NANOTUBE AND FINELY MILLED CARBON FIBER POLYMER COMPOSITE COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS OF MAKING

Abstract

Embodiments of the present invention include composite compositions extrusion compounded together comprising a polymer, an amount of nanotubes, and an amount of finely milled carbon fiber having an aspect ratio greater than 1 and less than about 5. The resulting composite materials allow for high carbon loading levels with improved tribological properties including coefficient of friction and wear rates, provides uniform surface resistance with minimal processing sensitivity, retains rheological properties similar to the base resin, and provides isotropic shrink and a reduced coefficient of thermal expansion leading to minimal warp. In general, various articles can be formed that take advantage of the properties of the composite materials incorporating a polymer, carbon nanotubes and finely milled carbon fiber.

Claims

1. A composition comprising: a polymer melt, an amount of carbon nanotubes, and an amount of carbon fibers extrusion compounded together in the composition, the amount of carbon nanotubes and the amount of carbon fibers dispersed in the polymer melt.

2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the carbon fibers have an aspect ratio greater than 1 and less than about 5.

3-4. (canceled)

5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the polymer melt comprises PEI, Polyimide, Poly ether sulfone (PES), Poly phenyl sulfone (PPS), Per fluoro alkoxy (PFA), Fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), Ethylene tri fluoro ethylene (ETFE) Poly sulfone, Polystyrene, Poly ether Ketone (PEK), Poly ether ketone ketone (PEKK), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyolefins (PO), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), styrene block co-polymers, styrene-butadiene rubber, nylon in the form of polyether block polyamide (PEBA), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), poly(vinylidenefluroide), poly(tetraflurorethylene) (PTFE), polyethylene, polypropylene, poly(vinylchloride) (PVC), ethyl vinyl acetate, a blend thereof, copolymers thereof, or a combination thereof.

6. (canceled)

7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the amount of carbon nanotubes is less than about 5% by weight.

8. (canceled)

9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the amount of carbon fibers is between about 20% and about 50% by weight.

10-11. (canceled)

12. An article formed from the composition of claim 2.

13. (canceled)

14. The article of claim 12 that has an average surface resistivity of less than about 10.sup.9 ohms/sq.

15. (canceled)

16. A composition comprising: a thermoplastic polymer; a network of nanotubes dispersed in the thermoplastic polymer; and a network of carbon fibers having an aspect ratio greater than 1 and less than about 5 dispersed in the thermoplastic polymer; wherein an amount of the nanotubes in the composition is greater than about 0.0 wt-% and less than about 5.0 wt-% and an amount of the carbon fibers is greater than about 20 wt-%.

17. The composition of claim 16 wherein the nanotubes have an aspect ratio of 100 or more.

18. The composition of claim 16 where the nanotubes are not polymer wrapped nanotubes.

19. The composition of claim 16 having a surface resistivity less than 10.sup.9 ohms/sq.

20. (canceled)

21. The composition of claim 16 wherein the composition does not comprise added carbon powders.

22. An article comprising the composition of claim 16.

23. The article of claim 22, wherein the article is selected from the group consisting of a carrier, a fluid handling article, a housing, an article comprising a wafer carrier suitable for transporting semi-conductor wafers, an article comprising a bipolar plate, and an article comprising an electrode.

24. (canceled)

25. The composition of claim 16 wherein the amount of carbon fibers is between about 20% and about 50% by weight.

26-30. (canceled)

31. The composition of claim 16, wherein the nanotubes comprise functional groups located on the ends of the nanotubes, along the side walls of the nanotubes, or both and wherein the functional groups comprise fluorine.

32-33. (canceled)

34. A method of forming a composite, the method comprising providing a polymer melt within an extruder; injecting an amount of nanotubes within the extruder having the polymer melt; injecting an amount of carbon fibers having an aspect ratio greater than 1 and less than about 5 within the extruder having the polymer melt; and applying shear to blend the nanotubes, the carbon fibers, and the polymer.

35-36. (canceled)

37. The method of claim 34 wherein the amount of carbon fibers is between about 25% and about 45% by weight.

38. The method of claim 34 wherein the amount of nanotubes is between about 0.5% and about 5% by weight.

39. (canceled)

40. The method of claim 34 wherein the composite is fed from the extruder to a shaping apparatus where the composite is formed into an article having a desired shape and size.

41. (canceled)

42. The method of claim 34 wherein the extruder comprises a twin-screw extruder.

43-44. (canceled)

45. A method of forming a composite composition comprising a polymer, nanotubes, and carbon fibers having an aspect ratio greater than 1 and less than about 5 as described herein.

46. (canceled)

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0038] The present invention may be more completely understood in consideration of the following detailed description of various embodiments of the invention in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0039] FIGS. 1A-1H are SEM images of various types of carbon. FIGS. 1A and 1B are SEM images of SWNTs with the scale bar being 1 micron and 100 nm, respectively. Under normal circumstances as shown in the SEM images, SWNTs exist in bundles of different sizes and not usually as individuals. FIGS. 1C and 1D are SEM images of MWNTs with the scale bar being 1 micron and 100 nm, respectively. Under normal circumstances as shown in the SEM images, MWNTs exist as individuals of different sizes. FIGS. 1E and 1F are SEM images of carbon powder with the scale bar being 1 micron and 100 nm, respectively. Under normal circumstances as shown in the SEM images, carbon powder particles form large agglomerates. FIGS. 1G and 1H are SEM images of carbon fibers with an aspect ratio greater than 10 and prior to any processing with the scale bar being 1 micron and 10 microns, respectively. Under normal circumstances as shown in the SEM images, carbon fibers are more than about 100 times larger than the other types of carbon shown in FIGS. 1A-1F;

[0040] FIG. 2 is an optical microscope image of carbon fiber with the scale bar being 50 microns;

[0041] FIG. 3 is an optical microscope image of the finely milled carbon fiber according to an embodiment of the present invention with the scale bar being 50 microns;

[0042] FIG. 4 is a graph of thermal cycling testing data of a sample according to the composition of Example 1 (PEEK polymer with 1.25% MWNTs and 35% finely milled carbon fibers having an aspect ratio greater than 1 and less than about 5) of an embodiment of the present invention and Comparative Example A (PEEK polymer with about 20% carbon fiber having an aspect ratio of about 20 or greater), wherein cassettes made from each of the foregoing compositions were heated to 150° C. (302° F.), 200° C. (392° F.), 250° C. (482° F.), and 300° C. (572° F.), with key dimensions measured after heating to each of these temperatures. As indicated by the data in the graph, the cassette comprised of the composition according to Example 1 has values closer to “0” than that according to Comparative Example A, indicating less variability and more isotropic property across the cassette;

[0043] FIG. 5 is a graph of surface resistance testing data using a Pro-Stat PRS-801 resistance system with two-point probe measuring 96 locations on 200 mm cassettes composed of the compositions of both Example 1 and Comparative Example A, with the testing data indicating the cassette comprised of the composition of Example 1 contains a tighter distribution with a few outliers relating mainly to the gate and locations opposite the gate;

