Cyanoacrylate compositions

Abstract

Cyanoacrylate compositions, methods for forming same, and applications thereof are disclosed. The compositions demonstrate improved thermal ageing performance, including improved tensile strength performance after heat ageing in high humidity.

Claims

1. A cyanoacrylate composition comprising: (a) a cyanoacrylate component; (b) a toughening agent comprising a copolymer of ethylene and vinyl acetate, wherein the vinyl acetate content in the copolymer is in an amount of about 50 wt % to about 95 wt %, based on the total weight of the copolymer, and wherein the toughening agent is present in the composition in an amount of about 2 wt % to about 25 wt %, based on the total weight of the cyanoacrylate composition; (c) a component having at least two (meth)acrylate functional groups having the formula: ##STR00011## wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of H or Me; and wherein X is a C.sub.4 to C.sub.30 alkyl chain and wherein said chain is optionally substituted with one or more acrylate and/or methacrylate functional groups, and/or one or more C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl groups; (d) a benzonitrile component; and (e) an anhydride component.

2. The cyanoacrylate composition according to claim 1, wherein the toughening agent comprises an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer comprising 70 wt % vinyl acetate to 95 wt % vinyl acetate based on the total weight of the copolymer.

3. The cyanoacrylate composition according to claim 1, wherein the toughening agent is present in an amount of from about 4 wt % to about 25 wt % based on the total weight of the cyanoacrylate composition.

4. The cyanoacrylate composition according to claim 1, wherein the component having at least two (meth)acrylate functional groups is present in an amount of from about 1.5 wt % to about 20 wt % based on the total weight of the cyanoacrylate composition.

5. The cyanoacrylate composition according to claim 1, wherein the benzonitrile component is present in an amount of from about 0.01 wt % to about 10 wt % based on the total weight of the cyanoacrylate composition.

6. The cyanoacrylate composition according to claim 1, wherein the anhydride component is present in an amount of from about 0.05 wt % to about 5 wt % based on the total weight of the cyanoacrylate composition.

7. The cyanoacrylate composition according to claim 1, wherein the cyanoacrylate component comprises ethyl-2-cyanoacrylate or allyl-2-cyanoacrylate.

8. The cyanoacrylate composition according to claim 1, wherein the cyanoacrylate component comprises a combination of ethyl-2-cyanoacrylate and allyl-2-cyanoacrylate.

9. The cyanoacrylate composition according to claim 1, wherein the component having at least two (meth)acrylate functional groups is selected from: ##STR00012##

10. The cyanoacrylate composition according to claim 9 wherein the component having at least two (meth)acrylate functional groups is hexanediol diacrylate.

11. The cyanoacrylate composition according to claim 1, wherein the benzonitrile component is a member selected from the group consisting of 3,5-dinitrobenzonitrile, 2-chloro-3,5-dinitrobenzonitrile, pentafluorobenzonitrile, 2-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile, tetrachloroterephthalonitrile, tetrafluorophthalonitrile and tetrafluoroisophthalonitrile.

12. The cyanoacrylate composition according to claim 1, wherein the anhydride component is an aromatic anhydride.

13. The cyanoacrylate composition according to claim 1, wherein the anhydride is a hydrogenated anhydride.

14. The cured cyanoacrylate composition according to claim 1.

15. A method of bonding together two substrates, comprising the steps of applying a cyanoacrylate composition according to claim 1, to at least one of the substrates, and mating together the substances for a time sufficient to permit an adhesive bond to form from the cyanoacrylate composition between the mated substrates.

16. A bonded assembly comprising: a first substrate having a first surface; a second substrate having a second surface; and a cured cyanoacrylate composition disposed between said first and second surfaces, said composition, prior to cure, comprising a cyanoacrylate composition according to claim 15.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 shows an X-Y plot of thermal performance of allyl-2-cyanoacrylate on grit blasted mild steel, after aging at a temperature of 150° C. On the plot, X is time (days) and Y is bond strength [N/mm.sup.2].

