SAFE AND STABLE ANTISEPTIC SOLUTION COMPRISING CHLORHEXIDINE

Abstract

A stable and safe skin antiseptic solution comprises chlorhexidine, pharmaceutically acceptable salts of chlorhexidine (e.g. chlorhexidine digluconate), or a mixture thereof, dimethyl lauramide/myristamide, and water. Said solution is essentially free of coconut oil diethanolamine concentrate (“cocamide DEA”), a known carcinogen. The active antiseptic ingredient, chlorhexidine (or its salts), is a di(4-chlorophenyldiguanido) compound. The functions of dimethyl lauramide/myristamide in said solution include, but not limited to, an aesthetics enhancer, a foam stabilizer, a solubilizer, and a fragrance. Said solution is specifically formulated to be safe with a reduced risk of carcinogenicity, and be capable of producing a stable and long lasting foam. The active antiseptic agent is evenly distributed in said solution and in said foam, respectively.

Claims

1. A foaming disinfecting composition, comprising: (a) up to about 21% by weight of an antiseptic agent; (b) up to about 10% by weight of dimethyl lauramide/myristamide; (c) from about 5% to about 95% by weight of water; (d) optionally from about 0.00005% to about 5% by weight of a fragrance; and (e) optionally from about 0.00005% to about 1% by weight of a colorant.

2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the antiseptic agent includes chlorhexidine digluconate.

3. The composition of claim 2, wherein chlorhexidine digluconate is present in an amount from about 0.5% by weight to about 5% by weight, and wherein dimethyl lauramide/myristamide is present in any amount by weight.

4. The composition of claim 3, wherein a foam is produced having a density of about 0.1 g/cc to about 1.5 g/cc and/or average bubble number distribution of about 1.0×10.sup.5/cc to about 1.0×10.sup.5/cc producing stable foaming.

5. The composition of claim 4, wherein a foam is produced having a density of about 0.25±0.05 g/cc and/or average bubble number distribution of 5.0×10.sup.6±1.0×10.sup.6/cc producing stable foaming over at least 15 minutes.

6. The composition of claim 2, wherein chlorhexidine digluconate is present in an amount from about 0.75% by weight to about 0.85% by weight, and wherein dimethyl lauramide/myristamide is present in any amount by weight.

7. A foaming disinfecting composition, comprising: (a) up to about 21% by weight of an antiseptic agent; (b) up to about 10% by weight of dimethyl lauramide/myristamide; (c) from about 5% to about 95% by weight of water; (d) optionally from about 0.05% to about 5% by weight of a fragrance; and (e) optionally from about 0.05% to about 1% by weight of a colorant; wherein the composition is essentially free of carcinogen.

8. The composition of claim 7, wherein the antiseptic agent is chlorhexidine digluconate.

9. The composition of claim 8, wherein chlorhexidine digluconate is present in an amount from about 0.5% by weight to about 5% by weight, and wherein dimethyl lauramide/myristamide is present in any amount by weight.

10. The composition of claim 9, wherein a foam is produced having a density of about 0.1 g/cc to about 1.5 g/cc and/or average bubble number distribution of about 1.0×10.sup.5/cc to about 1.0×10.sup.5/cc producing stable foaming.

11. The composition of claim 10, wherein a foam is produced having a density of about 0.25±0.05 g/cc and/or average bubble number distribution of 5.0×10.sup.6±1.0×10.sup.6/cc producing stable foaming over at least 15 minutes.

12. The disinfecting composition of claim 9, wherein the carcinogen includes cocamide-DEA.

13. The disinfecting composition of claim 7, wherein the carcinogen includes cocamide-DEA.

14. The disinfecting composition of claim 7, wherein the carcinogen includes diethanolamine.

15. The disinfecting composition of claim 7, wherein the carcinogen includes ethylene-oxide.

16. A method of providing substantial antimicrobial effectiveness on skin, comprising administering an effective amount of the disinfecting composition of claim 1 to human skin.

