CO2 CONTAINING FOAMS AND RELATED METHODS

Abstract

The present invention provides methods for producing polyurethane foam compositions. Such methods include mixing an A-side composition, a B-side composition, and CO.sub.2 to provide a foam mixture, wherein at least a portion of the CO.sub.2 is added as a separate stream, or is provided dissolved in the B-side composition.

Claims

1. A method for producing a polyurethane foam composition, the method comprising the steps of providing an A-side composition comprising one or more polyisocyanates; providing a B-side composition comprising one or more highly alternating polycarbonate polyols derived from the copolymerization of one or more epoxides and CO.sub.2; heating the B-side composition to an elevated temperature; mixing the A-side composition, the heated B-side composition, and CO.sub.2 to provide a foam mixture; and allowing the foam mixture to cure into the polyurethane foam composition; wherein at least a portion of the CO.sub.2 is added as a separate stream, or is provided dissolved in the B-side composition.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the A-side composition, the heated B-side composition and a liquid CO.sub.2 stream are mixed simultaneously at a mix head to provide the foam mixture.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the CO.sub.2 is provided dissolved in the B-side composition.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the A-side composition and the heated B-side composition are mixed at a mix head and a CO.sub.2 stream is added separately to the A-side/B-side mixture.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the B-side composition contains less than about 4 molar equivalents of water relative to the moles of active OH end groups provided by the polyols in the B-side composition.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein the B-side composition contains less than about 2 molar equivalents of water relative to the moles of active OH end groups provided by the polyols in the B-side composition.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the B-side composition is heated to a temperature between 70 C. and 200 C.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the B-side composition is heated to a temperature between about 70 C. and about 150 C., between about 70 C. and about 120 C., between about 80 C. and about 120 C., between about 100 C. and about 150 C., between about 90 C. and about 140 C., or between about 90 C. and 130 C.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the B-side composition comprises a polyol selected from the group consisting of: ##STR00070## wherein, n is at each occurrence, independently an integer from about 2 to about 100; is a multivalent moiety; and R.sup.1a is, independently at each occurrence in the polymer chain, selected from the group consisting of H, CH.sub.3, CH.sub.2CH.sub.3, CH.sub.2Cl, CH.sub.2OR.sup.x, CH.sub.2OC(O)R.sup.x, and (CH.sub.2).sub.qCH.sub.3, where each R.sup.x is independently an optionally substituted moiety selected from the group consisting of C.sub.1-20 aliphatic, C.sub.1-20 heteroaliphatic, 3- to 14-membered carbocyclic, 6- to 10-membered aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, and 3- to 12-membered heterocyclic, and q is an integer from 2 to 40.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein the B-side composition comprises a polyol of formula: ##STR00071##

11. The method of claim 9, wherein the B-side composition comprises a polyol of formula: ##STR00072##

12. The method of claim 9, wherein the B-side composition comprises a polyol of formula: ##STR00073##

13. The method of claim 9, wherein the B-side composition comprises a polyol of formula: ##STR00074##

14. The method of claim 1, wherein the highly alternating polycarbonate polyol is characterized in that it has at least 95% carbonate linkages, at least 97% carbonate linkages, at least 99% carbonate linkages, or essentially only carbonate linkages.

15. The method of claim 1, wherein the highly alternating polycarbonate polyol comprises poly(propylene carbonate).

16. The method of claim 1, wherein the highly alternating polycarbonate polyol comprises poly(ethylene carbonate).

17. A polyurethane foam composition made by a method of claim 1.

18. The polyurethane foam composition of claim 17, characterized in that the cured foam composition has a hard segment content of less than about 40%, less than about 30%, less than about 25%, less than about 20%, less than about 15%, or less than about 10%.

19. The polyurethane foam composition of claim 17, characterized in that the cured foam composition has a ratio of urethane linkages to urea linkages of greater than about 1:1, greater than about 2:1, greater than about 3:1, or greater than about 5:1.

20. The polyurethane foam composition of claim 17, characterized in that the foam comprises a flexible foam or a rigid foam.

21-22. (canceled)

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0057] In some embodiments, the present invention provides methods for making polyurethane foams. In certain embodiments, the methods of this invention provide improved strategies for direct incorporation of CO.sub.2 into polyurethane foam compositions. In certain embodiments, the inventive methods provided are defined broadly by two features: [0058] 1. the feature that at least some CO.sub.2 utilized as a blowing agent for the foam is added directly to the formulation (i.e. as opposed to being generated in situ by reaction of water and isocyanate); and [0059] 2. the B-side formulation of the foam contains APC polyols derived from the copolymerization of CO.sub.2 and one or more epoxides.

[0060] In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a method for producing a polyurethane foam composition, comprising the steps of: [0061] providing an A-side composition comprising one or more polyisocyanates; [0062] providing a B-side composition comprising one or more highly alternating polycarbonate polyols; [0063] heating the B-side composition to an elevated temperature; [0064] mixing the A-side composition, the heated B-side composition, and CO.sub.2 to provide a foam mixture; and [0065] allowing the foam mixture to cure into the polyurethane foam composition; [0066] wherein at least a portion of the CO.sub.2 is added as a separate stream, or is provided dissolved in the B-side composition.

[0067] In certain embodiments, a method comprises adding CO.sub.2 as a separate feedstream to the site where an A-side composition and a B-side composition are mixed. In other embodiments, a method comprises adding liquid CO.sub.2 as a separate feedstream to the mixture of an A-side composition and B-side composition (i.e. the CO.sub.2 is added at a point after the mixing of the A-side and B-side). In certain embodiments, the step of adding CO.sub.2 comprises feeding a liquid CO.sub.2 stream. In certain embodiments, the step of adding of the CO.sub.2 comprises feeding CO.sub.2 as a compressed gas stream.

[0068] In certain embodiments, a method comprises dissolving CO.sub.2 in an APC polyol prior to mixing an A-side with a B-side. In certain embodiments, a B-side composition contains dissolved CO.sub.2 and a B-side composition is provided at an elevated pressure. In certain embodiments, a B-side composition may include other dissolved gasses such as nitrogen, argon, helium, deoxygenated air, hydrocarbons, fluorinated hydrocarbons and the like, either in place of or in addition to carbon dioxide.

[0069] In certain embodiments, a method comprises heating an APC polyol (or a B-side composition containing an APC polyol) to a temperature above about 50 C. In certain embodiments, a polyol or B-side composition is heated to a temperature of about 70 C., about 75 C., about 80 C., about 90 C., about 100 C., about 110 C., about 120 C., about 140 C., about 160 C., or about 180 C.

[0070] In certain embodiments, methods of the present invention are characterized in that a B-side composition contains a relatively small amount of water compared to a typical foam formulation for the type of foam being produced (i.e. rigid, flexible, viscoelastic, etc.). In certain embodiments, methods of the present invention are characterized in that a B-side composition contains less than 10 molar equivalents of water relative to moles of active OH provided by a polyol present in a B-side formulation. In certain embodiments, methods of the present invention are characterized in that a B-side composition contains less than 8, less than 6, less than 5, less than 4, less than 3, or less than 2 molar equivalents of water relative to the moles of active OH groups provided by a polyol present in a B-side formulation. In certain embodiments, methods of the present invention are characterized in that a B-side composition contains between 0 and 5 molar equivalents of water relative to moles of active OH provided by a polyol present in a B-side formulation. In certain embodiments, methods of the present invention are characterized in that a B-side composition contains between 0 and 3 molar equivalents of water relative to moles of active OH provided by a polyol present in a B-side formulation. In certain embodiments, methods of the present invention are characterized in that a B-side composition contains more polyol OH groups than molecules of water. In certain embodiments, methods of the present invention are characterized in that a B-side composition contains at least twice as many polyol OH groups as molecules of water.

[0071] In certain embodiments, a highly alternating polycarbonate polyol contained in a B-side composition is derived from copolymerization of CO.sub.2 and one or more epoxides. In certain embodiments, a highly alternating polycarbonate polyol contained in a B-side composition is derived from copolymerization of CO.sub.2 and propylene oxide. In certain embodiments, a highly alternating polycarbonate polyol contained in a B-side composition is derived from copolymerization of CO.sub.2 and a mixture propylene oxide and at least one other epoxide selected from the group consisting of: ethylene oxide, 1-butene oxide, 2-butene oxide, butadiene monoepoxide, 1-hexene oxide, cyclohexene oxide, cylopentene oxide, 3-vinyl cyclohexene oxide, 3-ethyl cyclohexene oxide, epichlorohydrin, glycidol ethers, glycidol esters, and epoxides of higher alpha olefins.

[0072] In certain embodiments, a highly alternating polycarbonate polyol contained in a B-side composition is derived from copolymerization of CO.sub.2 and ethylene oxide. In certain embodiments, a highly alternating polycarbonate polyol contained in a B-side composition is derived from copolymerization of CO.sub.2 and a mixture ethylene oxide and at least one other epoxide selected from the group consisting of: 1-butene oxide, 2-butene oxide, butadiene monoepoxide, 1-hexene oxide, cyclohexene oxide, cylopentene oxide, 3-vinyl cyclohexene oxide, 3-ethyl cyclohexene oxide, epichlorohydrin, glycidol ethers, glycidol esters, and epoxides of higher alpha olefins.

[0073] Suitable APC polyols include those described in Appendix A at the end of this specification. In certain embodiments, a B-side composition comprises a polyol selected from the group consisting of:

##STR00003##

wherein n is at each occurrence, independently an integer from about 2 to about 100;

##STR00004##

is a multivalent moiety; and
R.sup.1a is, independently at each occurrence in the polymer chain, selected from the group consisting of H, CH.sub.3, CH.sub.2CH.sub.3, CH.sub.2Cl, CH.sub.2OR.sup.x, CH.sub.2OC(O)R.sup.x, and (CH.sub.2).sub.gCH.sub.3, where each R.sup.x is independently an optionally substituted moiety selected from the group consisting of C.sub.1-20 aliphatic, C.sub.1-20 heteroaliphatic, 3- to 14-membered carbocyclic, 6- to 10-membered aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, and 3- to 12-membered heterocyclic, and q is an integer from 2 to 40.

[0074] In certain embodiments, where a highly alternating APC polyol contained in the B-side composition has one of the structures shown in the previous paragraph, R.sup.1a is CH.sub.3. In certain embodiments, R.sup.1a is CH.sub.2CH.sub.3. In certain embodiments, R.sup.1a is a mixture of H and CH.sub.3. In certain embodiments, R.sup.1a is a mixture of H and CH.sub.2CH.sub.3. In certain embodiments, R.sup.1a is a mixture of H and CH.sub.2Cl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.1a is a mixture of CH.sub.3 and CH.sub.2CH.sub.3. In certain embodiments, R.sup.1a is a mixture of CH.sub.3 and CH.sub.2Cl.

[0075] In certain embodiments, a highly alternating APC polyol contained in a B-side composition is characterized in that it has an Mn between about 500 g/mol and about 7,500 g/mol. In certain embodiments, an APC polyol has an Mn between about 3,000 g/mol and about 6,000 g/mol. In certain embodiments, an APC polyol has an Mn between about 500 g/mol and about 1,500 g/mol. In certain embodiments, an APC polyol has an Mn between about 1,000 g/mol and about 2,500 g/mol. In certain embodiments, an APC polyol has an Mn between about 2,500 g/mol and about 5,000 g/mol.

[0076] In certain embodiments, a highly alternating APC polyol contained in a B-side composition is characterized in that it has a viscosity at 70 C. of between about 2,500 and about 10,000 cp. In certain embodiments, an APC polyol has a viscosity at 70 C. of between about 3,000 and about 8,000 cp. In certain embodiments, an APC polyol has a viscosity at 70 C. of between about 5,000 and about 7,000 cp. In certain embodiments, an APC polyol has a viscosity at 70 C. of between about 1,500 and about 3,000 cp.

[0077] In certain embodiments, a highly alternating APC polyol contained in a B-side composition is characterized in that it has functional number of 2. In certain embodiments, a highly alternating APC polyol contained in a B-side composition is characterized in that it has functional number greater than 2. In certain embodiments, an APC polyol has a functional number between 2 and 3. In certain embodiments, an APC polyol has a functional number of approximately 2, approximately 2.4, approximately 2.6, approximately 2.7, approximately 2.8, approximately 2.9, or approximately 3.

[0078] In certain embodiments, methods of the present invention are characterized in that a B-side composition contains APC polyol with a highly alternating structure. In certain embodiments, such compositions comprise APC polyol chains containing greater than 90% carbonate linkages and less than 10% ether linkages. In certain embodiments, such compositions comprise APC polyol chains containing greater than 92%, greater than 93%, greater than 94%, greater than 95%, greater than 96%, greater than 97%, greater than 98%, greater than 99%, or greater than 99.5% carbonate linkages. In certain embodiments, the compositions comprise APC polyol chains with no detectable ether linkages (e.g. as determined by .sup.1H or .sup.13C NMR spectroscopy).

[0079] In certain embodiments, methods of the present invention are characterized in that a B-side composition contains APC polyol with a narrow molecular weight distribution. In certain embodiments, the PDI of an APC polyol is less than about 2. In certain embodiments, the PDI is less than about 1.6, less than about 1.4, less than about 1.3, less than about 1.2, or less than about 1.1.

[0080] In the methods above, an A-side can contain any polyisocyanate suitable for foam formulation. Many such compositions are known in the art. In certain embodiments, an A-side composition in the methods provided herein contain one or more of the materials listed in Appendix B below.

[0081] In certain embodiments, a B-side composition comprises the APC polyols in combination with one or more additional polyols and/or one or more additives. In certain embodiments, the additives are selected from the group consisting of: solvents, water, catalysts, surfactants, blowing agents, colorants, UV stabilizers, flame retardants, antimicrobials, plasticizers, cell-openers, antistatic compositions, compatibilizers, and the like. In certain embodiments, the B-side compositions comprise additional reactive small molecules such as amines, alcohols, thiols, or carboxylic acids that participate in bond-forming reactions with isocyanates.

Additional Polyols

[0082] In certain embodiments, B-side compositions of the present invention comprise APC polyols as described above in combination with one or more additional polyols such as are traditionally used in polyurethane foam compositions. In embodiments where B-side compositions of the present invention comprise or are derived from a mixture of one or more APC polyols and one or more additional polyols, the additional polyols are selected from the group consisting of polyether polyols, polyester polyols, polystyrene polyols, polyether-carbonate polyols, polyether-ester carbonates, and mixtures of any two or more of these. In certain embodiments, B-side compositions of the present invention comprise or are derived from a mixture of one or more APC polyols as described herein and one or more other polyols selected from the group consisting of materials available commercially under the trade names: Voranol (Dow), SpecFlex (Dow), Tercarol (Dow), Caradol (Shell), Hyperliter, Acclaim (Bayer Material Science), Ultracel (Bayer Material Science), Desmophen (Bayer Material Science), and Arcol (Bayer Material Science).

