SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR ENDOSCOPIC ANGLE-RESOLVED LOW COHERENCE INTERFEROMETRY

Abstract

A method of assessing tissue health comprises the steps of obtaining depth-resolved spectra of a selected area of in vivo tissue, and assessing the health of the selected area based on the depth-resolved structural information of the scatterers. Obtaining depth-resolved spectra of the selected area comprises directing a sample beam towards the selected area at an angle, and receiving an angle-resolved scattered sample beam. The angle-resolved scattered sample beam is cross-correlated with the reference beam to produce an angle-resolved cross-correlated signal about the selected area, which is spectrally dispersed to yield an angle-resolved, spectrally-resolved cross-correlation profile having depth-resolved information about the selected area. The angle-resolved, spectrally-resolved cross-correlation profile is processed to obtain depth-resolved information about scatterers in the selected area.

Claims

1. A method of assessing tissue health, the method comprising the steps of: obtaining depth-resolved spectra of a selected area of in vivo tissue, the step of obtaining depth-resolved spectra of the selected area comprising the steps of emitting a source beam onto a splitter, wherein the splitter splits light from the source beam to produce a reference beam and a sample beam, directing the sample beam towards the selected area at an angle, receiving an angle-resolved scattered sample beam as a result of the sample beam scattering at a multitude of scattered angles off of the selected area, wherein the angle-resolved scattered sample beam contains the angular scattering distribution of the scattered sample beam, cross-correlating the angle-resolved scattered sample beam with the reference beam to produce an angle-resolved cross-correlated signal about the selected area, spectrally dispersing the angle-resolved cross-correlated signal to yield an angle-resolved, spectrally-resolved cross-correlation profile having depth-resolved information about the selected area at the multitude of scattered angles, and processing the angle-resolved, spectrally-resolved cross-correlation profile to obtain depth-resolved information about scatterers in the selected area; and assessing the health of the selected area based on the depth-resolved structural information of the scatterers.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of obtaining depth-resolved spectra of the selected area comprises obtaining depth-resolved spectra at a plurality of locations on the in vivo tissue.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein splitting light from the source beam produces more light in the sample beam than in the reference beam.

4. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of collimating the sample beam to produce a collimated sample beam, wherein directing the sample beam towards the selected area at an angle comprises directing the collimated sample beam towards the selected area at an angle.

5. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of collimating the reference beam to produce a collimated reference beam.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein cross-correlating the angle-resolved scattered sample beam with the reference beam comprises: determining an interference term by measuring the intensity of the angle-resolved scattered sample beam and the reference beam independently; and subtracting the interference term from the total intensity of the angle-resolved scattered sample beam.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein spectrally dispersing the angle-resolved cross-correlated signal comprises directing the angle-resolved scattered sample beam which has been combined with the reference beam into a spectrograph.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein the spectrograph comprises an imaging spectrograph comprised of a plurality of imaging points, wherein each of the plurality of imaging points corresponds to a specific scattering angle in order to produce the angle-resolved, spectrally-resolved cross-correlation profile about the selected area.

9. The method of claim 7, wherein the spectrograph comprises a multi-channel spectrograph comprising of a plurality of channels, wherein each of the plurality of channels corresponds to a specific scattering angle in order to produce the angle-resolved, spectrally-resolved cross-correlation profile about the selected area.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein receiving the angle-resolved scattered sample beam as a result of the sample beam scattering at the multitude of scattered angles off of the selected area comprises capturing the angular distribution of the scattered sample beam at a distal end of a fiber bundle comprised of a plurality of fibers.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the plurality of fibers in the fiber bundle are arranged to receive different angular scatterings of the scattered sample beam to collect the angular scattering distribution of the scattered sample beam.

12. The method of claim 10, wherein the fiber bundle comprises a linear array of single mode fibers.

13. The method of claim 10, further comprising the step of carrying the sample beam on a delivery fiber, wherein the delivery fiber delivers the sample beam at an oblique angle with respect to the selected area and the fiber bundle so that a specular reflection off of the selected area is not received by the fiber bundle.

14. The method of claim 10, wherein receiving the angle-resolved scattered sample beam comprises receiving the angle-resolved scattered sample beam via a Fourier transform property of an optical element placed in between the distal end of the fiber bundle and the selected area located at another focus of the optical element.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein the optical element is either a lens or an imaging optical element.

16. The method of claim 10, wherein the plurality of fibers possess the same or substantially the same spatial arrangement at the distal end and a proximal end of the plurality of fibers so that the fiber bundle is spatially coherent with respect to conveying the angular distribution of the angle-resolved scattered sample beam.