17. A method of providing substantial antimicrobial effectiveness on skin, comprising administering an effective amount of the disinfecting composition of claim 7 to human skin.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0013] FIG. 1 illustrates, in one embodiment, viscosities of a series of aqueous test solutions having different viscosity enhancers: dimethyl lauramide/myristamide, cocamide MIPA, cocamide MEA, cocamide DEA, cocamide DIPA, and cocamidopropryl betaine.

[0014] FIG. 2 illustrates, in one embodiment, foaming properties of a series of aqueous test solutions having different viscosity enhancers: dimethyl lauramide/myristamide, cocamide MIPA, cocamide MEA, cocamide DEA, cocamide DIPA, and cocamidopropryl betaine.

[0015] FIG. 3 illustrates, in one embodiment, foam stability (foam height in mm of foam) of chlorhexidine digluconate (CHG) antiseptic solutions containing dimethyl lauramide/myristamide or cocamide DEA. The replacement ratios between dimethyl lauramide/myristamide and cocamide DEA are 1:1 and 1:2.

[0016] FIG. 4 illustrates a stability table for a foaming composition of Example 3 containing about 0.75% CHG by weight, including data columns: Time point; Visual Inspection; Physical appearance; pH; Specific gravity (g/cc); Viscosity cps @ 25° C. (Spindle 1, or S61@60 rpm); Foam ‘height’ (i.e. vol. in cc); % IPA by weight; % CHG by weight; PCA (p-chloroaniline) in ppm; % Total organic impurities; and Microbiological assay (<=10 CFU/mL).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0017] The present invention provides an antiseptic solution composition, which comprises, at least, an active antiseptic agent such as chlorhexidine digluconate, a thickening and/or foaming agent such as dimethyl lauramide/myristamide (DLM), and a solvent such as water. In addition, said composition may further contain one or more of emulsifiers, preservatives, moisturizers, emollients, ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, colorants, fragrances, and other acceptable excipients.

[0018] The term “antiseptic agent” as used herein refers to a chemical substance that can be applied to humans or animals that retards or halts the growth of microorganisms without necessarily destroying them. Several useful antiseptic agents include, but are not limited to, alcohols such as ethanol and isopropanol, boric acid or other borates, menthol, hydrogen peroxide, iodides, phenol, and the like. Also contemplated is chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG), also named as 1,6-bis(4-chloro-phenylbiguanido)hexane, as generally commercially available, and similar molecules such as octenidine dihydrochloride (IUPAC name N-octyl-1-[10-(4-octyliminopyridin-1-yl)decyl]pyridin-4-imine dihydrochloride).

[0019] The term “thickening and/or foaming agent” as used herein refers to chemical substances used to prepare a stable liquid formulation, including a gas in liquid. Useful foaming agents can include dimethyl lauramide/myristamide (DLM) and the like.

[0020] Emulsifiers, preservatives, moisturizers, emollients are also contemplated as useful components as known in the art.

[0021] The term “essentially free” or “substantially free” as used herein refers to materials sold by the manufacturer and labeled as “free of” a residue or contaminant. It is understood that standard analytical testing will be employed as understood by an analytical chemist measuring performance chemicals or a qualified formulations chemist. In an embodiment, essentially free (or substantially free) can mean at least greater than about 95% purity (with respect to a measurable impurity), or greater than 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 99+% by weight.

[0022] In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a skin disinfecting composition that provides antimicrobial effectiveness and is specifically formulated to have a reduced risk of carcinogenicity. Coconut oil diethanolamine concentrate has been extensively used as a viscosity, texture, and foam enhancer in topically administered compositions. Research, however, indicates that the biologic effects of diethanolamine appear to associate with its incorporation into phospholipids in place of ethanolamine. Without intending to be bound by theory, it is thought that the pathways of phospholipid biosynthesis using ethanolamine and choline are highly conserved and essentially the same in all mammals, as is the function of phospholipids as structural components of cell membranes and their role as second messengers. The incorporation of diethanolamine into phospholipids in suitably exposed mammalian species is indicative of potential inherent carcinogenic properties.