[0083] In certain embodiments, B-side compositions of the present invention comprise mixtures containing polyether polyols in combination with one or more APC polyols as described herein. In certain embodiments, such polyether polyols are characterized in that they have an Mn between about 500 and about 10,000 g/mol. In certain embodiments, such polyether polyols have an Mn between about 500 and about 5,000 g/mol. In certain embodiments, polyether polyols comprise polyethylene glycol. In certain embodiments, polyether polyols comprise polypropylene glycol.

[0084] Polyether polyols that may be present include those which can be obtained by known methods, for example, polyether polyols can be produced by anionic polymerizationfrom one or more alkylene oxides with 2 to 4 carbons in the alkylene radicalwith alkali hydroxides such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide or alkali alcoholates, such as sodium methylate, sodium ethylate, potassium ethylate, or potassium isopropylate as catalysts and with the addition of at least one initiator molecule containing 2 to 8, preferably 3 to 8, reactive hydrogens, or by cationic polymerization with Lewis acids such as antimony pentachloride, boron trifluoride etherate, etc., or bleaching earth as catalysts. Any suitable alkylene oxide may be used such as 1,3-propylene oxide, 1,2- and 2,3 butylene oxide, amylene oxides, styrene oxide, and preferably ethylene oxide and propylene oxide and mixtures of these oxides. The polyalkylene polyether polyols may be prepared from other starting materials such as tetrahydrofuran and alkylene oxide-tetrahydrofuran mixtures; epihalohydrins such as epichlorohydrin; as well as aralkylene oxides such as styrene oxide. The polyalkylene polyether polyols may have either primary or secondary hydroxyl groups, preferably secondary hydroxyl groups from the addition of propylene oxide onto an initiator because these groups are slower to react. Included among the polyether polyols are polyoxyethylene glycol, polyoxypropylene glycol, polyoxybutylene glycol, polytetramethylene glycol, block copolymers, for example, combinations of polyoxypropylene and polyoxyethylene glycols, poly-1,2-oxybutylene and polyoxyethylene glycols, poly-1,4-tetramefhylene and polyoxyethylene glycols, and copolymer glycols prepared from blends or sequential addition of two or more alkylene oxides. The polyalkylene polyether polyols may be prepared by any known process such as, for example, the process disclosed by Wurtz in Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Vol. 7, pp. 257-262, published by Interscience Publishers, Inc. (1951) or in U.S. Pat. No. 1,922,459. Polyethers include the alkylene oxide addition products of polyhydric alcohols such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, trimethylene glycol, 1,2-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,7-heptanediol, hydroquinone, resorcinol glycerol, glycerine, 1,1,1-trimethylol-propane, 1,1,1-trimethylolethane, pentaerythritol, 1,2,6-hexanetriol, a-methyl glucoside, sucrose, and sorbitol. Also included within the term polyhydric alcohol are compounds derived from phenol such as 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propane, commonly known as Bisphenol A. In some embodiments, a polyol composition comprises at least one polyol which is initiated with a compound having at least two primary or secondary amine groups, a polyhydric alcohol having 4 or more hydroxyl groups, such as sucrose, or a mixture of initiators employing a polyhydric alcohol having at least 4 hydroxyl groups and compounds having at least two primary or secondary amine groups. Suitable organic amine initiators which may be condensed with alkylene oxides include aromatic amines-such as aniline, N-alkylphenylene-diamines, 2,4-, 2,2-, and 4,4-methylenedianiline, 2,6- or 2,4-toluenediamine, vicinal toluenediamines, o-chloroaniline, p-aminoaniline, 1,5-diaminonaphthalene, methylene dianiline, the various condensation products of aniline and formaldehyde, and the isomeric diaminotoluenes; and aliphatic amines such as mono-, di-, and trialkanolamines, ethylene diamine, propylene diamine, diethylenetriamine, methylamine, triisopropanolamine, 1,3-diaminopropane, 1,3-diaminobutane, and 1,4-diaminobutane. In certain embodiments, amines include monoethanolamine, vicinal toluenediamines, ethylenediamines, and propylenediamine. In some embodiments, aromatic polyether polyols contemplated for use in this invention are an alkylene oxide adduct of phenol/formaldehyde/alkanolamine resin, frequently called a Mannich polyol such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,883,826; 4,939,182; and 5,120, 815.

[0085] In certain embodiments where additional polyols are present, they comprise from about 5 weight percent to about 95 weight percent of the total polyol content with the balance of the polyol mixture made up of one or more APC polyols described above and specific embodiments herein. In certain embodiments, up to about 75 weight percent of the total polyol content of the B-side mixture is APC polyol. In certain embodiments, up to about 50 weight percent of the total polyol content of the B-side mixture is APC polyol. In certain embodiments, up to about 40 weight percent, up to about 30 weight percent, up to about 25 weight percent, up to about 20 weight percent, up to about 15 weight percent, or up to about 10 weight percent of the total polyol content of the B-side mixture is APC polyol. In certain embodiments, at least about 5 weight percent of the total polyol content of the B-side mixture is APC polyol. In certain embodiments, at least about 10 weight percent of the total polyol content of the B-side mixture is APC polyol. In certain embodiments, at least about 15 weight percent, at least about 20 weight percent, at least about 25 weight percent, at least about 40 weight percent, or at least about 50 weight percent, of the total polyol content of the B-side mixture is APC polyol.

Catalysts

[0086] In certain embodiments, B-side compositions contain one or more catalysts for the reaction of the polyol (and water, if present) with the polyisocyanate. Any suitable urethane catalyst may be used, including tertiary amine compounds and organometallic compounds. Exemplary tertiary amine compounds include triethylenediamine, N-methylmorpholine, N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine, pentamethyldiethylenetriamine, tetramethylethylenediamine, 1-methyl-4-dimethylaminoethylpiperazine, 3-methoxy-N-dimethylpropylamine, N-ethylmorpholine, diethylethanolamine, N-cocomorpholine, N,N-dimethyl-N,N-dimethyl isopropylpropylenediamine, N,N-diethyl-3-diethylaminopropylamine dimethylbenzylamine, 1,8-Diazabicycloundec-7-ene (DBU), 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) triazabicyclodecene (TBD), and N-methyltriazabicyclodecene. (MTBD) Exemplary organometallic catalysts include organomercury, organolead, organoferric and organotin catalysts. Suitable tin catalysts include stannous chloride, tin salts of carboxylic acids such as dibutyltin dilaurate, as well as other organometallic compounds such as are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,846,408 and elsewhere. A catalyst for the trimerization of polyisocyanates, resulting in a polyisocyanurate, such as an alkali metal alkoxide may also optionally be employed herein. Such catalysts are used in an amount which measurably increases the rate of polyurethane or polyisocyanurate formation.

[0087] In certain embodiments, where B-side compositions of the present invention comprise catalysts, the catalysts comprise tin based materials. In certain embodiments, tin catalysts included in the B-side compositions are selected from the group consisting of: di-butyl tin dilaurate, dibutylbis(laurylthio)stannate, dibutyltinbis(isooctylmercapto acetate), dibutyltinbis(isooctylmaleate), tin octanoate, and mixtures of any two or more of these.

[0088] In certain embodiments, catalysts included in the B-side compositions comprise tertiary amines. In certain embodiments, catalysts included in the B-side compositions are selected from the group consisting of: DABCO, pentametyldipropylenetriamine, bis(dimethylamino ethyl ether), pentamethyldiethylenetriamine, DBU phenol salt, dimethylcyclohexylamine, 2,4,6-tris(N,N-dimethylaminomethyl)phenol (DMT-30), 1,3,5-tris(3-dimethylaminopropyl)hexahydro-s-triazine, ammonium salts, and combinations or formulations of any of these.

[0089] Typical amounts of catalyst are 0.001 to 10 parts of catalyst per 100 parts by weight of total polyol in the B-side mixture. In certain embodiments, catalyst levels in the formulation, when used, range between about 0.001 pph (weight parts per hundred) and about 3 pph based on the amount of polyol present in the B-side mixture. In certain embodiments, catalyst levels range between about 0.05 pph and about 1 pph, or between about 0.1 pph and about 0.5 pph.

Blowing Agents

[0090] In certain embodiments, B-side compositions of the present invention contain blowing agents. Blowing agents may be chemical blowing agents (typically molecules that react with A-side components to liberate CO.sub.2 or other volatile compounds) or they may be physical blowing agents (typically molecules with a low boiling point that vaporize during the foam formation. Many blowing agents are known in the art and may be applied to B-side compositions of the present invention according to conventional methodology. The choice of blowing agent and the amounts added can be a matter of routine experimentation.

[0091] In certain embodiments, the blowing agent comprises a chemical blowing agent. In certain embodiments, water is present as a blowing agent. Water functions as a blowing agent by reacting with a portion of the isocyanate in an A-side mixture to produce carbon dioxide gas. Similarly, formic acid can be included as a blowing agent. Formic acid functions as a blowing agent by reacting with a portion of the isocyanate to produce carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide gas.

[0092] In certain embodiments, water is present in an amount of from 0.5 to 20 parts per 100 parts by weight of the polyol in a B-side composition. In certain embodiments, water is present from about 1 to 10 parts, from about 2 to 8 parts, or from about 4 to 6 parts per 100 parts by weight of polyol in a B-side composition. In certain embodiments, it is advantageous not to exceed 2 parts of water, not to exceed 1.5 parts of water, or not to exceed 0.75 parts of water. In certain embodiments, it is advantageous to have water absent.

[0093] In certain embodiments, formic acid is present in an amount of from 0.5 to 20 parts per 100 parts by weight of the polyol in a B-side composition. In certain embodiments, formic acid is present from about 1 to 10 parts, from about 2 to 8 parts, or from about 4 to 6 parts per 100 parts by weight of polyol in the B-side composition.

[0094] In certain embodiments, physical blowing agents can be used. Suitable physical blowing agents include hydrocarbons, fluorine-containing organic molecules, hydrocarbons, chlorocarbons, acetone, methyl formate and carbon dioxide. In some embodiments, fluorine-containing organic molecules comprise perfluorinated compounds, chlorofluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, and hydrofluorocarbons. Suitable hydrofluoroalkanes are CI-4 compounds including difiuoromethane (R-32), 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a), 1,1-difluoroethane (R-152a), difiuorochloroethane (R-142b), trifiuoromethane (R-23), heptafluoropropane (R-227a), hexafluoropropane (R136), 1,1,1-trifluoroefhane (R-133), fluoroethane (R-161), 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoropropane (R-245fa), pentafluoropropylene (R2125a), 1,1,1,3-tetrafiuoropropane, tetrafhioropropylene (R-2134a), 1,1,2,3,3-pentafluoropropane and 1,1,1,3,3-pentafiuoro-n-butane.

[0095] In certain embodiments, when a hydrofluorocarbon blowing agent is present in the B-side mixture, it is selected from the group consisting of: tetrafluoroethane (R-134a), pentafluoropropane (R-245fa) and pentafluorobutane (R-365).

[0096] Suitable hydrocarbons for use as blowing agents include nonhalogenated hydrocarbons such as butane, isobutane, 2,3-dimethylbutane, n- and i-pentane isomers, hexane isomers, heptane isomers and cycloalkanes including cyclopentane, cyclohexane, and cycloheptane. In some embodiments, hydrocarbons for use as blowing agents include cyclopentane, n-pentane, and iso-pentane. In certain embodiments, a B-side composition comprises a physical blowing agent selected from the group consisting of tetrafluoroethane (R-134a), pentafluoropropane (R-245fa), pentafluorobutane (R-365), cyclopentane, n-pentane, and iso-pentane.

[0097] In certain embodiments where a physical blowing agent is present, it is used in an amount of from about 1 to about 20 parts per 100 parts by weight of a polyol in the B-side composition. In certain embodiments, a physical blowing agent is present from 2 to 15 parts, or from 4 to 10 parts per 100 parts by weight of the polyol in a B-side composition.

Reactive Small Molecules

[0098] In certain embodiments, B-side compositions of the present invention include one or more small molecules reactive toward isocyanates. In certain embodiments, reactive small molecules included in B-side compositions comprise organic molecules having one or more functional groups selected from the group consisting of alcohols, amines, carboxylic acids, thiols, and combinations of any two or more of these. In some embodiments, a non-polymeric small molecule has a molecular weight less than 1,000 g/mol, or less than 1,500 g/mol.

[0099] In certain embodiments, B-side compositions of the present invention include one or more alcohols. In certain embodiments, B-side compositions include polyhydric alcohols.

[0100] In certain embodiments, reactive small molecules included in the inventive B-side compositions comprise dihydric alcohols. In certain embodiments, the dihydric alcohol comprises a C.sub.2-40 diol. In certain embodiments, the dihydric alcohol is selected from the group consisting of: 1,2-ethanediol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,2-butanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 2,2-dimethylpropane-1,3-diol, 2-butyl-2-ethylpropane-1,3-diol, 2-methyl-2,4-pentane diol, 2-ethyl-1,3-hexane diol, 2-methyl-1,3-propane diol, 1,5-hexanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,8-octanediol, 1,10-decanediol, 1,12-dodecanediol, 2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutane-1,3-diol, 1,3-cyclopentanediol, 1,2-cyclohexanediol, 1,3-cyclohexanediol, 1,4-cyclohexanediol, 1,2-cyclohexanedimethanol, 1,3-cyclohexanedimethanol, 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, 1,4-cyclohexanediethanol, isosorbide, glycerol monoesters, glycerol monoethers, trimethylolpropane monoesters, trimethylolpropane monoethers, pentaerythritol diesters, pentaerythritol diethers, and alkoxylated derivatives of any of these.

[0101] In certain embodiments, a reactive small molecule included in B-side compositions comprises a dihydric alcohol selected from the group consisting of: diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, higher poly(ethylene glycol), such as those having number average molecular weights of from 220 to about 2000 g/mol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, and higher poly(propylene glycols) such as those having number average molecular weights of from 234 to about 2000 g/mol.

[0102] In certain embodiments, a reactive small molecule included in B-side compositions comprises an alkoxylated derivative of a compound selected from the group consisting of: a diacid, a diol, or a hydroxy acid. In certain embodiments, alkoxylated derivatives comprise ethoxylated or propoxylated compounds.