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(2) The cyanoacrylate component includes at least one cyanoacrylate monomer which may be chosen with a raft of substituents, such as those represented by H.sub.2C═C(CN)—COOR, where R is selected from C.sub.1-15 alkyl, C.sub.2-15 alkoxyalkyl, C.sub.3-15 cycloalkyl, C.sub.2-15 alkenyl, C.sub.6-15 aralkyl, C.sub.5-15 aryl, C.sub.2-15 allyl and haloalkyl groups. Desirably, the cyanoacrylate monomer is selected from at least one of methyl cyanoacrylate, ethyl-2-cyanoacrylate, propyl cyanoacrylates, butyl cyanoacrylates (such as n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate), octyl cyanoacrylates, allyl cyanoacrylate, β-methoxyethyl cyanoacrylate and combinations thereof. A particularly desirable cyanoacrylate monomer includes ethyl-2-cyanoacrylate. Suitably, the cyanoacrylate monomer may be ethyl-2-cyanoacrylate or allyl-2-cyanoacrylate. Optionally the cyanoacrylate component comprises ethyl-2-cyanoacrylate and allyl-2-cyanoacrylate.

(3) The cyanoacrylate component should be included in the compositions in an amount within the range of from about 50% to about 99.98% by weight, with the range of about 70% to about 90% by weight, of the total composition being desirable.

(4) Optionally, the cyanoacrylate composition may comprise a multi-functional cyanoacrylate component. Multi-functional cyanoacrylate components impart favourable heat resistance properties to cured cyanoacrylate compositions of the invention.

(5) Multi-functional cyanoacrylate components are ordinarily bis-cyanoacrylates, but may be tri-functional, tetra-functional or penta-functional as well.

(6) Bis-cyanoacrylates are embraced by following structure:

(7) ##STR00003##

(8) where R is a linkage selected from (CH.sub.2)n, with n being 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12, such as a linear or branched chain alkylene. Bis-cyanoacrylates of this sort may be prepared through a transesterification reaction using an appropriate diol to yield the alkylene centre segment for “R”. Desirable examples of these bis-cyanoacrylates include 1,10-decanediol bis-cyanoacrylate, 1,8-octanediol bis-cyanoacrylate, and 1,6-hexane bis-cyanoacrylate. An appropriate synthetic method to yield such bis-cyanoacrylates may be found generally in U.S. Pat. No. 3,975,422 (Buck), U.S. Pat. No. 4,012,402 (Buck), and U.S. Pat. No. 6,096,848 (Gololobov), and International Patent Publication No. WO 2010/091975.

(9) The multi-functional cyanoacrylate component may be included in the compositions in an amount within the range of from about 5% to about 30% by weight, with the range of about 10% to about 20% by weight, of the total composition being desirable.

(10) The toughening agent comprises a copolymer of polyethylene and polyvinyl acetate. Agents which are particularly suitable for use in accordance with the present invention are those agents comprising copolymers of polyethylene and polyvinyl acetate which are sold under the trade name LEVAMELT by Lanxess Limited.

(11) A range of LEVAMELT agents is available and includes for example, LEVAMELT 400, LEVAMELT 600 and LEVAMELT 900. These agents differ in the amount of vinyl acetate present. For example, LEVAMELT 400 represents an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer comprising 40 wt % vinyl acetate based on the total weight of the copolymer. The LEVAMELT products are supplied in granular form. The granules are almost colourless and dusted with silica and talc. The product may also be supplied in bales of 25 kg under the trade name LEVAPREN.

(12) The use of a toughening agent comprising a copolymer of polyethylene and polyvinyl acetate allows different cyanoacrylate esters to be formed as tough adhesives.

(13) The toughening agent may comprise an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer comprising 30 wt % vinyl acetate to 95 wt % vinyl acetate based on the total weight of the copolymer. For example the copolymer may comprise about 50 wt % to about 95 wt % vinyl acetate, or about 70 wt % to about 95 wt % vinyl acetate, based on the total weight of the copolymer. The toughening agent may comprise an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer comprising about 70 wt % vinyl acetate, or about 80 wt % vinyl acetate or about 90 wt % vinyl acetate based on the total weight of the copolymer.

(14) A particularly preferred toughening agent for use in accordance with the present invention comprises a polymer of polyethylene and polyvinyl acetate wherein the vinyl acetate is present in an amount of 90 wt % based on the total weight of the copolymer.

(15) A structural representation of the toughening agent is depicted below:

(16) ##STR00004##

(17) The LEVAMELT elastomers are high performance elastomers. Various grades of LEVAMELT elastomers are available from Lanxess Limited. They dissolve more readily than other tougheners currently used in the art, for example, VAMAC. They are readily available in both monomers and perform better than VAMAC in ethyl cyanoacrylate. LEVAMELT consists of methylene units forming a saturated main chain with pendant acetate groups. The presence of a fully saturated main chain is an indication that LEVAMELT is a particularly stable polymer. It does not contain any reactive double bonds which make conventional rubbers prone to aging reactions, ozone and UV light. The saturated backbone makes it robust.