[0023] The United States Environmental Protection Agency published a report entitled Cancer Assessment Document, Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Potential of Cocamide Diethanolamine (DEA). (NTP, 2001; U.S. EPA, January 2001). The report concludes that the cocamide DEA causes cancer. The report concludes that cocamide diethanolamine is “‘likely to be carcinogenic to humans’ based on the occurrence of liver and kidney tumors in male and liver tumors in female B6C3F1 mice.” Specifically, the U.S. EPA described a study of male mice treated with cocamide diethanolamine, which shows significant increases in the incidences of combined renal tubule carcinomas and adenomas, hepatoblastomas, and combined hepatocellular adenomas, carcinomas, and hepatoblastomas. The U.S. EPA also described a study of female mice treated with cocamide diethanolamine, which shows significant increases in the incidences of hepatocellular carcinomas and combined hepatocellular adenomas, carcinomas, and hepatoblastomas. For multiple reasons, including those described in the U.S. EPA report, the State of California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment added both diethanolamine and coconut oil diethanolamine (concentrate) to the State of California Proposition 65 list, mandating that all commercial uses of diethanolamine and coconut oil diethanolamine be labeled to be “known to the State of California to cause cancer.”

[0024] Said antiseptic solution composition contains DLM. DLM can be used, for example, as an aesthetic enhancer, a fragrance solubilizer, and/or a viscosity enhancer. DLM is essentially free of or with untraceable amounts of diethanolamine, essentially free of or with untraceable amounts of ethylene oxide, and cold-mixable with water. As opposed to diethanolamide excipients (e.g. cocamide DEA), DLM presents several desirable properties. DLM (commercially available from Stepan Company, Northfield, Ill., USA) is essentially free of both diethanolamine and ethylene-oxide. Diethanolamine and ethylene-oxide in DLM are only traceable on a PPM scale. To date, no substantial concerns have arisen regarding potential carcinogenicity of DLM. In addition to apparent limited carcinogenicity, DLM provides better solubilizing properties and foam building properties and is chemically inert in a solution containing chlorhexidine digluconate (chemically compatible with CHG).

[0025] Said skin disinfecting composition desirably comprises at least an antiseptic or similar agent such as chlorhexidine digluconate, a thickening and/or foaming agent such as dimethyl lauramide/mrystamide, and water. The disinfecting composition is used in a method of disinfecting a substrate or surface, such as hand (skin surface), comprising the step of applying an effective amount of the disinfecting composition to the skin surface.

[0026] Said skin disinfecting composition may further comprise a colorant or a fragrance. Preferably, said skin disinfecting composition comprises by weight: (a) up to 21% by weight of chlorhexidine digluconate based on the total weight of the composition; (b) up to 10% by weight of a thickening and/or foaming agent based on the total weight of the composition; (c) up to 5% by weight of a fragrance based on the total weight of the composition; (d) optionally up to 1% by weight of a colorant based on the total weight of the composition; and (e) from about 5% to about 95% by weight of water based on the total weight of the composition. Said skin disinfecting composition is useful in providing substantial antimicrobial effectiveness whilst effectively satisfying the expectations of the contemporary users of antimicrobial solutions.

[0027] Another attribute of said skin disinfecting composition is its ability to maintain a dense and stable foam, when utilized in foaming applications. Another advantage of said skin disinfecting composition is its compatibility with chlorohexidine digluconate allowing for further potential reduction of microbial flora on the skin. A further advantage of the skin disinfecting composition of the present invention is the potential to provide long-term residual antimicrobial activity on the applicant's skin to prevent bacteria growing back to the base line of normal skin flora population. Further, the skin disinfecting composition of the present invention can be used both by healthcare professionals as a general purpose hand wash to decontaminate the hands before examining any patients and by general consumers.