[0103] In certain embodiments, a reactive small molecule included in B-side compositions comprises a polymeric diol. In certain embodiments, a polymeric diol is selected from the group consisting of polyethers, polyesters, hydroxy-terminated polyolefins, polyether-copolyesters, polyether polycarbonates, polycarbonate-copolyesters, and alkoxylated analogs of any of these. In certain embodiments, a polymeric diol has an average molecular weight less than about 2000 g/mol.

[0104] In some embodiments, a reactive small molecule included in B-side compositions comprises a triol or higher polyhydric alcohol. In certain embodiments, a reactive small molecule is selected from the group consisting of: glycerol, 1,2,4-butanetriol, 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol; hexane triols, trimethylol propane, trimethylol ethane, trimethylolhexane, 1,4-cyclohexanetrimethanol, pentaerythritol mono esters, pentaerythritol mono ethers, and alkoxylated analogs of any of these. In certain embodiments, alkoxylated derivatives comprise ethoxylated or propoxylated compounds. In certain embodiments, a reactive small molecule is a polyalcohol including those having from 2 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably from 2 to 8 carbon atoms, such as ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, neopentyl glycol, butanediols, hexanediol, and the like, and mixtures thereof.

[0105] In some embodiments, a reactive small molecule comprises a polyhydric alcohol with four to six hydroxy groups. In certain embodiments, a reactive small molecule comprises dipentaerithrotol or an alkoxylated analog thereof. In certain embodiments, a reactive small molecule comprises sorbitol or an alkoxylated analog thereof.

[0106] In certain embodiments, a reactive small molecule comprises a hydroxy-carboxylic acid having the general formula (HO).sub.xQ(COOH).sub.y, wherein Q is a straight or branched hydrocarbon radical containing 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and x and y are each integers from 1 to 3. In certain embodiments, a reactive small molecule comprises a diol carboxylic acid. In certain embodiments, a reactive small molecule comprises a bis(hydroxylalkyl) alkanoic acid. In certain embodiments, a reactive small molecule comprises a bis(hydroxylmethyl) alkanoic acid. In certain embodiments the diol carboxylic acid is selected from the group consisting of 2,2 bis-(hydroxymethyl)-propanoic acid (dimethylolpropionic acid, DMPA) 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl) butanoic acid (dimethylolbutanoic acid; DMBA), dihydroxysuccinic acid (tartaric acid), and 4,4-bis(hydroxyphenyl) valeric acid. In certain embodiments, a reactive small molecule comprises an N,N-bis(2-hydroxyalkyl)carboxylic acid.

[0107] In certain embodiments, a reactive small molecule comprises a polyhydric alcohol comprising one or more amino groups. In certain embodiments, a reactive small molecule comprises an amino diol. In certain embodiments, a reactive small molecule comprises a diol containing a tertiary amino group. In certain embodiments, an amino diol is selected from the group consisting of: diethanolamine (DEA), N-methyldiethanolamine (MDEA), N-ethyldiethanolamine (EDEA), N-butyldiethanolamine (BDEA), N,N-bis(hydroxyethyl)--amino pyridine, dipropanolamine, diisopropanolamine (DIPA), N-methyldiisopropanolamine, Diisopropanol-p-toluidine, N,N-Bis(hydroxyethyl)-3-chloroaniline, 3-diethylaminopropane-1,2-diol, 3-dimethylaminopropane-1,2-diol and N-hydroxyethylpiperidine. In certain embodiments, a reactive small molecule comprises a diol containing a quaternary amino group. In certain embodiments, a reactive small molecule comprising a quaternary amino group is an acid salt or quaternized derivative of any of the amino alcohols described above.

[0108] In certain embodiments, a reactive small molecule is selected from the group consisting of: inorganic or organic polyamines having an average of about 2 or more primary and/or secondary amine groups, polyalcohols, ureas, and combinations of any two or more of these. In certain embodiments, a reactive small molecule is selected from the group consisting of: diethylene triamine (DETA), ethylene diamine (EDA), meta-xylylenediamine (MXDA), aminoethyl ethanolamine (AEEA), 2-methyl pentane diamine, and the like, and mixtures thereof. Also suitable for practice in the present invention are propylene diamine, butylene diamine, hexamethylene diamine, cyclohexylene diamine, phenylene diamine, tolylene diamine, 3,3-dichlorobenzidene, 4,4-methylene-bis-(2-chloroaniline), 3,3-dichloro-4,4-diamino diphenylmethane, and sulfonated primary and/or secondary amines. In certain embodiments, a reactive small molecule is selected from the group consisting of: hydrazines, substituted hydrazines, hydrazine reaction products, and the like, and mixtures thereof. Suitable ureas include urea and its derivatives, and the like, and mixtures thereof.

[0109] In certain embodiments, reactive small molecules containing at least one basic nitrogen atom are selected from the group consisting of: mono-, bis- or polyalkoxylated aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic or heterocyclic primary amines, N-methyl diethanolamine, N-ethyl diethanolamine, N-propyl diethanolamine, N-isopropyl diethanolamine, N-butyl diethanolamine, N-isobutyl diethanolamine, N-oleyl diethanolamine, N-stearyl diethanolamine, ethoxylated coconut oil fatty amine, N-allyl diethanolamine, N-methyl diisopropanolamine, N-ethyl diisopropanolamine, N-propyl diisopropanolamine, N-butyl diisopropanolamine, cyclohexyl diisopropanolamine, N,N-diethoxylaniline, N,N-diethoxyl toluidine, N,N-diethoxyl-1-aminopyridine, N,N-diethoxyl piperazine, dimethyl-bis-ethoxyl hydrazine, N,N-bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N,N-diethylhexahydr op-phenylenediamine, N-12-hydroxyethyl piperazine, polyalkoxylated amines, propoxylated methyl diethanolamine, N-methyl-N,N-bis-3-aminopropylamine, N-(3-aminopropyl)-N,N-dimethyl ethylenediamine, N-(3-aminopropyl)-N-methyl ethanolamine, N,N-bis-(3-aminopropyl)-N,N-dimethyl ethylenediamine, N,N-bis-(3-aminopropyl)-piperazine, N-(2-aminoethyl)-piperazine, N, N-bisoxyethyl propylenediamine, 2,6-diaminopyridine, diethanolaminoacetamide, diethanolamidopropionamide, N,N-bisoxyethylphenyl thiosemicarbazide, N,N-bis-oxyethylmethyl semicarbazide, p,p-bis-aminomethyl dibenzyl methylamine, 2,6-diaminopyridine, 2-dimethylaminomethyl-2-methylpropanel, 3-diol. In certain embodiments, chain-extending agents are compounds that contain two amino groups. In certain embodiments, chain-extending agents are selected from the group consisting of: ethylene diamine, 1,6-hexamethylene diamine, and 1,5-diamino-1-methyl-pentane.

Additives

[0110] In addition to the above components, B-side mixtures of the present invention may optionally contain various additives as are known in the art of polyurethane foam technology. Such additives may include, but are not limited to solvents, compatibilizers, colorants, surfactants, flame retardants, antistatic compounds, antimicrobials, UV stabilizers, plasticizers, and cell openers.

Solvents

[0111] If desired, the polyurethanes or pre-polymers (see infra) can be dispersed in a solvent which can include water or organic solvents known to those skilled in the art. Suitable solvents can include aliphatic, aromatic, or halogenated hydrocarbons, ethers, polyether polyols, esters, ketones, lactones, sulfones, nitriles, amides, nitromethane, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate and the like. Representative examples include, but are not limited to: acetone, acetonitrile, benzene, butanol butyl acetate, g-butyrolactone, butyl caribitl acetate, carbitol acetate, chloroform, cyclohexane, 1,2-dichloromethane, dibasic ester, diglyme, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, dimethylacetamide, dimethylsulfoxide, dimethformamide, 1,4-dioxane, ethanol, ethyl acetate, ethyl ether, ethylene glycol, hexane, hydroxylmethyl methacrylate, isopropyl acetate, methanol, methyl acetate, methyl amyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, methylene chloride, methyl ethyl ketone, monoglyme, methyl methacrylate, propylene carbobonate, propylene oxide, styrene, alpha-terpineol, tetrahydrofuran, texanol, toluene, diethyl succinate, diethylene glycol methyl ether, ethylene glycol diacetate, triethyl phosphate and the like.

Colorants

[0112] In certain embodiments, B-side mixtures of the present invention comprise one or more suitable colorants. Many foam products are color coded during manufacture to identify product grade, to conceal yellowing, or to make a consumer product. The historical method of coloring foam was to blend in traditional pigments or dyes. Typical inorganic coloring agents included titanium dioxide, iron oxides and chromium oxide. Organic pigments originated from the azo/diazo dyes, phthalocyanines and dioxazines, as well as carbon black. Typical problems encountered with these colorants included high viscosity, abrasive tendencies, foam instability, foam scorch, migrating color, and a limited range of available colors. Recent advances in the development of polyol-bound colorants are described in: [0113] Miley, J. W.; Moore, P. D. Reactive Polymeric Colorants For Polyurethane, Proceedings Of The SPI-26th Annual Technical Conference; Technomic: Lancaster, Pa., 1981; 83-86. [0114] Moore, P. D.; Miley, J. W.; Bates, S. H.; New Uses For Highly Miscible Liquid Polymeric Colorants In The Manufacture of Colored Urethane Systems; Proceedings of the SPI-27th Annual Technical/Marketing Conference; Technomic: Lancaster, Pa., 1982; 255-261. [0115] Bates, S. H.; Miley, J. W. Polyol-Bound Colorants Solve Polyurethane Color Problems; Proceedings Of The SPI-30.sup.th Annual Technical/Marketing Conference; Technomic: Lancaster, Pa., 1986; 160-165 [0116] Vielee, R. C.; Haney, T. V. Polyurethanes; In Coloring of Plastics; Webber, T. G., Ed., Wiley-Interscience: New York, 1979, 191-204.

UV Stabilizers

[0117] In certain embodiments, B-side mixtures of the present invention comprise one or more suitable UV stabilizers. Polyurethanes based on aromatic isocyanates will typically turn dark shades of yellow upon aging with exposure to light. A review of polyurethane weathering phenomena is presented in: Davis, A.; Sims, D. Weathering Of Polymers; Applied Science: London, 1983, 222-237. The yellowing is not a problem for most foam applications. Light protection agents, such as hydroxybenzotriazoles, zinc dibutyl thiocarbamate, 2,6-ditertiary butylcatechol, hydroxybenzophenones, hindered amines, and phosphites have been used to improve the light stability of polyurethanes. Color pigments have also been used successfully.

Flame Retardants

[0118] In certain embodiments, B-side mixtures of the present invention comprise one or more suitable flame retardants. Low-density, open-celled flexible polyurethane foams have a large surface area and high permeability to air and thus will burn given the application of sufficient ignition source and oxygen. Flame retardants are often added to reduce this flammability. The choice of flame retardant for any specific foam often depends upon the intended service application of that foam and the attendant flammability testing scenario governing that application. Aspects of flammability that may be influenced by additives include the initial ignitability, burning rate, and smoke evolution.

[0119] The most widely used flame retardants are the chlorinated phosphate esters, chlorinated paraffins, and melamine powders. These and many other compositions are available from specialty chemical suppliers. A review of this subject has been given: Kuryla, W. C.; Papa, A. J. Flame Retardancy of Polymeric Materials, Vol. 3; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1975, 1-133.

Antimicrobials

[0120] Under certain conditions of warmth and high humidity, polyurethane foams are susceptible to attack by microorganisms. When this is a concern, additives against bacteria, yeast or fungi are added to the foam during manufacture. In certain embodiments, B-side mixtures of the present invention comprise one or more suitable bacteriostats.

Plasticizers

[0121] In certain embodiments, B-side mixtures of the present invention comprise one or more suitable plasticizers. Nonreactive liquids have been used to soften a foam or to reduce viscosity for improved processing. The softening effect can be compensated for by using a polyol of lower equivalent weight, so that a higher cross-linked polymer structure is obtained. These materials increase foam density and often adversely affect physical properties.

Cell-Openers

[0122] In certain embodiments, B-side mixtures of the present invention comprise one or more suitable cell openers. In some polyurethane foams it is necessary to add cell-openers to obtain foam that does not shrink upon cooling. Known additives for inducing cell-opening include silicone-based antifoamers, waxes, finely divided solids, liquid perfluocarbons, paraffin oils, long-chain fatty acids, and certain polyether polyols made using high concentrations of ethylene oxide.

Antistatic Agents

[0123] In certain embodiments, B-side mixtures of the present invention comprise one or more suitable antistatic compounds. Some flexible foams are used in packaging, clothing, and other applications where it is desired to minimize the electrical resistance of the foam so that buildup of static electrical charges is minimized. This has traditionally been accomplished through the addition of ionizable metal salts, carboxylic acid salts, phosphate esters, and mixtures thereof. These agents function either by being inherently conductive or by absorbing moisture from the air. The desired net result is orders of magnitude reduction in foam surface resistivity.

Compatibilizers

[0124] In certain embodiments, B-side mixtures of the present invention comprise one or more suitable compatibilizers. Compatibilizers are molecules that allow two or more nonmiscible ingredients to come together and give a homogeneous liquid phase. Many such molecules are known to the polyurethane industry, these include by way of nonlimiting example: amides, amines, hydrocarbon oils, phthalates, polybutyleneglycols, and ureas.

[0125] In certain embodiments, the present invention encompasses B-side mixtures suitable for the formation of polyurethane foams wherein the B-side mixtures comprise: [0126] 100 parts by weight of a polyol component, wherein the polyol component comprises from about 5 weight percent to 100 weight percent of one or more of the APC polyols described above and in the specific embodiments and examples herein; [0127] 0.01 to 20 parts by weight of one or more blowing agents as described above and in the specific embodiments and examples herein; [0128] 0 to 1 parts by weight of one or more catalysts as described above and in the specific embodiments and examples herein; [0129] 0 to 20 parts by weight of one or more reactive small molecules, wherein the reactive small molecules are substantially as described above and in the specific embodiments and examples herein; and [0130] 0 to 10 parts by weight of one or more additives, wherein the additives are selected from the group consisting of: compatibilizers, colorants, flame retardants, antistatic agents, antimicrobials, UV stabilizers, plasticizers, and cell openers substantially as described above and in the specific embodiments herein.

Pre-Polymers

[0131] In some embodiments, methods of the present invention utilize the formation of prepolymers of the APC polyols described herein. This may result in OH or isocyanate-terminated prepolymers. In the case of the OH terminated prepolymers, these materials may be employed in place of some or all of the APC polyol in the B-side in the methods described herein.

