mRNA expression level in CD45.sup.+TCR.sup.+ population (T cells), CD45.sup.+TCR.sup.CD11c.sup. CD11b.sup.+ population (mostly monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils) and CD45.sup.+TCR.sup. CD11c.sup.+ population (dendritic cells) was assessed by RT-PCR. GM-CSF, as similar to IL-17 (as a control), was predominantly produced by synovial T cells (FIG. 34B), further reinforcing the importance of GM-CSF-producing T.sub.H cells. In contrast, IL-6 and IL-1 were mainly produced by myeloid cells, e.g. CD11b.sup.+ population and CD11c.sup.+ population (FIG. 34B). TNF- was expressed by all three populations, with relatively lower abundance in T cells (FIG. 34B). Based on the differential expression of Ly6C and Ly6G in CD11b.sup.+ population as discussed above, Ly6C.sup.loLy6G.sup.hi population (neutrophils) and Ly6C.sup.hiLy6G.sup. population (monocytes/macrophages) were further analyzed, which showed that monocytes/macrophages were likely the major IL-6 producers whereas neutrophils seemed to be better producers of IL-1 and TNF- (FIG. 34C). These results, together with the findings above (FIGS. 28E and 30A-30C), indicate a link that T.sub.H-cell-secreted GM-CSF elicits proinflammatory cytokine expression from myeloid cells in synovitis.

[0185] To test the regulatory role of GM-CSF in the expression of IL-6 and IL-1, bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) were cultured, and stimulated with GM-CSF. Indeed, GM-CSF stimulation quickly upregulated mRNA expression of both IL-6 and IL-1 within 1 hour (FIGS. 34D and 34E). In addition, GM-CSF markedly increased the secretion of IL-6 from BMDMs in a dosage-dependent manner (FIG. 34F), and from BMDCs even at low dosage (FIG. 34G). To induce mature IL-1 secretion, BMDMs were primed with LPS for 6 h during which different concentrations of GM-CSF was added, followed by ATP stimulation. The addition of GM-CSF significantly enhanced the secretion of IL-1 into culture supernatant as measured by ELISA (FIG. 34H). Synovial fibroblasts, the active players in synovial inflammation (Muller-Ladner et al., 2007), also showed increased IL-1 mRNA expression upon GM-CSF stimulation (FIG. 34I). An inducible effect of GM-CSF on TNF- expression was not observed in BMDMs, BMDCs or synovial fibroblasts (data not shown). Given the functional importance of IL-6 and IL-1 in arthritis development (Choy and Panayi, 2001), T.sub.H-cell-secreted GM-CSF may mediate synovial inflammation also via eliciting the expression of IL- and IL-1 from myeloid cells and synovial fibroblasts.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Summary of genes differentially expressed in T.sub.H1, T.sub.H17, and T.sub.H-GM cells Genes differentially Genes differentially expressed in T.sub.H1 expressed in T.sub.H17 Gene Gene ID Gene Title ID Gene Title 10366586 interferon gamma 10353415 interleukin 17F 10598013 chemokine (C-C 10511779 ATPase, H+ motif) receptor 5 /// transporting, chemokine (C-C lysosomal V0 motif) receptor 2 subunit D2 10523717 secreted 10345762 interleukin 1 phosphoprotein 1 receptor, type 1 10420308 granzyme B 10359697 chemokine (C motif) ligand 1 10545135 interleukin 12 10587639 5 nucleotidase, receptor, beta 2 ecto 10531724 placenta-specific 8 10501860 formin binding protein 1-like 10363070 glycoprotein 49 A /// 10345032 interleukin 17A leukocyte immunoglobulin- like receptor, subfamily B, member 4 10363082 leukocyte 10446965 RAS, guanyl immunoglobulin- releasing protein 3 like receptor, subfamily B, member 4 10424683 lymphocyte antigen 10565990 ADP- 6 complex, locus G ribosyltransferase 2a 10552406 natural killer cell 10465059 cathepsin W group 7 sequence 10603151 glycoprotein m6b 10358476 proteoglycan 4 (megakaryocyte stimulating factor, articular superficial zone protein) 10360173 SLAM family 10471953 activin receptor member 7 IIA 10455961 interferon inducible 10400006 aryl-hydrocarbon GTPase 1 receptor 10400304 EGL nine homolog 10409876 cytotoxic T 3 (C. elegans) lymphocyte- associated protein 2 alpha 10574023 metallothionein 2 10388591 carboxypeptidase D 10493108 cellular retinoic 10390640 IKAROS family acid binding protein zinc finger 3 II 10375436 family with 10590623 chemokine (C-X- sequence similarity C motif) receptor 71, member B 6 10398039 serine (or cysteine) 10367734 uronyl-2- peptidase inhibitor, sulfotransferase clade A, member 3F /// serine (or cysteine) peptidase inhibitor, clade A, member 3G 10349108 serine (or cysteine) 10500656 CD101 antigen peptidase inhibitor, clade B, member 5 10607738 carbonic anhydrase 10347895 WD repeat 5b, mitochondrial domain 69 10496539 guanylate binding 10495854 protease, serine, protein 5 12 neurotrypsin (motopsin) 10373918 leukemia inhibitory 10425049 apolipoprotein factor L9b /// apolipoprotein L9a 10455954 predicted gene 4951 10378286 integrin alpha E, epithelial- associated 10598976 tissue inhibitor of 10362896 CD24a antigen metalloproteinase 1 10492136 doublecortin-like 10409866 cytotoxic T kinase 1 lymphocyte- associated protein 2 beta 10405211 growth arrest and 10400989 potassium DNA-damage- voltage-gated inducible 45 gamma channel, subfamily H (eag- related), member 5 10503202 chromodomain 10590242 chemokine (C-C helicase DNA motif) receptor 8 binding protein 7 10542275 ets variant gene 6 10407435 aldo-keto (TEL oncogene) reductase family 1, member Cl8 10556820 transmembrane 10592023 amyloid beta protein 159 (A4) precursor- like protein 2 10444291 histocompatibility 10359480 dynamin 3 2, class II antigen A, beta 1 10439299 stefin A3 10475544 sema domain, transmembrane domain (TM), and cytoplasmic domain, (semaphorin) 6D 