[0028] Said disinfecting solution has been placed under accelerated stability study conditions (40° C. and 75±5% relative humidity) for six (6) months. The test results demonstrated that said disinfecting solution is stable and consistent under the stressed conditions. Said disinfecting solution maintained its integrity after several (≧5) freeze-thaw cycles and also passed light degradation tests. See, FIG. 4.

[0029] Materials:

[0030] Cocamide DEA is a coconut oil diethanolamine concentrate produced via the 1:1 reaction. Cocamide DEA can be used as a viscosity booster and foam booster and is widely applied in liquid hand soap products. Cocamide DEA is a liquid at room temperature having a clear to yellowish color. 1% cocamide DEA aqueous solution has a pH of 9.3. At 25° C., cocamide DEA solution has a viscosity of 700 CPS. The average molecular mass of cocamide DEA is about 280 g/mol. Dimethyl Lauramide/Myristamide (DLM) is a dimethyl amide containing saturated, vegetable-derived C.sub.12 or C.sub.14 carbon chains. DLM is a clear to pale yellowish liquid at room temperature. 5% DLM in 1:1 isopropyl alcohol/water mixture has a pH of 4.6. At 25° C., DLM solution has a viscosity of 8 CPS. The average molecular mass of DLM is about 234 g/mol.

[0031] The skin aseptic solutions described herein may be further understood in connection with the following Examples.

Example 1—Performance Test No. 1

[0032] The viscosity enhancing performance of DLM was examined in a test solution, which comprises 12% active sodium laureth sulfate (2 moles), 1.5% sodium chloride, and amide or betaine in the amount indicated in FIG. 1. The tested amide/betaine concentrations were 0.05%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 3.1% 3.25%, and 3.5% by weight, respectively. The testing results suggest that DLM is a superior viscosity enhancer, allowing the solution to reach typical composition viscosity range with a smaller molar amount of DLM than several common viscosity enhancers, e.g. cocamide DEA. As shown in FIG. 1, in a series of test solutions containing different viscosity enhancers, the amount of DLM required to achieve a similar viscosity in an equivalent chlorhexidine digluconate solution is only about 50% of the amount of cocamide DEA. The preferred concentrations of CHG in certain commercial products can include 0.75%, 2%, and 4% by weight, respectively, as shown in Example 4.

[0033] Viscosity was tested as per United States Pharmacopeia <911> and/or <912>, or comparable. To date, product was tested as per an accelerated lifecycle at 40° C. and 75±5% relative humidity, with sampling taken at Time of Manufacture (0-time), 1-month from manufacture, 2-months from manufacture, 3-months from manufacture, and 6-months from manufacture.

Example 2—Performance Test No. 2

[0034] The foaming enhancing properties and stabilizing performance of DLM were examined in a test solution having 12% active sodium laureth sulfate (2 moles), 1.5% sodium chloride, and amide or betaine in the amount indicated in FIG. 2. The tested amide/betaine concentrations were 0.05%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 3.1% 3.25%, and 3.5% by weight, respectively. The test results suggest that dimethyl lauramide/myristamide is a superior foam stabilizer, allowing the solution to reach up to about 10% greater foam heights. Additional advantages of using DLM include a clearer solution and a milder feel to many users due to a smaller amount of this excipient required in the solution.

[0035] ASTM D1173 test was performed, or comparable. To date, product was tested as per an accelerated lifecycle at 40° C. and 75±5% relative humidity, with sampling taken at Time of Manufacture (0-time), 1-month from manufacture, 2-months from manufacture, 3-months from manufacture, and 6-months from manufacture.