[0132] In the case of isocyanate-terminated prepolymers, the APC may be provided as part of the A-side composition. In certain embodiments, such prepolymer-containing A-side compositions are provided at high temperature or with CO.sub.2 dissolved in them to provide similar advantages to those described above when the APC polyol is in the B-side composition.

[0133] Methods of making prepolymer compositions suitable to practice these embodiments of the invention are described in WO/2013158621, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0134] In certain embodiments, such isocyanate-terminated prepolymers consist primarily of epoxide-CO.sub.2-derived polyols end-capped by reaction with polyisocyanate compounds where there is little oligomerization. In certain embodiments, such isocyanate-terminated prepolymers comprise a plurality of epoxide-CO.sub.2-derived polyol segments linked via urethane bonds formed by reaction with polyisocyanate compounds.

[0135] In certain embodiments, prepolymers suitable for methods of the present invention are the result of a reaction between one or more of the APC polyols described above with a stoichiometric excess of any one or more of the diisocyanates described herein. The degree of polymerization of these prepolymers (i.e. the average number of polyol segments contained in the prepolymer chains) can be manipulated by controlling the relative amount of isocyanate, as well as the order of reagent addition and the reaction conditions.

[0136] In certain embodiments, prepolymers comprise compounds conforming to a formula:

##STR00005##

where, the black rectangles represent the carbon skeleton of a diisocyanate (e.g. if the isocyanate were 2,4-toluene diisocyanate, then would have the formula

##STR00006##

and R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, n, x, and y, are as defined above and in the classes and subclasses herein.

[0137] In certain embodiments, prepolymers comprise compounds conforming to a formula:

##STR00007##

wherein Q is 0 or an integer between 1 and about 50, each open rectangle, , represents a polyol moiety each of which may be the same or different, and , is as defined above and in the classes and subclasses herein. In certain of these embodiments, some of the polyol moieties are derived from one or more of the APC polyols as defined herein, while other of the polyol moieties may be derived from other polyols such as polyether or polyester polyols as described herein.

[0138] In certain embodiments, prepolymers comprise chains conforming to the formula:

##STR00008##

wherein, , , Q, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, n, x, and y, are as defined above and in the classes and subclasses herein.

[0139] In other embodiments, a prepolymer may be formed by reacting a stoichiometric excess of polyol with a limited amount of isocyanate. In such embodiments, the prepolymer has OH end groups and contains two or more polyol units connected by urethane linkages. In certain embodiments, such prepolymers conform to a structure:

##STR00009##

wherein , , and Q, are as defined above and in the classes and subclasses herein. In certain embodiments, such prepolymers have structures conforming to:

##STR00010##

wherein, , , , Q, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, n, x, and y, are as defined above and in the classes and subclasses herein.

Appendix AAPC Polyols

[0140] This section describes some of the APC polyols that have utility in methods and compositions of the present invention. APC polyols referred to herein are derived from the copolymerization of one or more epoxides and carbon dioxide. Examples of suitable polyols, as well as methods of making them are disclosed in PCT publication WO2010/028362, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0141] It is advantageous for many of the embodiments described herein that the APC polyols used have a high percentage of reactive end groups. Such reactive end-groups are typically hydroxyl groups, but other reactive functional groups may be present if the polyols are treated to modify the chemistry of the end groups. Such modified materials may terminate in amino groups, thiol groups, alkene groups, carboxylate groups, silanes, phosphate derivatives, isocyanate groups and the like. For purposes of this invention, the term APC polyol typically refers to a composition of OH terminated materials, but the incorporation of end-group modified compositions is not excluded, unless otherwise specified.

[0142] In certain embodiments, at least 90% of the end groups of the APC polyol used are reactive groups. In certain embodiments, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97% or at least 98% of the end groups of an APC polyol used are reactive groups. In certain embodiments, more than 99%, more than 99.5%, more than 99.7%, or more than 99.8% of the end groups of an APC polyol used are reactive groups. In certain embodiments, more than 99.9% of the end groups of an APC polyol used are reactive groups.

[0143] In certain embodiments, at least 90% of the end groups of an APC polyol used are OH groups. In certain embodiments, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97% or at least 98% of the end groups of an APC polyol used are OH groups. In certain embodiments, more than 99%, more than 99.5%, more than 99.7%, or more than 99.8% of the end groups of an APC polyol used are OH groups. In certain embodiments, more than 99.9% of the end groups of an APC polyol used are OH groups.

[0144] Another way of expressing the OH end-group content of a polyol composition is by reporting its OH # which is measured using methods well known in the art. In certain embodiments, the APC polyols utilized in the present invention have an OH # greater than about 40. In certain embodiments, the APC polyols have an OH # greater than about 50, greater than about 75, greater than about 100, or greater than about 120.

[0145] In certain embodiments, it is advantageous if the APC polyol compositions have a substantial proportion of primary hydroxyl end groups. These are the norm for compositions comprising poly(ethylene carbonate), but for polyols derived copolymerization of substituted epoxides, it is common for some or most of the chain ends having OH groups to be secondary hydroxyl groups. Poly(propylene carbonate) polyol is one example of a polyol comprising hydroxyl end groups that are mostly secondary hydroxyl end groups. In certain embodiments, such polyols are treated to increase the proportion of primary OH end groups. This may be accomplished by methods known in the art such as by reacting the secondary hydroxyl groups with reagents such as ethylene oxide, reactive lactones, and the like. In certain embodiments, the APC polyols are treated with beta lactones, caprolactone and the like to introduce primary hydroxyl end groups. In certain embodiments, the APC polyols are treated with ethylene oxide to introduce primary hydroxyl end groups.

[0146] In certain embodiments, polycarbonate polyols with utility for the present invention contain a primary repeating unit having a structure:

##STR00011## [0147] where R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, and R.sup.4 are, at each occurrence in the polymer chain, independently selected from the group consisting of H, fluorine, an optionally substituted C.sub.1-40 aliphatic group, an optionally substituted C.sub.1-20 heteroaliphatic group, and an optionally substituted aryl group, where any two or more of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, and R.sup.4 may optionally be taken together with intervening atoms to form one or more optionally substituted rings optionally containing one or more heteroatoms.

[0148] In certain embodiments, polycarbonate polyols with utility for the present invention contain a primary repeating unit having a structure:

##STR00012## [0149] where R.sup.1 is as defined above and in the classes, subclasses and examples herein.

[0150] In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains comprise a copolymer of carbon dioxide and ethylene oxide. In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains comprise a copolymer of carbon dioxide and propylene oxide. In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains comprise a copolymer of carbon dioxide and cyclohexene oxide. In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains comprise a copolymer of carbon dioxide and cyclopentene oxide. In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains comprise a copolymer of carbon dioxide and 3-vinyl cyclohexane oxide.

[0151] In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains comprise a terpolymer of carbon dioxide and ethylene oxide along with one or more additional epoxides selected from the group consisting of propylene oxide, 1,2-butene oxide, 2,3-butene oxide, cyclohexene oxide, 3-vinyl cyclohexene oxide, epichlorohydrin, glicydyl esters, glycidyl ethers, styrene oxides, and epoxides of higher alpha olefins. In certain embodiments, such terpolymers contain a majority of repeat units derived from ethylene oxide with lesser amounts of repeat units derived from one or more additional epoxides. In certain embodiments, terpolymers contain about 50% to about 99.5% ethylene oxide-derived repeat units. In certain embodiments, terpolymers contain greater than about 60% ethylene oxide-derived repeat units. In certain embodiments, terpolymers contain greater than 75% ethylene oxide-derived repeat units. In certain embodiments, terpolymers contain greater than 80% ethylene oxide-derived repeat units. In certain embodiments, terpolymers contain greater than 85% ethylene oxide-derived repeat units. In certain embodiments, terpolymers contain greater than 90% ethylene oxide-derived repeat units. In certain embodiments, terpolymers contain greater than 95% ethylene oxide-derived repeat units.

[0152] In some embodiments, APC polyol chains comprise a copolymer of carbon dioxide and propylene oxide along with one or more additional epoxides selected from the group consisting of ethylene oxide, 1,2-butene oxide, 2,3-butene oxide, cyclohexene oxide, 3-vinyl cyclohexene oxide, epichlorohydrin, glicydyl esters, glycidyl ethers, styrene oxides, and epoxides of higher alpha olefins. In certain embodiments, such terpolymers contain a majority of repeat units derived from propylene oxide with lesser amounts of repeat units derived from one or more additional epoxides. In certain embodiments, terpolymers contain about 50% to about 99.5% propylene oxide-derived repeat units. In certain embodiments, terpolymers contain greater than 60% propylene oxide-derived repeat units. In certain embodiments, terpolymers contain greater than 75% propylene oxide-derived repeat units. In certain embodiments, terpolymers contain greater than 80% propylene oxide-derived repeat units. In certain embodiments, terpolymers contain greater than 85% propylene oxide-derived repeat units. In certain embodiments, terpolymers contain greater than 90% propylene oxide-derived repeat units. In certain embodiments, terpolymers contain greater than 95% propylene oxide-derived repeat units.

[0153] In certain embodiments, APC polyol compositions with utility in the present invention have a number average molecular weight (Ma) in the range of about 500 g/mol to about 25,000 g/mol.

[0154] In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains have an M.sub.n less than about 25,000 g/mol. In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains have an M.sub.n less than about 10,000 g/mol. In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains have an M.sub.n less than about 5,000 g/mol. In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains have an M.sub.n between about 500 g/mol and about 15,000 g/mol. In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains have an M.sub.n between about 500 g/mol and about 10,000 g/mol. In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains have an M.sub.n between about 500 g/mol and about 5,000 g/mol. In certain embodiments, APC chains polyol have an M.sub.n between about 500 g/mol and about 3,000 g/mol. In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains have an M.sub.n between about 500 g/mol and about 2,500 g/mol. In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains have an M.sub.n between about 500 g/mol and about 2,000 g/mol. In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains have an M, between about 500 g/mol and about 1,500 g/mol. In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains have an M.sub.n between about 500 g/mol and about 1,000 g/mol. In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains have an M.sub.n between about 1,000 g/mol and about 5,000 g/mol. In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains have an M.sub.n between about 1,000 g/mol and about 3,000 g/mol. In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains have an M.sub.n between about 5,000 g/mol and about 10,000 g/mol. In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains have an M.sub.n of about 5,000 g/mol. In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains have an M.sub.n of about 4,000 g/mol. In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains have an M.sub.n of about 3,000 g/mol. In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains have an M.sub.n of about 2,500 g/mol. In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains have an M.sub.n of about 2,000 g/mol. In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains have an M.sub.n of about 1,500 g/mol. In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains have an M.sub.n of about 1,000 g/mol. In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains have an M.sub.n of about 850 g/mol. In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains have an M.sub.n of about 750 g/mol. In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains have an M.sub.n of about 500 g/mol.

[0155] In certain embodiments, the APC polyols used are characterized in that they have a narrow molecular weight distribution. This can be indicated by the polydispersity indices (PDI) of the APC polyol polymers. In certain embodiments, APC polyol compositions have a PDI less than 2. In certain embodiments, APC polyol compositions have a PDI less than 1.8. In certain embodiments, APC polyol compositions have a PDI less than 1.5. In certain embodiments, APC polyol compositions have a PDI less than 1.4. In certain embodiments, APC polyol compositions have a PDI between about 1.0 and 1.2. In certain embodiments, APC polyol compositions have a PDI between about 1.0 and 1.1.

[0156] In certain embodiments APC polyol compositions of the present invention comprise substantially alternating polymers containing a high percentage of carbonate linkages and a low content of ether linkages. In certain embodiments, APC polyol compositions of the present invention are characterized in that, on average in the composition, the percentage of carbonate linkages is 85% or greater. In certain embodiments, APC polyol compositions of the present invention are characterized in that, on average in the composition, the percentage of carbonate linkages is 90% or greater. In certain embodiments, APC polyol compositions of the present invention are characterized in that, on average in the composition, the percentage of carbonate linkages is 91% or greater. In certain embodiments, APC polyol compositions of the present invention are characterized in that, on average in the composition, the percentage of carbonate linkages is 92% or greater. In certain embodiments, APC polyol compositions of the present invention are characterized in that, on average in the composition, the percentage of carbonate linkages is 93% or greater. In certain embodiments, APC polyol compositions of the present invention are characterized in that, on average in the composition, the percentage of carbonate linkages is 94% or greater. In certain embodiments, APC polyol compositions of the present invention are characterized in that, on average in the composition, the percentage of carbonate linkages is 95% or greater. In certain embodiments, APC polyol compositions of the present invention are characterized in that, on average in the composition, the percentage of carbonate linkages is 96% or greater. In certain embodiments, APC polyol compositions of the present invention are characterized in that, on average in the composition, the percentage of carbonate linkages is 97% or greater. In certain embodiments, APC polyol compositions of the present invention are characterized in that, on average in the composition, the percentage of carbonate linkages is 98% or greater. In certain embodiments, APC polyol compositions of the present invention are characterized in that, on average in the composition, the percentage of carbonate linkages is 99% or greater. In certain embodiments, APC polyol compositions of the present invention are characterized in that, on average in the composition, the percentage of carbonate linkages is 99.5% or greater. In certain embodiments, the percentages above exclude ether linkages present in polymerization initiators or chain transfer agents and refer only to the linkages formed during epoxide CO.sub.2 copolymerization.

[0157] In certain embodiments, APC polyol compositions of the present invention are characterized in that they contain essentially no ether linkages either within the polymer chains derived from epoxide CO.sub.2 copolymerization or within any polymerization intiators, chain transfer agents or end groups that may be present in the polymer. In certain embodiments, APC polyol compositions of the present invention are characterized in that they contain, on average, less than one ether linkage per polymer chain within the composition. In certain embodiments, APC polyol compositions of the present invention are characterized in that they contain essentially no ether linkages.

[0158] In certain embodiments where an APC polyol is derived from monosubstituted epoxides (e.g. such as propylene oxide, 1,2-butylene oxide, epichlorohydrin, epoxidized alpha olefins, or a glycidol derivative), the APC is characterized in that it is regioregular. Regioregularity may be expressed as the percentage of adjacent monomer units that are oriented in a head-to-tail arrangement within the polymer chain. In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains in the inventive polymer compositions have a head-to-tail content higher than about 80%. In certain embodiments, the head-to-tail content is higher than about 85%. In certain embodiments, the head-to-tail content is higher than about 90%. In certain embodiments, the head-to-tail content is greater than about 91%, greater than about 92%, greater than about 93%, greater than about 94%, or greater than about 95%. In certain embodiments, the head-to-tail content of the polymer is as determined by proton or carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy.

