Positive-electrode active material and battery

Abstract

A positive-electrode active material contains a compound that has a crystal structure belonging to a space group FM3-M and that is represented by the composition formula (1) and a lithium ion conductor,
Li.sub.xMe.sub.yO.sub.F.sub.(1) wherein Me denotes one or two or more elements selected from the group consisting of Mn, Co, Ni, Fe, Al, B, Ce, Si, Zr, Nb, Pr, Ti, W, Ge, Mo, Sn, Bi, Cu, Mg, Ca, Ba, Sr, Y, Zn, Ga, Er, La, Sm, Yb, V, and Cr, and the following conditions are satisfied.
1.7x2.2
0.8y1.3
12.5
0.52

Claims

1. A positive-electrode active material comprising: a compound that has a crystal structure belonging to a space group FM-3M and is represented by the composition formula (1); and a lithium ion conductor,
Li.sub.xMe.sub.yO.sub.F.sub.(1), wherein Me denotes one or two or more elements selected from the group consisting of Mn, Co, Ni, Fe, Al, B, Ce, Si, Zr, Nb, Pr, Ti, W, Ge, Mo, Sn, Bi, Cu, Mg, Ca, Ba, Sr, Y, Zn, Ga, Er, La, Sm, Yb, V, and Cr, and the following conditions are satisfied:
1.7x2.2,
0.8y1.3,
12.5,
0.52, and wherein the lithium ion conductor is at least one selected from the group consisting of LiBO.sub.2, LiNbO.sub.3, and LiNbO.sub.2.

2. The positive-electrode active material according to claim 1, wherein an amount of the lithium ion conductor is 0.1% to5% or less by mass of the compound.

3. The positive-electrode active material according to claim 2, wherein an amount of the lithium ion conductor ranges from 0.5% to 1% by mass of the compound.

4. The positive-electrode active material according to claim 1, wherein the lithium ion conductor covers at least part of a surface of the compound.

5. The positive-electrode active material according to claim 1, wherein the lithium ion conductor and at least part of the surface of the compound form a solid solution.

6. A battery comprising: a positive electrode containing the positive-electrode active material according to claim 1; a negative electrode; and an electrolyte.

7. The battery according to claim 6, wherein the negative electrode contains a negative-electrode active material with lithium adsorption and desorption characteristics, and the electrolyte is a non-aqueous electrolyte solution.

8. A positive-electrode active material comprising: a compound that has a crystal structure belonging to a space group FM-3M and is represented by the composition formula (1); and a lithium ion conductor,
Li.sub.xMe.sub.yO.sub.F.sub.(1), wherein Me denotes one or two or more elements selected from the group consisting of Mn, Co, Ni, Fe, Al, B, Ce, Si, Zr, Nb, Pr, Ti, W, Ge, Mo, Sn, Bi, Cu, Mg, Ca, Ba, Sr, Y, Zn, Ga, Er, La, Sm, Yb, V, and Cr, and the following conditions are satisfied:
1.7x2.2,
0.8y1.3,
12.5,
0.52, and
x+y==3, wherein the lithium ion conductor is at least one selected from the group consisting of LiBO.sub.2, Li.sub.3PO.sub.4, LiNbO.sub.3, and LiNbO.sub.2.

9. The positive-electrode active material according to claim 8, wherein an amount of the lithium ion conductor ranges from 0.1% to 5% by mass of the compound.

10. The positive-electrode active material according to claim 8, wherein the lithium ion conductor covers at least part of a surface of the compound.

11. The positive-electrode active material according to claim 8, wherein the lithium ion conductor and at least part of the surface of the compound form a solid solution.

12. A battery comprising: a positive electrode containing the positive-electrode active material according to claim 8; a negative electrode; and an electrolyte.

13. The battery according to claim 12, wherein the negative electrode contains a negative-electrode active material with lithium adsorption and desorption characteristics, and the electrolyte is a non-aqueous electrolyte solution.

14. A positive-electrode active comprising: a compound that has a crystal structure belonging to a space group FM-3M; and a lithium ion conductor, wherein the compound is Li.sub.2MnO.sub.2F or Li.sub.2CoO.sub.2F, and wherein the lithium ion conductor is at least one selected from the group consisting of LiBO.sub.2, Li.sub.3PO.sub.4, LiNbO.sub.3, and LiNbO.sub.2.

15. The positive-electrode active material according to claim 14, wherein the lithium ion conductor covers at least part of a surface of the compound.

16. The positive-electrode active material according to claim 14, wherein the lithium ion conductor and at least part of the surface of the compound form a solid solution.

17. A battery comprising: a positive electrode containing the positive-electrode active material according to claim 14; a negative electrode; and an electrolyte.