Example 3—Performance Test No. 3

[0036] The foaming enhancing properties and stabilizing properties of DLM as a replacement for cocamide DEA were further examined in a 0.75% by weight CHG antiseptic solution utilizing foaming shake test. As shown in FIG. 3, the test results obtained from 1:1/DLM:cocamide DEA replacement experiment suggest that DLM is a superior foam stabilizer, allowing the solution to reach up to about 10% greater foam heights whilst being more persistent. In a 1:2/DLM:cocamide DEA replacement experiment, both chlorhexidine anti septic solutions generated similar foam heights for up to 12 minutes. After 12 minutes, the chlorhexidine antiseptic solution containing DLM could still largely maintain the foam height, whereas the foam height in the solution containing cocamide DEA dropped rapidly. Additional benefit of using DLM includes a clearer solution and a potentially milder feel due to a smaller amount of this excipient required in the solution.

[0037] In one embodiment, the foaming solution may contain from about 0.5% to about 5% by weight CHG.

[0038] In another embodiment, the foaming solution may contain from about 0.75% to about 0.85% by weight CHG. In a preferred embodiment, the foaming solution may contain from about 0.75% to about 0.80% by weight CHG. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the foaming solution may contain about 0.75% by weight CHG. See Table 1.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 CHG Foamer Solution Composition Material Material CAS #.sup.1 (% w/w) Water 7732-18-5 84.6844 Hydroxyethylcellulose 9004-62-0 0.3000 Lauramine Oxide 1643-20-5 3.5000 Dimethyl Lauramide/Myristamide 3007-53-2 1.2500 (DLM) 3015-65-4 Ricinolamidopropyl Trimethyl 127311-98-2 2.0000 Ammonium Chloride 57-55-6 (“Surfactol Q1”) Citric Acid, anhydrous 77-92-9 0.0600 Chlorhexidine Digluconate Soln. 18472-51-0 4.0900 (20% w/w) (a.k.a. Chlorhexidine gluconate Soln.) Isopropyl Alcohol, 99% 67-63-0 4.0400 Fragrance Not Available 0.0700 Tartrazine (“FD&C Yellow 5”) 1934-21-0 0.0055 Scarlet GN (“FD&C Red 4”) 4548-53-2 0.0001 Total: 100.0000 .sup.1CAS#s provided may not be exhaustive

[0039] Foam testing: 5 mL of product was inserted into a 100 mL graduated cylinder with an inner diameter of 30.0±1.0 mm. The cylinder was covered and agitated vigorously for 60 seconds. Foam height was measured over a set period of time, dependent upon the product tested. Repeat as necessary. See, FIG. 4.

[0040] For the above composition foam may be produced having a density of about 0.1 g/cc to about 1.5 g/cc and/or average bubble number distribution of about 1.0×10.sup.5/cc to about 1.0×10.sup.5/cc producing stable foaming. In another embodiment foam is produced having a density of about 0.25±0.05 g/cc and/or average bubble number distribution of 5.0×10.sup.6±1.0×10.sup.6/cc producing stable foaming over at least 15 minutes, or longer.

Example 3A—Performance Test No. 4

[0041] The foaming enhancing properties and stabilizing properties of DLM as a replacement for cocamide DEA have been further examined in a 2% by weight CHG antiseptic solution utilizing foaming shake test. The test results obtained from 1:1/DLM:cocamide DEA replacement experiment suggest that DLM is a superior foam stabilizer, allowing the solution to reach up to greater foam heights whilst being more persistent.

Example 3B—Performance Test No. 5

[0042] The foaming enhancing properties and stabilizing properties of DLM as a replacement for cocamide DEA have been further examined in a 4% by weight CHG antiseptic solution utilizing foaming shake test. The test results obtained from 1:1/DLM:cocamide DEA replacement experiment suggest that DLM is a superior foam stabilizer, allowing the solution to reach up to greater foam heights whilst being more persistent.

Example 4

[0043] Purpose

[0044] This experiment was designed to test the viability of replacing cocamide DEA currently used in chlorhexidine digluconate solutions with dimethyl lauramide/myristamide.