[0159] In certain embodiments, APC polyols useful for the present invention have a viscosity controlled to be within a particular range. The preferred range may depend upon a particular application and may be controlled to be within the normal range for a particular application.

[0160] In certain embodiments, where the APC polyol is used in the formulation of a rigid foam or a thermoplastic composition, the polyol has a viscosity, as measured at a temperature of at least 20 C. but less than 70 C., of less than about 30,000 cps. In certain embodiments, such polyols have a viscosity less than about 20,000 cps, less than about 15,000 cps, less than about 12,000 cps, or less than about 10,000 cps. In certain embodiments, such polyols have a viscosity between about 600 and about 30,000 cps. In certain embodiments, such polyols have a viscosity between about 2,000 and about 20,000 cps. In certain embodiments, such polyols have a viscosity between about 5,000 and about 15,000 cps.

[0161] In other embodiments, where the APC polyol is used in the formulation of a flexible foam, the polyol has a viscosity, as measured at a temperature of at least 20 C. but less than 70 C., of less than about 10,000 cps. In certain embodiments, such polyols have a viscosity less than about 8,000 cps, less than about 6,000 cps, less than about 3,000 cps, or less than about 2,000 cps. In certain embodiments, such polyols have a viscosity between about 1,000 and about 10,000 cps. In certain embodiments, such polyols have a viscosity between about 1,000 and about 6,000 cps.

[0162] In certain embodiments, the polyol viscosity values described above represent the viscosity as measured at about 25 C. In certain embodiments, the viscosity values above represent the viscosity as measured at about 30 C., about 40 C., about 50 C., about 60 C., or about 70 C.

[0163] In certain embodiments, APC polyols useful for the present invention have a Tg within a particular range. The desired Tg will vary with the application and may be controlled to be within the known normal range for a particular application. In certain embodiments, where the polyol is used in the formulation of a flexible foam composition, the polyol has a Tg less than about 20 C. In certain embodiments, such polyols have Tg less than about 15 C., less than about 10 C., less than about 5 C., less than about 0 C., less than about 10 C., less than about 20 C., or less than about 40 C. In certain embodiments, such polyols have a Tg between about 30 C. and about 20 C. In certain embodiments, such polyols have a Tg between about 30 C. and about 20 C.

[0164] In certain embodiments, where the APC polyol is used in the formulation of a rigid foam composition, the polyol has a Tg greater than about 30 C. In certain embodiments, such polyols have Tg greater than about 20 C., greater than about 10 C., greater than about 0 C., greater than about 10 C., greater than about 15 C., or greater than about 25 C. In certain embodiments, such polyols have a Tg between about 10 C. and about 30 C. In certain embodiments, such polyols have a Tg between about 0 C. and about 20 C.

[0165] In certain embodiments, compositions of the present invention comprise APC polyols having a structure P1:

##STR00013##

wherein,
R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, and R.sup.4 are, at each occurrence in the polymer chain, independently selected from the group consisting of H, fluorine, an optionally substituted C.sub.1-30 aliphatic group, and an optionally substituted C.sub.1-20 heteroaliphatic group, and an optionally substituted C.sub.6-10 aryl group, where any two or more of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, and R.sup.4 may optionally be taken together with intervening atoms to form one or more optionally substituted rings optionally containing one or more heteroatoms;
Y is, at each occurrence, independently H or the site of attachment of a moiety containing another reactive end group such as those described hereinabove;
n is at each occurrence, independently an integer from about 2 to about 100;
is a multivalent moiety; and
x and y are each independently an integer from 0 to 6, where the sum of x and y is between 2 and 6.

[0166] In certain embodiments, the multivalent moiety embedded within the APC chain is derived from a polyfunctional chain transfer agent having two or more sites from which epoxide/CO.sub.2 copolymerization can occur. In certain embodiments, such copolymerizations are performed in the presence of polyfunctional chain transfer agents as exemplified in PCT publication WO/2010/028362.

[0167] In certain embodiments, a polyfunctional chain transfer agent has a formula:

##STR00014##

wherein each of , x, and y is as defined above and described in classes and subclasses herein.

[0168] In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains in the inventive polymer compositions are derived from the copolymerization of one or more epoxides with carbon dioxide in the presence of such polyfunctional chain transfer agents as shown in Scheme 2:

##STR00015##

[0169] In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains in polymer compositions of the present invention comprise chains with a structure P2:

##STR00016##

wherein each of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, Y, and n is as defined above and described in the classes and subclasses herein.

[0170] In certain embodiments where APC chains have a structure P2, is derived from a dihydric alcohol. In such instances represents the carbon-containing backbone of the dihydric alcohol, while the two oxygen atoms adjacent to are derived from the OH groups of the diol. For example, if the polyfunctional chain transfer agent were ethylene glycol, then would be CH.sub.2CH.sub.2 and P2 would have the following structure:

##STR00017##

[0171] It will be apparent to the skilled artisan that this is the case for the other polyfunctional chain transfer agents described herein, i.e., there is a nexus between the structure of the chain transfer agent employed and the structure of in the resulting polyol.

[0172] In certain embodiments, where is derived from a dihydric alcohol, the dihydric alcohol comprises a C.sub.2-40 diol. In certain embodiments, the dihydric alcohol is selected from the group consisting of: 1,2-ethanediol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,2-butanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 2,2-dimethylpropane-1,3-diol, 2-butyl-2-ethylpropane-1,3-diol, 2-methyl-2,4-pentane diol, 2-ethyl-1,3-hexane diol, 2-methyl-1,3-propane diol, 1,5-hexanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,8-octanediol, 1,10-decanediol, 1,12-dodecanediol, 2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutane-1,3-diol, 1,3-cyclopentanediol, 1,2-cyclohexanediol, 1,3-cyclohexanediol, 1,4-cyclohexanediol, 1,2-cyclohexanedimethanol, 1,3-cyclohexanedimethanol, 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, 1,4-cyclohexanediethanol, isosorbide, glycerol monoesters, glycerol monoethers, trimethylolpropane monoesters, trimethylolpropane monoethers, pentaerythritol diesters, pentaerythritol diethers, and alkoxylated derivatives of any of these.

[0173] In certain embodiments, where is derived from a dihydric alcohol, the dihydric alcohol is selected from the group consisting of: diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, higher poly(ethylene glycol), such as those having number average molecular weights of from 220 to about 2000 g/mol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, and higher poly(propylene glycols) such as those having number average molecular weights of from 234 to about 2000 g/mol.

[0174] In certain embodiments, where is derived from a dihydric alcohol, the dihydric alcohol comprises an alkoxylated derivative of a compound selected from the group consisting of: a diacid, a diol, or a hydroxy acid. In certain embodiments, the alkoxylated derivatives comprise ethoxylated or propoxylated compounds.

[0175] In certain embodiments, where is derived from a dihydric alcohol, the dihydric alcohol comprises a polymeric diol. In certain embodiments, a polymeric diol is selected from the group consisting of polyethers, polyesters, hydroxy-terminated polyolefins, polycarbonate polyols derived from diols and phosgene (or its reactive equivalents); polyether-copolyesters, polyether polycarbonates, polycarbonate-copolyesters, polyoxymethylene polymers, and alkoxylated analogs of any of these. In certain embodiments, the polymeric diol has an average molecular weight less than about 2000 g/mol.

[0176] In certain embodiments, is derived from a polyhydric alcohol with more than two hydroxy groups. In certain embodiments, the APC polyol chains in polymer compositions of the present invention comprise APC chains where the moiety is derived from a triol. In certain embodiments, such APC chains have the structure P3:

##STR00018##

wherein each of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, Y, and n is as defined above and described in classes and subclasses herein.

[0177] In certain embodiments where is derived from a triol, the triol is selected from the group consisting of: glycerol, 1,2,4-butanetriol, 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol; hexane triols, trimethylol propane, trimethylol ethane, trimethylolhexane, 1,4-cyclohexanetrimethanol, pentaerythritol mono esters, pentaerythritol mono ethers, and alkoxylated analogs of any of these. In certain embodiments, alkoxylated derivatives comprise ethoxylated or propoxylated compounds.

[0178] In certain embodiments, is derived from an alkoxylated derivative of a trifunctional carboxylic acid or trifunctional hydroxy acid. In certain embodiments, alkoxylated derivatives comprise ethoxylated or propoxylated compounds.

[0179] In certain embodiments, where is derived from a polymeric triol, the polymeric triol is selected from the group consisting of polyethers, polyesters, hydroxy-terminated polyolefins, polyether-copolyesters, polyether polycarbonates, polyoxymethylene polymers, polycarbonate-copolyesters, and alkoxylated analogs of any of these. In certain embodiments, the alkoxylated polymeric triols comprise ethoxylated or propoxylated compounds.

[0180] In certain embodiments, is derived from a polyhydric alcohol with four hydroxy groups. In certain embodiments, APC chains in polymer compositions of the present invention comprise APC chains where the moiety is derived from a tetraol. In certain embodiments, APC chains in polymer compositions of the present invention comprise chains with the structure P4:

##STR00019##

wherein each of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, Y, and n is as defined above and described in classes and subclasses herein.

[0181] In certain embodiments, is derived from a polyhydric alcohol with more than four hydroxy groups. In certain embodiments, is derived from a polyhydric alcohol with six hydroxy groups. In certain embodiments, a polyhydric alcohol is dipentaerithrotol or an alkoxylated analog thereof. In certain embodiments, a polyhydric alcohol is sorbitol or an alkoxylated analog thereof. In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains in polymer compositions of the present invention comprise chains with the structure P5:

##STR00020##

[0182] wherein each of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, Y, and n is as defined above and described in classes and subclasses herein.

[0183] In certain embodiments, APC polyols of the present invention comprise a combination of bifunctional chains (e.g. polycarbonates of formula P2) in combination with higher functional chains (e.g. one or more polycarbonates of formulae P3 to P5).

[0184] In certain embodiments, is derived from a hydroxy acid. In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains in polymer compositions of the present invention comprise chains with the structure P6:

##STR00021##

wherein each of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, Y, and n is as defined above and described in classes and subclasses herein. In such instances, represents the carbon-containing backbone of the hydroxy acid, while the ester and carbonate linkages adjacent to are derived from the CO.sub.2H group and the hydroxy group of the hydroxy acid. For example, if were derived from 3-hydroxy propanoic acid, then would be CH.sub.2CH.sub.2 and P6 would have the following structure:

##STR00022##

[0185] In certain embodiments, is derived from an optionally substituted C.sub.2-40 hydroxy acid. In certain embodiments, is derived from a polyester. In certain embodiments, such polyesters have a molecular weight less than about 2000 g/mol.

[0186] In certain embodiments, a hydroxy acid is an alpha-hydroxy acid. In certain embodiments, a hydroxy acid is selected from the group consisting of: glycolic acid, DL-lactic acid, D-lactic acid, L-lactic, citric acid, and mandelic acid.

[0187] In certain embodiments, a hydroxy acid is a beta-hydroxy acid. In certain embodiments, a hydroxy acid is selected from the group consisting of: 3-hydroxypropionic acid, DL 3-hydroxybutryic acid, D-3 hydroxybutryic acid, L-3-hydroxybutyric acid, DL-3-hydroxy valeric acid, D-3-hydroxy valeric acid, L-3-hydroxy valeric acid, salicylic acid, and derivatives of salicylic acid.

[0188] In certain embodiments, a hydroxy acid is a - hydroxy acid. In certain embodiments, a hydroxy acid is selected from the group consisting of: of optionally substituted C.sub.3-20 aliphatic - hydroxy acids and oligomeric esters.

[0189] In certain embodiments, a hydroxy acid is selected from the group consisting of:

##STR00023## ##STR00024##

[0190] In certain embodiments, is derived from a polycarboxylic acid. In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains in polymer compositions of the present invention comprise chains with the structure P7:

##STR00025##

wherein each of IV, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, Y, and n is as defined above and described in classes and subclasses herein, and y is an integer from 1 to 5 inclusive.

[0191] In embodiments where the APC polyol chains have a structure P7, represents the carbon-containing backbone (or a covalent bond in the case of oxalic acid) of a polycarboxylic acid, while ester groups adjacent to are derived from CO.sub.2H groups of the polycarboxylic acid. For example, if were derived from succinic acid (HO.sub.2CCH.sub.2CH.sub.2CO.sub.2H), then would be CH.sub.2CH.sub.2 and P7 would have the following structure:

##STR00026##

wherein each of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, Y, and n is as defined above and described in classes and subclasses herein.

[0192] In certain embodiments, is derived from a dicarboxylic acid. In certain embodiments, APC chains in polymer compositions of the present invention comprise chains with the structure P8:

##STR00027##

wherein each of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, Y, and n is as defined above and described in classes and subclasses herein.

[0193] In certain embodiments, is selected from the group consisting of: phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, malonic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, and azelaic acid.

[0194] In certain embodiments, is selected from the group consisting of:

##STR00028## ##STR00029##

[0195] In certain embodiments, each

##STR00030##

in the structures herein is independently selected from the group consisting of:

##STR00031## ##STR00032## [0196] wherein each R.sup.x is independently an optionally substituted group selected from the group consisting of C.sub.2-20 aliphatic, C.sub.2-20 heteroaliphatic, 3- to 14-membered carbocyclic, 6- to 10-membered aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, and 3- to 12-membered heterocyclic.

[0197] In certain embodiments, each

##STR00033##

in the structures herein is independently selected from the group consisting of:

##STR00034## [0198] wherein R.sup.x is as defined above and described in classes and subclasses herein.

[0199] In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains comprise:

##STR00035## [0200] wherein each of , Y, and n is as defined above and described in classes and subclasses herein.

[0201] In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains comprise

##STR00036## [0202] wherein each of Y and n is as defined above and described in classes and subclasses herein.

[0203] In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains comprise

##STR00037## [0204] wherein each of Y and n is as defined above and described in classes and subclasses herein.

[0205] In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains comprise

##STR00038## [0206] wherein each of Y and n is as defined above and described in classes and subclasses herein.

[0207] In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains comprise

##STR00039## [0208] wherein each of Y and n is as defined above and described in classes and subclasses herein.

[0209] In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains comprise

##STR00040## [0210] wherein each of , Y, and n is as defined above and described in classes and subclasses herein.

[0211] In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains comprise

##STR00041## [0212] wherein each of Y and n is as defined above and described in classes and subclasses herein.

[0213] In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains comprise

##STR00042## [0214] wherein each of Y and n is as defined above and described in classes and subclasses herein.

[0215] In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains comprise

##STR00043## [0216] wherein each of Y and n is as defined above and described in classes and subclasses herein.