17. The method of claim 1, wherein processing the angle-resolved, spectrally-resolved cross-correlation profile comprises Fourier transforming the angle-resolved, spectrally-resolved cross-correlation profile to produce depth-resolved information about the selected area.

18. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step varying an optical path length of the reference beam to align the optical path length of the reference beam to an optical path length of the sample beam.

19. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of excising at least a portion of the in vivo tissue of the selected area based on the step of assessing the health of the selected area.

20. The method of claim 1, wherein the scatterers are cells or cell nuclei within the selected area.

21. The method of claim 20, wherein the structural information is size or morphology of the cell nuclei.

22. The method of claim 21, wherein the step of assessing the health of the selected area comprises identifying nuclear dysplasia or nuclear atypia.

23. The method of claim 21, further comprising the step of excising at least a portion of the in vivo tissue of the selected area based on the size or morphology of the cell nuclei.

24. The method of claim 21, wherein obtaining the size information comprises comparing the angular scattering distribution of the angle-resolved, spectrally-resolved cross-correlation profile to a database of angular scattering distributions generated with a finite element method (FEM) or T-Matrix calculations.

25. The method of claim 21, wherein obtaining the size information comprises comparing the angular scattering distribution of the angle-resolved, spectrally-resolved cross-correlation profile to a predicted analytically or numerically calculated angular scattering distribution of the tissue sample.

26. The method of claim 25, wherein the predicted analytically or numerically calculated angular scattering distribution of the tissue sample is a Mie theory angular scattering distribution of the tissue sample.

27. The method of claim 25, further comprising the step of filtering the angular scattering distribution of the tissue sample before comparing the angular scattering distribution.

28. The method of claim 25, further comprising the step of calculating a Gaussian distribution of sizes of the scatterers by calculating a mean diameter and a standard deviation to model the angular scattering distribution of the tissue sample.

29. A method of assessing tissue health in an endoscopic application, the method comprising the steps of: emitting a light beam through an optical fiber to a fiber splitter to split the light into a sample beam and a reference beam; carrying the sample beam through a first optical path comprised of a single mode delivery fiber adapted to maintain the polarization of the sample beam and through a second optical path comprised of a plurality of optical fibers having substantially matching path lengths and having a distal end and a proximal end and an optical axis; directing the sample beam through the first optical path to a selected area of in vivo tissue, wherein the first optical path is offset from the optical axis of the second optical path such that the sample beam travels at an oblique angle relative to the optical axis of the second optical path through a first optical element having an optical axis displaced laterally from the first optical path, the distal end of the second optical path being located at one focus of the first optical element and the selected area being located at the other focus of the first optical element; receiving through the second optical path an angular scattering distribution of the sample beam scattered off of the selected area such that the plurality of optical fibers receive the angular scattering distribution via a Fourier transform property of the first optical element, and the proximal end of the second optical path is positioned to deliver the scattered sample beam to a second optical element and a third optical element adapted to collimate the scattered sample beam and deliver the scattered sample beam to a detector; carrying the reference beam through a third optical path comprising an optical fiber adapted to carry the reference beam from the fiber splitter to a third optical element adapted to produce even illumination for reception by the detector, wherein the third optical path is matched with the fundamental mode of the combined first optical path and the second optical path of the sample beam; cross-correlating the angular scattering distribution with the reference beam to provide an angle-resolved cross-correlated signal about the selected area; spectrally dispersing the angle-resolved cross-correlated signal to yield an angle resolved, spectrally-resolved profile at each of the multitude of the angles in parallel at the same time; and assessing the health of the selected area based on the angle resolved, spectrally-resolved profile, wherein the first optical path, the second optical path, the first optical element, the second optical element, and the third optical elements are at least partially situated in a fiber optic probe capable of being disposed through an endoscope.

30. The method of claim 29, wherein the step of obtaining an angle resolved, spectrally-resolved profile of the selected area comprises obtaining an angle resolved, spectrally-resolved profile at a plurality of locations on the in vivo tissue.

31. The method of claim 29, further comprising the step of excising at least a portion of the in vivo tissue of the selected area based on the step of assessing the health of the selected area.

32. The method of claim 29, wherein the step of assessing the health of the selected area comprises identifying nuclear dysplasia or nuclear atypia.

33. The method of claim 32, further comprising the step of excising at least a portion of the in vivo tissue of the selected area based on the identification of nuclear dyspalisa or nuclear atypia.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0020] The accompanying drawing figures incorporated in and forming a part of this specification illustrate several aspects of the disclosed embodiments, and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the disclosed embodiments.

