Light weight appliance to be used with smart devices to produce shortwave infrared emission

Abstract

A short wavelength infrared (SWIR) energy emitting unit, and device having a SWIR emitting unit, for producing SWIR energy from an emission source emitting electromagnetic energy. The SWIR energy unit comprises a phosphor material, an electromagnetic energy blocking member, a substrate for delivering the system or material to an electromagnetic energy emission source, and optionally, an attachment member.

Claims

1. A short-wavelength infrared energy producing unit configured to affix to a device capable of emitting at least one source of electromagnetic energy comprising: a substrate material securable to said device capable of emitting at least one source of electromagnetic energy through a frictional fit attachment member comprising a plurality of walls formed together to partially enclose an interior region, said interior region sized and shaped to receive or engage with at least a portion of a device having a source for emitting ultraviolet or visible light; a phosphor layer; and an electromagnetic energy blocking layer; said frictional fit attachment member comprises an opening of sufficient size to allow emission of electromagnetic energy from said at least one source of electromagnetic energy on one first, front wall and said phosphor layer and said electromagnetic energy blocking layer positioned on an opposite, second, back wall.

2. The short-wavelength infrared energy producing unit configured to affix to a device capable of emitting at least one source of electromagnetic energy according to claim 1, further including an attachment member.

3. The short-wavelength infrared energy producing unit configured to affix to a device capable of emitting at least one source of electromagnetic energy according to claim 2, wherein said attachment member includes a pressure sensitive adhesive.

4. The device for producing short-wavelength infrared emissions according to claim 1, further including a protective shield.

5. The device for producing short-wavelength infrared emissions according to claim 4, wherein said protective shield is made of an optically transmissive material.

6. The short-wavelength infrared energy producing unit according to claim 1, wherein said phosphor is contained in a binder or carrier.

7. The short-wavelength infrared energy producing unit according to claim 1, wherein said electromagnetic energy blocking layer is one or more wavelength-blocking optical filters configured to at least partially block emissions of NIR light, visible light, or combinations thereof.

8. The device for producing short-wavelength infrared emissions according to claim 1, wherein said electromagnetic energy blocking layer is a NIR or visible light filter configured to render said device capable of emitting at least one source of electromagnetic energy invisible to a NIR or visible light detection system or sensor.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1A is a perspective view illustrating an embodiment of a short-wavelength infrared energy producing unit configured to affix to a device capable of emitting at least one source of electromagnetic energy, shown incorporating an adhesive to permit attachment to a device having at least one source for emitting electromagnetic energy, such as the light;

(2) FIG. 1B is an exploded view of one form of the short-wavelength infrared energy producing unit;

(3) FIG. 2A is a perspective view of the short-wavelength infrared energy producing unit, shown as a boot or cap that slips over at least a portion of the device, having at least one source for emitting electromagnetic energy, in this example, a smart phone;

(4) FIG. 2B is a front perspective view of the boot shown in FIG. 2A;

(5) FIG. 2C is a rear view perspective of the boot shown in FIG. 2A;

(6) FIG. 2D is a bottom view of the boot shown in FIG. 2A;

(7) FIG. 3A is a perspective view of the short-wavelength infrared energy producing unit, shown as a slidable band, that fits over a portion of the device having at least one source for emitting electromagnetic energy;

(8) FIG. 3B is a section view of the band shown in FIG. 3A;

(9) FIG. 4 illustrates a device with a slidable, rotatable, or otherwise movable short-wavelength infrared energy producing unit that may alternately be moved into position in front of the light emitter or away from the light emitter;

(10) FIG. 5 illustrates the short-wavelength infrared energy producing unit in the form of a bag or pouch which envelopes at least a portion of the device having at least one source for emitting electromagnetic energy;

(11) FIG. 6 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a light directing member;

(12) FIG. 7 illustrates the short-wavelength infrared energy producing unit configured to be fitted to a flashlight;

(13) FIG. 8 illustrates an absorption and emission spectra of a phosphor which exhibits strong absorption between about 540 nm and 700 nm;

(14) FIG. 9 is a spectra of a white light illuminator from an Apple iPhone 5S camera flash;

(15) FIG. 10 illustrates an absorption and emission spectra of a phosphor that exhibits strong absorption between about 240 nm and about 1200 nm, and emission between about 1760 nm and about 2220 nm; and

(16) FIG. 11 illustrates an absorption and emission spectra of a phosphor that exhibits strong absorption between about 380 nm and about 800 nm, and desired emission between about 1040 nm and about 1140 nm.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(17) While the present invention is susceptible of embodiment in various forms, there is shown in the drawings and will hereinafter be described, a presently preferred, albeit not limiting, embodiment with the understanding that the present disclosure is to be considered an exemplification of the present invention and is not intended to limit the invention to the specific embodiments illustrated.