[0217] In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains comprise

##STR00044## [0218] wherein each of , Y, and n is as defined above and described in classes and subclasses herein.

[0219] In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains comprise

##STR00045## [0220] wherein each of Y and n are is as defined above and described in classes and subclasses herein.

[0221] In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains comprise

##STR00046## [0222] wherein each of , Y, and n is as defined above and described in classes and subclasses herein.

[0223] In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains comprise

##STR00047##

wherein each of Y and n is as defined above and described in classes and subclasses herein.

[0224] In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains comprise

##STR00048## [0225] wherein each of , Y, and n is as defined above and described in classes and subclasses herein.

[0226] In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains comprise

##STR00049## [0227] wherein each of Y and n is as defined above and described in classes and subclasses herein.

[0228] In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains comprise

##STR00050## [0229] wherein each of , Y, R.sup.x, and n is as defined above and described in classes and subclasses herein.

[0230] In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains comprise

##STR00051## [0231] wherein each of Y, R.sup.x, and n is as defined above and described in classes and subclasses herein.

[0232] In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains comprise

##STR00052## [0233] wherein each of , Y, and n is as defined above and described in classes and subclasses herein.

[0234] In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains comprise

##STR00053## [0235] wherein each of , Y, and n are is as defined above and described in classes and subclasses herein; and each independently represents a single or double bond.

[0236] In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains comprise

##STR00054## [0237] wherein each of Y and n is as defined above and described in classes and subclasses herein.

[0238] In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains comprise

##STR00055## [0239] wherein each of Y, , and n is as defined above and described in classes and subclasses herein.

[0240] In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains comprise

##STR00056## [0241] wherein each of , R.sup.x, Y and n is as defined above and described in classes and subclasses herein.

[0242] In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains comprise

##STR00057## [0243] wherein each of Y, R.sup.x, and n is as defined above and described in classes and subclasses herein.

[0244] In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains comprise

##STR00058## [0245] wherein each of , Y, and n is as defined above and described in classes and subclasses herein.

[0246] In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains comprise

##STR00059## [0247] wherein each of Y, , and n is as defined above and described in classes and subclasses herein.

[0248] In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains comprise

##STR00060##

wherein each of Y and n is as defined above and described in classes and subclasses herein.

[0249] In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains comprise

##STR00061## [0250] wherein each of Y, , and n is as defined above and described in classes and subclasses herein.

[0251] In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains comprise

##STR00062## [0252] wherein each of , Y, and n is as defined above and described in classes and subclasses herein.

[0253] In certain embodiments, APC polyol chains comprise

##STR00063## [0254] wherein each of Y and n is as defined above and described in classes and subclasses herein.

[0255] In certain embodiments, in polycarbonates of structures P2a, P2c, P2d, P2f, P2h, P2j, P2l, P2l-a, P2n, P2p, and P2r, is selected from the group consisting of: ethylene glycol; diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, 1,3 propane diol; 1,4 butane diol, hexylene glycol, 1,6 hexane diol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripopylene glycol, and alkoxylated derivatives of any of these.

[0256] For polycarbonates comprising repeat units derived from two or more epoxides, such as those represented by structures P2f through P2r, depicted above, it is to be understood that the structures drawn may represent mixtures of positional isomers or regioisomers that are not explicitly depicted. For example, the polymer repeat unit adjacent to either end group of the polycarbonate chains can be derived from either one of the two epoxides comprising the copolymers, or from only one of the two epoxides. Thus, while the polymers may be drawn with a particular repeat unit attached to an end group, the terminal repeat units might be derived from either of the two epoxides and a given polymer composition might comprise a mixture of all of the possibilities in varying ratios. The ratio of these end-groups can be influenced by several factors including the ratio of the different epoxides used in the polymerization, the structure of the catalyst used, the reaction conditions used (i.e temperature, CO.sub.2 pressure, etc.) as well as by the timing of addition of reaction components.

[0257] Similarly, while the drawings above may show a defined regiochemistry for repeat units derived from substituted epoxides, the polymer compositions will, in some cases, contain mixtures of regioisomers. The regioselectivity of a given polymerization can be influenced by numerous factors including the structure of the catalyst used and the reaction conditions employed. To clarify, this means that the composition represented by structure P2r above, may contain a mixture of several compounds as shown in the diagram below. This diagram shows the isomers graphically for polymer P2r, where the structures below the depiction of the chain show each regio- and positional isomer possible for the monomer unit adjacent to the chain transfer agent and the end groups on each side of the main polymer chain. Each end group on the polymer may be independently selected from the groups shown on the left or right while the central portion of the polymer including the chain transfer agent and its two adjacent monomer units may be independently selected from the groups shown. In certain embodiments, the polymer composition comprises a mixture of all possible combinations of these. In other embodiments, the polymer composition is enriched in one or more of these.

##STR00064##

[0258] In certain embodiments, an APC polyol is selected from the group consisting of Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, Q5, Q6, and mixtures of any two or more of these.

##STR00065## [0259] wherein, t is an integer from 1 to 12 inclusive, and R.sup.t is independently at each occurrence H, or CH.sub.3.

[0260] In certain embodiments, an APC polyol is selected from the group consisting of:

[0261] Poly(ethylene carbonate) of formula Q1 having an average molecular weight number of between about 500 g/mol and about 3,000 g/mol, a polydisperisty index less than about 1.25, at least 85% carbonate linkages, and at least 98% OH end groups;

[0262] Poly(ethylene carbonate) of formula Q1 having an average molecular weight number of about 500 g/mol, a polydisperisty index less than about 1.25, at least 85% carbonate linkages, and at least 98% OH end groups;

[0263] Poly(ethylene carbonate) of formula Q1 having an average molecular weight number of about 1,000 g/mol, a polydisperisty index less than about 1.25, at least 85% carbonate linkages, and at least 98% OH end groups;

[0264] Poly(ethylene carbonate) of formula Q1 having an average molecular weight number of about 2,000 g/mol, a polydisperisty index less than about 1.25, at least 85% carbonate linkages, and at least 98% OH end groups;

[0265] Poly(ethylene carbonate) of formula Q1 having an average molecular weight number of about 3,000 g/mol, a polydisperisty index less than about 1.25, at least 85% carbonate linkages, and at least 98% OH end groups;

[0266] Poly(propylene carbonate) of formula Q2 having an average molecular weight number of between about 500 g/mol and about 3,000 g/mol, a polydisperisty index less than about 1.25, at least 95% carbonate linkages, and at least 98% OH end groups;

[0267] Poly(propylene carbonate) of formula Q2 having an average molecular weight number of about 500 g/mol, a polydisperisty index less than about 1.25, at least 95% carbonate linkages, and at least 98% OH end groups;

[0268] Poly(propylene carbonate) of formula Q2 having an average molecular weight number of about 1,000 g/mol, a polydisperisty index less than about 1.25, at least 95% carbonate linkages, and at least 98% OH end groups;

[0269] Poly(propylene carbonate) of formula Q2 having an average molecular weight number of about 2,000 g/mol, a polydisperisty index less than about 1.25, at least 95% carbonate linkages, and at least 98% OH end groups;

[0270] Poly(propylene carbonate) of formula Q2 having an average molecular weight number of about 3,000 g/mol, a polydisperisty index less than about 1.25, at least 95% carbonate linkages, and at least 98% OH end groups;

[0271] Poly(ethylene-co-propylene carbonate) of formula Q3 having an average molecular weight number of between about 500 g/mol and about 3,000 g/mol, a polydisperisty index less than about 1.25, at least 90% carbonate linkages, and at least 98% OH end groups;

[0272] Poly(ethylene-co-propylene carbonate) of formula Q3 having an average molecular weight number of about 500 g/mol, a polydisperisty index less than about 1.25, at least 90% carbonate linkages, and at least 98% OH end groups;

[0273] Poly(ethylene-co-propylene carbonate) of formula Q3 having an average molecular weight number of about 1,000 g/mol, a polydisperisty index less than about 1.25, at least 90% carbonate linkages, and at least 98% OH end groups;

[0274] Poly(ethylene-co-propylene carbonate) of formula Q3 having an average molecular weight number of about 2,000 g/mol (e.g. n is on average between about 10 and about 11), a polydisperisty index less than about 1.25, at least 90% carbonate linkages, and at least 98% OH end groups;

[0275] Poly(ethylene-co-propylene carbonate) of formula Q3 having an average molecular weight number of about 3,000 g/mol, a polydisperisty index less than about 1.25, at least 95% carbonate linkages, and at least 98% OH end groups;

[0276] Poly(ethylene carbonate) of formula Q4 having an average molecular weight number of between about 500 g/mol and about 3,000 g/mol (e.g. each n is between about 4 and about 16), a polydisperisty index less than about 1.25, at least 95% carbonate linkages, and at least 98% OH end groups;

[0277] Poly(ethylene carbonate) of formula Q4 having an average molecular weight number of about 500 g/mol, a polydisperisty index less than about 1.25, at least 85% carbonate linkages, and at least 98% OH end groups;

[0278] Poly(ethylene carbonate) of formula Q4 having an average molecular weight number of about 1,000 g/mol, a polydisperisty index less than about 1.25, at least 85% carbonate linkages, and at least 98% OH end groups;

[0279] Poly(ethylene carbonate) of formula Q4 having an average molecular weight number of about 2,000 g/mol, a polydisperisty index less than about 1.25, at least 85% carbonate linkages, and at least 98% OH end groups;

[0280] Poly(ethylene carbonate) of formula Q4 having an average molecular weight number of about 3,000 g/mol, a polydisperisty index less than about 1.25, at least 85% carbonate linkages, and at least 98% OH end groups.

[0281] Poly(propylene carbonate) of formula Q5 having an average molecular weight number of between about 500 g/mol and about 3,000 g/mol, a polydisperisty index less than about 1.25, at least 95% carbonate linkages, and at least 98% OH end groups;

[0282] Poly(propylene carbonate) of formula Q5 having an average molecular weight number of about 500 g/mol, a polydisperisty index less than about 1.25, at least 95% carbonate linkages, and at least 98% OH end groups;

[0283] Poly(propylene carbonate) of formula Q5 having an average molecular weight number of about 1,000 g/mol, a polydisperisty index less than about 1.25, at least 95% carbonate linkages, and at least 98% OH end groups;

[0284] Poly(propylene carbonate) of formula Q5 having an average molecular weight number of about 2,000 g/mol, a polydisperisty index less than about 1.25, at least 95% carbonate linkages, and at least 98% OH end groups;

[0285] Poly(propylene carbonate) of formula Q5 having an average molecular weight number of about 3,000 g/mol, a polydisperisty index less than about 1.25, at least 95% carbonate linkages, and at least 98% OH end groups;

[0286] Poly(ethylene-co-propylene carbonate) of formula Q6 having an average molecular weight number of between about 500 g/mol and about 3,000 g/mol, a polydisperisty index less than about 1.25, at least 90% carbonate linkages, and at least 98% OH end groups;

[0287] Poly(ethylene-co-propylene carbonate) of formula Q6 having an average molecular weight number of about 500 g/mol, a polydisperisty index less than about 1.25, at least 90% carbonate linkages, and at least 98% OH end groups;

[0288] Poly(ethylene-co-propylene carbonate) of formula Q6 having an average molecular weight number of about 1,000 g/mol, a polydisperisty index less than about 1.25, at least 90% carbonate linkages, and at least 98% OH end groups;

[0289] Poly(ethylene-co-propylene carbonate) of formula Q6 having an average molecular weight number of about 2,000 g/mol (e.g. n is on average between about 10 and about 11), a polydisperisty index less than about 1.25, at least 90% carbonate linkages, and at least 98% OH end groups; and

[0290] Poly(ethylene-co-propylene carbonate) of formula Q6 having an average molecular weight number of about 3,000 g/mol, a polydisperisty index less than about 1.25, at least 95% carbonate linkages, and at least 98% OH end groups.

[0291] In certain embodiments, an embedded chain transfer agent is a moiety derived from a polymeric diol or higher polyhydric alcohol. In certain embodiments, such polymeric alcohols are polyether or polyester polyols. In certain embodiments is a polyether polyol comprising ethylene glycol or propylene glycol repeating units (OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2O, or OCH.sub.2CH(CH.sub.3)O) or combinations of these. In certain embodiments, is a polyester polyol comprising the reaction product of a diol and a diacid, or a material derived from ring-opening polymerization of lactones.

[0292] In certain embodiments where comprises a polyether diol, the APC polyol has a structure Q7:

##STR00066##

wherein,
R.sup.q is at each occurrence in the polymer chain independently H or CH.sub.3;
R.sup.a is H, or CH.sub.3;
q and q are independently an integer from about 2 to about 40; and
and n is as defined above and in the examples and embodiments herein.

[0293] In certain embodiments, an APC polyol is selected from the group consisting of:

##STR00067## [0294] wherein each of R.sup.a, R.sup.q, q, q, and n is as defined above and described in classes and subclasses herein.

[0295] In certain embodiments, where APC polyols comprise compounds conforming to structure Q7, the moiety is derived from a commercially available polyether polyol such as those typically used in the formulation of polyurethane foam compositions.

[0296] In certain embodiments where comprises a polyester diol, the APC polyol has a structure Q8:

##STR00068##

wherein,
c is at each occurrence in the polymer chain independently an integer from 0 to 6;
d is at each occurrence in the polymer chain independently an integer from 1 to 11;
q is at each occurrence in the polymer chain independently an integer from 1 to 10; and [0297] each of R.sup.q, n, and q is as defined above and described in classes and subclasses herein.

[0298] In certain embodiments, an APC polyol is selected from the group consisting of:

##STR00069## [0299] wherein each of n and q is as defined above and described in classes and subclasses herein.

[0300] In certain embodiments, where APC polyols comprise compounds conforming to structure Q8, the moiety is derived from a commercially available polyester polyol such as those typically used in the formulation of polyurethane foam compositions.

Appendix BIsocyanate Reagents

[0301] This section describes some of the polyisocyanates and that have utility in methods and compositions of the present invention. In some embodiments, compositions of the present invention comprise isocyanate reagents or their reaction products. The purpose of these isocyanate reagents is to react with the reactive end groups on the APC polyols to form higher molecular weight structures through chain extension and/or cross-linking.