[0044] FIG. 6A is a diagram of a disc with 12 locations identified for measuring the surface resistance, and FIG. 6B is a graph of surface resistance testing data using a Pro-Stat PRS-801 resistance system with two-point probe measuring the 12 locations identified in FIG. 6A with the discs composed of compositions of both Example 1 and Comparative Example B (PEEK with about 20% carbon fiber having an aspect ratio of about 20 or greater) with relatively large size of carbon fibers, with the testing data indicating the disc comprised of the composition of Example 1 contains a tighter distribution;

[0045] FIG. 7A is a diagram of a disc with 67 locations identified for measuring the surface resistance, and FIG. 7B is a graph of surface resistance testing data using a Pro-Stat PRS-801 resistance system with two-point probe measuring the 67 locations identified in FIG. 7A with the discs composed of compositions of both Example 1 and Comparative Example B with relatively large size of carbon fibers, with the testing data indicating the disc comprised of the composition of Example 1 contains a tighter distribution with a reproducible, uniform surface resistance across the entire disc and a small departure at location 13, which is located opposite the gate;

[0046] FIG. 8A is a graph of wear testing data showing the total volume (mm.sup.3) of discs composed of the compositions of Example 1 and Comparative Example A, the data obtained using an UMT-2 Tribometer from Center for Tribology (Campbell, Calif.) with a pin-on-disc configuration and the test parameters having a pin with hemispherica tip (R=2 mm), counterface of steel (HRC=50-50) and Ra≈0.05 μm, a circular wear path a with a sliding distance of 2500 m, normal face of 0.2 kg, sliding velocity of 0.05 m/s, and the linear wear measured with capacitance sensor (0.025 μm resolution) and volume loss calculated from linear wear/sample geometry;

[0047] FIG. 8B is a graph of wear testing data showing average specific wear rate (mm.sup.3/N-m) of discs composed of the compositions of Example 1 and Comparative Example A, the data obtained using an UMT-2 Tribometer from Center for Tribology (Campbell, Calif.) with a pin-on-disc configuration and the test parameters having a pin with hemispherical tip (R=2 mm), counterface of steel (HRC=50-50) and Ra≈0.05 μm, a circular wear path with a sliding distance of 2500 m, normal face of 0.2 kg, sliding velocity of 0.05 m/s, and the linear wear measured with capacitance sensor (0.025 μM resolution) and volume loss calculated from linear wear/sample geometry. The average specific wear rate is calculated by the volume loss per normal force per sliding distance;

[0048] FIG. 9A is a graph of molecular contamination data showing outgassing (ppm) for materials composed of compositions of Example 1, Comparative Example A and Comparative Example C (PEEK with about 20 wt-% carbon fibers and an aspect ratio of about 20 or greater);

[0049] FIG. 9B is a graph of molecular contamination data showing total anions (ppb) for materials composed of compositions of Example 1, Comparative Example A and Comparative Example C;

[0050] FIG. 9C is a graph of molecular contamination data showing total cations (ppb) for materials composed of compositions of Example 1, Comparative Example A and Comparative Example C;

[0051] FIG. 9D is a graph of molecular contamination data showing total metals (ppb) for materials composed of compositions of Example 1, Comparative Example A and Comparative Example C, with the material composed of the Example 1 composition having higher metal concentrations due to carbon nanotubes having metal bound thereto under normal use conditions;

[0052] FIG. 10A schematically illustrates a non-limiting apparatus for a processes for dispersion mixing polymer 1010A and the conductive filler 1030A (nanotubes and/or finely milled carbon fibers); the extrusion can occur in an essentially contemporaneous manner, which can be flood feeding or starve feeding of the carbon filler 1030A (dry nanotubes and/or dry finely milled carbon fibers) through hopper 1026A and polymer 1010A through hopper 1014A; twin screw extruders 1018A and 1022A extrusion combine the materials to form a material 1034A in the extruder 1050A. The extruded composition 1038A can be removed from die 1060A. The extruder 1050A can be heated above the melting point of the polymer using one or more heating zones or heating gradient (not shown);

[0053] FIG. 10B schematically illustrate non-limiting apparatus for a processes for dispersion mixing polymer 1010B and the conductive filler 1030B (nanotubes and finely milled carbon fibers); the extrusion compounding can optionally use a pre-blended mix of nanotubes and/or finely milled carbon fibers and polymer with a single hopper 1014B feed to twin screw extruders 1018B and 1022B to extrusion combine the materials to form material 1034B in the extruder 1050B. The extruded composition 1038B can be removed from die 1060B. The extruder 1050B can be heated above the melting point of the polymer using one or more heating zones or heating gradient (not shown);

[0054] FIG. 11A illustrates cycled extrusion compounding (1110A) of an extrusion dispersed mixture of nanotubes and finely milled carbon fibers and polymer (not shown), the material 1134A formed in the extruder 1150A can be removed (1138A) from die 1160A and analyzed for storage modulus or resistivity and then fed back into the extruder as 1110A;

[0055] FIG. 11B illustrates forming a melt of the polymer 1110B from hopper 1114B and extrusion screws 1118B and 1122B, conductive filler 1130B (nanotubes and finely milled carbon fibers) can be added into to the extruded melt of the polymer 1134B for extrusion compounding at a location of hopper 1126B equal to or greater than half the length (D/2) of an extruder 1150B of length (D) to form material 1138B which can be removed at die 1160B as material 1142B;

[0056] FIG. 12 is a graph of data relating to the Young's Modulus using a 3-point bending flex test for materials composed of the composition of Example 1, Comparative Example A and Comparative Example D (PEEK polymer with 1.25 wt-% MWCNTs and 35 wt-% of 150 μm carbon fibers with an aspect ratio of about 20), which as shown in the graph results in a lower Young's Modulus for the composition of Example 1 according to an embodiment of the present invention due to the shorter length of the finely milled carbon fibers;

[0057] FIGS. 13A-13C are photographs of the apparatus during a deflection test at a temperature of about 150° C. of articles formed from the composition of Example 1 (FIG. 13A), a comparative conductive ceramic filler comprising about 60% tin oxide and no carbon in PEEK (FIG. 13B), and a conventional carbon fiber having an aspect ratio of about 20 with a loading of about 20% in PEEK (FIG. 13C), which illustrates that the article formed from the composition of Example 1 (FIG. 13A) has the smallest deflection upon heating of the three materials;

[0058] FIG. 14 is a table of flatness data for various articles formed from compositions according to embodiments of the present invention and comparative compositions, with the first two rows of compositions containing finely milled carbon fiber and MWCNTs according to embodiments of the present invention, and the comparative compositions comprising conventional carbon fiber (“convention carbon fiber”) having an aspect ratio of about 20;

[0059] FIG. 15A is a photograph of two stack trays formed of a solidified sample of carbon nanotubes and finely milled carbon fiber dispersed in PEEK according to the composition of Example 1, the carbon nanotubes and finely milled carbon fibers were added into the extruded melt of the PEEK polymer by extrusion compounding, FIG. 15B is a photograph of a first stack tray stacked ontop of a second stack tray, and FIG. 15C is a photograph of the two stack trays stacked together with clips operably engaging the edges of the top and bottom stack trays;