(18) The present invention is directed towards a short-wavelength infrared energy producing unit configured to affix to a device capable of emitting at least one source of electromagnetic energy, preferably visible or ultraviolet light, and a device having at least one source for emitting electromagnetic energy having or utilizing the short-wavelength infrared energy producing unit, both referred to generally as SWIR energy producing unit 10. The SWIR energy producing unit 10 comprises a phosphor material layer; an electromagnetic energy blocking member layer; a substrate layer for delivering the unit to an emission source, and optionally, an attachment member. The phosphor allows the SWIR energy producing unit 10 to emit SWIR, preferably when excited at its absorption wavelengths associated with visible or ultraviolet light.

(19) Phosphors that are capable of producing SWIR energy when exposed to visible light are known. For example, the SWIR energy producing unit 10 may use one or more rare-earth phosphors, i.e. lanthanides (those chemicals listed on the chemical table having atomic numbers from 57-71, including Lanthanum, (La), Cerium (Ce), Praseodymium (Pr), Neodymium (Nd), Promethium (Pm), Samarium (Sm), Europium (Eu), Gadolinium (Gd), Terbium (Tb), Dysprosium (Dy), Holmium (Ho), Erbium (Er), Thulium (Tm), Ytterbium (Yb), and Lutetium (Lu)), as well as Scandium and Yttrium. The term phosphors, as used herein, also includes engineered fluorescers, such as quantum dots. Illustrative examples of the desired phosphor preferably emit energy at various wavelengths of between about 1000 nm and about 3000 nm. One illustrate example may be the phosphor which produces a Nd:YAG laser. As used herein, the term about or approximately means plus or minus 10% of the stated value.

(20) One particular phosphor is capable of emitting energy at various wavelengths between about 1400 nm and 1600 nm, when properly excited at its absorption wavelengths of between about 400 nm and about 800 nm. Referring to FIG. 8, it can be seen that the phosphor exhibits strong absorption 100 between about 540 nm and 700 nm. The data display screens of smart devices typically produce full-color images by combining various levels of red, blue and green light. Red light, as seen by the human eye, has a wavelength of between approximately 620 nm and approximately 750 nm, so a light emitting smart device, such as a smart phone with a data display screen comprising red emitters, typically LEDs, would be suitable for excitation of this phosphor. Blue light (approximately 450 nm-495 nm) and green light (approximately 495 nm-570 nm) could also be functional in this system. Although, depending on the spectral distribution of the excitation light and the excitation spectra of the phosphor chosen, it may not function as efficiently as excitation of the phosphor using red light. Ultraviolet light may also be used to excite the phosphor for this application.

(21) Many smart devices now have built-in cameras. In addition to the relatively low power LEDs in the data display screen, these devices also have built-in white light illuminators to provide light to the scene to be photographed. These light sources are most commonly very bright white LEDs. This light is rich in visible red light, as well as light of other wavelengths that can effectively excite a SWIR emitting phosphor. The spectra of the white light illuminator in an Apple iPhone 5S camera flash is shown in FIG. 9.

(22) As can be seen from FIG. 9, the white light emission 102 of the camera illuminator comprises several wavelengths of light suitable for excitation of the SWIR phosphor described above. Since these white light emitters are exceptionally bright, they can be effectively used to excite a SWIR emitting phosphor, thereby producing high levels of emission from the SWIR phosphor.

(23) FIG. 10 shows absorption and emission spectra of another type of phosphor. As illustrated in FIG. 10, an illustrative example of a phosphor that exhibits strong absorption 104 between about 240 nm and about 1200 nm, and emission 106 between about 1760 nm and about 2220 nm.

(24) FIG. 11 shows absorption and emission spectra of another type of phosphor. As illustrated in FIG. 11, an illustrative example of a phosphor that exhibits strong absorption 108 between about 380 nm and about 800 nm, and desired emission 110 between about 1040 nm and about 1140 nm.