(18) Further, the LEVAMELT elastomers are available without any of the processing aids that are used for most of the VAMAC elastomers. As a result, these elastomers facilitate the use of other monomers such as methyl cyanoacrylate, ethyl-2-cyanoacrylate, propyl cyanoacrylates, butyl cyanoacrylates, octyl cyanoacrylates, allyl cyanoacrylates, β-methoxyethyl cyanoacrylate, propargyl cyanoacrylate and mixtures thereof. This allows different cyanoacrylate esters to be formulated as tough adhesives.

(19) The LEVAMELT elastomers are available in pellet form and are easier to formulate than other known elastomeric toughening agents. Furthermore, these elastomers are less expensive than other known elastomers. Thus, these elastomers allow for the formulation of a more cost-effective toughened cyanoacrylate composition which provides better performance compared to known toughened cyanoacrylate compositions.

(20) The toughening agent may be present in an amount of from about 2 wt % to about 25 wt % based on the total weight of the cyanoacrylate composition. Suitably, the toughening agent may be present in an amount of from about 2 wt % or more to an amount of from about 25 wt % or less based on the total weight of the cyanoacrylate composition. The toughening agent may be present in an amount of about 2 wt % or more, such as about 4 wt % or about 6 wt % or about 8 wt % or about 10 wt % based on the total weight of the cyanoacrylate. Suitably, the toughening agent may be present in amount of about 25 wt % or less, such as about 20 wt % or about 18 wt % or about 16 wt % or about 14 wt % based on the total weight of the cyanoacrylate composition.

(21) For example, the toughening agent may be present in an amount of from about 2 wt % to about 18 wt % based on the total weight of the cyanoacrylate composition, such as in an amount of from about 4 wt % to about 16 wt %, or in an amount of from about 6 wt % to about 14 wt % based on the total weight of the cyanoacrylate composition.

(22) The component having at least two (meth)acrylate components has the formula

(23) ##STR00005##
wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of H or Me; and wherein X is a C.sub.4 to C.sub.30 alkyl chain and wherein said chain is optionally substituted with one or more acrylate and/or methacrylate functional groups, and/or one or more C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl groups.

(24) Optionally R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are methyl.

(25) X may be a C.sub.4 alkyl chain, or a C.sub.5 alkyl chain, or a C.sub.6 alkyl chain, or a C.sub.7 alkyl chain, or a C.sub.8 alkyl chain, or a C.sub.9 alkyl chain, or a C.sub.10 alkyl chain, or a C.sub.11 alkyl chain, or a C.sub.12 alkyl chain.

(26) Suitably, the alkyl chain has one or more pendant (meth)acrylate functional groups.

(27) The component having at least two (meth)acrylate components may for example be hexanediol diacrylate or hexanediol dimethacrylate.

(28) The component having at least two (meth)acrylate functional groups may be present in an amount of from about 1.5 wt % or more to an amount of from about 20 wt % or less based on the total weight of the cyanoacrylate composition. The component having at least two (meth)acrylate functional groups may be present in an amount of about 1.5 wt % or more, such as about 3 wt %, or about 4 wt %, or about 5 wt %, or about 6 wt %, or about 8 wt %, based on the total weight of the cyanoacrylate composition. The component having at least two (meth)acrylate functional groups may be present in an amount of about 20 wt % or less, such as 18 wt %, or 16 wt %, or 14 wt %, or 12 wt %, or 10 wt %, based on the total weight of the cyanoacrylate composition.

(29) Suitably, the component having at least two (meth)acrylate functional groups may be present in an amount of from about 2 wt % to about 14 wt %, such as from about 3 wt % to about 12 wt %, or from about 4 wt % to about 11 wt %, or from about 5 wt % to about 10 wt % based on the total weight of the cyanoacrylate composition.

(30) The benzonitrile component may be present in an amount of from about 0.01 wt % to about 10 wt % based on the total weight of the cyanoacrylate composition. For example, the benzonitrile component may be present in an amount of from about 0.01 wt % or more, such as in an amount of 0.05 wt %, or about 0.1 wt %, or about 0.2 wt % or about 0.3 wt % or about 0.4 wt %, or about 0.5 wt %, or about 1 wt %, or about 2 wt % based on the total weight of the cyanoacrylate composition. The benzonitrile component may be present in an amount of from 10 wt % or less, such as in an amount of from about 8 wt % or 6 wt % or 4 wt % or 2 wt % or 1 wt % based on the total weight of the cyanoacrylate composition.