18. The battery according to claim 14, wherein the negative electrode contains a negative-electrode active material with lithium adsorption and desorption characteristics, and the electrolyte is a non-aqueous electrolyte solution.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a battery of a second embodiment; and

(2) FIG. 2 is an X-ray powder diffraction chart of a positive-electrode active material of Example 1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(3) Embodiments of the present disclosure will be described below.

(4) First Embodiment

(5) A positive-electrode active material of a first embodiment contains a compound that has a crystal structure belonging to the space group FM3-M and that is represented by the composition formula (1) and a lithium ion conductor.
Li.sub.xMe.sub.yO.sub.F.sub.(1)

(6) Me denotes at least one selected from the group consisting of Mn, Co, Ni, Fe, Al, B, Ce, Si, Zr, Nb, Pr, Ti, W, Ge, Mo, Sn, Bi, Cu, Mg, Ca, Ba, Sr, Y, Zn, Ga, Er, La, Sm, Yb, V, and Cr (that is, one or two or more elements selected from the group), and the following conditions are satisfied.
1.7x2.2
0.8y1.3
12.5
0.52

(7) Such an embodiment can provide a high-capacity battery.

(8) For example, a lithium-ion battery containing a positive-electrode active material containing the compound has an oxidation-reduction potential (vs. Li/Li.sup.+) of approximately 3.3 V and a capacity of approximately 245 mAh/g or more.

(9) In the composition formula (1), x of less than 1.7 indicates that the amount of available Li in the compound decreases. This results in insufficient capacity.

(10) In the composition formula (1), x of more than 2.2 (or y of less than 0.8) indicates decreased utilization of an oxidation-reduction reaction of an available transition metal in the compound. This results in increased utilization of an oxidation-reduction reaction of oxygen. This destabilizes the crystal structure and results in insufficient capacity.

(11) In the composition formula (1), of less than 1 (or of more than 2) indicates that the effects of highly electronegative F on the compound increase. This results in decreased electron conductivity and insufficient capacity.

(12) In the composition formula (1), of more than 2.5 (or of less than 0.5) indicates that the effects of highly electronegative F on the compound decrease. This decreases cation-anion interaction. This destabilizes the structure when Li is desorbed and therefore results in insufficient capacity.

(13) In the positive-electrode active material of the first embodiment, a compound represented by the composition formula (1) has a crystal structure belonging to the space group FM3-M (rock-salt-type crystal structure).

(14) In the composition formula (1), the ratio of Li to Me is represented by {Li.sub.x/Me.sub.y}.

(15) In the ratio, 1.7x2.2 and 0.8y1.3.

(16) Thus, the ratio of Li to Me is theoretically in the range of 1.31{Li.sub.x/Me.sub.y}2.75 and is more than 1.

(17) The number of Li atoms per Me atom is larger than that for a known positive-electrode active material, for example, LiMnO.sub.2.

(18) In a compound represented by the composition formula (1), Li and Me are probably located at the same site.

(19) Thus, a compound represented by the composition formula (1) can intercalate and deintercalate more Li per Me atom than a known positive-electrode active material, for example, LiMnO.sub.2.

(20) Thus, the positive-electrode active material of the first embodiment is suitable for high-capacity lithium-ion batteries.

(21) Upon abstraction of much Li, a layered structure specified by the space group R3-M cannot hold the layers and disintegrates.

(22) By contrast, a rock-salt-type crystal structure specified by the space group FM3-M, such as a compound according to the present disclosure, can stably maintain the structure without disintegration, even after abstraction of much Li.

(23) The positive-electrode active material of the first embodiment contains a lithium ion conductor. For example, the lithium ion conductor is present on at least part of the surface of the compound. This improves the diffusion of Li ions on the surface. Thus, a higher-capacity battery can be provided.

(24) In the positive-electrode active material of the first embodiment, when the amount of the lithium ion conductor is larger than 5% by mass of the compound represented by the composition formula (1), the interface resistance increases, and the capacity may be insufficient.

(25) Thus, in the positive-electrode active material of the first embodiment, the amount of the lithium ion conductor may be 5% or less by mass of the compound represented by the composition formula (1).

(26) Such an embodiment can suppress an increase in interface resistance. Consequently, a higher-capacity battery can be provided.

(27) In the positive-electrode active material of the first embodiment, the amount of the lithium ion conductor may range from 0.5% to 1% by mass of the compound represented by the composition formula (1).

(28) Such an embodiment can provide a higher-capacity battery.

(29) The lithium ion conductor may be at least one selected from LiBO.sub.2, Li.sub.3PO.sub.4, LiNbO.sub.3, and LiNbO.sub.2.

(30) Such an embodiment can provide a higher-capacity battery.