[0060] FIG. 16 is a photograph of a solidified sample of carbon nanotubes and finely milled carbon fiber dispersed in PEEK according to an embodiment of the present invention with 13 locations identified for measuring the flatness of the resulting article;

[0061] FIG. 17 is a schematic of a flatness measurement of a stack tray as illustrated in FIG. 16 with the raw data (height relative to lowest measure point) being measured, a best-fit plane data is applied to eliminate tilt to arrive at the deviation from best-fit plane that is used in the flatness calculation;

[0062] FIG. 18A is a schematic of the deviation from best-fit plane for the top of a first stack tray that is stacked ontop of a second stack tray (such as shown in FIG. 15A); FIG. 18B is a schematic of the deviation from best-fit plane for the bottom of the first stack tray that is stacked ontop of a second stack tray; FIG. 18C is a schematic of the deviation from best-fit plane for the top of a second stack tray that has the first stack tray stacked on top thereof; FIG. 18D is a schematic of the deviation from best-fit plane for the bottom of a second stack tray that has the first stack tray stacked on top thereof;

[0063] FIG. 19 is a schematic of the measurement of the gap between the first and second trays of FIGS. 18A-18D illustrating the schematic of the deviation from best-fit plane for the bottom of the first top stack tray and the schematic of the deviation from best-fit plane for the top of the second bottom stack tray and the resulting gap between the trays, which results in about 0.006″ that is less than the slider thickness 0.009″ that are inserted and carried within the stack trays indicating that the sliders would not fit or slip out between the gap between the trays;

[0064] FIG. 20 is a graph of surface resistance testing data using a Pro-Stat PRS-801 resistance system with two-point probe measuring the 67 locations identified in FIG. 7A with the discs composed of compositions of Example 1 (PEEK, about 35 wt-% of finely milled carbon fibers with an aspect ratio greater than 1 and less than about 5, and about 1.25 wt-% MWNTs), Comparative Example 1 (PEEK and about 5% SWNTs), Comparative Example 2 (PEEK and about 5% MWNTs), Comparative Example 3 (PEEK and about 4% SWNTs), Comparative Example 4 (PEEK and about 15% carbon powder), Comparative Example 5 (PEEK and about 18% carbon powder) and Comparative Example 6 (PEEK and about 20% of carbon fiber having an aspect ratio of about 20), with the testing data indicating the disc comprised of the composition of Example 1 contains a tighter distribution with a reproducible, uniform surface resistance across the entire disc and a small departure at location 13, which is located opposite the gate;

[0065] FIG. 21 is a graph of surface resistance testing data using a Pro-Stat PRS-801 resistance system with two-point probe measuring the 67 locations identified in FIG. 7A with the discs composed of the identified compositions (FMCF referring to finely milled carbon fiber having an aspect ratio greater than 1 and less than about 5, and CF referring to carbon fibers having an aspect ratio of about 20), the compositions molded into articles at various injection speeds (“ips”), with the testing data indicating the compositions according to embodiments of the present invention are less process sensitive than other polymer composites using other carbon fillers.

[0066] FIG. 22 is a graph of surface resistance testing data using a Pro-Stat PRS-801 resistance system with two-point probe measuring the 12 locations identified in FIG. 6A with the discs composed of the identified compositions (FMCF referring to finely milled carbon fiber having an aspect ratio greater than 1 and less than about 5), the compositions molded into articles at injection speeds of 0.5, with the testing data further indicating the advantages of the compositions containing carbon nanotubes, such that the compositions have a consistent or stable surface resistance.

[0067] While the invention is amenable to various modifications and alternative forms, specifics thereof have been shown by way of example in the drawings and will be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the intention is not to limit the invention to the particular embodiments described. On the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0068] Before the present compositions and methods are described, it is to be understood that this invention is not limited to the particular molecules, compositions, methodologies or protocols described, as these may vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used in the description is for the purpose of describing the particular versions or embodiments only, and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention which will be limited only by the appended claims.

[0069] It must also be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to a “nanotube” is a reference to one or more nanotubes and equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art, and so forth. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meanings as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of embodiments of the present invention, the preferred methods, devices, and materials are now described. All publications mentioned herein are incorporated by reference. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that the invention is not entitled to antedate such disclosure by virtue of prior invention. “Optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described event or circumstance may or may not occur, and that the description includes instances where the event occurs and instances where it does not. All numeric values are herein assumed to be modified by the term “about,” whether or not explicitly indicated. The term “about” generally refers to a range of numbers that one of skill in the art would consider equivalent to the recited value (i.e., having the same function or result). In some embodiments the term “about” refers to ±10% of the stated value, in other embodiments the term “about” refers to ±2% of the stated value. In some embodiments the sample may have been extruded more than once by the process used to make the composition, and in some embodiments extruded less than five times by the process used to make the composition. In some embodiments, compositions of the present invention are contemplated to be substantially invariant to an increase in the storage modulus and or to a decrease in resistivity of the composition with further extrusion cycles. The G′ would be substantially invariant to an increase in the storage modulus and or decrease in resistivity because no improvement in the dispersion with more extrusion process cycles or time is expected to be observed. Without wishing to be bound by theory, further extrusion processing of the composite reduces G′ because the dispersion may deteriorate because for example the nanotubes are undergoing aggregation. Embodiments of the composite material of polymer, nanotubes and finely milled carbon fibers have reached the maxima for the storage modulus and with further induction of stress, the dispersion declines. As would be known to one skilled in the art, the shear modulus can also be referred to as the storage modulus (or also shear storage modulus G′ or elastic modulus).

[0070] While compositions and methods are described in terms of “comprising” various components or steps (interpreted as meaning “including, but not limited to”), the compositions and methods can also “consist essentially of” or “consist of” the various components and steps, such terminology should be interpreted as defining essentially closed-member groups.

[0071] Embodiments of the present invention include nanotubes, for example some versions include SWNTs, MWNTs, or nanotubes comprising SWNTs and/or MWNTs, distributed in a melt of thermoplastic that forms an electrically conductive or viscoelastic material from the melt on solidification. In the case of SWNTs and/or MWNTs, the ropes or tubes form a network or matrix in the continuous phase of the polymer; this contrasts with individual polymer coated nanotubes prepared by suspending individual nanotubes in a solvent and associating them with a linear polymer.

[0072] In some embodiments of the present invention, a composition comprises a thermoplastic polymer, the polymer is not a foam or an elastomer, and the thermoplastic polymer includes a network of nanotubes and finely milled carbon fibers dispersed in the thermoplastic polymer. In some embodiments the amount of nanotubes is between about 0.5% and about 5% by weight and the amount of finely milled carbon fibers having an aspect ratio greater than 1 and less than about 5 is between about 20% and about 50% by weight. In some embodiments, the composition does not comprise added carbon powders and/or carbon fibers having an aspect ratio greater than about 5.