(25) Preferably, the SWIR energy producing unit 10 is designed to produce a SWIR energy emitting source that does not also produce visible or NIR emission. It is desirable that any visible or NIR emissions be blocked with a suitable filter. This filter, preferably, is at least partially transparent to the SWIR energy of interest so that this energy may be usefully emitted from the device. A selective wavelength filter element may be created using a combination of organic or other dyes, such as anthraquinones, dianthrones, cyanines, heteroaromatics, metal dithiolenes, perylenes, phthalocyanines, rhodamines, tetraaryldiamines, thiazines, triarylamines, or triarylmethanes. The dyes may be incorporated into a substrate or carrier, such as a plastic resin, including plastisol, organisol, or other materials which will form a solid solution (a solid-state solution of one or more solutes in a solvent) in which the dye is efficiently dispersed. The dyes and any carrier or support resin must permit the transmission of SWIR energy so that useful energy can leave the device. Similarly, a thin-film filter, such as a dielectric filter, may be utilized to block visible and NIR energy while permitting the SWIR energy to pass. A combination of these and other filter types may also be advantageously employed.

(26) The SWIR energy producing unit 10 then comprises a light-weight and convenient means of producing SWIR energy from existing visible energy sources.

EXAMPLES

(27) Referring to FIGS. 1A and 1B, a patch or sticker form of the SWIR energy producing unit 10 is illustrated. The SWIR energy producing unit, herein referred to as the SWIR energy producing sticker 10A may comprise an adhesive attachment member 11 (which may be a chemical adhesive, or loop and hook fastener type attachment, such as VELCRO, or a mechanical attaching mechanism, such as screw) for attaching the SWIR energy producing sticker 10A to a device that emits electromagnetic energy, i.e. smart phone or tablet, a phosphor substrate 12, phosphor 13, adhesive member 14, an electromagnetic energy blocking member, referred to herein as a VIS/NIR blocking filter 15, and, optionally, a scratch shield, 16. The adhesive member 14 binds the phosphor 13 and VIS/NIR blocking filter 15. The SWIR energy producing sticker 10A may take any size and shape as may be desired. As illustrated in FIGS. 1A and 1B, the SWIR energy producing sticker 10A is configured to be fitted over a light emitting element of an electronic device, or other device that emits an electromagnetic energy or has an electromagnetic energy source, preferably visible or UV light, such as a smart device or the camera flash on a smart phone 27 or tablet. The SWIR energy producing sticker 10 may also be fitted over a portion of an illuminated digital display.

(28) Referring again to the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B, light from the camera flash illuminates and excites the phosphor 13, thereby causing the phosphor to produce SWIR energy. The VIS/NIR blocking filter 15 prevents undesirable visible light, and any NIR energy that may be present, from being emitted from the system. The attachment member 11, preferably adhesive, may be designed to be opaque to VIS/NIR energy and configured so that stray light is not emitted laterally via the adhesive layer itself or by any substrates which might be transparent to VIS/NIR energy. While this embodiment is shown with a protective or scratch shield 16 and an adhesive layer 14, the functionality of these features may be combined with other features; for example, phosphor 13 may comprise an adhesive agent that serves to bond the phosphor substrate 12 and VIS/NIR blocking filter 15 together. The protective or scratch shield 16 may be made of a material that is at least partially transmissive of the SWIR energy of interest, such as glass or a plastic resin. The protective or scratch shield 16 need not be transparent to visible, NIR, or ultraviolet energies.

(29) For SWIR photoluminescence, one or more lanthanide ions (Ln.sup.3+) may be used, as known in the art, see Liang, et al., J. Mater Chem C, 2017, 5, 6488. The phosphor layer 13 used in this embodiment may be designed to contain the phosphor in a binder/carrier. A preferred, albeit non-limiting, binder/carrier utilized was product 3426, a UV cured urethane-based ink base from Nazdar (Shawnee, Kans.). This type of material provided good transparency to the excitation light and bonded exceptionally well to a variety of substrates, including 3M's 764 adhesive tape product (3M Maplewood, Minn.). The material is tough and flexible after curing, allowing the finished product to be stretched and flexed without damage. It was found that the bond between the 3426 and the 764 products was both a mechanical bond and a chemical bond. Preferably, the dry powdered phosphor was mixed into the un-cured urethane product to form a slurry at concentrations of about 0.5% to concentrations of about 50% (W/W), depending on the SWIR conversion efficiency and SWIR output desired for any given application. The slurry was then deposited onto the substrate, for example 3M product 764, in a controlled thickness, and later cured by application of ultraviolet light. After curing, a preferred, albeit not limiting, thicknesses of between 0.001 to about 0.080 was determined to be functional for the application.