[0302] The art of polyurethane synthesis is well advanced and a very large number of isocyanates and related polyurethane precursors are known in the art and available commercially. While this section of the specification describes isocyanates suitable for use in certain embodiments of the present invention, it is to be understood that it is within the capabilities of one skilled in the art of polyurethane formulation to use alternative isocyanates along with the teachings of this disclosure to formulate additional compositions of matter within the scope of the present invention. Descriptions of suitable isocyanate compounds and related methods can be found in: Chemistry and Technology of Polyols for Polyurethanes Ionescu, Mihail 2005 (ISBN 978-1-84735-035-0), and H. Ulrich, Urethane Polymers, Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 1997 the entirety of each of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0303] In certain embodiments, isocyanate reagents comprise two or more isocyanate groups per molecule. In certain embodiments, isocyanate reagents are diisocyanates. In other embodiments, isocyanate reagents are higher polyisocyanates such as triisocyanates, tetraisocyanates, isocyanate polymers or oligomers, and the like. In certain embodiments, isocyanate reagents are aliphatic polyisocyanates or derivatives or oligomers of aliphatic polyisocyanates. In other embodiments, isocyanates are aromatic polyisocyanates or derivatives or oligomers of aromatic polyisocyanates. In certain embodiments, compositions may comprise mixtures of any two or more of the above types of isocyanates.

[0304] In certain embodiments, an isocyanate component used in the formulation of the novel materials of the present invention have a functionality of 2 or more. In certain embodiments, an isocyanate component of the inventive materials comprises a mixture of diisocyanates and higher isocyanates formulated to achieve a particular functionality number for a given application. In certain embodiments, where the inventive composition is a flexible foam or a soft elastomer, an isocyanate employed has a functionality of about 2. In certain embodiments, such isocyanates have a functionality between about 2 and about 2.7. In certain embodiments, such isocyanates have a functionality between about 2 and about 2.5. In certain embodiments, such isocyanates have a functionality between about 2 and about 2.3. In certain embodiments, such isocyanates have a functionality between about 2 and about 2.2.

[0305] In other embodiments, where the inventive composition is a rigid foam or a thermoplastic, an isocyanate employed has a functionality greater than 2. In certain embodiments, such isocyanates have a functionality between about 2.3 and about 4. In certain embodiments, such isocyanates have a functionality between about 2.5 and about 3.5. In certain embodiments, such isocyanates have a functionality between about 2.6 and about 3.1. In certain embodiments, such isocyanates have a functionality of about 3.

[0306] In certain embodiments, an isocyanate reagent is selected from the group consisting of: 1,6-hexamethylaminediisocyanate (HDI), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), 4,4 methylene-bis(cyclohexyl isocyanate) (H.sub.12MDI), 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (TDI), 2,6-toluene diisocyanate (TDI), diphenylmethane-4,4-diisocyanate (MDI), diphenylmethane-2,4-diisocyanate (MDI), xylylene diisocyanate (XDI), 1,3-Bis(isocyanatomethyl)cyclohexane (H6-XDI), 2,2,4-trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate, 2,4,4-trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate (TMDI), m-tetramethylxylylene diisocyanate (TMXDI), p-tetramethylxylylene diisocyanate (TMXDI), isocyanatomethyl-1,8-ictane diisocyanate (TIN), triphenylmethane-4,4,4triisocyanate, Tris(p-isocyanatomethyl)thiosulfate, 1,3-Bis(isocyanatomethyl)benzene, 1,4-tetramethylene diisocyanate, trimethylhexane diisocyanate, 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate, 1,4-cyclohexyl diisocyanate, lysine diisocyanate, and mixtures of any two or more of these.

[0307] Isocyanates suitable for certain embodiments of the present invention are available commercially under various trade names. Examples of suitable commercially available isocyanates include materials sold under trade names: Desmodur (Bayer Material Science), Tolonate (Perstorp), Takenate (Takeda), Vestanat (Evonik), Desmotherm (Bayer Material Science), Bayhydur (Bayer Material Science), Mondur (Bayer Material Science), Suprasec (Huntsman Inc.), Lupranate (BASF), Trixene (Baxenden), Hartben (Benasedo), Ucopol (Sapici), and Basonat (BASF). Each of these trade names encompasses a variety of isocyanate materials available in various grades and formulations. The selection of suitable commercially-available isocyanate materials as reagents to produce polyurethane compositions for a particular application is within the capability of one skilled in the art of polyurethane technology using the teachings and disclosure of this patent application along with the information provided in the product data sheets supplied by the above-mentioned suppliers.

[0308] In some embodiments, additional isocyanates suitable for certain embodiments of the present invention are sold under the trade name Lupranate (BASF). In certain embodiments, isocyanates are selected from the group consisting of the materials shown in Table 1:

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Nominal Products Description % NCO Funct. Lupranate M 4,4 MDI 33.5 2 Lupranate MS 4,4 MDI 33.5 2 Lupranate MI 2,4 and 4,4 MDI Blend 33.5 2 Lupranate LP30 Liquid Pure 4,4 MDI 33.1 2 Lupranate 227 Monomeric/Modified MDI Blend 32.1 2 Carbodiimide Modified MDI Lupranate 5143 Carbodiimide Modified 4 4 MDI 29.2 2.2 Lupranate MM103 Carbodiimide Modified 4,4 MDI 29.5 2.2 Lupranate 219 Carbodiimide Modified 4,4 MDI 29.2 2.2 Lupranate 81 Carbodiimide Modified MDI 29.5 2.2 Lupranate 218 Carbodiimide Modified MDI 29.5 2.2 Polymeric MDI (PMDI) Lupranate M10 Low Funct. Polymeric 31.7 2.2 Lupranate R2500U Polymeric MDI Variant 31.5 2.7 Lupranate M20S Mid-Functionality Polymeric 31.5 2.7 Lupranate M20FB Mid-Functionality Polymeric 31.5 2.7 Lupranate M70L High-Functionality Polymeric 31 3 Lupranate M200 High-Functionality Polymeric 30 3.1 Polymeric MDI Blends and Derivatives Lupranate 241 Low Functionality Polymeric 32.6 2.3 Luprariate 230 Low Viscosity Polymeric 32.5 2.3 Lupranate 245 Low Viscosity Polymeric 32.3 2.3 Lupranate TF2115 Mid Functionality Polymeric 32.3 2.4 Lupranate 78 Mid Functionality Polymeric 32 2.3 Lupranate 234 Low Functionality Polymeric 32 2.4 Lupranate 273 Low Viscosity Polymeric 32 2.5 Lupranate 266 Low Viscosity Polymeric 32 2.5 Lupranate 261 Low Viscosity Polymeric 32 2.5 Lupranate 255 Low Viscosity Polymeric 31.9 2.5 Luprapate 268 Low Viscosity Polymeric 30.6 2.4 Select MDI Prepolymers Lupranate 5010 Higher Functional Prepolymer 28.6 2.3 Lupranate 223 Low Visc. Derivative of Pure MDI 27.5 2.2 Lupranate 5040 Mid Functional, Low Viscosity 26.3 2.1 Lupranate 5110 Polymeric MDI Prepolymer 25.4 2.3 Lupranate MP102 4,4 MDI Prepolymer 23 2 Lupranate 5090 Special 4,4 MDI Prepolymer 23 2.1 Lupranate 5050 Mid Functional, Mid NCO Prepol 21.5 2.1 Lupranate 5030 Special MDI Prepolymer 18.9 NA Lupranate. 5080 2,4-MDI Enhanced Prepolymer 15.9 2 Lupranate 5060 Low Funct. Higher MW Prepol 15.5 2 Lupranate 279 Low Funct. Special Prepolymer 14 2 Lupranate 5070 Special MDI Prepolymer 13 2 Lupranate 5020 Low Functionality, Low NCO 9.5 2 Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI) Lupranate T80- 80/20: 2,4/2,6 TDI 48.3 2 Lupranate T80- High Acidity TDI 48.3 2 Lupranate 8020 80/20: TDI/Polymeric MDI 44.6 2.1

[0309] Other isocyanates suitable for certain embodiments of the present invention are sold under the trade name Desmodur available from Bayer Material Science. In certain embodiments, isocyanates are selected from the group consisting of the materials shown in Table 2:

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Trade Name Description Desmodur 2460 M Monomeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate with high 2,4-isomer content Desmodur 44 M A monomeric diphenylmethane-4,4-diisocyanate (MDI). Desmodur 44 MC Desmodur 44 MC Flakes is a monomeric diphenylmethane-4,4- diisocyanate (MDI). Desmodur BL 1100/1 Blocked aromatic polyisocyanate based on TDI Desmodur BL 1265 Blocked aromatic polyisocyanate based on TDI MPA/X Desmodur BL 3175 SN Blocked, aliphatic polyisocyanate based on HDI Desmodur BL 3272 Blocked aliphatic polyisocyanate based on HDI MPA Desmodur BL 3370 Blocked aliphatic polyisocyanate based on HDI MPA Desmodur BL 3475 Aliphatic crosslinking stoving urethane resin based on HDI/IPDI BA/SN Desmodur BL 3575/1 Blocked aliphatic polyisocyanate based on HDI MPA/SN Desmodur BL 4265 SN Blocked, aliphatic polyisocyanate based on IPDI Desmodur BL 5375 Blocked aliphatic polyisocyanate based on H 12 MDI Desmodur CD-L Desmodur CD-L is a modified isocyanate based on diphenylmethane-4,4-diisocyanate. Desmodur CD-S Desmodur CD-S is a modified isocyanate based on diphenylmethane-4,4-diisocyanate. Desmodur D XP 2725 Hydrophilically modified polyisocyanate Desmodur DA-L Hydrophilic aliphatic polyisocyanate based on hexamethylene diisocyanate Desmodur DN Aliphatic polyisocyanate of low volatility Desmodur E 1160 Aromatic polyisocyanate prepolymer based on toluene diisocyanate Desmodur E 1361 BA Aromatic polyisocyanate prepolymer based on toluylene diisocyanate Desmodur E 1361 Aromatic polyisocyanate prepolymer based on toluene diisocyanate MPA/X Desmodur E 14 Aromatic polyisocyanate prepolymer based on toluene diisocyanate Desmodur E 15 Aromatic polyisocyanate prepolymer based on toluene diisocyanate. Desmodur E 1660 Aromatic polyisocyanate prepolymer based on toluene diisocyanate. Desmodur E 1750 PR Polyisocyanate prepolymer based on toluene diisocyanate Desmodur E 20100 Modified polyisocyanate prepolymer based on diphenylmethane diisocyanate. Desmodur E 21 Aromatic polyisocyanate prepolymer based on diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI). Desmodur E 2190 X Aromatic polyisocyanate prepolymer based on diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) Desmodur E 22 Aromatic polyisocyanate prepolymer based on diphenylmethane diisocyanate. Desmodur E 2200/76 Desmodur E 2200/76 is a prepolymer based on (MDI) with isomers. Desmodur E 23 Aromatic polyisocyanate prepolymer based on diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI). Desmodur E 29 Polyisocyanate prepolymer based on diphenylmethane diisocyanate. Desmodur E 305 Desmodur E 305 is a largely linear aliphatic NCO prepolymer based on hexamethylene diisocyanate. Desmodur E 3265 Aliphatic polyisocyanate prepolymer based on hexamethylene MPA/SN diisocyanate (HDI) Desmodur E 3370 Aliphatic polyisocyanate prepolymer based on hexamethylene diisocyanate Desmodur E XP 2605 Polyisocyanate prepolymer based on toluene diisocyanate and diphenylmethan diisocyanate Desmodur E XP 2605 Polyisocyanate prepolymer based on toluene diisocyanate and diphenylmethan diisocyanate Desmodur E XP 2715 Aromatic polyisocyanate prepolymer based on 2.4- diphenylmethane diisocyanate (2,4-MDI) and a hexanediol adipate Desmodur E XP 2723 Aromatic polyisocyanate prepolymer based on diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI). Desmodur E XP 2726 Aromatic polyisocyanate prepolymer based on 2.4- diphenylmethane diisocyanate (2,4-MDI) Desmodur E XP 2727 Aromatic polyisocyanate prepolymer based on diphenylmethane diisocyanate. Desmodur E XP 2762 Aromatic polyisocyanate prepolymer based on diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI). Desmodur H Monomeric aliphatic diisocyanate Desmodur HL Aromatic/aliphatic polyisocyanate based on toluylene diisocyanate/ hexamethylene diisocyanate Desmodur I Monomeric cycloaliphatic diisocyanate. Desmodur IL 1351 Aromatic polyisocyanate based on toluene diisocyanate Desmodur IL 1451 Aromatic polyisocyanate based on toluene diisocyanate Desmodur IL BA Aromatic polyisocyanate based on toluene diisocyanate Desmodur IL EA Aromatic polyisocyante resin based on toluylene diisocyanate Desmodur L 1470 Aromatic polyisocyanate based on toluene diisocyanate Desmodur L 67 BA Aromatic polyisocyanate based on tolulene diisocyanate Desmodur L 67 MPA/X Aromatic polyisocyanate based on tolulene diisocyanate Desmodur L 75 Aromatic polyisocyanate based on tolulene diisocyanate Desmodur LD Low-functionality isocyanate based on hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) Desmodur LS 2424 Monomeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate with high 2,4-isomer content Desmodur MT Polyisocyanate prepolymer based on diphenylmethane diisocyanate Desmodur N 100 Aliphatic polyisocyanate (HDI biuret) Desmodur N 3200 Aliphatic polyisocyanate (low-viscosity HDI biuret) Desmodur N 3300 Aliphatic polyisocyanate (HDI trimer) Desmodur N 3368 Aliphatic polyisocyanate (HDI trimer) BA/SN Desmodur N 3368 SN Aliphatic polyisocyanate (HDI trimer) Desmodur N 3386 Aliphatic polyisocyanate (HDI trimer) BA/SN Desmodur N 3390 BA Aliphatic polyisocyanate (HDI trimer) Desmodur N 3390 Aliphatic polyisocyanate (HDI trimer) BA/SN Desmodur N 3400 Aliphatic polyisocyanate (HDI uretdione) Desmodur N 3600 Aliphatic polyisocyanate (low-viscosity HDI trimer) Desmodur N 3790 BA Aliphatic polyisocyanate (high functional HDI trimer) Desmodur N 3800 Aliphatic polyisocyanate (flexibilizing HDI trimer) Desmodur N 3900 Low-viscosity, aliphatic polyisocyanate resin based on hexamethylene diisocyanate Desmodur N 50 Aliphatic polyisocyanate (HDI biuret) BA/MPA Desmodur N 75 BA Aliphatic polyisocyanate (HDI biuret) Desmodur N 75 MPA Aliphatic polyisocyanate (HDI biuret) Desmodur N 75 MPA/ Aliphatic polyisocyanate (HDI biuret) Desmodur NZ 1 Aliphatic polyisocyanate Desmodur PC-N Desmodur PC-N is a modified diphenyl-methane-4,4-diisocyanate (MDI). Desmodur PF Desmodur PF is a modified diphenyl-methane-4,4-diisocyanate (MDI). Desmodur PL 340, 60% Blocked aliphatic polyisocyanate based on IPDI BA/SN Desmodur PL 350 Blocked aliphatic polyisocyanate based on HDI Desmodur RC Solution of a polyisocyanurate of toluene diisocyanate (TDI) in ethyl acetate. Desmodur RE Solution of triphenylmethane-4,4,4-triisocyanate in ethyl acetate Desmodur RFE Solution of tris(p-isocyanatophenyl) thiophosphate in ethyl acetate Desmodur RN Solution of a polyisocyanurate with aliphatic and aromatic NCO groups in ethyl acetate. Desmodur T 100 Pure 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (TDI) Desmodur T 65 N 2,4- and 2,6-toluene diisocyanate (TDI) in the ratio 67:33 Desmodur T 80 2,4- and 2,6-toluene diisocyanate (TDI) in the ratio 80:20 Desmodur T 80 P 2,4- and 2,6-toluene diisocyanate (TDI) in the ratio 80:20 with an increased content of hydrolysable chlorine Desmodur VH 20 N Polyisocyanate based on diphenylmethane diisocyanate Desmodur VK Desmodur VK products re mixtures of diphenylmethane-4,4- diisocyanate (MDI) with isomers and higher functional homologues Desmodur VKP 79 Desmodur VKP 79 is a modified diphenylmethane-4,4-diisocyanate (MDI) with isomers and homologues. Desmodur VKS 10 Desmodur VKS 10 is a mixture of diphenylmethane-4,4- diisocyanate (MDI) with isomers and higher functional homologues Desmodur VKS 20 Desmodur VKS 20 is a mixture of diphenylmethane-4,4- diisocyanate (MDI) with isomers and higher functional homologues Desmodur VKS 20 F Desmodur VKS 20 F is a mixture of diphenylmethane-4,4- diisocyanate (MDI) with isomers and higher functional homologues Desmodur VKS 70 Desmodur VKS 70 is a mixture of diphenylmethane-4,4- diisocyanate (MDI) with isomers and homologues. Desmodur VL Aromatic polyisocyanate based on diphenylmethane diisocyanate Desmodur VP LS 2078/2 Blocked aliphatic polyisocyanate based on IPDI Desmodur VP LS 2086 Aromatic polyisocyanate prepolymer based on diphenylmethane diisocyanate Desmodur VP LS 2257 Blocked aliphatic polyisocyanate based on HDI Desmodur VP LS 2371 Aliphatic polyisocyanate prepolymer based on isophorone diisocyanate. Desmodur VP LS 2397 Desmodur VP LS 2397 is a linear prepolymer based on polypropylene ether glycol and diphenylmethane diisocyanate Desmodur W Monomeric cycloaliphatic diisocyanate Desmodur W/1 Monomeric cycloaliphatic diisocyanate Desmodur XP 2404 Desmodur XP 2404 is a mixture of monomeric polyisocyanates Desmodur XP 2406 Aliphatic polyisocyanate prepolymer based on isophorone diisocyanate Desmodur XP 2489 Aliphatic polyisocyanate Desmodur XP 2505 Desmodur XP 2505 is a prepolymer containing ether groups based on diphenylmethane-4,4-diisocyanates (MDI) with isomers and Desmodur XP 2551 Aromatic polyisocyanate based on diphenylmethane diisocyanate Desmodur XP 2565 Low-viscosity, aliphatic polyisocyanate resin based on isophorone diisocyanate. Desmodur XP 2580 Aliphatic polyisocyanate based on hexamethylene diisocyanate Desmodur XP 2599 Aliphatic prepolymer containing ether groups and based on hexamethylene-1,6-diisocyanate (HDI) Desmodur XP 2617 Desmodur XP 2617 is a largely linear NCO prepolymer based on hexamethylene diisocyanate. Desmodur XP 2665 Aromatic polyisocyanate prepolymer based on diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI). Desmodur XP 2675 Aliphatic polyisocyanate (highly functional HDI trimer) Desmodur XP 2679 Aliphatic polyisocyanate (HDI allophanate trimer) Desmodur XP 2714 Silane-functional aliphatic polyisocyanate based on hexamethylene diisocyanate Desmodur XP 2730 Low-viscosity, aliphatic polyisocyanate (HDI uretdione) Desmodur XP 2731 Aliphatic polyisocyanate (HDI allophanate trimer) Desmodur XP 2742 Modified aliphatic Polyisocyanate (HDI-Trimer), contains SiO2 - nanonarticles