[0073] In some embodiments, nanotubes have an aspect ratio of 100 or more. In some embodiments the L/D can be 1000 or more with diameters of 1-3.5 nm or 4 nm (roping) and lengths of 1000 nm or more. The composition is made by a melt mixing, for example an extrusion process and advantageously is free of solvents used to disperse nanotubes or to dissolve the polymer. Under reduced pressure conditions, the composition outgasses less than 0.38 parts per billion (v/v) of a solvent vapor where the solvent is one that can dissolve the polymer or that was used in forming the nanotube dispersion. The outgassing of composites of the present invention and those made by solvent casting or other similar methods can also be determined by this method or the methods disclosed by Zabka et al in U.S. Pat. Application Publication No.: 20030066780, filed Oct. 4, 2001 and published Apr. 10, 2003, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

[0074] In some embodiments of the compositions of the present invention, aqueous leachable anions from the sample can be about 40 ppb or less and aqueous leachable cations from the sample can be about 160 ppb or less, and acid leachable metals from the sample can be about 4800 ppb or less.

[0075] Advantageously the nanotubes in the composition are not polymer wrapped SWNTs. This reduces the costs of such compositions and allows the metallic, semi-metallic, semi conductive, or any combination of such SWNTs, MWNTs or other nanotubes with the finely milled carbon fibers to form an electrically percolating network in the composition that may be tunable to a desired surface resistivity that is dependent upon the amount of nanotubes and the amount of finely milled carbon fibers dispersed in the polymer. In some embodiments of the present invention, the compositions or articles have an electrical resistivity of less than about 10.sup.13 ohm/sq; some compositions or articles have a resistivity of less than about 10.sup.11 ohm/sq; some compositions or articles have a resistivity of less than about 10.sup.9 ohm/sq; some compositions or articles have a resistivity of less than about 10.sup.7 ohm/sq; and other embodiments of compositions or articles are contemplated to have an electrical resistivity of less than about 10.sup.5 ohm/sq. In some embodiments, the electrical resistivity of the compositions or articles may be tunable by varying the amount of the nanotubes and/or the amount of the finely dispersed carbon fibers in the polymer.

[0076] Electrical percolation threshold for a sample is sufficient proximity of conductive fibers, conductive particles, ropes of two or more conductive nanotubes, individual conductive nanotubes, or any combination of these to form an electrically conductive pathway through the continuous polymer matrix of the composition. For example, for composites with nanotubes and finely milled carbon fibers the percolation threshold may be where a sufficient number of ropes of nanotubes or nanotubes or carbon fibers or a combination thereof are within a distance for charge carriers in the sample to move in response to an applied electric field. In some embodiment the distance between some portion of adjacent tubes or ropes or finely milled carbon fibers can be about 5 nm or less.

[0077] The composition can be formed into various articles for fluid handling, a carrier for various substrates like wafers, reticle masks, and finished goods like computer chips and disk drive and other similar types of read heads, a housing or body or components for various devices such as membrane filters, valves, or flow controllers.

[0078] Embodiments of compositions in the present invention can be formed into stock pieces and articles having a thickness much greater than cast films while retaining the network structure of the nanotubes and finely milled carbon fibers in the polymer as characterized by the storage modulus value and storage modulus slope with frequency. While there are no limitations on the thickness of compositions or portions of structures of articles including compositions in embodiments of the present invention, in some embodiments the composition or article can have a smallest dimension or a thickness of greater than about 1 mm, in some embodiments greater than about 10 mm, and in other embodiments greater than 10 cm or more. Thicker compositions and articles can be used for structural applications such as partitions, laboratory blast shields, laboratory hood windows, tubing, filter housing manifolds, valve body blocks, wafer and reticle carrier supports. These thick materials are more difficult to form directly by film casting or which may require additional processing steps such as hot pressing cast film pieces together to form thicker pieces.

[0079] Nanotubes are an example of nanometer or molecular size materials that may be used as a constituent in the compositions in embodiments of the present invention. These nanotubes may be may be doped with conductive atoms; in some cases the dopants may be inside the tube or the dopants may be supplied with functionalized surfaces. Examples of nanotubes are single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), or tungsten disulfide nanotubes. In some embodiments, the composition comprises nanotubes that are SWNTs or ropes of them dispersed in the polymer which are not functionalized or oxidized. In some embodiments, the composition consists essentially of nanotubes that are SWNTs or ropes of them dispersed in the polymer. In some embodiments, the composition consists of nanotubes that are SWNTs or ropes of them dispersed in the polymer. In some embodiments, the SWNTs may comprise other nanotubes, for example MWNTs, or other conductive particles such as carbon. In some compositions, the nanotubes can be used without further purification. In other embodiments, the nanotubes may be purified to remove deleterious metals and catalyst that could be extracted in some applications of molded articles of the invention. In some embodiments the SWNTs are not oxidized and are absent surface functional groups.

[0080] Nanotubes in embodiments of the present invention can refer to both individual tubes, aggregates of tubes also referred to as ropes, or a combination of these. The extrusion compounding of the nanotubes can disperse aggregates of nanotubes into smaller aggregates, into individual tubes, or it can form a mixture of individual tubes and ropes. The aggregated nanotubes and individual tubes can be distributed or dispersed in the continuous phase of the polymer matrix.

[0081] In some embodiments, the amount of the nanotubes in the polymer according to compositions of the present invention can be less than about 5% by weight, in some embodiments about 4% or less by weight, in some embodiments about 3% or less by weight, and in still some other embodiments less than about 2% by weight. In some embodiments of the invention the amount of nanotubes in the polymer may range from about 0.5% to about 5% by weight, in some embodiments about 0.75% to about 4% by weight, in some embodiments about 1% to about 3% by weight, and in still other embodiments about 1.25% to about 2.5% by weight. The nanotubes are at least partially deagglomerated or dispersed in a network compared to their initial state such as before extrusion compounding.

[0082] In some embodiments, the finely milled carbon fibers are initially provided as carbon fibers having an aspect ratio greater than about 10, such as about 20, and then undergo a process to modify or otherwise change the aspect ratio until the aspect ratio is greater than 1 and less than about 5, in some embodiments between about 1.5 and about 5, and in still other embodiments between about 2 and about 4. In some embodiments, in order to modify the aspect ratio, the carbon fibers are milled, pulverized, ground, chopped, broken under shear force, or the like. It should be understood herein, that the term “finely milled carbon fibers” refers to the resulting carbon fibers having a reduced length and/or diameter such that the aspect ratio (length/diameter), irrespective of the process used to modify them, has an aspect ratio greater than 1 and less than about 5, in some embodiments between about 1.5 and about 5, and in still other embodiments between about 2 and about 4. In some embodiments, before undergoing the modification process, the carbon fibers are about 5 microns to about 20 microns in diameter and about 50 microns to about 25,000 microns in length with longer lengths contemplated, and the resulting finely milled carbon fibers have an aspect ratio greater than 1 and less than about 5, in some embodiments an aspect ratio between about 1.5 and about 5, and in still other embodiments an aspect ratio between about 2 and about 4. In some embodiments, before undergoing the modification process, the carbon fibers are about 6 microns to about 18 microns in diameter and about 110 microns to about 2,500 microns in length with longer lengths contemplated, and the resulting finely milled carbon fibers have an aspect ratio greater than 1 and less than about 5, in some embodiments an aspect ratio between about 1.5 and about 5, and in still other embodiments between an aspect ratio about 2 and about 4. In some embodiments, after undergoing the modification process, the carbon fibers have an average diameter between about 5 microns and about 12 microns and an average length between about 10 microns and about 40 microns.