(30) An illustrative example of an effective VIS/NIR filter 15 for use in the boot embodiment was created using a commercial product referred to as SPECTRE 160 (visibly-opaque IR transmitting (VOIRT) screen ink, absorbs 200-1065 nm, transmits >1165 nm), available from Epolin, Inc. (Newark, N.J.). The SPECTRE 160 was supplied in the form of an air dry, viscous ink that could be screen printed, or, alternately, applied in a controlled thickness layer by the use of doctor blades. In an illustrative example, the VIS/NIR filter layer was applied directly over the phosphor layer. After curing, the preferred thicknesses were between 0.0005 to about 0.020, although other thicknesses worked as well.

(31) A second (dye) product EPOLIGHT 7527G (visible opaque dye, blocks light from 200 nm to 1065 nm), also from Epolin, can be used to produce a suitable VIS/NIR filter. This dye was supplied as a powder, and used by incorporating it into a suitable carrier which serves to both disperse the dye and bond it to a substrate, typically the phosphor layer 13. A suitable carrier may be, for example, a solvent-based, SWIR transparent paint base such as Nazdar's S226 clear mixing base.

(32) FIGS. 2A, 2B, 2C and 2D show a form of the SWIR energy producing unit 10 that does not require an adhesive for attachment, but is instead attached to the smart device (smart phone 27) by a friction fit. In FIG. 2A, the SWIR energy producing unit 10 is shown positioned on a smart phone 27 in a manner that permits normal operation of the camera flash 17. In this example, the SWIR energy producing unit 10 is in the form of a boot, herein referred to as the SWIR energy producing boot 10B. The SWIR energy producing boot 10A comprises a phosphor 13 (FIG. 2C) and a VIS/NIR blocking filter 15 (FIG. 2C). Both the phosphor 13 and the VIS/NIR blocking filter 15 may be incorporated into the material. Suitable materials to construct the SWIR energy producing boot 10B may include, but are not limited to, flexible urethane plastics, vinyl, silicones, thermoplastic elastomers and the like. It has been found that materials with a hardness of Shore A65 are particularly suitable for this application, though materials of other hardnesses are also suitable. As a matter of convenience, and for reasons of product simplification, the VIS/NIR filter 15 is shown as comprising all the outermost surface of the SWIR energy producing boot 10B. If it is desired to conserve the dyes or other materials that make up the VIS/NIR filter 15, the VIS/NIR filter 15 may comprise only that portion of the device that is necessary to pass SWIR, but filter out VIS/NIR emissions, with the rest of the outer layer being comprised of a material that may or may not block VIS or NIR emissions. If it is desired to store the SWIR energy producing boot 10 on the smart device, but not produce SWIR energy, the SWIR energy producing boot 10B may be readily positioned on the smart device such that window 18 is situated over the camera flash LED. In this manner, normal function of the flash is not hindered and the phosphor in the SWIR energy producing boot 10B will not produce SWIR emissions.

(33) The SWIR energy producing boot 10B, which may act as a frictional fit member, may comprise two opposing side walls 31 and 33, a front wall 35 and a back wall 37, see FIG. 2D. A top wall 39 partially encloses an interior region 41. The bottom end is open to allow access to the interior region 41. The interior region 41 is sized and shaped to receive or engage with at least a portion of a device having a source for emitting ultraviolet or visible light, i.e. the smart phone 27. The SWIR energy producing boot 10, comprises an opening 18 of sufficient size to allow emission of electromagnetic energy from smart phone 27 on the first, front wall 35 and the phosphor layer 13 and said electromagnetic energy blocking member 15 positioned on the opposite, second, back wall 37.

(34) The SWIR energy producing boot 10B was found to function well and produce significant SWIR emission when placed on an Apple iPhone. The phosphor layer used in this embodiment may be designed to contain the phosphor in a binder/carrier. A preferred, albeit non-limiting, binder/carrier utilized was product 3426, a UV cured urethane-based ink base from Nazdar (Shawnee, Kans.). This type of material provided good transparency to the excitation light and bonded exceptionally well to a variety of substrates, including 3M's 764 adhesive tape product (3M Maplewood, Minn.). The material is tough and flexible after curing, allowing the finished product to be stretched and flexed without damage.