(31) Examples of the lithium ion conductor include LiBO.sub.2, Li.sub.3PO.sub.4, LiNbO.sub.3, LiNbO.sub.2, LiAlO.sub.2, Li.sub.2SO.sub.4, Li.sub.2MoO.sub.4, Li.sub.4SiO.sub.4, Li.sub.4FeO.sub.4, Li.sub.4ZrO.sub.4, Li.sub.2CO.sub.3, LiW.sub.2O.sub.7, Li.sub.3VO.sub.4, LiCl, LiBr, Lil, Li.sub.2Se, and various lithium-ion-conducting glasses (for example, Li.sub.2OB.sub.2O.sub.3, Li.sub.2OAl.sub.2O.sub.3, Li.sub.2OSiO.sub.4, Li.sub.2OP.sub.2O.sub.5, LiFBF.sub.3, LiFAlF.sub.3, and LiFVF.sub.3).

(32) In the positive-electrode active material of the first embodiment, the lithium ion conductor may cover at least part of the surface of the compound represented by the composition formula (1).

(33) In the positive-electrode active material of the first embodiment, the lithium ion conductor and at least part of the surface of the compound represented by the composition formula (1) may form a solid solution.

(34) The positive-electrode active material of the first embodiment may contain the compound as a main component.

(35) Such an embodiment can provide a higher-capacity battery.

(36) In addition to the compound as a main component, the positive-electrode active material of the first embodiment may contain incidental impurities, or starting materials for the synthesis of the compound, by-products, and degradation products.

(37) In the positive-electrode active material of the first embodiment, the compound may satisfy x+y=+=3 in the composition formula (1).

(38) Such an embodiment can provide a higher-capacity battery.

(39) In the positive-electrode active material of the first embodiment, the compound may be Li.sub.2MnO.sub.2F or Li.sub.2CoO.sub.2F.

(40) Such an embodiment can provide a higher-capacity battery.

(41) In the positive-electrode active material of the first embodiment, Me in the composition formula (1) may be one element selected from Mn, Co, Ni, and Fe, a solid solution composed of Ni, Co, and Mn, or a solid solution composed of Ni, Co, and Al.

(42) Such an embodiment can provide a higher-capacity battery.

(43) In the positive-electrode active material of the first embodiment, the compound may satisfy 1.79x+y2.18 in the composition formula (1).

(44) Such an embodiment can provide a higher-capacity battery.

(45) In the positive-electrode active material of the first embodiment, the compound may satisfy 1.89x+y2 in the composition formula (1).

(46) Such an embodiment can provide a higher-capacity battery.

(47) In the positive-electrode active material of the first embodiment, the compound may satisfy 0.791 in the composition formula (1).

(48) Such an embodiment can provide a higher-capacity battery.

(49) <Method for Producing Compound>

(50) An exemplary method for producing the compound of the positive-electrode active material of the first embodiment will be described below.

(51) A compound represented by the composition formula (1) can be produced by the method described below, for example.

(52) A raw material containing Li, a raw material containing F, and a raw material containing Me are prepared. Examples of the raw material containing Li include oxides, such as Li.sub.2O and Li.sub.2O.sub.2, salts, such as LiF, Li.sub.2CO.sub.3, and LiOH, and lithium composite transition metal oxides, such as LiMeO.sub.2 and LiMe.sub.2O.sub.4. Examples of the raw material containing F include LiF and transition metal fluorides. Examples of the raw material containing Me include oxides with various oxidation states, such as Me.sub.2O.sub.3, salts, such as MeCO.sub.3 and MeNO.sub.3, hydroxides, such as Me(OH).sub.2 and MeOOH, and lithium composite transition metal oxides, such as LiMeO.sub.2 and LiMe.sub.2O.sub.4. In the case that Me is Mn, examples of the raw material containing Mn include manganese oxides with various oxidation states, such as Mn.sub.2O.sub.3, salts, such as MnCO.sub.3 and MnNO.sub.3, hydroxides, such as Mn(OH).sub.2 and MnOOH, and lithium composite transition metal oxides, such as LiMnO.sub.2 and LiMn.sub.2O.sub.4.

(53) These raw materials are weighed at the mole ratio of the composition formula (1).

(54) The variables x, y, , and in the composition formula (1) can be altered in the ranges described for the composition formula (1).

(55) The weighed raw materials are mixed, for example, by a dry process or a wet process and are allowed to react mechanochemically for 10 hours or more to produce a compound represented by the composition formula (1). For example, a mixing apparatus, such as a ball mill, may be used.

(56) The raw materials and the conditions for mixing a mixture of the raw materials can be adjusted to produce a compound substantially represented by the composition formula (1).

(57) The use of a lithium transition metal composite oxide as a precursor can decrease the energy for mixing elements. Thus, a compound represented by the composition formula (1) can be produced with higher purity.