[0083] In some embodiments, the carbon fibers as initially provided are finely milled carbon fibers having an aspect ratio greater than 1 and less than about 5, in some embodiments between about 1.5 and about 5, and in still other embodiments between about 2 and about 4, wherein the initially provided carbon fibers do not need to undergo any processing to modify or change the length and/or diameter of the carbon fibers. It should be understood herein, that the term “finely milled carbon fibers” thus also refers to the carbon fibers having an initial or original length and diameter such that the aspect ratio (length/diameter) is greater than 1 and less than about 5, in some embodiments between about 1.5 and about 5, and in still other embodiments between about 2 and about 4. In some embodiments, the carbon fibers have an average diameter between about 5 microns and about 12 microns and an average length between about 10 microns and about 40 microns and an aspect ratio greater than 1 and less than about 5. In some embodiments, the carbon fibers have an average diameter between about 6 microns and about 10 microns and an average length between about 10 microns and about 30 microns and an aspect ratio greater than 1 and less than about 5.

[0084] In some embodiments, the finely milled carbon tubes in the polymer can be greater than about 20% by weight, in some embodiments greater than about 25% by weight, in some embodiments greater than about 30% by weight, in some embodiments greater than about 35% by weight, in some embodiments greater than about 40% by weight, in some embodiments greater than about 45% by weight, and in still some other embodiments less than about 50% by weight. In some embodiments of the present invention, the amount of the finely milled carbon fibers in the polymer can be between about 20% to about 50% by weight, in some embodiments about 25% to about 45% by weight, in some embodiments about 30% to about 40% by weight, and in still other embodiments about 33% to about 38% by weight. In some embodiments, the finely milled carbon fibers are not agglomerated in their initial state, such as before extrusion compounding.

[0085] A greater dispersion provides a denser network of the nanotubes in the continuous phase which imparts improved flame retardancy to the composition or molded article, the article exhibits less dripping of polymer and has a greater normal load when exposed to a flame, and also provides reduced electrical resistivity at lower nanotube loading which reduces costs.

[0086] In some embodiments, the nanotubes are neat without added chemical functionalization on the ends and or sides of the tubes. In other embodiments, it is contemplated that the nanotubes may be chemically functionalized to aid in their extrusion compounding, dispersion, or distribution in the polymer matrix. The nanotubes may in some embodiments comprise a mixture of functionalized and un-functionalized nanotubes. In some embodiments the nanotubes do not include or are free from functional groups, groups formed by nanotube oxidation, and in particular organic functional groups, linked or bonded to carbon atoms of the nanotubes. This reduces the costs of the nanotubes and compositions made from them in embodiments of the invention.

[0087] Nanotubes, as ropes, tubes, or a combination of these can be used in the compositions in various embodiments of the present invention. The term nanotube can refer to any of these, ropes, tubes, or their combination unless a specific form is mentioned. For example, SWNTs refer to ropes, tubes, or a combination of these while “SWNT tubes” refers only to separated nanotubes. Nanotubes as ropes or individual tube can be characterized by their aspect ratio (length/diameter). As shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B the SWNTs or ropes of them can have lengths of several tens of nanometers to several hundred nanometers. Nanotubes with length of several microns may be used. The diameters can be about 1 nanometer for SWNT tubes and larger for ropes of tubes. High aspect ratio materials can be used; in some embodiments the aspect greater than about 25, in other embodiments greater than about 100, and in still other embodiments greater than about 250. A higher aspect ratio of the nanotubes may be advantageous because less nanotube material would need to be used. Carbon nanotube or nanotubes according to the present invention can separately be single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), double-wall carbon nanotubes, buckytubes, carbon fibrils, and combinations thereof. Such carbon nanotubes can be made by any known technique, and they can be optionally purified, preferably without oxidation. Such carbon nanotubes can be metallic, semiconducting, semimetallic, and combinations thereof.

[0088] Because of their small size, carbon nanotubes will tend to agglomerate when dispersed in a polymeric resin. To achieve good rheological and or electrical properties in a composite, uniform dispersion of the nanotubes or ropes of them within the polymer matrix is beneficial. The better the uniformity of the dispersion of nanotubes in the continuous phase, the lower the slope of the storage modulus. Further, the better the uniformity, the lower the mass or weight percent of nanotubes that can be used to achieve a given storage modulus or electrical conductivity. Lower loadings can be used to reduce material costs.

[0089] Agglomeration can occur in single walled carbon nanotubes because entanglement of the tubes can occur during nanotube growth. Embodiments of compositions and methods for making them are able to overcome such aggregation with these and other forms of nanotubes or single walled carbon nanotubes and achieve compositions above the rheological and or electrical percolation threshold at low nanotube loadings, about 5 wt % or less. Optionally deagglomeration of the nanotubes can be performed by sonication, coating, chemical treatment, or other known methods prior to extrusion compounding the components.

[0090] Some embodiments of the invention use nanotubes that consist, consist essentially of, or comprise SWNTs. SWNTs and methods for making them for various embodiment of the present invention include those disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication U.S. 2002/0046872 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,936,233, the teachings of each of these being incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Suitable raw material nanotubes are known. The term “nanotube” has its conventional meaning as described; see R. Saito, G. Dresselhaus, M. S. Dresselhaus, “Physical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes,” Imperial College Press, London U.K. 1998, or A. Zettl “Non-Carbon Nanotubes” Advanced Materials, 8, p. 443 (1996) the teachings of these incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Nanotubes useful in this invention can include, e.g., straight and bent multi-wall nanotubes, straight and bent single wall nanotubes, and various compositions of these nanotube forms and common by-products contained in nanotube preparations. Nanotubes of different aspect ratios, i.e. length-to-diameter ratios, will also be useful in this invention, as well as nanotubes of various chemical compositions, including but not limited to dopants. Commercially available SWNTs can be obtained from Unidym (Sunnyvale, Calif.); embodiments of the invention can disperse various grades of nanotubes such as Bucky ESD34 or XD. Carbon nanotubes are also commercially available from CarboLex, Inc. (Lexington, Ky.) in various forms and purities, Hyperion Cambridge, Mass., from Dynamic Enterprises Limited (Berkshire, England) in various forms and purities, and Southwest Nanotechnologies (Norman, Okla.).

[0091] Nanotubes in some embodiments may comprise multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), which are commercially available and methods of making MWNTs are known.