10547641 solute carrier family 10409767 golgi membrane 2 (facilitated glucose protein 1 transporter), member 3 10503200 chromodomain 10392464 family with helicase DNA sequence binding protein 7 similarity 20, member A 10544320 RIKEN cDNA 10504891 transmembrane 1810009J06 gene /// protein with EGF- predicted gene 2663 like and two follistatin-like domains 1 10503218 chromodomain 10504817 transforming helicase DNA growth factor, binding protein 7 beta receptor 1 10503198 chromodomain 10393559 tissue inhibitor of helicase DNA metalloproteinase binding protein 7 2 10507594 solute earner family 10474419 leucine-rich 2 (facilitated glucose repeat-containing transporter), G protein-coupled member 1 receptor 4 10438626 ets variant gene 5 10456492 DNA segment, Chr 18, ERATO Doi 653, expressed 10390328 T-box 21 10345241 dystonin 10574027 metallothionein 1 10471555 angiopoietin-like 2 10493820 S100 calcium 10494821 tetraspanin 2 binding protein A6 (calcyclin) 10376324 predicted gene 10542355 epithelial 12250 membrane protein 1 10406852 calponin 3, acidic 10500295 pleckstrin homology domain containing, family O member 1 10412076 gem (nuclear 10375402 a disintegrin and organelle) metallopeptidase associated protein 8 domain 19 (meltrin beta) 10496555 guanylate binding 10484227 SEC 14 and protein 1 /// spectrin domains guanylate binding 1 protein 5 10345074 centrin 4 10472097 formin-like 2 10503194 chromodomain 10587829 procollagen helicase DNA lysine, 2- binding protein 7 oxoglutarate 5- dioxygenase 2 10537561 RIKEN cDNA 10530536 tec protein 1810009J06 gene /// tyrosine kinase predicted gene 2663 10439895 activated leukocyte 10586700 RAR-related cell adhesion orphan receptor molecule alpha 10459772 lipase, endothelial 10354191 ring finger protein 149 10439762 S- 10438738 B-cell adenosylhomocysteine leukemia/lymphoma hydrolase 6 10482030 stomatin 10347888 chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20 10459905 SET binding 10440131 G protein- protein 1 coupled receptor 15 10357833 ATPase, Ca++ 10453057 cytochrome P450, transporting, plasma family 1, membrane 4 subfamily b, polypeptide 1 /// RIKEN cDNA 1700038P13 gene 10475517 expressed sequence 10542140 killer cell lectin- AA467197 /// like receptor microRNA 147 subfamily B member 1F 10585778 sema domain, 10471880 microRNA 181b-2 immunoglobulin domain (Ig), and GPI membrane anchor, (semaphorin) 7A 10354529 RIKEN cDNA 10542791 PTPRF 1700019D03 gene interacting protein, binding protein 1 (liprin beta 1) 10582275 solute carrier family 10583242 sestrin 3 7 (cationic amino acid transporter, y+ system), member 5 10576034 interferon 10489569 phospholipid regulatory factor 8 transfer protein /// cathepsin A 10503222 chromodomain 10523297 cyclin G2 helicase DNA binding protein 7 10503220 chromodomain 10381187 ATPase, H+ helicase DNA transporting, binding protein 7 lysosomal V0 subunit A1 10503210 chromodomain 10346651 bone helicase DNA morphogenic binding protein 7 protein receptor, type II (serine/threonine kinase) 10476945 cystatin F 10490159 prostate (leukocystatin) transmembrane protein, androgen induced 1 10503216 chromodomain 10389581 yippee-like 2 helicase DNA (Drosophila) binding protein 7 10366983 transmembrane 10581992 avian protein 194 musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma (v-maf) AS42 oncogene homolog 10495675 coagulation factor 10413250 cytoplasmic III polyadenylated homeobox 10421697 RIKEN cDNA 10555063 integrator 9030625A04 gene complex subunit 4 10445112 ubiquitin D 10406982 a disintegrin-like and metallopeptidase (reprolysin type) with thrombospondin type 1 motif, 6 10530627 leucine rich repeat 10596303 acid phosphatase, containing 66 prostate 10440019 transmembrane 10357472 chemokine (C-X- protein 45a C motif) receptor 4 10378783 ribosomal protein 10545130 growth arrest and L36 DNA-damage- inducible 45 alpha 10447341 ras homolog gene 10436402 claudin domain family, member Q /// containing 1 phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis, class F 10373452 predicted gene 129 10539135 capping protein (actin filament), gelsolin-like 10454286 microtubule- 10428534 trichorhinophalangeal associated protein, syndrome 1 RP/EB family, (human) member 2 10572497 interleukin 12 10368675 myristoylated receptor, beta 1 alanine rich protein kinase C substrate 10368060 epithelial cell 10531910 hydroxysteroid transforming (17-beta) sequence 2 dehydrogenase 13 oncogene-like 10471457 ST6 (alpha-N- 10370303 adenosine acetyl-neuraminyl- deaminase, RNA- 2,3-beta-galactosyl- specific, B1 1,3)-N- acetylgalactosaminide alpha-2,6- sialyltransferase 4 10374366 epidermal growth 10592888 chemochine (C- factor receptor X-C motif) receptor 5 10450501 tumor necrosis 10503259 transformation factor related protein 53 inducible nuclear protein 1 10347291 chemokine (C-X-C 10446771 lysocardiolipin motif) receptor 2 acyltransferase 1 10553501 solute carrier family 10428579 exostoses 17 (sodium- (multiple) 1 dependent inorganic phosphate cotransporter), member 6 10345824 interleukin 18 10476314 prion protein receptor accessory protein 10458314 transmembrane 10406598 serine protein 173 incorporator 5 10388430 serine (or cysteine) 10461765 leupaxin peptidase inhibitor, clade F, member 1 10496015 phospholipase A2, 10428536 trichorhinophalangeal group XIIA syndrome 1 (human) 10510391 spermidine synthase 10362245 erythrocyte protein band 4.1- like 2 10486396 EH-domain 10604008 predicted gene containing 4 10058 /// predicted gene 10230 /// predicted gene 10486 /// predicted gene 14632 /// predicted gene 14819 /// predicted gene 4836 /// predicted gene 2012 /// predicted gene 5169 /// predicted