Storage battery monitoring device

Abstract

The present invention distinguishes between short-circuit current and inrush current and only enables a protection function for short-circuit current. A storage battery monitoring device is provided with a current detection means for detecting charge/discharge current from a storage battery, a differentiating circuit for determining the current variation rate of the charge/discharge current, and a comparison means for outputting a signal according to whether the current variation rate of the charge/discharge current is larger than a preset threshold voltage. The threshold voltage is set to a value larger than the current variation rate for inrush current and smaller than that for short-circuit current.

Claims

1. A storage battery monitoring device to perform protection against overcurrent of a storage battery, comprising: a current detection unit that detects charge or discharge current from the storage battery; a differentiating circuit configured to obtain a current variation rate of the charge/discharge current; and a comparison unit that outputs a signal according to whether the current variation rate of the charge or discharge current is larger than a preset threshold voltage, wherein the threshold voltage is set to a numerical value larger than a change of current variation rate of inrush current and smaller than a change of current variation rate of short-circuit current.

2. The storage battery monitoring device according to claim 1, wherein the current detection unit is a shunt resistance to convert the charge/discharge current into an electric potential difference.

3. The storage battery monitoring device according to claim 2, further comprising an amplifying unit that amplifies the electric potential difference generated between both ends of the shunt resistance, wherein a signal amplified by the amplifying unit is input to the differentiating circuit.

4. The storage battery monitoring device according to claim 2, wherein the current detection unit is connected to a power line, and the power line is connected to a terminal of the storage battery.

5. The storage battery monitoring device according to claim 4, wherein the current detection unit is connected in series to the storage battery, and detects the charge or discharge current from the storage battery.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is a diagram indicating a circuit model at the time of battery short.

(2) FIG. 2 is a diagram indicating a circuit model for inrush current to a load.

(3) FIG. 3 is a diagram indicating a current variation rate of short-circuit current, and (a) is a current waveform and (b) is a diagram which illustrates a waveform of a current increase rate dI/dt.

(4) FIG. 4 is a diagram indicating a current variation rate of inrush current, and (a) is a diagram illustrating a current waveform and (b) illustrates a waveform of the current increase rate dI/dt.

(5) FIG. 5 is an expanded diagram of the rising of inrush current and short-circuit current.

(6) FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating a block diagram of a storage battery monitoring device 2.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

(7) Before describing exemplary embodiments of the present invention, a brief summary of the invention will be described. In the present invention, short-circuit protection is performed while distinguishing inrush current and short-circuit current.

(8) As described before, inrush current and short-circuit current can be named as a momentary large current inputted to a switch (breaker) such as an FET and the like. However, there is a difference that, although inrush current is a transient electric current, short-circuit current is an electric current which flows continuously.

(9) When a breaking determination threshold value It is set and electric current exceeds the breaking determination threshold value It, two protection patterns can be considered for electric current when breaking a battery charging and discharging circuit (breaking current), and one is a case aimed at protection from abnormal operations by such as a failure and an erroneous operation of a device (a first protection pattern), and a case aimed at protection from abnormal operations by such as a failure and an erroneous operation of a device, and a short circuit (a second protection pattern).

(10) (1) The First Protection Pattern: A Case Aimed at Protection from Abnormal Operations by Such as a Failure and an Erroneous Operation of a Device

(11) In this protection pattern, when detected electric current exceeds the breaking determination threshold value It, the battery assumes that there has occurred an abnormal operation such as a failure and an erroneous operation of a device. Since detected electric current includes an error, an error margin a is added so as not to determine a case of electric current within the normal range in usual use (normal current) In as an abnormal operation, even including the error. That is, the breaking current Ic satisfies the following equation.
IcItIn+

(12) (2) The Second Protection Pattern: A Case Aimed at Protection from Abnormal Operations by Such as a Failure and an Erroneous Operation of a Device, and a Short Circuit

(13) This protection pattern is a protection mode in which protection to a short circuit is added to the first protection pattern. Even if electric current beyond the breaking determination threshold value It is detected, a temporal delay exists before performing circuit breaking actually (a first case). However, a similar behavior is also seen for inrush current (a second case). It is desired to make protection operation function only for the first case, eventually. Behaviors in the first case and the second case will be considered.