[0092] Nanotubes in some embodiments may comprise tungsten disulfide, boron nitride, SiC, and other materials capable of forming nanotubes. Methods of making nanotubes of different compositions are known. (See “Large Scale Purification of Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes: Process, Product and Characterization,” A. G. Rinzler, et. al., Applied Physics A, 67, p. 29 (1998); “Surface Diffusion Growth and Stability Mechanism of BNk Nanotubes produced by Laser Beam Heating Under Superhigh Pressures,” 0. A. Louchev, Applied Physics Letters, 71, p. 3522 (1997); “Boron Nitride Nanotube Growth Defects and Their Annealing-Out Under Electron Irradiation,” D. Goldberg, et. al, Chemical Physics Letters, 279, p. 191, (1997); Preparation of beta-SiC Nanorods with and Without Amorphous SiO.sub.2 Wrapping Layers, G. W. Meng et. al., Journal of Materials Research, 13, p. 2533 (1998); U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,560,898, 5,695,734, 5,753,088, 5,773,834.

[0093] An improved method of producing single-wall nanotubes is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,183,714, entitled “Method of Making Ropes of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes,” incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. This method uses, inter alia, laser vaporization of a graphite substrate doped with transition metal atoms, preferably nickel, cobalt, or a mixture thereof, to produce single-wall carbon nanotubes in yields of at least 50% of the condensed carbon. The single-wall nanotubes produced by this method are much more pure than those produced by the arc-discharge method. Because of the absence of impurities in the product, the aggregation of the nanotubes is not inhibited by the presence of impurities and the nanotubes produced tend to be found in clusters, termed “ropes,” of 10 to 5000 individual single-wall carbon nanotubes in parallel alignment, held together by van der Waals forces in a closely packed triangular lattice.

[0094] PCT/US/98/04513 entitled “Carbon Fibers Formed From Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes” and which is incorporated by reference, in its entirety, discloses, inter alia, methods for cutting and separating nanotube ropes and manipulating them chemically by derivatization to form devices and articles of manufacture comprising nanotubes. Other methods of chemical derivatization of the side-walls of the carbon nanotubes are disclosed in PCT/US99/21366 entitled “Chemical Derivatization of Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes to. Facilitate Solvation Thereof, and Use of Derivatized Nanotubes,” the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference their entirety.

[0095] Optionally the nanotubes can be purified. For contaminant sensitive fluid or substrate contacting applications in semiconductor or pharmaceutical applications, impurities such as but not limited to extractable metals or particulate can be removed from the nanotubes prior to extrusion compounding with a polymer. Examples of contaminants that can be removed include but are not limited to nanotube catalyst support, pyrolytic carbon, catalyst and others. Metals analysis of nanotube polymer composites in embodiments of the invention can be determined by acid digestion of the sample, for example by heating with nitric acid with subsequent analysis by ICP-MS. Graphitic flakes, polyhedral particles, amorphous carbon, or other undesirable particle forming material can be removed from the nanotubes especially where shear history becomes measurable.

[0096] In embodiments of the invention, the polymer used to form the continuous phase is a polymer that disperses nanotubes and finely milled carbon fibers with extrusion compounding. Polymers that can be used as the continuous phase in extrusion compounded nanotube compositions of the present invention can include high temperature, high strength polymer. These polymers have high resistance to heat and chemicals. The polymer is preferably resistant to the chemical solvent N-methylpyrilidone, acetone, hexanone, and other aggressive polar solvents especially at room temperature, in some cases below about 50° C., or in some cases below about 100° C. A high temperature, high strength polymer is one that has a glass transition temperature and/or melting point higher than about 150° C. Further, the high strength, high temperature polymer preferably has a stiffness of at least 2 GPa.

[0097] Examples of high temperature, high strength polymers for extrusion compounded compositions of the present invention are independently polyphenylene oxide, ionomer resin, nylon 6 resin, nylon 6,6 resin, aromatic polyamide resin, polycarbonate, polyacetal, polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), trimethylpentene resin (TMPR), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyetherketone (PEK), polysulfone (PSF), tetrafluoroethylene/per-fluoroalkoxyethylene copolymer (PFA), polyethersulfone (PES; also referred to as polyarylsulfone (PASF)), high-temperature amorphous resin (HTA), polyetherimide (PEI), liquid crystal polymer (LCP), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), ethylene/tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE), tetrafluoroethylene/hexafluoropropylene copolymer (FEP), tetrafluoroethylene/hexafluoropropylene/perfluoroalkoxyethylene terpolymer (EPE), and the like. Mixtures, blends, and copolymers that include the polymers described herein may also be used. In some embodiments the high strength, high temperature polymers are PEK, PEEK, PES, PEI, PSF, PASF, PFA, FEP, HTA, LCP and the like. Examples of high temperature, high strength polymers are also given in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,240,753; 4,757,126; 4,816,556; 5,767,198, and patent applications EP 1 178 082 and PCT/US99/24295 (WO 00/34381) which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments the blend may include about 60 to about 80% of PEEK. In some embodiments the blend may include PEI and PEEK, and in still further embodiments a blend of about 10 to about 20% PEI and about 70 to about 80% PEEK with the nanotubes making up the balance.

[0098] In some versions the polymers used to extrusion disperse the nanotubes are high temperature, high strength thermoplastic polymers; the polymers are not thermoset or solution cast polymers. Examples of high temperature, high strength thermoplastic polymers that can be used in versions of the invention are independently polyetheretherketone (PEEK®), Polyetherketoneketone (PEKK), polyetherketone (PEK), poly ether imide (PEI), polyimide (PI), perfluoro polymers like Teflon® FEP (copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene with Hexafluoropropylene), PFA (a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoro-propylvinylether), MFA (a copolymer of TFE and perfluoro-methylvinylether), Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), or co-polymers including these. In some embodiments the polymer can be a flame or fire retardant material including but not limited to polycarbonate, polyesters, polyphosphonates, polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polysulfone (PSF), polyethersulfone (PES), UPE, or blends of these or copolymers including these. In other versions, polymers may include rigid rod polymers. Examples of useful rigid rod polymer can include but are not limited to PARMAX and blends of PARMAX with PEEK, PI, or PEI.

[0099] In some embodiments the polymer forming the continuous phase comprises PEEK, PI, or PEI. In other embodiments the continuous phase comprises PEEK or PEI. In still other embodiments the polymer comprises PEEK.

[0100] In some embodiments, the polymer that is extrusion compounded with the nanotubes and finely milled carbon fibers is not solution castable or soluble in a solvent. For example, neither the nanotubes nor the finely milled carbon fibers are suspended in a solvent with dissolved polymer and cast into a film that is subsequently extruded. In some embodiment, the nanotubes and/or the finely milled carbon fibers are dispersed in a thermoplastic, for example a master batch with a high concentration of nanotubes and/or finely milled carbon fibers in the polymer, where the polymer is characterized by not being solution castable. As used herein, “foam” refers to an article or composition that includes a polymer matrix in which the density of the article is less than the density of the polymer matrix alone. Embodiments of the present invention include those whose density and/or viscosity is about that of the polymer, the composition being free of a cellular structure that would reduce its density to that of a foam.