[0021] FIG. 1A is a schematic of one exemplary embodiment of the faLCI system employing Mach-Zehnder interferometer;

[0022] FIG. 1B is an illustration showing the relationship of the detected scattering angle to slit of spectrograph in the interferometer arrangement of FIG. 1A;

[0023] FIG. 2 is a flowchart illustrating the steps performed by the interferometer apparatus to recover depth-resolved spatial cross-correlated information about the sample for analysis;

[0024] FIGS. 3A-D illustrate examples of faLCI data recovered in the spectral domain for an exemplary sample of polystyrene beads, comprising the total acquired signal (FIG. 3A), the reference field intensity (FIG. 3B), the signal field intensity (FIG. 3C), and the extracted, cross-correlated signal between the reference and signal field intensities (FIG. 3D);

[0025] FIG. 4A is an illustration of the axial spatial cross-correlated function performed on the cross-correlated faLCI data illustrated in FIG. 3D as a function of depth and angle;

[0026] FIG. 4B is an illustration of an angular distribution plot of raw and filtered data regarding scattered sample signal intensity as a function of angle in order to recover size information about the sample;

[0027] FIG. 5A is an illustration of the filtered angular distribution of the scattered sample signal intensity compared to the best fit Mie theory to determine size information about the sample;

[0028] FIG. 5B is a Chi-squired minimization of size information about the sample to estimate the diameter of cells in the sample;

[0029] FIG. 6 is a schematic of exemplary embodiment of the faLCI system employing an optical fiber probe;

[0030] FIG. 7A is a cutaway view of an a/LCI fiber-optic probe tip that may be employed by the faLCI system illustrated in FIG. 6;

[0031] FIG. 7B illustrates the location of the fiber probe in the faLCI system illustrated in FIG. 7A;

[0032] FIG. 8A is an illustration of an alternative fiber-optic faLCI system that may be employed with the disclosed embodiments;

[0033] FIG. 8B is an illustration of sample illumination and scattered light collection with distal end of probe in the faLCI system illustrated in FIG. 8B; and

[0034] FIG. 8C is an illustration of an image of the illuminated distal end of probe of the faLCI system illustrated in FIG. 8A.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0035] The embodiments set forth below represent the necessary information to enable those skilled in the art to practice the disclosed embodiments and illustrate the best mode of practicing the embodiments. Upon reading the following description in light of the accompanying drawing figures, those skilled in the art will understand the concepts of the embodiments and will recognize applications of these concepts not particularly addressed herein. It should be understood that these concepts and applications fall within the scope of the disclosure and the accompanying claims.

[0036] Embodiments disclosed herein involve a new a/LCI technique called Fourier domain a/LCI (faLCI), which enables data acquisition at rapid rates using a single scan, sufficient to make in vivo applications feasible. The embodiments disclosed herein obtain angle-resolved and depth-resolved spectra information about a sample, in which depth and size information about the sample can be obtained with a single scan, and wherein the reference arm can remain fixed with respect to the sample due to only one scan required. A reference signal and a reflected sample signal are cross-correlated and dispersed at a multitude of reflected angles off of the sample, thereby representing reflections from a multitude of points on the sample at the same time in parallel.

[0037] Since this angle-resolved, cross-correlated signal is spectrally dispersed, the new data acquisition scheme is significant as it permits data to be obtained in less than one second, a threshold determined to be necessary for acquiring data from in vivo tissues. Information about all depths of the sample at each of the multitude of different points on the sample can be obtained with one scan on the order of approximately 40 milliseconds. From the spatial, cross-correlated reference signal, structural (size) information can also be obtained using techniques that allow size information of scatterers to be obtained from angle-resolved data.

[0038] The faLCI technique of the disclosed embodiments uses the Fourier domain concept to acquire depth resolved information. Signal-to-noise and commensurate reductions in data acquisition time are possible by recording the depth scan in the Fourier (or spectral) domain. The faLCI system combines the Fourier domain concept with the use of an imaging spectrograph to spectrally record the angular distribution in parallel. Thereafter, the depth-resolution of the disclosed embodiments is achieved by Fourier transforming the spectrum of two mixed fields with the angle-resolved measurements obtained by locating the entrance slit of the imaging spectrograph in a Fourier transform plane to the sample. This converts the spectral information into depth-resolved information and the angular information into a transverse spatial distribution. The capabilities of faLCI have been initially demonstrated by extracting the size of polystyrene beads in a depth-resolved measurement.

[0039] The key advances of the disclosed embodiments can be broken down into three components: (1) new rapid data acquisition methods, (2) fiber probe designs, and (3) data analysis schemes. Thus, the disclosed embodiments are described in this matter for convenience in its understanding.