(58) The composition of a compound represented by the composition formula (1) thus produced can be determined by ICP spectroscopy and an inert gas fusion-infrared absorption method, for example.

(59) A compound represented by the composition formula (1) can be identified by determining the space group of the crystal structure by powder X-ray analysis.

(60) Thus, a method for producing a positive-electrode active material according to one aspect of the first embodiment includes (a) a step of preparing the raw materials and (b) a step of mechanochemically reacting the raw materials to produce the positive-electrode active material.

(61) The step (a) may include a step of mixing a raw material containing Li and F and a raw material containing Me at a Li/Me mole ratio in the range of 1.31 to 2.33 to prepare a raw material mixture.

(62) The step (a) may include a step of producing a raw material, a lithium transition metal composite oxide, by a known method.

(63) The step (a) may include a step of mixing the raw materials at a Li/Me mole ratio in the range of 1.7 to 2.0 to prepare a raw material mixture.

(64) The step (b) may include a step of mechanochemically reacting the raw materials in a ball mill.

(65) Thus, a compound represented by the composition formula (1) may be synthesized by mechanochemically reacting a precursor (for example, LiF, Li.sub.2O, a transition metal oxide, a lithium composite transition metal, etc.) in a planetary ball mill.

(66) The mixing ratio of the precursor can be adjusted to introduce more Li atoms.

(67) When the precursor is reacted by a solid phase method, the precursor is decomposed into more stable compounds.

(68) Thus, a compound that has a crystal structure belonging to the space group FM3-M and is represented by the composition formula (1) cannot be produced by a method for reacting the precursor by a solid phase method.

(69) Surface treatment of Li.sub.xMe.sub.yO.sub.F.sub. with the lithium ion conductor may be made by any method. For example, a sol-gel method or a planetary ball mill may be used.

(70) Second Embodiment

(71) A second embodiment will be described below. The contents described in the first embodiment are appropriately omitted to avoid overlap.

(72) A battery of the second embodiment includes a positive electrode containing the positive-electrode active material of the first embodiment, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte.

(73) Such an embodiment can provide a high-capacity battery.

(74) More specifically, as described in the first embodiment, the positive-electrode active material contains many Li atoms per Me atom. Thus, a high-capacity battery can be provided.

(75) As described in the first embodiment, the positive-electrode active material contains the lithium ion conductor. Thus, a higher-capacity battery can be provided.

(76) The battery of the second embodiment may be a lithium-ion secondary battery or a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, for example.

(77) In the battery of the second embodiment, for example, the negative electrode may contain a negative-electrode active material that can adsorb and desorb lithium (that has lithium adsorption and desorption characteristics).

(78) In the battery of the second embodiment, for example, the electrolyte may be a non-aqueous electrolyte (for example, a non-aqueous electrolyte solution).

(79) FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a battery 10 of the second embodiment.

(80) As illustrated in FIG. 1, the battery 10 includes a positive electrode 21, a negative electrode 22, a separator 14, a case 11, a sealing plate 15, and a gasket 18.

(81) The separator 14 is disposed between the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22.

(82) The positive electrode 21, the negative electrode 22, and the separator 14 are impregnated with a non-aqueous electrolyte (for example, a non-aqueous electrolyte solution).

(83) The positive electrode 21, the negative electrode 22, and the separator 14 constitute an electrode group.

(84) The electrode group is housed in the case 11.

(85) The case 11 is sealed with the gasket 18 and the sealing plate 15.

(86) The positive electrode 21 includes a positive-electrode current collector 12 and a positive-electrode active material layer 13 disposed on the positive-electrode current collector 12.

(87) The positive-electrode current collector 12 is formed of a metallic material (aluminum, stainless steel, aluminum alloy, etc.), for example.

(88) The positive-electrode current collector 12 may be omitted, and the case 11 may be used as a positive-electrode current collector.

(89) The positive-electrode active material layer 13 contains the positive-electrode active material of the first embodiment.

(90) If necessary, the positive-electrode active material layer 13 may contain an additive agent (electrically conductive agent, ionic conduction aid, binder, etc.).

(91) The negative electrode 22 includes a negative-electrode current collector 16 and a negative-electrode active material layer 17 disposed on the negative-electrode current collector 16.

(92) The negative-electrode current collector 16 is formed of a metallic material (copper, nickel, aluminum, stainless steel, aluminum alloy, etc.), for example.

(93) The negative-electrode current collector 16 may be omitted, and the sealing plate 15 may be used as a negative-electrode current collector.

(94) The negative-electrode active material layer 17 contains a negative-electrode active material.