[0101] Embodiments of compositions and articles of the present invention can be characterized in that below the melting or glass transition temperature, the compositions and articles resist elongation or deformation under an externally applied force and that above a threshold force the elongation or deformation of the composition remains after the external force is released or removed. Embodiments of the invention include those materials which are not elastically compressible or elastically extensible.

[0102] The nanotubes and finely milled carbon fibers dispersed in the polymer have a structure, distribution, orientation or form a network with the polymer. In some embodiments, the nanotubes and finely milled carbon fibers in the polymer have an isotropic orientation. The network resists deformation under a thermal cycling test as illustrated in FIG. 4 compared to Comparative Example 1 comprising about 20% carbon fibers having an aspect ratio of about 20.

[0103] The polymer melt with dispersed nanotubes and finely milled carbon fibers in embodiments of the present invention is free of solvent, especially when compared to solvent casting, coagulation, interfacial polymerization, monomer-SWNT copolymerization methods. Embodiments of the present invention do not outgas solvent vapor as would be expected from polymers dissolved in solvents that have been used to cast disperse nanotube or SWNTs into a polymer. Outgassing may be determined by thermal gravimetric analysis, pressure decay, and or TG-MS under atmospheric pressure, reduced atmospheric pressure, or other predetermined application condition. Outgassing can be an important property of articles comprising or consisting of the polymer and dispersed nanotubes and finely milled carbon fibers especially in applications where low levels of contamination are beneficial. Examples of articles prepared by molding nanotubes and finely milled carbon fibers dispersed in polymers in embodiments of the present invention can include substrate carriers (reticle or wafer), tubing, valves, and other fluid contacting structures. Deleterious outgassing may include water vapor or organic solvents at levels of parts per million or less, parts per billion or less, or parts per trillion. Other vapors can include those detrimental to materials and processes used in semiconductor and pharmaceutical applications.

[0104] A method of making compositions and dispersions of nanotubes and finely milled carbon fibers in polymers in embodiments of the present invention include the steps or acts of dispersing nanotubes and/or finely milled carbon fibers in a continuous polymer matrix. In some embodiments the method can comprise the steps or acts of extrusion compounding an amount of nanotubes and an amount of finely milled carbon fibers with a polymer to form a composition. The extrusion compounding in embodiments of the present invention distributes the nanotubes and finely milled carbon fibers in the polymer such that the composition are contemplated to have a storage modulus G′ that is substantially invariant with further extrusion compounding of the composition.

[0105] Another embodiment of the invention is a method of producing an article or stock pieces or pellets of a composite composition in embodiments of the invention. The method may comprise transferring the composite composition of polymer and network of nanotubes and finely milled carbon fibers in embodiments of the present invention as a powder, pellets, or in stock billets to a location for selling molded articles of the composition. At this location for selling the composite composition, the composition may be molded into articles at the location for selling molded articles of the composition. The method may further comprise the act of heat treating molded articles. The method may further include the act or steps of assembling final products comprising articles molded from the composite composition of the present invention with other articles comprising materials that are not composite compositions of the present invention. In some embodiments the composite, articles made from the composite, stock pieces, pellets, or the like can have a surface resistivity uniformity within a factor of 100 and in some within a factor of 10 for two or more measurement test points on the sample, an article comprising the composition, a stock piece or the like. Molded articles may include but are not limited to portions or all of reticle carriers as illustrated in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,513,654 and 6,216,873; disk shippers as illustrated in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,557,382 and 5,253,755; chip trays as illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 6,857,524; wafer carriers as illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 6,848,578; fluid housings as illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 6,533,933, wherein each of these references is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety into the present application. Articles comprising the composite composition in embodiments of the present invention may be used in processes for making semiconductor wafers; they may be used in delivering, transporting, or purifying liquid reagents for semiconductor or pharmaceutical manufacturing; the compositions of the present invention and articles made from them can be used in process tools that include but are limited to flow meters and flow controllers, valves, tubing, heat exchange devices, filter housings, and fluid fittings for connecting to tubing.

[0106] The dispersion of nanotubes and finely milled carbon fibers in a melted polymer made by extruding dry polymer, nanotubes and finely milled carbon fibers together, in some embodiments occurs essentially simultaneously. In some embodiments, the finely milled carbon fibers may be compound extruded in the polymer prior to the nanotubes being dispersed therein. In some embodiments, the nanotubes are compound extruded in the polymer prior to the finely milled carbon fibers being dispered therein. For electrically conductive nanotubes, this process can result in composite compositions whose electrical dissipative properties and storage modulus do not substantially change with repeated melt extrusion of the nanotube-polymer dispersion through an extruder as illustrated in FIG. 11A. For electrically conductive nanotubes, this process can be used to prepare electrically dissipative materials whose resistivity can be varied depending upon the amounts of the nanotubes and the amounts of the finely milled carbon fibers dispersed in the polymer.

[0107] When a polymer is mixed with immiscible nanotubes, the polymer is the continuous phase and the nanotubes are the dispersed phase. Where the nanotubes and/or finely milled carbon fibers are considered single molecules, the nanotubes and/or finely milled carbon fibers may be referred to as being distributed in the polymer. A combination of dispersed and distributed nanotubes and/or finely milled carbon fibers in the continuous phase can also exist. The nanotubes can form a discrete phase in the continuous matrix. In embodiments of the invention, the nanotubes can exist as individual tube or the tubes may be agglomerated together to form ropes of tubes. The extrusion compounding can distribute, disperse, or any combination of these, the nanotubes in the continuous polymer phase. The extrusion compounding can distribute, disperse, or any combintion of these, the finely milled carbon fibers in the continuous polymer phase. The extrusion compounding can reduce the size of the agglomerated tubes in ropes of nanotubes and cause dispersive, distributive, or a combination of these types of mixing of the nanotubes in the continuous phase polymer matrix. The extrusion compounding can also reduce the size of the carbon fibers and cause dispersive, distributive, or a combination of these types of mixing of the finely milled carbon fibers in the continuous phase polymer matrix.

[0108] In some embodiments, the carbon fibers may be added to the continuous polymer phase with shear force applied by an extruder to process the carbon fibers to have an aspect ratio greater than 1 and less than about 5 during a compound extrusion process. In some embodiments of the process, SWNTs or other nanotubes to be extrusion compounded with the polymer can optionally be deagglomerated by such acts such as sonication, ultrasonicating, electrostatic treatment, ball milling, or electric field manipulation. In some embodiments of the process, the SWNTs or other nanotubes can also include optional dispersion additives or have surface functionalization.

[0109] Extrusion compounding of the polymer and composition comprising nanotubes and finely milled carbon fibers can occur in an approximately contemporaneous manner as illustrated in FIG. 10A and FIG. 10B. The polymer and composition comprising the nanotubes and finely milled carbon fibers are compounded at about the same time with a sufficient amount of nanotubes and finely milled carbon fibers and enough energy (torque applied to the screws), heat, and time (residence time) to form an extrusion compounded composition. The composition having nanotubes and finely milled carbon fibers distributed and/or dispersed in the polymer is contemplated to have a storage modulus G′ that is substantially invariant with further extrusion compounding of the composition.