(35) It was found that the bond between the 3426 and the 764 products was both a mechanical bond and a chemical bond. Preferably, the dry powdered phosphor was mixed into the un-cured urethane product to form a slurry at concentrations of about 0.5% to concentrations of about 50% (W/W), depending on the SWIR conversion efficiency and SWIR output desired for any given application. The slurry was then deposited onto the substrate, for example 3M product 764, in a controlled thickness, and later cured by application of ultraviolet light. After curing, a preferred, albeit not limiting, thicknesses of between 0.001 to about 0.080 was determined to be functional for the application.

(36) An illustrative example of an effective VIS/NIR filter 15 for use in the SWIR energy producing boot 10B embodiment was created using a commercial product referred to as SPECTRE 160 (visibly-opaque IR transmitting (VOIRT) screen ink, absorbs 200-1065 nm, transmits >1165 nm), available from Epolin, Inc. (Newark, N.J.). The SPECTRE 160 was supplied in the form of an air dry, viscous ink that could be screen printed, or, alternately, applied in a controlled thickness layer by the use of doctor blades. In an illustrative example, the VIS/NIR filter layer 15 was applied directly over the phosphor layer 13. After curing, the preferred thicknesses were between 0.0005 to about 0.020, although other thicknesses worked as well.

(37) A second (dye) product EPOLIGHT 7527G (visible opaque dye, blocks light from 200 nm to 1065 nm), also from Epolin, can be used to produce a suitable VIS/NIR filter 15. This dye was supplied as a powder and used by incorporating it into a suitable carrier, which serves to both disperse the dye and bond it to a substrate, typically the phosphor layer 13. A suitable carrier may be, for example, a solvent-based, SWIR transparent, paint base such as Nazdar's S226 clear mixing base.

(38) While the phosphor layer 13 and the VIS/NIR filter 15 were formed separately, both the phosphor containing element and the VIS/NIR filter element could alternately utilize a two-part, urethane-based material, such as BJB WC565, from BJB Enterprises (Tustin, Calif.). The WC565 material is a water clear urethane rubber product that cures after combining an A and B component. This WC565 material is highly transmissive in the excitation band of the phosphor, as well as being highly transmissive to SWIR energy. Because both the SWIR producing element and the VIS/NIR filter element were produced using the same base material, insert molding a cured SWIR producing element directly into the VIS/NIR filter portion of the device while obtaining excellent adhesion between the two elements was possible. The cured products were tough and flexible, curing to a hardness of approximately SHORE A65. Concentrations of the phosphor and VIS/NIR blocker dye can vary widely depending on the thickness of the respective elements and the desired SWIR production and VIS/NIR light blockage.

(39) FIGS. 3A and 3B show a slidable form of the SWIR energy producing unit 10 similar to a rubber band. In this example, the SWIR energy producing unit 10 is in the form of an elastic band, herein referred to as the SWIR energy producing elastic band 10C. The SWIR energy producing elastic band 10 comprises phosphor 13, VIS/NIR blocking filter 15 and window 18, each functioning as previously described. Illustrative examples of the phosphor 13 and VIS/NIR blocking filter 15 are the same as described above. The SWIR energy producing elastic band 10C may include an elastic and stretchable body 19 having two opposing side or end walls 43 and 45, a front wall 47, a back wall 49, constructed as a single member or individually and adhered together to enclose region 51. The SWIR energy producing elastic band 10C comprises a window opening 18 of sufficient size to allow emission of electromagnetic energy from the smart phone 27 on one portion of the front wall 47, and the phosphor 13 and VIS/NIR blocking filter 15 on a different, separated portion of the front wall 47.

(40) The elastic nature of the band 19 permits it to be readily affixed to smart devices of varying sizes and shapes. Once again, the VIS/NIR filter 15 may comprise the entire outermost surface of the band, or may be limited to the region of the device in which SWIR energy must pass, but VIS/NIR energy must be blocked.

(41) FIG. 4 shows a form of the SWIR energy producing unit 10 employing a movable member 20 moving on, within or about support member 21. Movable member 20 comprises VIS/NIR blocking filter 15 and phosphor 13. Illustrative examples of the phosphor 13 and VIS/NIR blocking filter 15 are the same as described above. In this embodiment, the movable member 20 is positioned in front of the camera flash 17 to produce SWIR energy and slid, rotated or otherwise moved away from the camera flash 17 when normal flash operation and no production of SWIR energy is desired.