[0040] An exemplary apparatus, as well as the steps involved in the process of obtaining angle and depth-resolved distribution data scattered from a sample, are also set forth in FIG. 2. The faLCI scheme in accordance with one embodiment of the disclosed embodiments is based on a modified Mach-Zehnder interferometer as illustrated in FIG. 1A. Broadband light 10 from a superluminescent diode (SLD) 12 is directed by a mirror 13 (step 60 in FIG. 2) and split into a reference beam 14 and an input beam 16 to a sample 18 by beamsplitter BS1 20 (step 62 in FIG. 3). The output power of the SLD 12 may be 3 milliWatts, having a specification of λo=850 nm, Δλ=20 nm FWHM for example, providing sufficiently low coherence length to isolate scattering from a cell layer within tissue. The path length of the reference beam 14 is set by adjusting retroreflector RR 22, but remains fixed during measurement. The reference beam 14 is expanded using lenses L1 (24) and L2 (26) to create illumination (step 64 in FIG. 2), which is uniform and collimated upon reaching a spectrograph slit 48 in an imaging spectrograph 29. For example, L1 may have a focal length of 1.5 centimeters, and L2 26 may have focal length of 15 centimeters.

[0041] Lenses L3 (31) and L4 (38) are arranged to produce a collimated pencil beam 30 incident on the sample 18 (step 66 in FIG. 2). By displacing lens L4 (38) vertically relative to lens L3 (31), the input beam 30 is made to strike the sample at an angle of 0.10 radians relative to the optical axis. This arrangement allows the full angular aperture of lens L4 (38) to be used to collect scattered light 40 from the sample 18. Lens L4 (38) may have a focal length of 3.5 centimeters.

[0042] The light 40 scattered by the sample 18 is collected by lens L4 (32) and relayed by a 4f imaging system comprised of lenses L5 (43) and L6 (44) such that the Fourier plane of lens L4 (32) is reproduced in phase and amplitude at the spectrograph slit 48 (step 68 in FIG. 2). The scattered light 40 is mixed with the reference field 14 at a second beamsplitter BS2 42 with the combined fields 46 falling upon the entrance slit (illustrated in FIG. 1B as element 48) to the imaging spectrograph 29 (step 70 in FIG. 2). The imaging spectrograph 29 may be the model SP2150i, manufactured by Acton Research for example. FIG. 1B illustrates the distribution of scattering angle across the dimension of the slit 48. The mixed fields are dispersed with a high resolution grating (e.g. 1200 1/mm) and detected using a cooled CCD 50 (e.g. 1340×400, 20 μm×20 μm pixels, Spec10:400, manufactured by Princeton Instruments) (step 72 in FIG. 2).

[0043] The detected signal 46 is a function of vertical position on the spectrograph slit 48, y, and wavelength λ, once the light is dispersed by the spectrograph 29. The detected signal at pixel (m, n) can be related to the signal 40 and reference fields 16 (E.sub.s, E.sub.r,) as:

I(λ.sub.m, y.sub.n)=|E.sub.r(λ.sub.m, y.sub.n)|.sup.2+|E.sub.s(λ.sub.m, y.sub.n)|.sup.2+2ReE.sub.s(λ.sub.m, y.sub.n)E.sub.r.sup.s(λ.sub.m, y.sub.n)cos φ,   (1)

where φ the phase difference between the two fields 30, 16 and denotes an ensemble average in time. The interference term is extracted by measuring the intensity of the signal 30 and reference beams 16 independently and subtracting them from the total intensity.

[0044] In order to obtain depth resolved information, the wavelength spectrum at each scattering angle is interpolated into a wavenumber (k=2π/λ) spectrum and Fourier transformed to give a spatial cross correlation, Γ.sub.SR(z) for each vertical pixel) y.sub.n:

Γ.sub.SR(k, y.sub.n)=∫dk e.sup.ikzE.sub.s(k, y.sub.n)E.sub.r.sup.s(k, y.sub.n)cos φ,   (2)

The reference field 14 takes the form

E.sub.r(k)=E.sub.oexp[−((k−k.sub.o)/Δk).sup.2]exp[−((y−y.sub.o)/Δy).sup.2]exp[ikΔl]  (3)

[0045] where k.sub.o (y.sub.o and Δk(Δy) represent the center and width of the Gaussian wavevector (spatial) distribution and Δl is the selected path length difference. The scattered field 40 takes the form

E.sub.o(k, θ)=Σ.sub.jE.sub.oexp[−((k−k.sub.o)/Δk).sup.2]exp[ikl.sub.j]S.sub.j(k, θ)   (4)

where S.sub.j represents the amplitude distribution of the scattering originating from the jth interface, located at depth 1.sub.j. The angular distribution of the scattered field 40 is converted into a position distribution in the Fourier image plane of lens L4 through the relationship y=f.sub.4θ. For the pixel size of the CCD 50 (e.g. 20 μm), this yields an angular resolution (e.g. 0.57 mrad) and an expected angular range (e.g. 228 mrad.).