[0310] In some embodiments, isocyanates suitable for certain embodiments of the present invention are sold under the trade name Tolonate (Perstorp). In certain embodiments, isocyanates are selected from the group consisting of the materials shown in Table 3:

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Tolonate D2 a blocked aliphatic polyisocyanate, supplied at 75% solids in aromatic solvent Tolonate HDB a viscous solvent-free aliphatic polyisocyanate Tolonate HDB-LV a solvent free low viscosity aliphatic polyisocyanate Tolonate HDB 75 B an aliphatic polyisocyanate, supplied at 75% solids in methoxy propyl acetate Tolonate HDB 75 BX an aliphatic polyisocyanate, supplied at 75% solids Tolonate HDT a medium viscosity, solvent-free aliphatic polyisocyanate Tolonate HDT-LV is a solvent free low viscosity aliphatic polyisocyanate Tolonate HDT-LV2 a solvent free, very low viscosity aliphatic polyisocyanate Tolonate HDT 90 an aliphatic polyisocyanate, based on HDI-trimer (isocyanurate), supplied at 90% solids Tolonate HDT 90 B an aliphatic polyisocyanate, based on HDI-trimer (isocyanurate), supplied at 90% solids Tolonate IDT 70 B an aliphatic polyisocyanate, based on HDI-trimer (isocyanurate). supplied at 70% solids Tolonate IDT 70 S an aliphatic polyisocyanate, based on HDI-trimer (isocyanurate), supplied at 70% solids Tolonate X FD 90 B a high functionality, fast drying aliphatic polyisocyanate based on HDI- trimer, supplied at 90% solids

[0311] In some embodiments, isocyanates suitable for certain embodiments of the present invention are sold under the trade name Mondur available from Bayer Material Science. In certain embodiments, isocyanates are selected from the group consisting of the materials shown in Table 4:

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Trade Name Description MONDUR 445 TDI/MDI blend polyisocyanate; blend of toluene diisocyanate and polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate; NCO weight 44.5-45.2% MONDUR 448 modified polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI) prepolymer; NCO weight 27.7%; viscosity 140 mPa .Math. s @ 25 C.; equivalent weight 152; functionality 2.2 MONDUR 489 modified polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI); NCO weight 31.5%; viscosity 700 mPa .Math. s @ 25 C.; equivalent weight 133; functionality 3.0 MONDUR 501 modified monomeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (mMDI); isocyanate-terminated polyester prepolymer; NCO weight 19.0%; viscosity 1,100 mPa .Math. s @ 25 C.; equivalent weight 221; functionality 2 MONDUR 541 polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI); binder for composite wood products and as a raw material in adhesive formulations; NCO weight 31.5%; viscosity 200 mPa .Math. s @ 25 C. MONDUR 582 polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI); binder for composite wood products and as a raw material in adhesive formulations; NCO weight 31.0%; viscosity 200 mPa .Math. s @ 25 C. MONDUR 541-Light polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI): NCO weight 32.0%; viscosity 70 mPa .Math. s @ 25 C.; equivalent weight 131; functionality 2.5 MONDUR 841 modified polymeric MDI prepolymer; NCO, Wt 30.5%; Acidity, Wt 0.02%; Amine Equivalent 132; Viscosity at 25 C., mPa .Math. s 350; Specific gravity at 25 C. 1.24; Flash Point, PMCC, F. >200 MONDUR 1437 modified diphenylmethane diisocyanate (mMDI); isocyanate-terminated polyether prepolymer; NCO weight 10.0%; viscosity 2,500 mPa .Math. s @ 25 C.; equivalent weight 420; functionality 2 MONDUR 1453 modified diphenylmethane diisocyanate (mMDI); isocyanate-terminated polyether prepolymer based on polypropylene ether glycol (PPG); NCO weight 16.5%; viscosity 600 mPa .Math. s @ 25 C.; equivalent weight 254; functionality 2 MONDUR 1515 modified polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI) prepolymer; used in the production of rigid polymethane foams, especially for the appliance industry; NCO weight 30.5%; viscosity 350 mPa .Math. s @ 25 C. MONDUR 1522 modified monomeric 4,4-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (mMDI); NCO weight 29.5%; viscosity 50 mPa .Math. s @ 25 C.; equivalent weight 143; fuctionality 2.2 MONDUR MA-2300 modified monomeric MDI, allophanate-modified 4,4-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (mMDI); NCO weight 23.0%; viscosity 450 mPa .Math. s @ 25 C.; equivalent weight 183; functionality 2.0 MONDUR MA 2600 modified monomeric MDI, allophanate-modified 4,4-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (mMDI); NCO weight 26.0%; viscosity 100 mPa .Math. s @ 25 C.; equivalent weight 162; functionality 2.0 MONDUR MA 2601 aromatic diisocyanate blend, allophanate-modified 4,4-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) blended with polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI) containing 2,4- isomer; NCO weight 29.0%; viscosity 60 mPa .Math. s @ 25 C.; equivalent weight 145; functionality 2.2 MONDUR MA 2603 MDI prepolymer; isocyanate-terminated (MDI) prepolymer blended with an allophanate-modified 4,4-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI); NCO weight 16.0%; viscosity 1,050 mPa .Math. s @ 25 C.; equivalent weight 263; functionality 2.0 MONDUR MA-2902 modified monomeric MDI, allophanate-modified 4,4-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (mMDI); NCO weight 29.0%; viscosity 40 mPa .Math. s @ 25 C.; equivalent weight 145; functionality 2.0 MONDUR MA-2903 modified monomeric MDI; isocyanate-terminated (MDI) prepolymer; NCO weight 19.0%; viscosity 400 mPa .Math. s @ 25 C.; equivalent weight 221; functionality 2.0 MONDUR MA-2904 Allophanate-modified MDI poly ether prepolymer; NCO weight 12.0%; viscosity 1,800 mPas @ 25 C.; equivalent weight 350; functionality of 2.0 MONDUR MB high-purity grade difunctional isocyanante. diphenylmethane 4,4-diiscocyanate; used in production of polyurethane elastomers, adhesives, coatings and intermediate polyurethane products; appearance colorless solid or liquid; specific gravity @ 50 C. 15.5 1.19; flash point 202 C. PMCC; viscosity (in molten form) 4.1 mPa .Math. S; bult density 10 lb/gal (fused) or 9.93 lb/gal (molten); freezing temperature 39 C. MONDUR MLQ monomeric diphenylmethan diisocyanate; used in a foams, cast elastomers, coatings and ahdesives; appearance light yellow clear liquid, NCO 33.4% wt; 1.19 specific gravity at 25 C., 196 C. flash point. DIN 51758; 11-15 C. freezing temperature MONDUR MQ high-purity-grade difunctional isocyanate, diphenylmethane 4,4-diisocyanate (MDI); used in production of solid polyurethane elastomers, adhesives, coatings and in intermediate polymethane products; appearance colorless solid or liquid; specific gravity 1.19 @ 50 C.; flashpoint 202 C. PMCC; viscosity 4.1 mPa .Math. S; bulk density 10 lb./gal (fused) or 9.93 lb./gal (molten); freezing temperature 39 C. MONDUR MR polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI); NCO weight 31.5%; viscosity 200 mPa .Math. s @ 25 C.; equivalent weight 133; functionality 2.8 MONDUR MR LIGHT polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI); NCO weight 31.5%; viscosity 200 mPa .Math. s @ 25 C.; equivalent weight 133; functionality 2.8 MONDUR MR-5 polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI); NCO weight 32.5%; viscosity 50 mPa .Math. s @ 25 C.; equivalent weight 129; functionality 2.4 MONDUR MRS 2,4 rich polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI); NCO weight 31.5%; viscosity 200 mPa .Math. s @ 25 C.; equivalent weight 133; functionality2.6 MONDUR MRS 2 2,4 rich polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI); NCO weight 33.0%; viscosity 25 mPa .Math. s @ 25 C.; equivalent weight 127; functionality2.2 MONDUR MRS-4 2,4 rich polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI); NCO weight 32.5%; viscosity 40 mPa .Math. s @ 25 C.; equivalent weight 129; functionality 2.4 MONDUR MRS-5 2,4 rich polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI); NCO weight 32.3%; viscosity 55 mPa .Math. s @ 25 C.; equivalent weight 130; functionality 2.4 MONDUR PC modified 4,4 diphenylmethane diisocyanate (mMDI); NCO weight 25.8%; viscosity 145 mPa .Math. s @ 25 C.; equivalent weight 163; functionality 2.1 MONDUR PF modified 4,4 diphenylmethane diisocyanate (mMDI) prepolymer; NCO weight 22.9%; viscosity 650 mPa .Math. s @ 25 C.; equivalent weight 183; functionality 2 MONDUR TD-65 monomeric toluene diisocyanate (TDI); 65/35 mixture of 2,4 and 2.6 TDI; NCO weight 48%; viscosity 3 mPas @ 25 C.; equivalent weight 87.5; functionality 2 MONDUR TD-80 monomeric toluene diisocyanate (TDI); 80/20 mixture of the 2,4 and 2,6 isomer; NCO GRADE A weight 48%; viscosity 5 mPa .Math. s @ 25 C.; equivalent weight 87.5; functionality 2 MONDUR TD-80 monomeric toluene diisocyanate (TDI); 80/20 mixture of the 2,4 and 2,6 isomer; NCO GRADE A/GRADE B weight 48%; viscosity 5 mPa .Math. s @ 25 C.; equivalent weight 87.5; functionality 2

[0312] In certain embodiments, one or more of the above-described isocyanate compositions is provided in a formulation typical of an A-side mixture known in the art of polyurethane foam manufacture. Such A side mixtures may comprise prepolymers formed by the reaction of a molar excess of one or more polyisocyanates with reactive molecules comprising reactive functional groups such as alcohols, amines, thiols, carboxylates and the like. A-side mixtures may also comprise solvents, surfactants, stabilizers, and other additives known in the art.

Other Embodiments

[0313] The foregoing has been a description of certain non-limiting embodiments of the invention. Accordingly, it is to be understood that the embodiments of the invention herein described are merely illustrative of the application of the principles of the invention. Reference herein to details of the illustrated embodiments is not intended to limit the scope of the claims, which themselves recite those features regarded as essential to the invention.