gene 6121 /// Sycp3 like X-linked /// predicted gene 5168 /// predicted gene 10488 /// predicted gene 14525 /// predicted gene 5935 10368054 epithelial cell 10409857 RIKEN cDNA transforming 4930486L24 gene sequence 2 oncogene-like 10608637 na 10522368 NIPA-like domain containing 1 10595718 carbohydrate 10368720 solute carrier sulfotransferase 2 family 16 (monocarboxylic acid transporters), member 10 10496580 guanylate binding 10438639 diacylglycerol protein 3 kinase, gamma 10594053 promyelocytic 10499431 synaptotagmin XI leukemia 10544829 JAZF zinc finger 1 10565840 neuraminidase 3 10601778 armadillo repeat 10494023 RAR-related containing, X-linked orphan receptor 3 gamma 10355967 adaptor-related 10391103 junction protein complex AP- plakoglobin 1, sigma 3 10592503 cytotoxic and 10417053 muscleblind-like regulatory T cell 2 molecule 10496023 caspase 6 10350341 microRNA 181b-1 10599192 LON peptidase N- 10459071 RIKEN cDNA terminal domain and 2010002N04 gene ring finger 3 10467578 phosphoinositide-3- 10463476 Kazal-type serine kinase adaptor peptidase inhibitor protein 1 domain 1 10585703 ribonuclease P 25 10348537 receptor subunit (human) (calcitonin) activity modifying protein 1 10365482 tissue inhibitor of 10348432 ArfGAP with metalloproteinase 3 GTPase domain, ankyrin repeat and PH domain 1 10469151 inter-alpha 10576332 tubulin, beta 3 /// (globulin) inhibitor melanocortin 1 H5 receptor 10503192 chromodomain 10554094 insulin-like helicase DNA growth factor 1 binding protein 7 receptor 10593050 interleukin 10 10495794 phosphodiesterase receptor, alpha 5A, cGMP- specific 10597648 myeloid 10569504 tumor necrosis differentiation factor receptor primary response superfamily, gene 88 member 23 10538290 sorting nexin 10 10452516 ankyrin repeat domain 12 10503204 chromodomain 10534596 cut-like helicase DNA homeobox 1 binding protein 7 10353707 protein tyrosine 10362073 serum/glucocorticoid phosphatase 4a1 /// regulated protein tyrosine kinase 1 phosphatase 4a1- like 10377010 SCO cytochrome 10408331 acyl-CoA oxidase deficient thioesterase 13 homolog 1 (yeast) 10440903 RIKEN cDNA 10415413 NYN domain and 4932438H23 gene retroviral integrase containing 10521205 SH3-domain 10598359 synaptophysin binding protein 2 10604587 microRNA 363 10544114 homeodomain interacting protein kinase 2 10571958 SH3 domain 10436128 myosin, heavy- containing ring chain 15 finger 1 10357553 interleukin 24 10408450 SRY-box containing gene 4 10606730 armadillo repeat 10487011 glycine containing, X-linked amidinotransferase 6 (L- arginine: glycine amidinotransferase) 10564960 furin (paired basic 10378833 slingshot amino acid cleaving homolog 2 enzyme) (Drosophila) 10402585 tryptophanyl-tRNA 10521498 collapsin synthetase response mediator protein 1 10417095 FERM, RhoGEF 10538939 eukaryotic (Arhgef) and translation pleckstrin domain initiation factor 2 protein 1 alpha kinase 3 (chondrocyte- derived) 10442435 ribonucleic acid 10585276 POU domain, binding protein S1 class 2, associating factor 1 10394990 membrane bound 10512156 aquaporin 3 O-acyltransferase domain containing 2 10538753 atonal homolog 1 10469110 USP6 N-terminal (Drosophila) like 10351667 signaling 10568392 regulator of G- lymphocytic protein signalling activation molecule 10 family member 1 10461844 guanine nucleotide 10603346 proteolipid binding protein, protein 2 alpha q polypeptide 10422057 ribosomal protein 10353947 transmembrane L7A protein 131 10572897 heme oxygenase 10452633 TGFB-induced (decycling) 1 factor homeobox 1 10507784 palmitoyl-protein 10380289 monocyte to thioesterase 1 macrophage differentiation- associated 10445702 ubiquitin specific 10521969 IMP1 inner peptidase 49 mitochondrial membrane peptidase-like (S. cerevisiae) 10569057 ribonuclease/ 10521678 CD38 antigen angiogenin inhibitor 1 10370471 1-acylglycerol-3- 10592515 ubiquitin phosphate O- associated and acyltransferase 3 SH3 domain containing, B 10586591 carbonic 10512470 CD72 antigen anyhydrase 12 10512701 translocase of outer 10587085 cDNA sequence mitochondrial BC031353 membrane 5 homolog (yeast) 10462702 HECT domain 10492689 platelet-derived containing 2 growth factor, C polypeptide 10552740 nucleoporin 62 /// 10514221 perilipin 2 Nup62-Il4i1 protein 10581996 chromodomain 10458247 leucine rich protein, Y repeat chromosome-like 2 transmembrane neuronal 2 10363901 ets variant gene 5 10468898 lymphocyte transmembrane adaptor 1 10520862 fos-like antigen 2 10555059 potassium channel tetramerisation domain containing 14 10526520 procollagen-lysine, 10408629 RIKEN cDNA 2-oxoglutarate 5- 1300014106 gene dioxygenase 3 10571274 glutathione 10546510 leucine-rich reductase repeats and immunoglobulin- like domains 1 10351206 selectin, platelet 10544596 transmembrane protein 176B 10493474 mucin 1, 10361748 F-box protein 30 transmembrane 10370000 glutathione S- 10356291 RIKEN cDNA transferase, theta 1 A530040E14 gene 10500272 predicted gene 129 10581450 DEAD (Asp-Glu- Ala-Asp) box polypeptide 28 10452815 xanthine 10414417 pellino 2 dehydrogenase 10393823 prolyl 4- 10372528 potassium large hydroxylase, beta conductance polypeptide calcium-activated channel, subfamily M, beta member 4 /// RIKEN cDNA 1700058G18 gene 10408280 leucine rich repeat 10408613 tubulin, beta 2B containing 16A 10575685 nudix (nucleoside 10411274 synaptic vesicle diphosphate linked glycoprotein 2c moiety X)-type motif 7 10599174 interleukin 13 10456357 phorbol-12- receptor, alpha 1 myristate-13- acetate-induced protein 1 10458940 zinc finger protein 10511498 pleckstrin 608 homology domain containing, family F (with FYVE domain) member 2 10476197 inosine 10402136 G