[0046] Inserting Eqs. (3) and (4) into Eq. (2) and noting the uniformity of the reference field 14 (Δy>>>slit height) yields the spatial cross correlation at the nth vertical position on the detector 29:

[00001]$\begin{array}{cc}{\Gamma }_{\mathrm{SR}}\left(z,y_n\right)=\underset{i}{.Math.}.Math.\int \mathrm{dk}.Math.{.Math.E_o.Math.}^2.Math.\exp \left[-2.Math.{\left(\left(k-k_a\right).Math.\text{/}.Math.\Delta .Math..Math.k\right)}^2\right].Math.\exp \left[\mathrm{ik}\left(z-\Delta .Math..Math.l+l_i\right)\right]\times S_j\left(k,{\theta }_n=y_n.Math.\text{/}.Math.f_4\right).Math.\cos .Math..Math.\phi .& \left(5\right)\end{array}$

Evaluating this equation for a single interface yields:

Γ.sub.SR(z, y.sub.n)=|E.sub.o|.sup.2exp[−((z−Δl+l.sub.j)Δk).sup.2/8]S.sub.j(k.sub.o, θ.sub.n=y.sub.n/f.sub.4)cos φ.   (6)

[0047] Here we have assumed that the scattering amplitude S does not vary appreciably over the bandwidth of the source light 12. This expression shows that we obtain a depth resolved profile of the scattering distribution 40 with each vertical pixel corresponding to a scattering angle.

[0048] FIG. 3A below shows typical data representing the total detected intensity (Equation (1), above) of the sum of the reference field 16 and the field scattered 40 by a sample of polystyrene beads, in the frequency domain given as a function of wavelength and angle, given with respect to the backwards scattering direction. In an exemplary embodiment, this data was acquired in 40 milliseconds and records data over 186 mrad, approximately 85% of the expected range, with some loss of signal at higher angles.

[0049] FIGS. 3B and 3C illustrate the intensity of the reference and signal fields 14, 30 respectively. Upon subtraction of the signal and reference fields 14, 30 from the total detected intensity, the interference 46 between the two fields is realized as illustrated in FIG. 3D. At each angle, interference data 46 are interpolated into k-space and Fourier transformed to give the angular depth resolved profiles of the sample 18 as illustrated in FIG. 4A. The Fourier transform of the angle-resolved, cross correlated signal 46, which is the result of signal 40 scattered at a multitude of reflected angles off the sample 18 and obtained in the Fourier plane of lens L4 (38), produces depth-resolved information about the sample 18 as a function of angle and depth. This provides depth-resolved information about the sample 18. Because the angle-resolved, cross-correlated signal 46 is spectrally dispersed, the data acquisition permits data to be obtained in less than one second. Information about all depths of the sample 18 at each of the multitude of different points (i.e. angles) on the sample 18 can be obtained with one scan on the order of approximately 40 milliseconds. Normally, time domain based scanning is required to obtain information about all depths of a sample at a multitude of different points, thus requiring substantial time and movement of the reference arm with respect to the sample.

[0050] In the experiments that produced the depth-resolved profile of the sample 18 illustrated in FIG. 4A, the sample 18 consists of polystyrene microspheres (e.g. n=1.59, 10.1 μm mean diameter, 8.9% variance, NIST certified, Duke Scientific) suspended in a mixture of 80% water and 20% glycerol (n=1.36) to provide neutral buoyancy. The solution was prepared to obtain a scattering length 1=200 μm. The sample is contained in a round well (8 mm diameter, 1 mm deep) behind a glass coverslip (thickness, d˜170 μm) (not shown). The sample beam 30 is incident on the sample 18 through the coverslip. The round trip thickness through the coverslip (2 n d=2(1.5)(170 μm)=0.53 mm—see FIG. 4A) shows the depth resolved capability of the approach. The data are ensemble averaged by integrating over one mean free path (MFP). The spatial average can enable a reduction of speckle when using low-coherence light to probe a scattering sample. To simplify the fitting procedure, the scattering distribution is low pass filtered to produce a smoother curve, with the cutoff frequency chosen to suppress spatial correlations on length scales above 16 μm.

[0051] In addition to obtaining depth-resolved information about the sample 18, the scattering distribution data (i.e. a/LCI data) obtained from the sample 18 using the disclosed data acquisition scheme can also be used to make a size determination of the nucleus using the Mie theory. A scattering distribution 74 of the sample 18 is illustrated in FIG. 4B as a contour plot. The raw scattered information 74 about the sample 18 is shown as a function of the signal field 30 and angle. A filtered curve is determined using the scattered data 74. Comparison of the filtered scattering distribution curve 76 (i.e. a representation of the scattered data 74) to the prediction of Mie theory (curve 78 in FIG. 5A) enables a size determination to be made.