(31) Suitably, the benzonitrile component may be present in an amount of from about 0.1 wt % to about 3 wt %, or from about 0.2 wt % to about 1.2 wt %, based on the total weight of the cyanoacrylate composition.

(32) The benzonitrile component is suitably tetrafluorophthalonitrile or tetrafluoroisophthalonitrile. Formulations comprising tetrafluoroisophthalonitrile demonstrated superior tensile strength performance after thermal ageing, particularly after thermal aging at 120° C. for 6 weeks.

(33) The anhydride component may be present in an amount of from about 0.05 wt % to about 5 wt % based on the total weight of the cyanoacrylate composition. For example the anhydride component may be present in an amount of from about 0.05 wt % or more, such as about 0.1 wt %, or about 0.2 wt %, or about 0.3 wt % or about 0.4 wt % or about 0.5 wt %, or about 1 wt %, based on the total weight of the cyanoacrylate composition. The anhydride component may be present in an amount of from about 5 wt % or less, such as about 4 wt %, or about 3 wt %, or about 2 wt %, or about 1 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition.

(34) Suitably, the anhydride component may be present in an amount of from about 0.1 wt % to about 3 wt %, or of from about 0.2 wt % to about 1.2 wt %, or about 0.3 wt % to about 1 wt % based on the total weight of the cyanoacrylate composition.

(35) Thermal resistance conferring agents may also be added. Included among such agents are certain sulfur-containing compounds, such as sulfonates, sulfinates, sulfates and sulfites as set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 5,328,944 (Attarwala), the disclosure of which is hereby expressly incorporated herein by reference.

(36) For example, compositions of the invention may optionally comprise additives which confer thermal resistance properties such as 2-sulfobenzoic acid anhydride, triethylene glycol di(p-toluene sulfonate), trifluoroethyl p-toluene sulfonate, dimethyl dioxolan-4-ylmethyl p-toluene sulfonate, p-toluene sulfonic anhydride, methanesulfonic anhydride, 1,3 propylene sulfite, dioxathiolane dioxide, 1,8-naphthosultone, sultone 1,3-propane, sultone 1,4-butene, allyl phenyl sulfone, 4-fluorophenyl sulfone, dibenzothiophene sulfone, bis(4-fluorophenyl) sulfone, ethyl p-toluenesulfonate, trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride.

(37) Accelerators may be included in the inventive cyanoacrylate compositions, such as any one or more selected from calixarenes and oxacalixarenes, silacrowns, crown ethers, cyclodextrins, polyethyleneglycol) di(meth)acrylates, ethoxylated hydric compounds and combinations thereof.

(38) Of the calixarenes and oxacalixarenes, many are known, and are reported in the patent literature. See e.g. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,556,700, 4,622,414, 4,636,539, 4,695,615, 4,718,966, and 4,855,461, the disclosures of each of which are hereby expressly incorporated herein by reference.

(39) For instance, as regards calixarenes, those within the following structure are useful herein:

(40) ##STR00006##
where R.sup.1 is alkyl, alkoxy, substituted alkyl or substituted alkoxy; R.sup.2 is H or alkyl; and n is 4, 6 or 8.

(41) One particularly desirable calixarene is tetrabutyl tetra[2-ethoxy-2-oxoethoxy]calix-4-arene.

(42) A host of crown ethers are known. For instance, examples which may be used herein either individually or in combination, or in combination with other first accelerator include 15-crown-5, 18-crown-6, dibenzo-18-crown-6, benzo-15-crown-5-dibenzo-24-crown-8, dibenzo-30-crown-10, tribenzo-18-crown-6, asym-dibenzo-22-crown-6, dibenzo-14-crown-4, dicyclohexyl-18-crown-6, dicyclohexyl-24-crown-8, cyclohexyl-12-crown-4,1,2-decalyl-15-crown-5, 1,2-naphtho-15-crown-5, 3,4,5-naphtyl-16-crown-5, 1,2-methyl-benzo-18-crown-6, 1,2-methylbenzo-5, 6-methylbenzo-18-crown-6,1,2-t-butyl-18-crown-6, 1,2-vinylbenzo-15-crown-5, 1,2-vinylbenzo-18-crown-6, 1,2-t-butyl-cyclohexyl-18-crown-6, asym-dibenzo-22-crown-6 and 1,2-benzo-1,4-benzo-5-oxygen-20-crown-7. See U.S. Pat. No. 4,837,260 (Sato), the disclosure of which is hereby expressly incorporated here by reference.