protein- triphosphatase coupled receptor (nucleoside 68 triphosphate pyrophosphatase) 10419790 ajuba 10549990 vomeronasal 1 receptor, G10 /// vomernasal 1 receptor Vmn1r- ps4 /// vomeronasal 1 receptor 3 /// vomeronasal 1 receptor Vmn1r238 /// vomeronasal 1 receptor 2 10364909 ornithine 10554789 cathepsin C decarboxylase antizyme 1 /// ornithine decarboxylase antizyme 1 pseudogene 10503190 chromodomain 10427928 triple functional helicase DNA domain (PTPRF binding protein 7 interacting) 10516932 sestrin 2 10549162 ST8 alpha N acetyl- neuraminide alpha-2,8- sialyltransferase 1 10585338 KDEL (Lys-Asp- 10482109 mitochondrial Glu-Leu) containing ribosome 2 recycling factor /// RNA binding motif protein 18 10464425 G protein-coupled 10425092 cytohesin 4 receptor kinase 5 10441601 T-cell activation 10356866 programmed cell Rho GTPase- death 1 activating protein 10482059 glycoprotein 10554204 ATP/GTP galactosyltransferase binding protein- alpha 1,3 like 1 10522411 cell wall biogenesis 10403229 integrin beta 8 43 C-terminal homolog (S. cerevisiae) 10369276 coiled-coil domain 10374529 expressed containing 109A sequence AV249152 10368970 PR domain 10565434 ribosomal protein containing 1, with S13 ZNF domain 10369541 hexokinase 1 10431266 ceramide kinase 10374236 uridine 10410124 cathepsin L phosphorylase 1 10489660 engulfment and cell 10441003 runt related motility 2, ced-12 transcription homolog factor 1 (C. elegans) 10488797 peroxisomal 10555303 phosphoglucomutase membrane protein 4 2-like 1 10558090 transforming, acidic 10530215 RIKEN cDNA coiled-coil 1110003E01 gene containing protein 2 10409265 AU RNA binding 10480275 nebulette protein/enoyl- coenzyme A hydratase 10374364 thymoma viral 10434302 kelch-like 24 proto-oncogene 2 (Drosophila) 10598575 LanC (antibiotic 10565002 CREB regulated synthetase transcription component C-like 3 coactivator 3 (bacterial) 10439514 growth associated 10413338 na protein 43 10497842 Bardet-Biedl 10523670 AF4/FMR2 syndrome 7 (human) family, member 1 10462091 Kruppel-like factor 10478594 cathepsin A 9 /// predicted gene 9971 10498024 solute carrier family 10514128 tetratricopeptide 7 (cationic amino repeat domain acid transporter, y+ 39B system), member 11 10483719 chimerin 10535956 StAR-related (chimaerin) 1 lipid transfer (START) domain containing 13 10606694 Bruton 10503695 BTB and CNC agammaglobulinemia homology 2 tyrosine kinase 10443110 synaptic Ras 10584334 sialic acid GTPase activating acetylesterase protein 1 homolog (rat) 10368062 epithelial cell 10502890 ST6 (alpha-N- transforming acetyl- sequence 2 neuraminyl-2,3- oncogene-like beta-galactosyl- 1,3)-N- acetylgalactosaminide alpha-2,6- sialyltransferase 3 10575693 vesicle amine 10564467 leucine rich transport protein 1 repeat containing homolog-like 28 (T. californica) 10562897 zinc finger protein 10345715 mitogen-activated 473 /// vaccinia protein kinase related kinase 3 kinase kinase kinase 4 10373709 eukaryotic 10568668 a disintegrin and translation initiation metallopeptidase factor 4E nuclear domain 12 import factor 1 (meltrin alpha) 10487238 histidine 10462406 RIKEN cDNA decarboxylase C030046E11 gene 10594988 mitogen-activated 10472649 myosin IIIB protein kinase 6 10422436 dedicator of 10363894 inositol cytokinesis 9 polyphosphate multikinase 10459084 synaptopodin 10606058 chemokine (C-X- C motif) receptor 3 10567450 dynein, axonemal, 10439955 family with heavy chain 3 sequence similarity 55, member C 10604751 fibroblast growth 10530615 OC1A domain factor 13 containing 2 10584827 myelin protein 10528183 spermatogenesis zero-like 2 associated glutamate (E)-rich protein 4d /// spermatogenesis associated glutamate (E)-rich protein 4c /// spermatogenesis associated glutamate (E)-rich protein 4e /// predicted gene 9758 /// RIKEN cDNA 4930572O03 gene /// spermatogenesis associated glutamate (E)-rich protein 7, pseudogene 1 /// predicted gene 7361 10473356 ubiquitin- 10488507 abhydrolase conjugating enzyme domain containing E2L6 12 10498350 purinergic receptor 10420668 microRNA 15a P2Y, G-protein coupled, 14 10497862 transient receptor 10469951 ring finger potential cation protein 208 channel, subfamily C, member 3 10368056 epithelial cell 10501629 CDC14 cell transforming division cycle 14 sequence 2 homolog A oncogene-like (S. cerevisiae) 10425357 Smith-Magenis 10386789 Unc-51 like syndrome kinase 2 chromosome region, (C. elegans) candidate 7-like (human) 10498952 guanylate cyclase 1, 10401138 ATPase, H+ soluble, alpha 3 transporting, lysosomal V1 subunit D 10548905 epidermal growth 10554118 family with factor receptor sequence pathway substrate 8 similarity 169, member B 10579703 calcium 10603843 synapsin I homeostasis endoplasmic reticulum protein /// RIKEN cDNA 1700030K09 gene 10404630 RIO kinase 1 10575184 WW domain (yeast) containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2 10518069 EF hand domain 10537712 glutathione S- containing 2 transferase kappa 1 10469672 glutamic acid 10511541 dpy-19-like 4 decarboxylase 2 (C. elegans) 10526941 RIKEN cDNA 10394816 predicted gene D830046C22 gene 9282 10567448 dynein, axonemal, 10587503 SH3 domain heavy chain 3 binding glutamic acid-rich protein like 2 10437885 myosin, heavy 10411359 proteolipid polypeptide 11, protein 2 smooth muscle 10600122 X-linked 10579939 ubiquitin specific lymphocyte- peptidase 38 /// regulated 3B /// X- predicted gene linked lymphocyte- 9725 regulated 3C /// X- linked lymphocyte- regulated 3A 10587665 RIKEN cDNA 10370242 poly(rC) binding 4930579C12 gene protein 3 10350753 glutamate- ammonia ligase (glutamine synthetase) 10456296 mucosa associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation gene 1 10380571 guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), gamma transducing activity polypeptide 2 /// ABI gene family, member 3 10369413 sphingosine phosphate lyase 1 10552276 ubiquitin- conjugating enzyme E2H /// predicted gene 2058 10394532 ubiquitin- conjugating enzyme E2F (putative) /// ubiquitin- conjugating enzyme E2F (putative) pseudogene 10556463 aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like 10471994 kinesin family member 5C 10395328 sorting nexin 13 10599348 glutamate receptor, ionotropic, AMPA3 (alpha 3) 10601595 RIKEN cDNA 3110007F17 gene /// predicted gene 6604 /// predicted gene 5167 /// predicted gene 2411 /// predicted gene 14957 10372891 SLIT-ROBO Rho GTPase activating protein 1 10355024 islet cell autoantigen 1-like 10518147 podoplanin 10473537 olfactory receptor 1123 10424411 tumor susceptibility gene 101 10439960 centrosomal protein 97 10551852 CAP-GLY domain containing linker protein 3 10599291 reproductive homeobox 4E /// reproductive homeobox 4G /// reproductive homeobox 4F /// reproductive homeobox 4A /// reproductive homeobox 4C /// reproductive homeobox 4B /// reproductive homeobox 4D 10587315 glutathione S- transferase, alpha 4 10447167 metastasis associated 3 10480288 nebulette 10491300 SKl-like 10596637 mitogen-activated protein kinase- activated protein kinase 3 10518019 DNA-damage inducible protein 2 /// regulatory solute carrier protein, family 1, member 1 10384685 RIKEN cDNA 1700093K21 gene (0439483 Rho GTPase activating protein 31 10353844 neuralized homolog 3 homolog (Drosophila) 10459604 RIKEN cDNA 4933403F05 gene 10488892 transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily C, member 4 associated protein 10542822 RAB15 effector protein 10553354 neuron navigator 2 10425966 ataxin 10 10360506 thymoma viral proto-oncogene 3 10531610 RasGEF domain family, member 1B 10417787 guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), gamma 2 10381588 granulin 10437080 tetratricopeptide repeat domain 3 10509560 ribosomal protein L38 10466886 na 10580457 NEDD4 binding protein 1 10451061 runt related transcription factor 2 10433953 yippee-like 1 (Drosophila) 10447461 stonin 1 10501909 methyltransferase like 14 /// Sec24 related gene family, member D (S. cerevisiae) 10519693 sema domain, immunoglobulin domain (Ig), short basic domain, secreted, (semaphorin) 3D 10385557 CCR4-NOT transcription complex, subunit 6 10413047 plasminogen activator, urokinase 10406663 arylsulfatase B 10430113 Rho GTPase activating protein 39 10475830 mitochondrial ribosomal protein S5 10410892 RAS p21 protein activator 1 10515994 stromal membrane- associated GTPase-activating protein 2 10410099 CDC14 cell division cycle 14 homolog B (S. cerevisiae) 10428157 ring finger protein 19A 10563643 tumor susceptibility gene 101 10412260 follistatin /// thyroid hormone receptor associated protein 3 10386539 similar to ubiquitin A-52 residue ribosomal protein fusion product 1 10415574 cyclin 1 10494978 protein tyrosine phosphatase, non- receptor type 22 (lymphoid) 10511416 thymocyte selection- associated high mobility group box 10562500 dpy-19-like 3 (C. elegans) 10568135 proline-rich transmembrane protein 2 /// RIKEN cDNA 2900092E17 gene 10514466 Jun oncogene 10500847 membrane associated guanylate kinase, WW and PDZ domain containing 3 10549760 zinc finger protein 580 10549377 RIKEN cDNA 1700034J05 gene 10430174 apolipoprotein L9a /// apolipoprotein L9b 10474333 elongation protein 4 homolog (S. cerevisiae) 10560791 predicted gene, EG381936 /// predicted gene 6176 10407159 ankyrin repeat domain 55 10603659 mediator complex subunit 14 10576854 cortexin 1 10353775 BEN domain containing 6 10573865 predicted gene 3579 10356886 solute carrier organic anion transporter family, member 4C1 10507273 phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase, regulatory subunit, polypeptide 3 (p55) 10424252 WDYHV motif containing 1 10518735 splA/ryanodine receptor domain and SOCS box containing 1 10562576 pleckstrin homology domain containing, family F (with FYVE domain) member 1 10375667 ring finger protein 130 10528268 protein tyrosine phosphatase, non- receptor type 12 10593205 REX2, RNA exonuclease 2 homolog (S. cerevisiae) 10576056 microtubule- associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta 10547916 parathymosin 10377689 gamma- aminobutyric acid receptor associated protein 10602307 ovary testis transcribed /// predicted gene 15085 /// predicted gene 15127 /// predicted gene, OTTMUSG00000019001 /// leucine zipper protein 4 /// predicted gene 15097 /// predicted gene 15091 /// predicted gene 10439 /// predicted gene 15128 10426835 DIP2 disco- interacting protein 2 homolog B (Drosophila) 10439798 DAZ interacting protein 3, zinc finger 10375614 glutamine fructose-6- phosphate transaminase 2 10361882 NHS-like 1 10419274 glia maturation factor, beta 10424781 glutamate receptor, ionotropic, N- methyl D- aspartate- associated protein 1 (glutamate binding) 10546960 na 10514713 WD repeat domain 78 10394954 grainyhead-like 1 (Drosophila) 10437205 Purkinje cell protein 4 10464251 attractin like 1 10496251 3- hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, type 2 10396383 solute carrier family 38, member 6 10585794 cytochrome P450, family 11, subfamily a, polypeptide 1 10385719 Sec24 related gene family, member A (S. cerevisiae) 10407358 polyadenylate binding protein- interacting protein 1 10498775 golgi integral membrane protein 4 10584435 von Willebrand factor A domain containing 5A 10466304 deltex 4 homolog (Drosophila) 10598292 forkhead box P3 /// RIKEN cDNA 