[0052] In order to fit the scattered data 76 to Mie theory, the a/LCI signals are processed to extract the oscillatory component which is characteristic of the nucleus size. The smoothed data 76 are fit to a low-order polynomial (4.sup.th order was used for example herein, but later studies use a lower 2.sup.nd order), which is then subtracted from the distribution 76 to remove the background trend. The resulting oscillatory component is then compared to a database of theoretical predictions obtained using Mie theory 78 from which the slowly varying features were similarly removed for analysis.

[0053] A direct comparison between the filtered a/LCI data 76 and Mie theory data 78 may not be possible, as the chi-squared fitting algorithm tends to match the background slope rather than the characteristic oscillations. The calculated theoretical predictions include a Gaussian distribution of sizes characterized by a mean diameter (d) and standard deviation (ED) as well as a distribution of wavelengths, to accurately model the broad bandwidth source.

[0054] The best fit (FIG. 5A) is determined by minimizing the Chi-squared between the data 76 and Mie theory (FIG. 5B), yielding a size of 10.2 +/− 1.7 in excellent agreement with the true size. The measurement error is larger than the variance of the bead size, most likely due to the limited range of angles recorded in the measurement.

[0055] As an alternative to processing the a/LCI data and comparing to Mie theory, there are several other approaches which could yield diagnostic information. These include analyzing the angular data using a Fourier transform to identify periodic oscillations characteristic of cell nuclei. The periodic oscillations can be correlated with nuclear size and thus will possess diagnostic value. Another approach to analyzing a/LCI data is to compare the data to a database of angular scattering distributions generated with finite element method (FEM) or T-Matrix calculations. Such calculations may offer superior analysis as there are not subject to the same limitations as Mie theory. For example, FEM or T-Matrix calculations can model non-spherical scatterers and scatterers with inclusions while Mie theory can only model homogenous spheres.

[0056] As an alternative embodiment, the disclosed embodiments can also employ optical fibers to deliver and collect light from the sample of interest to use in the a/LCI system for endoscopic applications. This alternative embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 6.

[0057] The fiber optic a/LCI scheme for this alternative embodiment makes use of the Fourier transform properties of a lens. This property states that when an object is placed in the front focal plane of a lens, the image at the conjugate image plane is the Fourier transform of that object. The Fourier transform of a spatial distribution (object or image) is given by the distribution of spatial frequencies, which is the representation of the image's information content in terms of cycles per mm. In an optical image of elastically scattered light, the wavelength retains its fixed, original value and the spatial frequency representation is simply a scaled version of the angular distribution of scattered light.

[0058] In the fiber optic a/LCI scheme, the angular distribution is captured by locating the distal end of the fiber bundle in a conjugate Fourier transform plane of the sample using a collecting lens. This angular distribution is then conveyed to the distal end of the fiber bundle where it is imaged using a 4f system onto the entrance slit of an imaging spectrograph. A beamsplitter is used to overlap the scattered field with a reference field prior to entering the slit so that low coherence interferometry can also be used to obtain depth resolved measurements.

[0059] Turning now to FIG. 6, the fiber optic faLCI scheme is shown. Light 12′ from a broadband light source 10′ is split into a reference field 14′ and a signal field 16′ using a fiber splitter (FS) 80. A splitter ratio of 20:1 is chosen in one embodiment to direct more power to a sample 18′ via the signal arm 82 as the light returned by the tissue is typically only a small fraction of the incident power.

[0060] Light in the reference fiber 14′ emerges from fiber Fl and is collimated by lens L1 (84) which is mounted on a translation stage 86 to allow gross alignment of the reference arm path length. This path length is not scanned during operation but may be varied during alignment. A collimated beam 88 is arranged to be equal in dimension to the end 91 of fiber bundle F3 (90) so that the collimated beam 88 illuminates all fibers in F3 with equal intensity. The reference field 14′ emerging from the distal tip of F3 (90) is collimated with lens L3 (92) in order to overlap with the scattered field conveyed by fiber F4 (94). In an alternative embodiment, light emerging from fiber F1 (14′) is collimated then expanded using a lens system to produce a broad beam.