(14) (2-1) The First Case: A Case where the Time from Detection of Current Beyond the Breaking Determination Threshold Value it to Circuit Breaking is Delayed

(15) Let a delay time from detection of current beyond the breaking determination threshold value It to circuit breaking be a circuit breaking delay time Td and a current increase rate at the time of a short circuit be a current increase rate dI/dt.

(16) At that time, the breaking current Ic is given by Ic=It+(dI/dt)Td. As stated in The first protection pattern, the breaking determination threshold value It has to be equal to or more than a numerical value made by adding the error margin a to the normal current In, and, thus, it will be as follows.
Ic=It+(dI/dt)TdIn++(dI/dt)Td

(17) (2-2) The Second Case: A Case where Inrush Current Exists

(18) In a lot of loads, large electric current flows temporarily when turning on the power. This current value reaches about 5 to 10 times of that of the normal operation, though it is of a short time of about several milliseconds.

(19) On the occasion of load design, it is desirable to perform design so as not to generate inrush current. However, measures against inrush current is not desired to load design due to an economical reason or the like, and it is often requested to the power supply (battery) side. Of course, inrush current is not generated in an abnormal state of a battery, and, therefore, circuit breaking should not be conducted due to inrush current.

(20) As a method for distinguishing short-circuit current and inrush current to perform breaking control, a method to make the breaking determination threshold value It be larger than the maximum value of inrush current (a first method of settlement), and a method to make the responsiveness of the current detection means be degraded (a second method of settlement) can be illustrated.

(21) (2-2-1) the First Method of Settlement: The Breaking Determination Threshold Value it is Made Larger than the Maximum Value of Inrush Current

(22) Although inrush current reaches 5 to 10 times of the current of the normal operation, it is smaller than the saturation current at the time of a short circuit (a current value when short-circuit current is stabilized). Accordingly, when the breaking determination threshold value It of a numerical value larger than an assumed maximum value of inrush current is set, only short-circuit current can be detected without detecting inrush current.

(23) A maximum value Ir_max of inrush current is expressed as follows.
Ir_max=Ic
where, is a numerical value of from 5 to 10, and hereinafter it is described as an inrush current coefficient.

(24) Accordingly, the breaking determination threshold value It is set so as to satisfy the following equation.
ItIr_max+Ic+

(25) When influence of the circuit breaking delay time Td is taken into account, the breaking current Ic should just be set so as to satisfy the following equation.

(26) $\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{Ic}=\mathrm{It}+\left(\mathrm{dI}/\mathrm{dt}\right)\mathrm{Td}\mathrm{Ir\_max}++\left(\mathrm{dI}/\mathrm{dt}\right)\mathrm{Td}\\ =\mathrm{Ic}++\left(\mathrm{dI}/\mathrm{dt}\right)\mathrm{Td}\end{array}$

(27) (2-2-2) the Second Method of Settlement: The Responsiveness of the Current Detection Means is Made to be Degraded

(28) Generally, inrush current converges within a limited time of about several milliseconds (inrush current duration). Accordingly, a time taken for current detection is made longer than this inrush current duration. As a result, a current detection means cannot detect inrush current and comes to detect only short-circuit current.

(29) However, in the second method of settlement, since a detected current I keeps increasing during a determination time delay Ti that is a delay of determination time after the breaking determination threshold value It has been reached until being judged to be abnormal, the detected current I at the time of determination will be as follows.
I=It+(dI/dt)Ti

(30) Accordingly, the breaking current Ic to which influence of the determination time delay Ti from current detection to circuit breaking is taken into account will be as follows.