4930524L23 gene /// coiled-coil domain containing 22 10472440 Taxi (human T- cell leukemia virus type I) binding protein 3 10398455 protein phosphatase 2, regulatory subunit B (B56), gamma isoform 10493076 SH2 domain protein 2A 10409152 RIKEN cDNA 1110007C09 gene 10542880 RIKEN cDNA 4833442J19 gene 10378523 Smg-6 homolog, nonsense mediated mRNA decay factor (C. elegans) 10531560 anthrax toxin receptor 2 10467319 retinol binding protein 4, plasma 10395978 predicted gene 527 10471715 mitochondrial ribosome recycling factor 10511755 WW domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 10353754 zinc finger protein 451 10477572 chromatin modifying protein 4B 10359161 sterol O- acyltransferase 1 10462035 lactate dehydrogenase B 10543319 family with sequence similarity 3, member C 10579052 predicted gene 10033 10475532 sulfide quinone reductase-like (yeast) 10428857 metastasis suppressor 1 10475144 calpain 3 /// glucosidase, alpha; neutral C 10396645 zinc finger and BTB domain containing 1 10428302 Kruppel-like factor 10 10577882 heparan-alpha- glucosaminide N- acetyltransferase 10548069 dual-specificity tyrosine-(Y)- phosphorylation regulated kinase 4 10436053 developmental pluripotency associated 2 10401564 RIKEN cDNA 1110018G07 gene 10471535 family with sequence similarity 129, member B 10349404 mannoside acetylglucosaminyltransferase 5 10520173 amiloride- sensitive cation channel 3 10508860 solute carrier family 9 (sodium/hydrogen exchanger), member 1 10374500 vacuolar protein sorting 54 (yeast) 10387723 RIKEN cDNA 2810408A11 gene 10488020 thioredoxin- related transmembrane protein 4 10411126 junction- mediating and regulatory protein 10345706 DNA segment, Chr 1, Brigham & Womens Genetics 0212 expressed 10364375 cystatin B 10480379 mitochondrial ribosomal protein S5 10521243 G protein- coupled receptor kinase 4 10497920 ankyrin repeat domain 50 10593723 acyl-CoA synthetase bubblegum family member 1 10375634 mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 10384555 aftiphilin 10468113 Kv channel- interacting protein 2 10423363 progressive ankylosis 10538150 transmembrane protein 176A 10396485 synaptic nuclear envelope 2 10401007 protein phosphatase 2, regulatory subunit B (B56), epsilon isoform 10419151 eosinophil- associated, ribonuclease A family, member 1 10390768 SWI/SNF related, matrix associated, actin dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily e, member 1 10478145 protein phosphatase 1, regulatory (inhibitor) subunit 16B 10433057 calcium binding and coiled coil domain 1 10545921 MAX dimerization protein 1 10392449 WD repeat domain, phosphoinositide interacting 1 10545608 sema domain, immunoglobulin domain (Ig), TM domain, and short cytoplasmic domain 10567219 ADP-ribosylation factor-like 6 interacting protein 1 10471201 c-abl oncogene 1, receptor tyrosine kinase 10505841 predicted gene 13271 /// predicted gene 13290 /// predicted gene 13277 /// predicted gene 13276 10414360 lectin, galactose binding, soluble 3 10403258 guanosine diphosphate (GDP) dissociation inhibitor 2 10476759 Ras and Rab interactor 2 10430866 cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily d, polypeptide 10 10432619 POU domain, class 6, transcription factor 1 10521972 protocadherin 7 10350646 ER degradation enhancer, mannosidase alpha-like 3 10440993 regulator of calcineurin 1 10505008 solute carrier family 44, member 1 10566670 olfactory receptor 478 10356172 phosphotyrosine interaction domain containing 1 10418506 stabilin 1 10419429 olfactory receptor 723 /// olfactory receptor 724 10581434 dipeptidase 2 10401365 zinc finger, FYVE domain containing 1 10591188 olfactory receptor 843 10565846 signal peptidase complex subunit 2 homolog (S. cerevisiae) 10467258 myoferlin 10548547 predicted gene 6600 10523012 deoxycytidine kinase 10348547 ubiquitin- conjugating enzyme E2F (putative) 10483667 corepressor interacting with RBPJ, 1 10584071 PR domain containing 10 10585249 protein phosphatase 2 (formerly 2A), regulatory subunit A (PR 65), beta isoform 10546137 ankyrin repeat and BTB (POZ) domain containing 1 10484720 olfactory receptor 1166 10571415 vacuolar protein sorting 37 A (yeast) 10595189 solute carrier family 17 (anion/sugar transporter), member 5 10584426 olfactory receptor 910 10585986 myosin IXa 10401753 VPS33B interacting protein, apical- basolateral polarity regulator 10349793 dual serine/threonine and tyrosine protein kinase 10527528 SWI/SNF related, matrix associated, actin dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily e, member 1 10485767 olfactory receptor 1277 10557459 mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 10471486 endoglin 10420846 frizzled homolog 3 (Drosophila) 10405849 olfactory receptor 466 10568691 RIKEN cDNA A130023I24 gene 10351111 dynamin 3, opposite strand /// microRNA 214 /// microRNA 199a-2 10540785 RIKEN cDNA 6720456B07 gene 10540923 makorin, ring finger protein, 2 10413416 interleukin 17 receptor D 10386636 ubiquitin specific peptidase 22 10383799 transcobalamin 2 Genes differentially Genes upregulated Genes downregulated on upregulated in T.sub.H-GM cells on T.sub.H-GM surface T.sub.H-GM cells surface Gene Gene Gene ID Gene Title ID Gene Title Symbol Gene Title 10385918 interleukin 3 10435704 CD80 antigen Ly6a lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus A 10511363 preproenkephalin 10548409 killer cell lectin- Cd27 CD27 antigen like receptor subfamily C, member 1 10497878 interleukin 2 10421737 tumor necrosis Sell selectin, factor (ligand) lymphocyte superfamily, member 11 10385912 colony 10597420 chemokine (C-C Ctsw cathepsin W stimulating factor