(95) If necessary, the negative-electrode active material layer 17 may contain an additive agent (electrically conductive agent, ionic conduction aid, binder, etc.).

(96) The negative-electrode active material may be a metallic material, carbon material, oxide, nitride, tin compound, or silicon compound.

(97) The metallic material may be a single metal or an alloy. Examples of the metallic material include lithium metals and lithium alloys.

(98) Examples of the carbon material include natural graphite, coke, carbon under graphitization, carbon fiber, spherical carbon, artificial graphite, and amorphous carbon.

(99) From the perspective of capacity density, silicon (Si), tin (Sn), silicon compounds, and tin compounds can be suitably used. Silicon compounds and tin compounds may be alloys and solid solutions.

(100) Examples of the silicon compounds include SiO.sub.x (wherein 0.05<x<1.95). Compounds (alloys and solid solutions) produced by substituting another element for part of silicon of SiO.sub.x may also be used. The other element may be at least one selected from the group consisting of boron, magnesium, nickel, titanium, molybdenum, cobalt, calcium, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, niobium, tantalum, vanadium, tungsten, zinc, carbon, nitrogen, and tin.

(101) Examples of the tin compound include Ni.sub.2Sn.sub.4, Mg.sub.2Sn, SnO.sub.x (wherein 0<x<2), SnO.sub.2, and SnSiO.sub.3. One tin compound selected from these compounds may be used alone. Alternatively, two or more tin compounds selected from these compounds may be used in combination.

(102) The negative-electrode active material may have any shape. The negative-electrode active material may have a known shape (particulate, fibrous, etc.).

(103) The negative-electrode active material layer 17 may be filled with (adsorb) lithium by any method. More specifically, the method may be (a) a method for depositing lithium on the negative-electrode active material layer 17 by a gas phase method, such as a vacuum evaporation method, or (b) a method for heating a lithium metal foil in contact with the negative-electrode active material layer 17. In these methods, lithium can be diffused into the negative-electrode active material layer 17 by heat. Alternatively, lithium may be electrochemically adsorbed on the negative-electrode active material layer 17. More specifically, a battery is assembled from the negative electrode 22 free of lithium and a lithium metal foil (positive electrode). Subsequently, the battery is charged to adsorb lithium on the negative electrode 22.

(104) Examples of the binder for the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22 include poly(vinylidene difluoride), polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, aramid resin, polyimide, polyimide, polyamideimide, polyacrylonitrile, poly(acrylic acid), poly(methyl acrylate), poly(ethyl acrylate), poly(hexyl acrylate), poly(methacrylic acid), poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(ethyl methacrylate), poly(hexyl methacrylate), poly(vinyl acetate), polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyether, polyethersulfone, hexafluoropolypropylene, styrene-butadiene rubber, and carboxymethylcellulose. Other examples of the binder include copolymers of two or more materials selected from the group consisting of tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether, vinylidene fluoride, chlorotrifluoroethylene, ethylene, propylene, pentafluoropropylene, fluoromethyl vinyl ether, acrylic acid, and hexadiene. The binder may also be a mixture of two or more materials selected from these materials.

(105) Examples of the electrically conductive agent for the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22 include graphite, carbon black, electrically conductive fiber, graphite fluoride, metal powders, electrically conductive whiskers, electrically conductive metal oxides, and electrically conductive organic materials. Examples of the graphite include natural graphite and artificial graphite. Examples of the carbon black include acetylene black, ketjen black (registered trademark), channel black, furnace black, lampblack, and thermal black. Examples of the metal powders include aluminum powders. Examples of the electrically conductive whiskers include zinc oxide whiskers and potassium titanate whiskers. Examples of the electrically conductive metal oxides include titanium oxide. Examples of the electrically conductive organic materials include phenylene derivatives.

(106) The separator 14 may be formed of a material that has high ion permeability and sufficient mechanical strength. Examples of such a material include microporous thin films, woven fabrics, and nonwoven fabrics. More specifically, it is desirable that the separator 14 be formed of a polyolefin, such as polypropylene or polyethylene. The separator 14 formed of a polyolefin has not only good durability but also a shutdown function in case of excessive heating. The separator 14 has a thickness in the range of 10 to 300 m (or 10 to 40 m), for example. The separator 14 may be a monolayer film formed of one material. Alternatively, the separator 14 may be a composite film (or multilayer film) formed of two or more materials. The separator 14 has a porosity in the range of 30% to 70% (or 35% to 60%), for example. The term porosity, as used herein, refers to the volume ratio of pores to the separator 14. The porosity is measured by a mercury intrusion method, for example.

(107) The non-aqueous electrolyte solution contains a non-aqueous solvent and a lithium salt dissolved in the non-aqueous solvent.