(43) Of the silacrowns, again many are known, and are reported in the literature. For instance, a typical silacrown may be represented within the following structure:

(44) ##STR00007##
where R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are organo groups which do not themselves cause polymerization of the cyanoacrylate monomer, R.sup.5 is H or CH.sub.3 and n is an integer of between 1 and 4. Examples of suitable R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 groups are R groups, alkoxy groups, such as methoxy, and aryloxy groups, such as phenoxy. The R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 groups may contain halogen or other substituents, an example being trifluoropropyl. However, groups not suitable as R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 groups are basic groups, such as amino, substituted amino and alkylamino.

(45) Specific examples of silacrown compounds useful in the inventive compositions include:

(46) ##STR00008##

(47) See e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 4,906,317 (Liu), the disclosure of which is hereby expressly incorporated herein by reference.

(48) Many cyclodextrins may be used in connection with the present invention. For instance, those described and claimed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,312,864 (Wenz), the disclosure of which is hereby expressly incorporated herein by reference, as hydroxyl group derivatives of an α, β or γ-cyclodextrin which is at least partly soluble in the cyanoacrylate would be appropriate choices.

(49) For instance, polyethylene glycol) di(meth)acrylates suitable for use herein include those within the following structure:

(50) ##STR00009##
where n is greater than 3, such as within the range of 3 to 12, with n being 9 as particularly desirable. More specific examples include PEG 200 DMA, (where n is about 4) PEG 400 DMA (where n is about 9), PEG 600 DMA (where n is about 14), and PEG 800 DMA (where n is about 19), where the number (e.g., 400) represents the average molecular weight of the glycol portion of the molecule, excluding the two methacrylate groups, expressed as grams/mole (i.e., 400 g/mol). A particularly desirable PEG DMA is PEG 400 DMA.

(51) And of the ethoxylated hydric compounds (or ethoxylated fatty alcohols that may be employed), appropriate ones may be chosen from those within the following structure:

(52) ##STR00010##
where C.sub.m can be a linear or branched alkyl or alkenyl chain, m is an integer between 1 to 30, such as from 5 to 20, n is an integer between 2 to 30, such as from 5 to 15, and R may be H or alkyl, such as C.sub.1-6 alkyl.

(53) Commercially available examples of materials within the above structure include those offered under the DEHYDOL tradename from BASF SE, Lugwigshafen, Germany.

(54) When used, the accelerator embraced by the above structures should be included in the compositions in an amount within the range of from about 0.01% to about 10% by weight, with the range of about 0.1 to about 0.5% by weight being desirable, and about 0.4% by weight of the total composition being particularly desirable.

(55) A stabilizer package is also ordinarily found in cyanoacrylate compositions. The stabilizer package may include one or more free radical stabilizers and anionic stabilizers, each of the identity and amount of which are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. See e.g. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,530,037 and 6,607,632, the disclosures of each of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.

(56) Commonly used free-radical stabilizers include hydroquinone, while commonly used anionic stabilizers include boron triflouride, boron trifluoride-etherate, sulfur trioxide (and hydrolyis products thereof), sulfur dioxide and methane sulfonic acid.

(57) Other additives may be included to confer additional physical properties, such as improved shock resistance (for instance, citric acid), thickness (for instance, polymethyl methacrylate), thixotropy (for instance fumed silica), and colour.

(58) These other additives may be used in the inventive compositions individually in an amount from about 0.05% to about 20%, such as about 1% to 15%, desirably 5% to 10% by weight, depending of course on the identity of the additive. For instance, and more specifically, citric acid may be used in the inventive compositions in an amount of 5 to 500 ppm, desirably 10 to 100 ppm.

Examples

(59) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Formulation (wt %) Component A B C D E Ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate 93 80 79 79 79 Stabiliser Solution 0.5 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 Vamac VSC 5500 10 10 — — Levamelt 900 — — 10 — Polymethyl methacrylate 6.5 — — — 10 (PMMA) Hexanediol Diacrylate 8 8 8 8 (HDDA) Tetrahydrophthalic Anhydride 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 (THPA) Tetrafluoroisophthalonitrile — 1 1 1 (TFIPN) Initials (MPa) GBMS 1 Week 20.6 21.6 20.2 15.4 19.9 100° C. (MPa) GBMS 3 Weeks 10.5 23.1 25.2 24.5 14.1 GBMS 6 Weeks 8.8 24.2 27.8 26.6 14.7 120° C. (MPa) GBMS 3 Weeks 7.3 7.6 24.7 24.4 16 GBMS 6 Weeks 4.2 4.4 20.7 25.3 13.4 40° C./98% RH (MPa) GBMS 3 Weeks 12.3 17.2 17 12.6 14.2 GBMS 6 Weeks 12.1 18.3 18.5 9.5 15

(60) Formulation A is a standard flexible cyanoacrylate formulation which comprises:

(61) Ethyl-2-cyanoacrylate, polymethylmethacrylate and a stabilizer. The stabilizer used in formulation 1 above is a combination of methane sulfonic acid and sulfur dioxide.