[0061] The scattered field is detected using a coherent fiber bundle. The scattered field is generated using light in the signal arm 82 which is directed toward the sample 18′ of interest using lens L2 (98). As with the free space system, lens L2 (98) is displaced laterally from the center of single-mode fiber F2 such that a collimated beam is produced which is traveling at an angle relative to the optical axis The fact that the incident beam strikes the sample at an oblique angle is essential in separating the elastic scattering information from specular reflections. The light scattered by the sample 18′ is collected by a fiber bundle consisting of an array of coherent single mode or multi-mode fibers. The distal tip of the fiber is maintained one focal length away from lens L2 (98) to image the angular distribution of scattered light. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 6, the sample 18′ is located in the front focal plane of lens L2 (98) using a mechanical mount 100. In the endoscope compatible probe shown in FIG. 7, the sample is located in the front focal plane of lens L2 (98) using a transparent sheath (element 102).

[0062] As illustrated in FIG. 6 and also FIG. 7B, scattered light 104 emerging from a proximal end 105 of the fiber probe F4 (94) is recollimated by lens L4 (104) and overlapped with the reference field 14′ using beamsplitter BS (108). The two combined fields 110 are re-imaged onto the slit (element 48′ in FIG. 7) of the imaging spectrograph 29′ using lens L5 (112). The focal length of lens L5 (112) may be varied to optimally fill the slit 48′. The resulting optical signal contains information on each scattering angle across the vertical dimension of the slit 48′ as described above for the apparatus of FIGS. 1A and 1B.

[0063] It is expected that the above-described a/LCI fiber-optic probe will collect the angular distribution over a 0.45 radian range (approx. 30 degrees) and will acquire the complete depth resolved scattering distribution 110 in a fraction of a second.

[0064] There are several possible schemes for creating the fiber probe which are the same from an optical engineering point of view. One possible implementation would be a linear array of single mode fibers in both the signal and reference arms. Alternatively, the reference arm 96 could be composed of an individual single mode fiber with the signal arm 82 consisting of either a coherent fiber bundle or linear fiber array.

[0065] The fiber probe tip can also have several implementations which are substantially equivalent. These would include the use of a drum or ball lens in place of lens L2 (98). A side-viewing probe could be created using a combination of a lens and a minor or prism or through the use of a convex minor to replace the lens-minor combination. Finally, the entire probe can be made to rotate radially in order to provide a circumferential scan of the probed area.

[0066] Yet another data acquisition embodiment of the disclosed embodiments could be a fa/LCI system is based on a modified Mach-Zehnder interferometer as illustrated in FIG. 5A. The output 10″ from a fiber-coupled superluminescent diode (SLD) source 12″ (e.g. Superlum, P.sub.o=15 mW, λo=841.5 nm, Δλ=49.5 nm, coherence length =6.3 μm) is split into sample arm delivery fiber 16″ and a reference arm delivery fiber 14″ by a 90/10 fiber splitter FS (80′) (e.g. manufactured by AC Photonics). The sample arm delivery fiber 16″ can consist of either of the following for example: (1) a single mode fiber with polarization control integrated at the tip; or (2) a polarization maintaining fiber. A sample probe 113 is assembled by affixing the delivery fiber 16″(NA≅0.12) along the ferrule 114 at the distal end of a fiber bundle 116 such that the end face of the delivery fiber 16″ is parallel to and flush with the face of the fiber bundle 116. Ball lens L1 (115) (e.g. f=2.2 mm) is positioned one focal length from the face of the probe 113 and centered on the fiber bundle 116, offsetting the delivery fiber 16″ from the optical axis of lens L1 (115). This configuration, which is also depicted in FIG. 8B, produces a collimated beam 120 (e.g.P=9 mW) with a diameter (e.g. 2f.sub.1NA) of 0.5 mm incident on the sample 18″ at an angle of 0.25 rad. for example.