(108) Examples of the non-aqueous solvent include cyclic carbonate solvents, chain carbonate solvents, cyclic ether solvents, chain ether solvents, cyclic ester solvents, chain ester solvents, and fluorinated solvents.

(109) Examples of the cyclic carbonate solvents include ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, and butylene carbonate.

(110) Examples of the chain carbonate solvents include dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, and diethyl carbonate.

(111) Examples of the cyclic ether solvents include tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, and 1,3-dioxolane.

(112) Examples of the chain ether solvents include 1,2-dimethoxyethane and 1,2-diethoxyethane.

(113) Examples of the cyclic ester solvent include -butyrolactone.

(114) Examples of the chain ester solvents include methyl acetate.

(115) Examples of the fluorinated solvents include fluoroethylene carbonate, methyl fluoropropionate, fluorobenzene, fluoroethyl methyl carbonate, and fluorodimethylene carbonate.

(116) The non-aqueous solvent may be one non-aqueous solvent selected from these. Alternatively, the non-aqueous solvent may be a combination of two or more non-aqueous solvents selected from these.

(117) The non-aqueous electrolyte solution may contain at least one fluorinated solvent selected from the group consisting of fluoroethylene carbonate, methyl fluoropropionate, fluorobenzene, fluoroethyl methyl carbonate, and fluorodimethylene carbonate.

(118) These fluorinated solvents in the non-aqueous electrolyte solution improve the oxidation resistance of the non-aqueous electrolyte solution.

(119) Consequently, even when the battery 10 is charged at a high voltage, the battery 10 can operate stably.

(120) Examples of the lithium salt include LiPF.sub.6, LiBF.sub.4, LiSbF.sub.6, LiAsF.sub.6, LiSO.sub.3CF.sub.3, LiN(SO.sub.2CF.sub.3).sub.2, LiN(SO.sub.2C.sub.2F.sub.5).sub.2, LiN(SO.sub.2CF.sub.3)(SO.sub.2C.sub.4F.sub.9), and LiC(SO.sub.2CF.sub.3).sub.3. The lithium salt may be one lithium salt selected from these. Alternatively, the lithium salt may be a mixture of two or more lithium salts selected from these. The concentration of the lithium salt ranges from 0.5 to 2 mol/liter, for example.

(121) The battery of the second embodiment may be of various types, such as coin type, cylindrical type, square or rectangular type, sheet type, button type, flat type, or layered type.

EXAMPLES

Example 1

(122) [Production of Positive-Electrode Active Material]

(123) LiF, Li.sub.2O, and Mn.sub.2O.sub.3 were weighed at a mole ratio of LiF/Li.sub.2O/Mn.sub.2O.sub.3=1.0/0.5/0.5.

(124) The raw materials, together with a proper amount of 3-mm zirconia balls, were put in a 45-cc zirconia container, which was then sealed in an argon glove box.

(125) It was removed from the argon glove box and was treated in a planetary ball mill at 600 rpm for 30 hours.

(126) The resulting compound was subjected to X-ray powder diffraction measurement.

(127) FIG. 2 shows the results.

(128) The space group of the compound was FM3-M.

(129) The composition of the compound was determined by ICP spectroscopy and inert gas fusion-infrared absorption.

(130) The composition of the compound was Li.sub.2MnO.sub.2F.

(131) 1 g of the compound was put in aqueous LiBO.sub.2, which was produced by dissolving 0.01 g of LiBO.sub.2 in 10 g of water, was stirred, and was dried to prepare a positive-electrode active material.

(132) Observation of the positive-electrode active material with a scanning electron microscope and a transmission electron microscope showed that the surface of Li.sub.2MnO.sub.2F was partly covered with LiBO.sub.2.

(133) [Production of Battery]

(134) 70 parts by mass of the compound, 20 parts by mass of an electrically conductive agent, 10 parts by mass of poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF), and a proper amount of 2-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) were mixed to prepare a positive-electrode mixture slurry.

(135) The positive-electrode mixture slurry was applied to one side of a positive-electrode current collector formed of aluminum foil 20 m in thickness.

(136) The positive-electrode mixture slurry was dried and rolled to form a positive-electrode plate with a positive-electrode active material layer. The positive-electrode plate had a thickness of 60 m.

(137) A circular positive electrode 12.5 mm in diameter was punched out from the positive-electrode plate.

(138) A circular negative electrode 14.0 mm in diameter was punched out from lithium metal foil 300 m in thickness.

(139) Fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), ethylene carbonate (EC), and ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) were mixed at a volume ratio of 1:1:6 to prepare a non-aqueous solvent.

(140) LiPF.sub.6 was dissolved at a concentration of 1.0 mol/liter in the non-aqueous solvent to prepare a non-aqueous electrolyte solution.