(42) FIG. 5 shows an embodiment of the SWIR energy producing unit 10 in the form of a pouch, bag or other enclosure that is designed to accommodate a smart phone, tablet or other light emitting device, herein referred to as SWIR energy producing pouch 10D. The SWIR energy producing pouch 10D may comprise a seal 24, such as a continuous zipper, like those used for sandwich bags, a hook and loop fastening system, a fold over, a pressure sensitive seal, or other known means to prevent the escape of undesirable VIS/NIR energy. The SWIR energy producing pouch 10D employs a phosphor 13 as an inner layer and a VIS/NIR filter 15 as an outer layer. Illustrative examples of the phosphor 13 and VIS/NIR filter 15 are the same as described above. This combination of phosphor 13 and VIS/NIR filter 15 may comprise the entire pouch, if desired, so that proper function will be afforded, regardless of the orientation of the smart device, flashlight or other light emitting device within the SWIR energy producing pouch 10D. A scratch shield, as described previously, may be employed if desired to prevent damage to the VIS/NIR filter 15. Likewise, other layers may be employed to prevent damage to the phosphor 13. When not in use, the SWIR energy producing pouch 10D may be conveniently folded and placed in a pocket for future use.

(43) FIG. 6 illustrates a form of the SWIR energy producing unit 10 with a light directing element 22 designed to spread the SWIR energy emission over a large surface area so that the emitted energy will subtend a relatively large angle in any imaging device for which is to be viewed. Functioning as previously discussed, but not shown, are a phosphor element 13 and a VIS/NIR filter 15. The light directing element 22, such as a prism, mirror or light pipe, may be employed to re-direct SWIR energy over the large emission surface 25 of the device. In one form, this surface may be produced from a polymer, such as acrylics, for example PMMA, similarly styrenes, polycarbonates, PVCs, or other suitable optically transmissive materials, such as glass. that is at least partially transparent to SWIR energy. The phosphor 13 and VIS/NIR filter 15 are then, preferably, placed proximal to the camera flash, and the resulting SWIR energy is distributed by the light directing element and large emission surface working in combination. In another form, the light directing element 22 re-directs visible light from the camera flash to the underside of the large emission area, whereby a phosphor layer converts this visible light to SWIR energy.

(44) A VIS/NIR filter 15 then permits only the desirable SWIR energy to be emitted from the device. A third form employs the phosphor 13 proximal to the camera flash and utilizes a dispersion of VIS/NIR filter material that is distributed throughout at least a portion of the body of the material comprising the structure behind the large area emitter surface. All forms of the device may employ diffusion filters, Fresnel lenses, holographic elements, total internal reflection, or similar known means to promote even distribution of optical energy over the large emission surface. To switch between emission of SWIR energy and visible light, the device may be slid out of the way of the camera flash so that visible light does not energize the phosphor. Rails or tracks may be employed to facilitate the sliding action. Alternately, the device may be completely removed from the smart device when it is not desired to produce SWIR energy.

(45) FIG. 7 illustrates the SWIR energy producing unit 10 designed to be utilized with a flashlight 53, which may be incorporated into a rigid plastic ring 55 ring. The phosphor 13 and VIS/NIR filter 15 are the same as described above and function as previously described to respectively convert light from the flashlight 53 to SWIR energy and block undesirable VIS/NIR energy. The SWIR energy producing unit 10 may be friction fitted to the flashlight, screwed on to the flashlight, or attached with magnets or any other convenient means. The device may be readily removed so that the flashlight can be returned to normal operation.

(46) It is to be understood that while a certain form of the invention is illustrated, it is not to be limited to the specific form or arrangement herein described and shown. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes may be made without departing from the scope of the invention, and the invention is not to be considered limited to what is shown and described in the specification and any drawings/figures included herein.

(47) One skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the present invention is well adapted to carry out the objectives and obtain the ends and advantages mentioned, as well as those inherent therein. The embodiments, methods, procedures, and techniques described herein are presently representative of the preferred embodiments, are intended to be exemplary and are not intended as limitations of the scope. Changes therein and other uses will occur to those skilled in the art which are encompassed within the spirit of the invention and are defined by the scope of the appended claims. Although the invention has with specific preferred embodiments, it should be understood that the invention as claimed should not be unduly limited to such specific embodiments. Indeed, various modifications of the described modes for carrying out the invention which are obvious to those skilled in the art are intended to be within the scope of the following claims.