[0067] The scattered light 122 from the sample is collected by lens L1 (115) and, via the Fourier transform property of the lens L1 (115), the angular distribution of the scattered field 122 is converted into a spatial distribution at the distal face of the multimode coherent fiber bundle 116 (e.g. Schott North America, Inc., length=840 mm, pixel size =8.2 μm, pixel count=13.5 K) which is located at the Fourier image plane of lens L1 (115). The relationship between vertical position on the fiber bundle, y′, and scattering angle, θ is given by y′=f.sub.1θ. As an illustration, the optical path of light scattered 122 at three selected scattering angles is shown in FIG. 8B. Overall, the angular distribution is sampled by approximately 130 individual fibers for example, across a vertical strip of the fiber bundle 116″, as depicted by the highlighted area in FIG. 8C. The 0.2 mm, for example, thick ferrule (d.sub.1) separating the delivery fiber 16″ and fiber bundle 116 limits the minimum theoretical collection angle (θ.sub.min,th=d.sub.1/f.sub.1) to 0.09 rad in this example. The maximum theoretical collection angle is determined by d.sub.1 and d.sub.2, the diameter of the fiber bundle, by θ.sub.max,th=(d.sub.1+d.sub.2)/f.sub.1 to be 0.50 rad. Experiments using a standard scattering sample 122 indicate the usable angular range to be θ.sub.min=0.12 rad. to θ.sub.max=0.45 rad. d.sub.1, for example, can be minimized by fabricating a channel in the distal ferrule 123 and positioning the delivery fiber 16″ in the channel. The fiber bundle 116 is spatially coherent, resulting in a reproduction of the collected angular scattering distribution at the proximal face. Additionally, as all fibers in the bundle 116 are path length matched to within the coherence length, the optical path length traveled by scattered light 122 at each angle is identical. The system disclosed in “Fiber-optic-bundle-based optical coherence tomography,” by T. Q. Xie, D. Mukai, S. G. Guo, M. Brenner, and Z. P. Chen in Optics Letters 30(14), 1803-1805 (2005) (hereinafter “Xie”), incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, discloses a multimode coherent fiber bundle into a time-domain optical coherence tomography system and demonstrated that the modes of light coupled into an individual fiber will travel different path lengths. In the example herein of the disclosed embodiments, it was experimentally determined that the higher order modes are offset from the fundamental mode by 3.75 mm, well beyond the depth (˜100 μm) required for gathering clinically relevant data. Additionally, the power in the higher order modes had a minimal effect on dynamic range as the sample arm power is significantly less than the reference arm power. Finally, it should be noted that while the system disclosed in Xie collected data serially through individual fibers, the example of the disclosed embodiments herein uses 130 fibers to simultaneously collect scattered light across a range of angles in parallel, resulting in rapid data collection.

[0068] The angular distribution exiting a proximal end 124 of the fiber bundle 116 is relayed by the 4f imaging system of L2 and L3 (f.sub.2=3.0 cm, f.sub.3=20.0 cm) to the input slit 48″ of the imaging spectrograph 29″ (e.g. Acton Research, InSpectrum 150). The theoretical magnification of the 4f imaging system is (f.sub.3/f.sub.2) 6.67 in this example. Experimentally, the magnification was measured to be M−7.0 in this example with the discrepancy most likely due to the position of the proximal face 124 of the fiber bundle 116 with relation to lens L2 (126) . The resulting relationship between vertical position on the spectrograph slit 48″, y, and θ is y=Mf.sub.1(θ-θ.sub.min). The optical path length of the reference arm is matched to that of the fundamental mode of the sample arm. Light 127 exiting the reference fiber 14″ is collimated by lens L4 (128) (e.g. f=3.5 cm, spot size=8.4 mm) to match the phase front curvature of the sample light and to produce even illumination across the slit 48″ of the imaging spectrograph 29″. A reference field 130 may be attenuated by a neutral density filter 132 and mixed with the angular scattering distribution at beamsplitter BS (134). The mixed fields 136 are dispersed with a high resolution grating (e.g. 1200 lines/mm) and detected using an integrated, cooled CCD (not shown) (e.g. 1024×252, 24 μm×24 μm pixels, 0.1 nm resolution) covering a spectral range of 99 nm centered at 840 nm, for example.

[0069] The detected signal 136, a function of wavelength, 2, and 0, can be related to the signal and reference fields (Es, Er) as:

I(λ.sub.m, θ.sub.n)=E.sub.r(λ.sub.m, θ.sub.n)|.sup.2+|E.sub.s(λ.sub.m, θ.sub.n)|.sup.2+2ReE.sub.s(λ.sub.m, θ.sub.n)E.sub.r.sup.s(λ.sub.m, θ.sub.n)cos(φ),   (1)

where φ is the phase difference between the two fields, (m,n) denotes a pixel on the CCD, and denotes a temporal average. I(λ.sub.m,θ.sub.n) is uploaded to a PC using LabVIEW manufactured by National Instruments software and processed in 320 ms to produce a depth and angle resolved contour plot of scattered intensity. The processing of the angle-resolved scattered field to obtain depth and size information described above, and in particular reference to the data acquisition apparatus of FIGS. 1A and 1B, can then be used to obtain angle-resolved, depth-resolved information about the sample 18″ using the scattered mixed field 136 generated by the apparatus in FIG. 8.

[0070] The embodiments set forth above represent the necessary information to enable those skilled in the art to practice the disclosed embodiments and illustrate the best mode of practicing the disclosed embodiments. Upon reading the following description in light if the accompanying drawings figures, those skilled in the art will understand the concepts of the disclosed embodiments and will recognize applications of these concepts not particularly addressed herein. It should be understood that these concepts and applications fall within the scope of the disclosure.

[0071] Those skilled in the art will recognize improvements and modifications to the preferred embodiments of the disclosed embodiments. All such improvements and modifications are considered within the scope of the concepts disclosed herein and the claims that follow.