[0045] Production of Testing Batches

[0046] The testing batches were of the 760±5 kg size. This equates to an approximate batch volume of 200 US Gallons. Proposed manufacturing batch sizes ranging from 760 kg to 7600 kg are presented below, in Table 2.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Testing Batch Sizes Composition Batch Size in Kilograms Batch Size in US Gallons Batch Size in Liters ~760 200 ~757 ~7600 2000 ~7570

[0047] The results of concentration laddering experiments indicate that the performance of DLM is superior to cocamide DEA and the amount of DLM required to achieve similar viscosity and foaming height in a chlorhexidine digluconate solution is approximately 50% by weight of cocamide DEA. Since the required amount of DLM is smaller than that of cocamide DEA in a chlorhexidine digluconate solution, additional purified water was added to the solution to compensate the difference in mass. No additional changes were made to the qualitative or quantitative composition of the skin aseptic solution. A comparison of the qualitative and quantitative compositions describes below.

[0048] In order to demonstrate the compatibility of DLM with chlorhexidine digluconate, a pilot batch of 2% chlorhexidine digluconate solutions (with or without 4% by weight Cocamide DEA) were prepared and tested according to currently approved finished product specification criteria. The test results of the 2% CHG solutions are presented in Table 3.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Test Results of 2% CHG Solutions. Results Dimethyl Cocamide Lauramide/ Conformation to Test Specifications DEA Myristamide Specifications Physical Clear to very slight haze, Conforms Conforms Conforms Appearance amber liquid with no particulate pH 6.00-7.50 6.52 6.46 Conforms Specific Gravity 0.9900-1.0300 1.0038 0.9981 Conforms Viscosity.sup.1  3-30 17.0 12.5 Conforms CHG.sup.2 1.95-2.20 2.13 2.10 Conforms IPA.sup.2 4.00-4.80 4.60 4.63 Conforms p-Chloroaniline.sup.3 ≦50 <13.5 <13.5 Conforms .sup.1Units: CPS@ 25 ± 1° C. (Utilize Spindle 1 [S61] @ 60 RPM) .sup.2Units: % w/w .sup.3Units: PPM

[0049] In order to demonstrate the compatibility of DLM with chlorhexidine digluconate, a pilot batch of 4% chlorhexidine digluconate solutions (with or without 4% by weight Cocamide DEA) were prepared and tested according to currently approved finished product specification criteria. The test results of the 4% CHG solutions are presented in Table 4.

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Test Results of 4% CHG Solutions Results Dimethyl Cocamide Lauramide/ Conformation to Test Specifications DEA Myristamide Specifications Physical Clear to very slight haze, Conforms Conforms Conforms Appearance amber liquid with no particulate pH 6.00-7.50 6.70 6.29 Conforms Specific Gravity 0.9900-1.0300 1.0106 1.0050 Conforms Viscosity.sup.1  3-30 11.0 8.7 Conforms CHG.sup.2 1.95-2.20 4.14 4.25 Conforms IPA.sup.2 4.00-4.80 4.55 4.53 Conforms p-Chloroaniline.sup.3 ≦50 <13.5 <13.5 Conforms .sup.1Units: CPS@ 25 ± 1° C. (Utilize Spindle 1 [S61] @ 60 RPM) .sup.2Units: % w/w .sup.3Units: PPM

[0050] In order to demonstrate the compatibility of DLM with chlorhexidine digluconate, a pilot batch of 2% chlorhexidine digluconate liquid solutions (with or without 4% by weight Cocamide DEA) were prepared and tested according to currently approved finished product specification criteria. The test results of the 2% CHG liquid solutions are presented in Table 5. Compared to the above solutions, CHG liquid solutions may contain, among other changes, 0.6% by weight hydroxyethylcellulose, which acts as a thickening agent CHG liquid solutions are more viscous than corresponding solutions above.

TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Test Results of 2% CHG Liquid Solutions. Results Dimethyl Cocamide Lauramide/ Conformation to Test Specifications DEA Myristamide Specifications Physical Clear to very slight haze, Conforms Conforms Conforms Appearance amber liquid with no particulate pH 6.00-7.50 6.45 6.35 Conforms Specific Gravity 0.9900-1.0300 1.0040 0.9990 Conforms Viscosity.sup.1 ≧600 1989 1440 Conforms CHG.sup.2 4.00-4.40 2.09 2.03 Conforms IPA.sup.2 4.00-4.80 4.52 4.59 Conforms p-Chloroaniline.sup.3  ≦50 <13.5 <13.5 Conforms .sup.1Units: CPS@ 25 ± 1° C. (Utilize Spindle 1 [S61] @ 60 RPM) .sup.2Units: % w/w .sup.3Units: PPM

[0051] In order to demonstrate the compatibility of DLM with chlorhexidine digluconate, a pilot batch of 4% chlorhexidine digluconate liquid solutions (with or without 4% by weight Cocamide DEA) were prepared and tested according to currently approved finished product specification criteria. The test results of the 4% CHG liquid solutions are presented in Table 6. Compared to the above solutions, CHG liquid solutions may contain, among other changes, 0.6% by weight hydroxyethylcellulose. CHG liquid solutions are more viscous than corresponding solutions above.

TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Test Results of 4% CHG Liquid Solutions. Results Dimethyl Cocamide Lauramide/ Conformation to Test Specifications DEA Myristamide Specifications Physical Clear to very slight haze, Conforms Conforms Conforms Appearance amber liquid with no particulate pH 6.00-7.50 6.55 6.26 Conforms Specific Gravity 0.9900-1.0300 1.0117 1.0032 Conforms Viscosity.sup.1 ≧600 1798 1160 Conforms CHG.sup.2 4.00-4.40 4.14 4.05 Conforms IPA.sup.2 4.00-4.80 4.59 4.68 Conforms p-Chloroaniline.sup.3  ≦50 <13.5 <13.5 Conforms .sup.1Units: CPS@ 25 ± 1° C. (Utilize Spindle 1 [S61] @ 60 RPM) .sup.2Units: % w/w .sup.3Units: PPM

[0052] The test results indicate that, in foaming applications, the replacement solutions containing DLM can produce greater amounts of foam than the original solutions containing cocamide DEA. The foam generated in the solutions containing DLM is more stable than that generated in the solutions containing cocamide DEA. The foam generated in DLM solutions is more evenly distributed than that in cocamide DEA solutions allowing for consistent layering of the replacement solutions and greater product efficiency. Due to DLM's higher foaming efficiency, a smaller amount of skin aseptic solution is needed to achieve the same efficacy. The replacement of cocamide DEA with DLM provides a more stable product, e.g. more stable foam in foaming applications, and allows a lower concentration of active ingredient in the final product solutions. Overall, a skin aseptic solution containing DLM is a better and much safer product than the current commercial products containing cocamide DEA.

[0053] The embodiments disclosed herein are not intended to be exhaustive or to be limiting. A skilled artisan would acknowledge that other embodiments or modifications to instant embodiments can be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. The aspects of the present disclosure, as generally described herein and illustrated in the figures, can be arranged, substituted, combined, separated, and designed in a wide variety of different configurations, all of which are contemplated herein.

[0054] The use of the terms “a,” “an,” “the,” and similar referents in the context of describing the present invention (especially in the context of the claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. Use of the term “about” is intended to describe values either above or below the stated value in a range of approximately ±10%; in other embodiments, the values may range in value above or below the stated value in a range of approximately ±5%; in other embodiments, the values may range in value above or below the stated value in a range of approximately ±2%; in other embodiments, the values may range in value above or below the stated value in a range of approximately ±1%. The preceding ranges are intended to be made clear by context, and no further limitation is implied. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention unless otherwise stated. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the invention.

[0055] All references cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entireties. The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential attributes thereof, and, accordingly, reference should be made to the appended claims, rather than to the foregoing specification, as indicating the scope of the invention.