(141) A separator (manufactured by Celgard, LLC., product number 2320, 25 m in thickness) was impregnated with the non-aqueous electrolyte solution.

(142) Celgard (registered trademark) 2320 is a 3-layer separator composed of a polypropylene layer, a polyethylene layer, and a polypropylene layer.

(143) A CR2032 coin-type battery was assembled from the positive electrode, the negative electrode, and the separator in a dry box maintained at a dew point of 50 C.

Examples 2 to 4

(144) The amount of LiBO.sub.2 added was changed from the example described above.

(145) Table lists the amount of LiBO.sub.2 added in Examples 2 to 4.

(146) Except for these, the positive-electrode active materials of Examples 2 to 4 were synthesized in the same manner as in Example 1.

(147) Coin-type batteries were produced in the same manner as in Example 1 by using the positive-electrode active materials of Examples 2 to 4.

Example 5

(148) Li.sub.2MnO.sub.2F was synthesized in the same manner as in Example 1.

(149) LiBO.sub.2 was weighed to 1% by mass of the amount of Li.sub.2MnO.sub.2F used.

(150) Li.sub.2MnO.sub.2F and LiBO.sub.2, together with a proper amount of 3-mm zirconia balls, were put in a 45-cc zirconia container, which was then sealed in an argon glove box.

(151) It was removed from the argon glove box and was treated in a planetary ball mill at 600 rpm for 5 hours.

(152) Observation of the positive-electrode active material with a scanning electron microscope and a transmission electron microscope showed a solid solution of LiBO.sub.2 on part of the surface of Li.sub.2MnO.sub.2F.

Examples 6 and 7

(153) The lithium ion conductor was changed from Example 5.

(154) Table lists the lithium ion conductor and the amount thereof in Examples 6 and 7.

(155) Except for these, coin-type batteries were produced in the same manner as in Example 1 by using the positive-electrode active materials of Examples 6 and 7.

Example 8

(156) Lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO.sub.2) was produced by a known method.

(157) The space group of the lithium cobalt oxide was R3-M.

(158) LiF and LiCoO.sub.2 were weighed at a mole ratio of LiF/LiCoO.sub.2=1.0/1.0.

(159) The raw materials, together with a proper amount of 3-mm zirconia balls, were put in a 45-cc zirconia container, which was then sealed in an argon glove box.

(160) It was removed from the argon glove box and was treated in a planetary ball mill at 600 rpm for 30 hours.

(161) The resulting compound was subjected to X-ray powder diffraction measurement.

(162) The space group of the compound was FM3-M.

(163) The composition of the compound was determined by ICP spectroscopy and inert gas fusion-infrared absorption.

(164) The composition of the compound was Li.sub.2CoO.sub.2F.

(165) The compound and 1 part by mass of LiBO.sub.2, together with a proper amount of 3-mm zirconia balls, were put in a 45-cc zirconia container, which was then sealed in an argon glove box.

(166) It was removed from the argon glove box and was treated in a planetary ball mill at 600 rpm for 5 hours.

(167) Observation of the positive-electrode active material with a scanning electron microscope and a transmission electron microscope showed a solid solution of LiBO.sub.2 on part of the surface of Li.sub.2CoO.sub.2F.

(168) A coin-type battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 by using the positive-electrode active material of Example 8.

Comparative Example 1

(169) LiF, Li.sub.2O, and Mn.sub.2O.sub.3 were weighed at a mole ratio of LiF/Li.sub.2O/Mn.sub.2O.sub.3=1.0/0.5/0.5.

(170) The raw materials, together with a proper amount of 3-mm zirconia balls, were put in a 45-cc zirconia container, which was then sealed in an argon glove box.

(171) It was removed from the argon glove box and was treated in a planetary ball mill at 600 rpm for 30 hours.

(172) The resulting compound was subjected to X-ray powder diffraction measurement.

(173) The space group of the compound was FM3-M.

(174) The composition of the compound was determined by ICP spectroscopy and inert gas fusion-infrared absorption.

(175) The composition of the compound was Li.sub.2MnO.sub.2F.

(176) A coin-type battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 by using the positive-electrode active material of Comparative Example 1.

Comparative Example 2

(177) Lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO.sub.2) was produced by a known method.

(178) The space group of the lithium cobalt oxide was R3-M.

(179) LiF and LiCoO.sub.2 were weighed at a mole ratio of LiF/LiCoO.sub.2=1.0/1.0.

(180) The raw materials, together with a proper amount of 3-mm zirconia balls, were put in a 45-cc zirconia container, which was then sealed in an argon glove box.

(181) It was removed from the argon glove box and was treated in a planetary ball mill at 600 rpm for 30 hours.

(182) The resulting compound was subjected to X-ray powder diffraction measurement.