(31) $\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{Ic}=\mathrm{It}+\left(\mathrm{dI}/\mathrm{dt}\right)\mathrm{Ti}+\left(\mathrm{dI}/\mathrm{dt}\right)\mathrm{Td}\\ =\mathrm{It}+\left(\mathrm{dI}/\mathrm{dt}\right)\left(\mathrm{Ti}+\mathrm{Td}\right)\mathrm{Ic}++\left(\mathrm{dI}/\mathrm{dt}\right)\left(\mathrm{Ti}+\mathrm{Td}\right)\end{array}$

(32) As above, when it is made such that protection against both of a failure and an erroneous operation of a device and a short circuit is performed, but protection to inrush current is not performed, a switch that endures against the larger one of the following breaking currents Ic is needed to be selected.
IcIc++(dI/dt)Td
IcIc++(dI/dt)(Ti+Td)

(33) However, these breaking currents Ic are large electric current, and the switch will be expensive. Accordingly, in the present invention, short-circuit current and inrush current are distinguished using the current increase rate dI/dt of detected electric current.

(34) FIG. 1 is a diagram which indicates a circuit model at the time of a battery short circuit. FIG. 2 is a diagram which indicates a circuit model for inrush current to a load.

(35) As shown in FIG. 1, in the circuit model at the time of a short circuit, given that the terminal voltage of the battery is V, the internal resistance is Ri, the internal inductance is Li, and the time when a short circuit has occurred is t=0, the electric current I is

(36) $\begin{array}{cc}I=\frac{V}{\mathrm{Ri}}\left(1-e^{-\frac{\mathrm{Ri}}{\mathrm{Li}}t}\right)& \left(1\right)\end{array}$
expressed in Equation 1.

(37) Here, the current increase rate dI/dt is

(38) $\begin{array}{cc}\frac{\mathrm{dI}}{\mathrm{dt}}=-\frac{\mathrm{Ri}}{\mathrm{Li}}\frac{V}{\mathrm{Ri}}\left(-e^{-\frac{\mathrm{Ri}}{\mathrm{Li}}t}\right)=\frac{V}{\mathrm{Li}}{e}^{-\frac{\mathrm{Ri}}{\mathrm{Li}}t}& \left(2\right)\end{array}$
expressed in Equation 2.

(39) The current increase rate dI/dt at the time of occurrence of short circuit (t=0) is

(40) $\begin{array}{cc}\frac{\mathrm{dI}}{\mathrm{dt}}{|}_{t=0}=\frac{V}{\mathrm{Li}}& \left(3\right)\end{array}$
expressed in Equation 3.

(41) On the other hand, in the circuit model of inrush current illustrated in FIG. 2, given that the resistance of the wiring is Rc, the inductance is Lc and the capacity of the load is C, the electric current I at the time of turning on the power (t=0) is

(42) $\begin{array}{cc}I=\frac{V}{\sqrt{R^2-4\frac{L}{C}}}\left(e^{-\frac{-R+\sqrt{R^2-4\frac{L}{C}}}{2L}t}-e^{\frac{-R-\sqrt{R^2-4\frac{L}{C}}}{2L}t}\right)& \left(4\right)\end{array}$
expressed in Equation 4. Here, the resistance R is R=Ri+Rc and the inductance L is L=Li+Lc.

(43) On the other hand, the current increase rate dI/dt is

(44) $\begin{array}{cc}\frac{\mathrm{dI}}{\mathrm{dt}}=\frac{V}{\sqrt{R^2-4\frac{L}{C}}}\left(\left(\frac{-R+\sqrt{R^2-4\frac{L}{C}}}{2L}\right)e^{\frac{-R+\sqrt{R^2-4\frac{L}{C}}}{2L}t}-\left(\frac{-R-\sqrt{R^2-4\frac{L}{C}}}{2L}\right)e^{\frac{-R-\sqrt{R^2-4\frac{L}{C}}}{2L}t}\right)& \left(5\right)\end{array}$
expressed in Equation 5.

(45) Accordingly, the current increase rate dI/dt at the time of turning on the power (t=0) is

(46) $\begin{array}{cc}\begin{array}{c}\frac{\mathrm{dI}}{\mathrm{dt}}{|}_{t=0}=\frac{V}{\sqrt{R^2-4\frac{L}{C}}}(\left(\frac{-R+\sqrt{R^2-4\frac{L}{C}}}{2L}\right)-\\ \left(\frac{-R-\sqrt{R^2-4\frac{L}{C}}}{2L}\right))\\ =\frac{V}{\sqrt{R^2-4\frac{L}{C}}}\frac{2\sqrt{R^2-4\frac{L}{C}}}{2L}\\ =\frac{V}{L}\\ =\frac{V}{\mathrm{Li}+\mathrm{Lc}}\end{array}& \left(6\right)\end{array}$
indicated in Equation 6.