[0110] The amount of nanotubes by weight, the amount of finely milled carbon fibers by weight, and polymer by weight can be varied to obtain compositions and molded articles having a desired set of properties and cost. For example, higher amounts of electrically conductive nanotubes and/or finely milled carbon fibers can be used to obtain materials with lower electrical resistivity, with lower amounts of finely milled carbon fibers used to reduce material costs. Higher amounts of nanotubes may also be used to obtain higher storage modulus for a given polymer or combination of polymers.

[0111] In some embodiments, adding nanotubes. finely milled carbon fibers, and polymer together at the same time in the extruder, melting together and extruding to compound the polymer and nanotubes, gives better dissipative properties through improved dispersion of the nanotubes and finely milled carbon fibers. This can be better than adding SWNTs or other nanotubes to a melted polymer and then compounding. This is shown for example by side stuffing as illustrated in FIG. 11B, which can result in clumps of SWNTs in the polymer rather than a dispersion. As discussed in U.S. Patent Publication 2010/0267883, it is now known that once the SWNTs have been dispersed in the polymer, repeated extrusion (see for example FIG. 11A) does not improve the dispersion or dissipative properties of the composition or articles made from them, in some embodiments repeated extrusion decreases the storage modulus to a plateau or steady state value as shown in FIG. 20b of the patent publication.

[0112] In embodiments of the invention, the nanotubes and finely milled carbon fibers are mechanically dispersed with a thermoplastic; the thermoplastic can be in the form of a powder, pellet, film, fiber, or other form, to form an extruded composite.

[0113] Dispersion can occur using a twin screw extruder that includes kneading, shearing, and mixing sections. For example, about 220 to about 320 newton-meters of torque can be the energy supplied to the screws which can have a length of about 95 cm and an LID of about 38 to about 42; other values for these parameters can be used provided they result in the polymer composites of the present invention with a storage modulus that does not increase with further extrusion compounding. The extruder can have one or more temperature zones. The first temperature zone can be a temperature that results in melting of the polymer and dispersion of the nanotubes and/or finely milled carbon fibers in the polymer. Additional heating zones can be located downstream from the initial zone, which may alternatively correspond to the location of the finely milled carbon fibers being later added and dispersed in the polymer already containing the nanotubes. Alternatively a temperature gradient can be formed along the extruder. The amount of energy and sections of the screw can be chosen to provide a dispersion of nanotubes and finely milled carbon fibers and form a composition whose storage modulus does not increase with repeated extrusion of the material and whose value indicates that the nanotubes are dispersed. The essentially constant or non-increasing value of G′ with further compounding indicates that the polymer matrix is not degraded by the energy input to disperse and or distribute the nanotubes and/or finely milled carbon fibers into the polymer matrix. Extrusion compounding of the nanotube and finely milled carbon fibers with the continuous phase thermoplastic or polymer matrix in the melt overcomes attractive force between the ropes, tubes, or aggregates of nanotubes and disperses or distributes the nanotubes and finely milled carbon fibers in the matrix.

[0114] The method can further include the act of molding the extrusion compounded composition of polymer, nanotubes and finely milled carbon fibers to form various articles. The articles can be solid, tape, tube, membrane, or other shaped form determined by the mold or die. The molded article can be flame resistant, electrically dissipative, electrically insulating, or any combination of these. Molding acts with the extrusion compounded compositions can include but are not limited to blow molding, rotational molding, compression molding, injection molding, extrusion, or other molding methods.

[0115] Polymers that can be used to form flame retardant and fire resistant materials, which can optionally be electrically dissipative, can include PEEK, Polyimide (Aurum), PEI (Ultem) and mixture of these with PEEK since they are miscible with PEEK. In some embodiments, the thermoplastic may comprise a branched polyphosphonate that is self-extinguishing in that they immediately stop burning when removed from a flame. Any drops produced by melting these branched polyphosphonates in a flame instantly stops burning and do not propagate fire to any surrounding materials. Moreover, these branched polyphosphonates do not evolve any noticeable smoke when a flame is applied. Accordingly, these branched polyphosphonates can be used as additives in commodity or engineering plastics to significantly improve fire resistance without severely degrading their other properties, such as toughness or processing characteristics. The thermoplastic may independently include polycarbonate, polyphosphonate, and other polyesters useful for flame retardant materials. These plastics may include but are not limited to those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,861,499; U.S. Pat. No. 5,216,113; U.S. Pat. No. 4,350,793; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,331,614.

[0116] Optionally conventional additives which include, for example, thickening agents, pigments, dyes, stabilizers, impact modifiers, plasticizers, or antioxidants and the like can be added to the compositions of the present invention.

Example 1

[0117] Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) were used as received without modification or purification. The MWNTs exist mainly as individuals of different sizes. Carbon fibers having a diameter of about 7 microns and a length of about 150 microns with an aspect ratio greater than 20 from supplier were pulverized until the aspect ratio was greater than 1 and less than about 5. Feed rates of the MWNTs and finely milled carbon fibers were shear mixed with a thermoplastic PEEK, at about 355° C. in a co-rotating, intermeshing twin screw extruder (length 95 cm, L/D 38-42) to obtain concentrations of about 1.25 wt-% of MWNTs and 35 wt-% finely milled carbon fibers in PEEK. Compounding was carried out using multiple heating zones with barrel temperatures ranging from about 350° C. to about 370° C. Torque from about 260 to about 360 newton-meters was applied to the twin screw. The polymer, MWNTs and finely milled carbon fibers were mixed by the screw of the extruder. No additives or dispersing agents were used. Bulk density of composites were about 1.40 g/cm.sup.3. Extruded samples were prepared using 4 strand die with 3 mm orifices, a feed rate between about 14-20 kg/hr.

[0118] This example illustrates the dispersion of the MWNTs and finely milled carbon fibers in the polymer results in uniform resistance in samples or articles made. Pro-Stat PRS-801 Resistance System Two-Point Probe were used. The resistance was measured to 2 significant figures at between 12 positions and 96 positions as illustrated in FIGS. 5-7B. Multiple samples tested and each sample was tested multiple times. The uniformity of the surface resistivity of composite materials in embodiments of the invention and articles made therefrom can be determined using the standard ANSI/ESD STM11.13 the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

[0119] The results of Example 1 compared to Comparative Examples A, B and C, as illustrated in FIGS. 5-7 and FIGS. 21-22, show that the articles comprised of the composition of the present invention have a surface resistivity uniformity within a factor of 100 and in some cases within a factor of 10 for two or more resistance measurement test points on the test article, in some aspects three or more, in some aspects between two to about 96 points, and in some aspects across the surface of the article. This illustrates the improved distribution of the MWNTs and finely milled carbon fibers in the polymer in such compositions. Embodiments of the present invention provide materials having substantially uniform surface resistivity across a sample, in some embodiments the substantial uniform surface resistivity of any point on the surface of a sample of the composite of nanotubes and finely milled carbon fibers dispersed in the polymer. This is advantageous in electrostatic discharge applications of the composites in articles such as chip trays, reticle and wafer carriers, shippers, test sockets and the like.