(183) The space group of the compound was FM3-M.

(184) The composition of the compound was determined by ICP spectroscopy and inert gas fusion-infrared absorption.

(185) The composition of the compound was Li.sub.2CoO.sub.2F.

(186) A coin-type battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 by using the positive-electrode active material of Comparative Example 2.

(187) <Evaluation of Battery>

(188) The electric current density on the positive electrode was set at 1.0 mA/cm.sup.2, and the battery of Example 1 was charged to a voltage of 5.2 V.

(189) Subsequently, the discharge cut-off voltage was set at 1.5 V, and the battery of Example 1 was discharged at an electric current density of 1.0 mA/cm.sup.2.

(190) The discharge capacity was 276 mAh/g.

(191) The capacity of the coin-type battery of Comparative Example 1 was measured in the same manner as in Example 1.

(192) The discharge capacity of the battery of Comparative Example 1 was 270 mAh/g.

(193) The capacities of the coin-type batteries of Examples 2 to 8 and Comparative Example 2 were measured in the same manner as in Example 1.

(194) Table shows the results.

(195) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE Composition Addition Discharge of main Lithium ion amount capacity Sample component conductor (parts by mass) (mAh/g) Example 1 Li.sub.2MnO.sub.2F LiBO.sub.2 1 276 Example 2 Li.sub.2MnO.sub.2F LiBO.sub.2 0.1 272 Example 3 Li.sub.2MnO.sub.2F LiBO.sub.2 0.5 274 Example 4 Li.sub.2MnO.sub.2F LiBO.sub.2 5 274 Example 5 Li.sub.2MnO.sub.2F LiBO.sub.2 1 276 Example 6 Li.sub.2MnO.sub.2F Li.sub.3PO.sub.4 1 275 Example 7 Li.sub.2MnO.sub.2F LiNbO.sub.3 1 273 Example 8 Li.sub.2CoO.sub.2F LiBO.sub.2 1 245 Comparative Li.sub.2MnO.sub.2F 270 example 1 Comparative Li.sub.2CoO.sub.2F 240 example 2

(196) Table shows that the initial discharge capacity of the batteries of Examples 1 to 7 ranged from 272 to 276 mAh/g.

(197) The initial discharge capacities of the batteries of Examples 1 to 7 were larger than that of Comparative Example 1.

(198) The plausible reason for the larger discharge capacities of Examples 1 to 7 is that the presence of the lithium ion conductor on the surface of Li.sub.2MnO.sub.2F decreased interface resistance on the surface.

(199) Table also shows that the discharge capacities of the batteries of Examples 2 and 3 are smaller than that of Example 1.

(200) The plausible reason for the smaller discharge capacities of Examples 2 and 3 is that a smaller amount of the lithium ion conductor on the surface of Li.sub.2MnO.sub.2F resulted in a smaller effect of decreasing interface resistance on the surface.

(201) Table also shows that the discharge capacity of the battery of Example 4 is smaller than that of Example 1.

(202) The plausible reason for the smaller discharge capacity of Example 4 is that a larger amount of the lithium ion conductor was not involved in charging and discharging.

(203) Table also shows that the discharge capacity of the battery of Example 5 is the same as the discharge capacity of the battery of Example 1.

(204) The plausible reason for this is that the presence of the lithium ion conductor, whether in the form of coating or solid solution, has an effect of decreasing interface resistance on the surface.

(205) Table also shows that the discharge capacities of the batteries of Examples 6 and 7 are smaller than that of Example 1.

(206) The plausible reason for this is that the effect of decreasing interface resistance on the surface depends on the type of the lithium ion conductor.

(207) Table also shows that the discharge capacity of the battery of Example 8 is larger than that of Comparative Example 2.

(208) The plausible reason for the larger discharge capacity of Example 8 is that the presence of the lithium ion conductor on the surface of Li.sub.2CoO.sub.2F decreased interface resistance on the surface.

(209) Thus, whether Me denotes the element or the solid solution containing the element as described above, the presence of the lithium ion conductor can increase the capacity.

(210) When the amount of the lithium ion conductor added is less than 0.5 parts by mass in Table (for example, 0.1 parts by mass in Example 2), the effect of decreasing interface resistance on the surface is small. This resulted in decreased discharge capacity.

(211) When the amount of the lithium ion conductor added is more than 1 part by mass in Table (for example, 5 parts by mass in Example 4), the amount of the lithium ion conductor not involved in charging and discharging increases, and the discharge capacity decreases.

(212) The results show that the addition of 0.5 to 1 part by mass of the lithium ion conductor can increase the discharge capacity.

(213) A positive-electrode active material according to the present disclosure can be suitable for a positive-electrode active material of batteries, such as secondary batteries.