(47) Generally, since the internal inductance Li of a battery is very small (Lc>>Li), the current increase rate dI/dt is greatly different between short-circuit current and inrush current. FIG. 3 is a diagram which indicates a current variation rate of short-circuit current, and (a) is a diagram illustrating a current waveform and (b) is a diagram illustrating a waveform of the current increase rate dI/dt. FIG. 4 is a diagram which indicates a current variation rate of inrush current, and (a) is a diagram illustrating a current waveform and (b) is a diagram illustrating a waveform of the current increase rate dI/dt. Furthermore, FIG. 5 is an expanded diagram of rising of inrush current and short-circuit current. In FIG. 5, the dotted line indicates short-circuit current and the solid line inrush current.

(48) As it may be understood from FIGS. 3 to 5, at the time of turning on the power (t=0), the current increase rate dI/dt of short-circuit current is larger than that of inrush current. Therefore, according to the magnitude of the current increase rate dI/dt, short-circuit current and inrush current can be distinguished.

(49) A block diagram of the storage battery monitoring device 2 according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention made according to such principle is illustrated in FIG. 6. A power line 11 is connected to a terminal of a battery 10, and a shunt resistance (current detection means) 12 is connected to the power line 11. Since an electric potential difference according to the magnitude of the electric current I occurs between the both ends of the shunt resistance 12, differential amplification of this electric potential difference is performed in an operational amplifier (amplifying means) 13. An output of the operational amplifier 13 is an input of a well-known differentiating circuit 14 that includes a capacitor 14a, a resistance 14b and an operational amplifier 14c.

(50) At that time, given that the input voltage of the differentiating circuit 14 is Vin, the capacitance of the capacitor 14a is Cs, and the resistance value of the resistance 14b is Rd, the voltage Vout expressed in Vout=RdCs(dVin/dt) is output from the operational amplifier 14c.

(51) Then, the output voltage Vout of this differentiating circuit 14 is input to one terminal of a comparator (comparison means) 15. A fixed threshold voltage (Vreff) set in advance is being input to the other terminal of the comparator 15.

(52) As a result, the comparator 15 outputs a signal whose polarity is reversed according to whether the voltage Vout is larger than the threshold voltage Vreff. Accordingly, by setting, as the threshold voltage Vreff, the current increase rate dI/dt of inrush current in advance, inrush current and short-circuit current can be distinguished.

(53) In particular, since distinction between inrush current and short-circuit current can be determined while a current value is still small, the energy needed at the time of breaking electric current (it is proportional to a square of a current value) is small. When an FET is used for circuit breaking, this means that an FET of a small permissible current is acceptable, and thus cost increase can be suppressed.

(54) Meanwhile, in the above-mentioned description, although a case in which an analog differentiating circuit is used has been described, the differentiating circuit may be composed of a digital circuit. In this case, a current value is sampled periodically using an AD converter. Given that the sampling period at that time is , the current increase rate can be obtained as dI/dt={I(t)I(t)}/.

(55) In addition, although electric current has been detected using a shunt resistance as a current detection means, it is not limited to this, and a publicly known current detection means such as a clamp meter and the like can be used.

(56) As above, the present invention has been described taking the exemplary embodiment mentioned above as an exemplary example. However, the present invention is not limited to the exemplary embodiment mentioned above. That is, various aspects which a person skilled in the art can understand can be applied to the present invention within the scope of the present invention.

(57) This application is based upon and claims the benefit of priority from Japanese Patent Application No. 2015-103592, filed on May 21, 2015, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.

REFERENCE SIGNS LIST

(58) 2 Storage battery monitoring device 10 Battery 11 Power line 12 Shunt resistance (current detection means) 13 Operational amplifier (amplifying means) 14 Differentiating circuit 14a Capacitor 14c Operational amplifier 14b Resistance 15 Comparator (comparison means)