(62) The tensile strength for each of the compositions of Table 1 was determined according to ASTM D1002 for the determination of shear strength of adhesives using lap shear specimens. Each of formulations A to E is applied to grit blasted mild steel lap shears, and bonded assemblies prepared for thermal performance evaluation.

(63) Initial tensile strength performance is determined after cure for 1 week at room temperature.

(64) Table 1 shows the performance of prior art cyanoacrylate compositions and cyanoacrylate compositions according to the invention. Formulation A is a typical cyanoacrylate composition, with PMMA used as thickener. Thermal ageing at both 100° C. and 120° C. leads to a significant decrease in tensile strength performance. Similarly, tensile strength performance of formulation A after thermal ageing at 40° C. in 98% relative humidity after both 3 and 6 weeks was significantly lower than the initial tensile strength performance. Thermal aging for 6 weeks at 100° C. resulted in a typical percentage fall for a cyanoacrylate-type product to about 40% of its initial value, with about 20% of the initial value maintained after heat ageing at 120° C. for 6 weeks. Thermal aging at 40° C. in 98% relative humidity resulted in about 60% of its initial value being maintained.

(65) Formulation B shows the benefit the improved heat aging at 100° C. with the addition of hexanediol diacrylate in combination with Vamac rubber and tetrahydrophthalic anhydride. However, no improvement is observed after thermal ageing at 120° C. The addition of TFIPN in formulation C shows significant improvement at 100° C. and in particular at 120° C.

(66) While initial tensile strength performance for formulation D is reduced in comparison to formulations A to C, the tensile strength performance of formulation D which comprises Levamelt in place of the Vamac rubber shows exceptional tensile strength performance after heat aging at both 100° C. and 120° C. Formulation E which comprises PMMA used in place of both the Vamac and Levamelt toughening agents had a comparable initial tensile strength performance to formulations A to C, and although an improvement in tensile strength performance after thermal ageing was observed over formulation A, the formulations comprising Vamac or Levamelt performed significantly better in thermal ageing experiments.

(67) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Formulation (wt %) Components F G H I J K Ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate 87.1 85.1 83.1 85.1 39.6 — Allyl 2-cyanoacrylate — — — — 41.5 81.1 Stabiliser Solution 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 Levamelt 900 4.0 6.0 8.0 8.0 10.0 10.0 Hexanediol Diacrylate 6.0 6.0 6.0 4.0 6.0 6.0 Phthalic Anhydride 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Tetrafluoroisophthalonitrile 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Initials (MPa) GBMS 1 Week Cure 18.8 19.2 20.2 20.2 17.7 18.2 100° C. 3 Weeks 18.5 20.1 21.5 18.6 18.3 18.3 6 Weeks 16.9 19.1 21.0 17.9 18.3 15.9 120° C. 3 Weeks 21.1 23.7 25.1 22.1 18.3 10.1 6 Weeks 22.4 26.0 23.1 21.1 8.1 9.8 150° C. 3 Weeks 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.8 8.8 6 Weeks 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 15.3 10.4 40° C./98% RH 3 Weeks 20.5 22.6 22.9 21.5 18.4 13.9 6 Weeks 22.1 19.3 18.5 19.0 16.3 12.5

(68) Formulations F to H investigate the effect of various levels of Levamelt on heat aging. Higher levels of Levamelt generally shows improvement performance in particular at 100° C. Formulation I looks at lower loadings of HDDA and demonstrates that 6% shows improved aging over the corresponding 4% formulation.

(69) Formulations J and K demonstrate the effect of ally-2-cyanoacrylate on the heat aging. A clear benefit is shown at 150° C. where ethyl based formulations show no durability.

(70) The words “comprises/comprising” and the words “having/including” when used herein with reference to the present invention are used to specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps or components but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, components or groups thereof.

(71) It is appreciated that certain features of the invention, which are, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features of the invention which are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any suitable sub-combination.