motif) receptor 4 2 (granulocyte- macrophage) 10404422 serine (or 10441633 chemokine (C-C Ltb lymphotoxin B cysteine) motif) receptor 6 peptidase inhibitor, clade B, member 6b 10408689 neuritin 1 10365933 early endosome Gngt2 guanine nucleotide antigen 1 binding protein (G protein), gamma transducing activity polypeptide 2 /// ABI gene family, member 3 10467979 stearoyl- 10404840 CD83 antigen Gpr18 G protein-coupled Coenzyme A receptor 18 desaturase 1 10469312 phosphotriesterase 10359434 Fas ligand (TNF Igfbp4 insulin-like growth related /// superfamily, factor binding Clq-like 3 member 6) protein 4 10435704 CD80 antigen 10344966 lymphocyte Il17ra interleukin 17 antigen 96 receptor A 10502655 cysteine rich 10345752 interleukin 1 Il18r1 interleukin 18 protein 61 receptor, type II receptor 1 10350159 ladinin 10439527 T cell Klrd1 killer cell lectin- immunoreceptor like receptor, with Ig and ITIM subfamily D, domains member 1 10548409 killer ceil lectin- 10494595 Notch gene Mctp2 multiple C2 like receptor homolog 2 domains, subfamily C, (Drosophila) transmembrane 2 member 1 10571399 zinc finger, 10597279 chemokine (C-C Ms4a6b membrane- DHHC domain motif) receptor- spanning 4- containing 2 like 2 domains, subfamily A, member 6B 10538791 TNFAIP3 10485405 CD44 antigen Pld3 phospholipase D interacting family, member 3 protein 3 10407126 polo-like kinase 10561104 AXL receptor Pyhin1 pyrin and HIN 2 (Drosophila) tyrosine kinase domain family, member 1 10355984 serine (or 10585048 cell adhesion S1pr1 sphingosine-1- cysteine) molecule 1 phosphate receptor peptidase 1 inhibitor, clade E, member 2 10421737 tumor necrosis Slc44a2 solute carrier factor (ligand) family 44, member superfamily, 2 member 11 10503023 cystathionase (cystathionine gamma-lyase) 10389207 chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 10361887 PERP, TP53 apoptosis effector 10530841 insulin-like growth factor binding protein 7 10504838 nuclear receptor subfamily 4, group A, member 3 10482762 isopentenyl- diphosphate delta isomerase 10597420 chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 4 10441633 chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 6 10595402 family with sequence similarity 46, member A 10480139 Clq-like 3 /// phosphotriesterase related 10540472 basic helix-loop- helix family, member e40 10404429 serine (or cysteine) peptidase inhibitor, clade B, member 9 10595404 family with sequence similarity 46, member A 10365933 early endosome antigen 1 10384373 fidgetin-like 1 10400072 scinderin 10377938 enolase 3, beta muscle 10589994 eomesodermin homolog (Xenopus laevis) 10404840 CD83 antigen 10485624 proline rich Gla (G- carboxyglutamic acid) 4 (transmembrane) 10369102 predicted gene 9766 10505030 fibronectin type III and SPRY domain containing 1-like 10606868 brain expressed gene 1 10501832 ATP-binding cassette, sub- family D (ALD), member 3 10457225 mitogen- activated protein kinase kinase kinase 8 10554521 phosphodiesterase 8A 10446229 tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 9 10593842 tetraspanin 3 10407211 phosphatidic acid phosphatase type 2A 10488655 BCL2-like 1 10470182 brain expressed myelocytomatosis oncogene 10445977 Epstein-Barr virus induced gene 3 10587495 interleukin-1 receptor- associated kinase 1 binding protein 1 10419082 RIKEN cDNA 5730469M10 gene 10472212 plakophilin 4 10487588 interleukin 1 alpha 10359434 Fas ligand (TNF superfamily, member 6) 10351015 serine (or cysteine) peptidase inhibitor, clade C (antithrombin), member 1 10344966 lymphocyte antigen 96 10488415 cystatin C 10598771 monoamine oxidase A 10345752 interleukin 1 receptor, type II 10588577 cytokine inducible SH2- containing protein 10439527 T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains 10511258 family with sequence similarity 132, member A 10403584 nidogen 1 10399973 histone deacetylase 9 10494595 Notch gene homolog 2 (Drosophila) 10346168 signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 10350630 family with sequence similarity 129, member A 10564667 neurotrophic tyrosine kinase, receptor, type 3 10419288 GTP cyclohydrolase 1 10407535 ribosomal protein L10A /// ribosomal protein L10A, pseudogene 2 10468945 acyl-Coenzyme A binding domain containing 7 10435271 HEG homolog 1 (zebrafish) 10576639 neuropilin 1 10505059 T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia 2 10457091 neuropilin (NRP) and tolloid (TLL)- like 1 10428081 heat-responsive protein 12 10435712 CD80 antigen 10597279 chemokine (C-C motif) receptor- like 2 10485405 CD44 antigen 10436662 microRNA 155 10562044 zinc finger and BTB domain containing 32 10463599 nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B- cells 2, p49/p100 10456005 CD74 antigen (invariant polypeptide of major histocompatibility complex, class II antigen- associated) 10490903 carbonic anhydrase 13 10468762 RIKEN cDNA 4930506M07 gene 10470316 na 10363195 heat shock factor 2 10596652 HemK methyltransferase family member 1 10435693 cytochrome c oxidase, subunit XVII assembly protein homolog (yeast) 10544660 oxysterol binding protein- like 3 10384725 reticuloendotheliosis oncogene 10408600 serine (or cysteine) peptidase inhibitor, clade B, member 6a 10391444 RUN domain containing 1 /// RIKEN cDNA 1700113I22 gene 10561516 nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B- cells inhibitor, beta 10566846 DENN/MADD domain containing 5A 10435048 Tctex1 domain containing 2 10470175 lipocalin 13 10586250 DENN/MADD domain containing 4A 10512774 coronin, actin binding protein 2A 10366546 carboxypeptidase M 10354286 KDEL (Lys- Asp-Glu-Leu) containing 1 10547621 apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide 1 10440419 B-cell translocation gene 3 /// B-cell translocation gene 3 pseudogene 10407467 aldo-keto reductase family 1, member E1 10558580 undifferentiated embryonic cell transcription factor 1 10544644 na 10424543 WNT1 inducible signaling pathway protein 1 10507137 PDZK1 interacting protein 1 10384691 RIKEN cDNA 0610010F05 gene 10565315 fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase 10586248 DENN/MADD domain containing 4A 10561104 AXL receptor tyrosine kinase 10385837 interleukin 13 10440393 SAM domain, SH3 domain and nuclear localization signals, 1 10401987 potassium channel, subfamily K, member 10 10453715 RAB18, member RAS oncogene family 10496466 alcohol dehydrogenase 4 (class II), pipolypeptide 10396712 fucosyltransferase 8 10603708 calcium/calmodulin- dependent serine protein kinase (MAGUK family) 10352178 saccharopine dehydrogenase (putative) /// similar to Saccharopine dehydrogenase (putative) 10349081 PH domain and leucine rich repeat protein phosphatase 1 10364950 growth arrest and DNA- damage- inducible 45 beta 10566877 SET binding factor 2 10575160 nuclear factor of activated T-cells 5 10458090 receptor accessory protein 5 10439845 predicted gene 5486 10461558 solute carrier family 15, member 3 10586254 DENN/MADD domain containing 4A 10574166 copine II 10598467 proviral integration site 2 10447084 galactose mutarotase 10366346 pleckstrin homology-like domain, family A, member 1 10355567 transmembrane BAX inhibitor motif containing 1 10407420 neuroepithelial cell transforming gene 1 10411882 neurolysin (metallopeptidase M3 family) 10585048 cell adhesion molecule 1 10538890 hypothetical protein LOC641050 10406681 adaptor-related protein complex 3, beta 1 subunit 10455647 tumor necrosis factor, alpha- induced protein 8 10447521 transcription factor B1, mitochondrial /// T-cell lymphoma invasion and metastasis 2 10523772 leucine rich repeat containing 8D 10417759 ubiquitin- conjugating enzyme E2E 2 (UBC4/5 homolog, yeast) 10586244 DENN/MADD domain containing 4A 10436500 glucan (1,4- alpha), branching enzyme 1 10556297 adrenomedullin 10593492 zinc finger CCCH type containing 12C 10373358 interleukin 23, alpha subunit p19 10358583 hemicentin 1 10567995 nuclear protein 1 10512030 RIKEN cDNA 3110043021 gene 10594652 lactamase, beta 10344960 transmembrane protein 70 10399908 protein kinase, cAMP dependent regulatory, type II beta 10605766 melanoma antigen, family D, 1 10474141 solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 10461909 cDNA sequence BC016495 10548030 CD9 antigen 10525473 transmembrane protein 120B 10435266 HEG homolog 1 (zebrafish) 10593483 ferredoxin 1 10476569 RIKEN cDNA 2310003L22 gene 10526718 sperm motility kinase 3A /// sperm motility kinase 3B /// sperm motility kinase 3C 10547613 ribosomal modification protein rimK-like family member B 10511446 aspartate-beta- hydroxylase 10375137 potassium large conductance calcium-activated channel, subfamily M, beta member 1 10528154 predicted gene 6455 /// RIKEN cDNA 4933402N22 gene 10514173 ribosomal protein L34 /// predicted gene 10154 /// predicted pseudogene 10086 /// predicted gene 6404 10586227 DENN/MADD domain containing 4A 10402648 brain protein 44- like 10575745 ATM interactor 10346255 ORM1-like 1 (S. cerevisiae) 10400405 nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B- cells inhibitor, alpha 10528527 family with sequence similarity 126, member A 10472738 DDB 1 and CUL4 associated factor 17 10368534 nuclear receptor coactivator 7 10407543 GTP binding protein 4 10376555 COP9 (constitutive photomorphogenic) homolog, subunit 3 (Arabidopsis thaliana) 10567297 inositol 1,4,5- triphosphate receptor interacting protein-like 2 10589886 RIKEN cDNA 4930520004 gene 10423593 lysosomal- associated protein transmembrane 4B 10577954 RAB11 family interacting protein 1 (class I) 10604528 muscleblind-like 3 (Drosophila) 10432675 RIKEN cDNA I730030J21 gene 10385747 PHD finger protein 15 10398240 echinoderm microtubule associated protein like 1 10511803 RIKEN cDNA 2610029I01 gene 10466606 annexin A1 10520304 ARP3 actin- related protein 3 homolog B (yeast) 10425903 na 10488709 RIKEN cDNA 8430427H17 gene 10376096 acyl-CoA synthetase long- chain family member 6 10429491 activity regulated cytoskeletal- associated protein 10439710 pleckstrin homology-like domain, family B, member 2 10467110 expressed sequence AI747699 10536898 interferon regulatory factor 5 10505044 fukutin 10605370 membrane protein, palmitoylated 10363669 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 12 10496727 dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 1 10587683 B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 related protein A1a /// B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 related protein A1d /// B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 related protein A1b /// B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 related protein A1e 10458816 toll like receptor adaptor molecule 2 10513008 Kruppel-like factor 4 (gut) 10550906 plasminogen activator, urokinase receptor 10362674 U3A small nuclear RNA 10473190 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 10 10477581 ribosomal protein L5 10571774 aspartylglucosaminidase 10395356 anterior gradient homolog 3 (Xenopus laevis) 10392440 solute carrier family 16 (monocarboxylic acid transporters), member 6 10352815 interferon regulatory factor 6

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[0265] While this invention has been particularly shown and described with references to example embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims.