Catalyst for air electrode for metal-air secondary battery and air electrode

Abstract

A novel transition metal oxide catalyst that is equivalent to precious metal catalysts, and an air electrode and an air secondary battery using this catalyst are provided. The catalyst is a catalyst for an air electrode including a brownmillerite-type transition metal oxide and represented by General Formula (1) below:
A.sub.2B.sup.1B.sup.2O.sub.5(1)
where A represents Ca, Sr, Ba, or a rare earth element(RE), B.sup.1 is a metal atom that forms a tetrahedral structure together with oxygen atoms, and B.sup.2 is a metal atom that forms an octahedral structure together with oxygen atoms. Disclosed are an air electrode for a metal-air secondary battery that includes the catalyst, and a metal-air secondary battery that includes an air electrode including the catalyst, a negative electrode including a negative electrode active material, and an electrolyte intervening between the air electrode and the negative electrode.

Claims

1. A zinc-air secondary battery comprising: an air electrode including an oxygen evolution catalyst containing a brownmillerite-type transition metal oxide, said oxygen evolution catalyst causing an oxygen evolution reaction represented by Formula below:
4OH.sup..fwdarw.O.sub.2+4e.sup.; a negative electrode containing zinc as a negative electrode active material; and an electrolyte intervening between said air electrode and said negative electrode, said electrolyte being selected from the group consisting of an alkali aqueous solution and an aqueous solution containing zinc chloride or zinc perchlorate and in contact with said air electrode, wherein said brownmillerite-type transition metal oxide is represented by General Formula (1) below:
A.sub.2B.sup.1B.sup.2O.sub.5(1) where A represents Ca, Sr, Ba, or a rare earth element (RE), B.sup.1 is a metal atom that forms a tetrahedral structure together with oxygen atoms, and is at least one metal atom selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, Ni, and Zn, B.sup.2 is a metal atom that forms an octahedral structure together with oxygen atoms, and is at least one metal atom selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, Cr, Ni, Ti, and Cu, and one of said B.sup.1 and B.sup.2 contains Co.

2. The zinc-air secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein a chemical reaction for charging and discharging in the air electrode is represented by Formula below: ##STR00002##

3. The zinc-air secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein said brownmillerite-type transition metal oxide is Ca.sub.2FeCoO.sub.5 or Sr.sub.2Co.sub.2O.sub.5.

4. The zinc-air secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein a surface area of said catalyst is in a range from 0.1 to 100 m.sup.2/g.

5. The zinc-air secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein said air electrode contains said brownmillerite-type transition metal oxide as a catalyst for oxygen evolution, the air electrode further comprising a catalyst for oxygen reduction.

6. The zinc-air secondary battery according to claim 1, further comprising an air electrode for oxygen reduction including a catalyst for oxygen reduction.

7. A zinc-air secondary battery comprising: an air electrode including an oxygen evolution catalyst containing a brownmillerite-type transition metal oxide, said oxygen evolution catalyst causing an oxygen evolution reaction represented by Formula below:
4OH.sup..fwdarw.O.sub.2+2H.sub.2O+4e.sup.; a negative electrode containing zinc as a negative electrode active material; and an electrolyte intervening between said air electrode and said negative electrode, said electrolyte being selected from the group consisting of an alkali aqueous solution and an aqueous solution containing zinc chloride or zinc perchlorate and in contact with said air electrode, wherein said brownmillerite-type transition metal oxide is represented by General Formula (1) below:
A.sub.2B.sup.1B.sup.2O.sub.5(1) where A represents Ca, Sr, Ba, or a rare earth element (RE), B.sup.1 is a metal atom that forms a tetrahedral structure together with oxygen atoms, and is at least one metal atom selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, Ni, and Zn, B.sup.2 is a metal atom that forms an octahedral structure together with oxygen atoms, and is at least one metal atom selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, Cr, Ni, Ti, and Cu, and said B.sup.1 and B.sup.2 represent different elements.

8. The zinc-air secondary battery according to claim 7, wherein one of said B.sup.1 and B.sup.2 contains Co.

9. The zinc-air secondary battery according to claim 7, wherein a chemical reaction for charging and discharging in the air electrode is represented by Formula below: ##STR00003##

10. The zinc-air secondary battery according to claim 7, wherein said brownmillerite-type transition metal oxide is Ca.sub.2FeCoO.sub.5.

11. The zinc-air secondary battery according to claim 7, wherein a surface area of said catalyst is in a range from 0.1 to 100 m.sup.2/g.

12. The zinc-air secondary battery according to claim 7, wherein said air electrode contains said brownmillerite-type transition metal oxide as a catalyst for oxygen evolution, the air electrode further comprising a catalyst for oxygen reduction.

13. The zinc-air secondary battery according to claim 7, further comprising an air electrode for oxygen reduction including a catalyst for oxygen reduction.

14. An electrolytic method comprising: preparing an electrode comprising an oxygen evolution catalyst which contains a brownmillerite-type transition metal oxide, said oxygen evolution catalyst causing an oxygen evolution reaction represented by Formula below:
4OH.sup..fwdarw.O.sub.2+2H.sub.2O+4e.sup.; and putting said electrode in an electrolytic solution selected from the group consisting of an alkali aqueous solution and an aqueous solution containing zinc chloride or zinc perchlorate, wherein said brownmillerite-type transition metal oxide is represented by General Formula (1) below:
A.sub.2B.sup.1B.sup.2O.sub.5(1) where A represents Ca, Sr, Ba, or a rare earth element (RE), B.sup.1 is a metal atom that forms a tetrahedral structure together with oxygen atoms, and is at least one metal atom selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, Ni, and Zn, B.sup.2 is a metal atom that forms an octahedral structure together with oxygen atoms, and is at least one metal atom selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, Cr, Ni, Ti, and Cu, and one of said B.sup.1 and B.sup.2 contains Co.

15. The electrolytic method according to claim 14, wherein said brownmillerite-type transition metal oxide is Ca.sub.2FeCoO.sub.5 or Sr.sub.2Co.sub.2O.sub.5.

16. An electrolytic method comprising: preparing an electrode comprising an oxygen evolution catalyst which contains a brownmillerite-type transition metal oxide, said oxygen evolution catalyst causing an oxygen evolution reaction represented by Formula below:
4OH.sup..fwdarw.O.sub.2+2H.sub.2O+4e.sup.; and putting said electrode in an electrolytic solution selected from the group consisting of an alkali aqueous solution and an aqueous solution containing zinc chloride or zinc perchlorate, wherein said brownmillerite-type transition metal oxide is represented by General Formula (1) below:
A.sub.2B.sup.1B.sup.2O.sub.5(1) where A represents Ca, Sr, Ba, or a rare earth element (RE), B.sup.1 is a metal atom that forms a tetrahedral structure together with oxygen atoms, and is at least one metal atom selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, Ni, and Zn, B.sup.2 is a metal atom that forms an octahedral structure together with oxygen atoms, and is at least one metal atom selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, Cr, Ni, Ti, and Cu, and said B.sup.1 and B.sup.2 represent different elements.

17. The electrolytic method according to claim 16, wherein said brownmillerite-type transition metal oxide is Ca.sub.2FeCoO.sub.5.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 illustrates an X-ray diffraction pattern of Ca.sub.2Fe.sub.2O.sub.5 synthesized in Examples.

(2) FIG. 2 illustrates an X-ray diffraction pattern of Ca.sub.2FeCoO.sub.5 synthesized in Examples.

(3) FIG. 3 illustrates an X-ray diffraction pattern of Ca.sub.2FeMnO.sub.5 synthesized in Examples.

(4) FIG. 4 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the production of an electrode for electrochemical measurement.

(5) FIG. 5 illustrates results of electrochemical measurement (electrolytic solution: 0.1 mol/dm.sup.3 KOH aq.).

(6) FIG. 6 illustrates results of electrochemical measurement (electrolytic solution: 4.0 mol/dm.sup.3 KOH aq.).

(7) FIG. 7 illustrates an example of the configuration of a metal-air secondary battery according to the present invention.

(8) FIG. 8 illustrates Ca.sub.2FeCoO.sub.5 X-ray diffraction patterns of samples obtained using a solid phase reaction method (Example 1) and a liquid phase reaction method (Example 2) and a Ca.sub.2FeCoO.sub.5 X-ray diffraction pattern determined by a simulation.

(9) FIG. 9 illustrates scanning electron micrographs of Ca.sub.2FeCoO.sub.5 obtained using a solid phase reaction method (Example 1) and a liquid phase reaction method (Example 2).

(10) FIG. 10 illustrates results of electrochemical measurement using Ca.sub.2FeCoO.sub.5 obtained using a solid phase reaction method (Example 1) and a liquid phase reaction method (Example 2).

(11) FIG. 11 illustrates a structure of a brownmillerite-type transition metal oxide A.sub.2B.sub.2O.sub.5.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

(12) Catalyst for Air Electrode

(13) The present invention relates to a catalyst for an air electrode including a brownmillerite-type transition metal oxide.

(14) Generally, a brownmillerite-type transition metal oxide A.sub.2B.sub.2O.sub.5 includes a transition metal at the B site and has an octahedral structure in which the transition metal binds to six oxygen atoms and a tetrahedral structure in which the transition metal binds to four oxygen atoms as shown below.

(15) Chemical Formula 1

(16) The brownmillerite-type transition metal oxide metal oxide A.sub.2B.sub.2O.sub.5 structure is shown in FIG. 11.

(17) In the present invention, the brownmillerite-type transition metal oxide can be represented by General Formula (1) below.
A.sub.2B.sup.1B.sup.2O.sub.5(1)

(18) In Formula (1), A represents Ca, Sr, Ba, or a rare earth element (RE). Rare earth elements (RE) consist of two elements including Sc and Y, as well as fifteen lanthanoids including La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu. La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, and the like, which have a relatively large ion radius, can be preferably used as the rare earth element (RE), for example.

(19) In Formula (1), B.sup.1 represents a metal atom that forms a tetrahedral structure together with oxygen atoms, and more specifically, B.sup.1 represents a 3d transition element, Al, Ga, or In. The 3d transition element represented by B.sup.1 is at least one metal atom selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, Ni, and Zn, for example.

(20) In Formula (1), B.sup.2 represents a metal atom that forms an octahedral structure together with oxygen atoms, and more specifically, B.sup.2 represents a 3d transition element. The transition metal represented by B.sup.2 is at least one metal atom selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, Mn, Cr, Ni, Ti, and Cu, for example.

(21) B.sup.1 and B.sup.2 may represent an atom of the same element or atoms of different elements, and with some combinations of different elements, the catalyst for an air electrode may exhibit better activity. Examples of the brownmillerite-type transition metal oxide represented by General Formula (1) include Ca.sub.2Fe.sub.2O.sub.5, Ca.sub.2FeCoO.sub.5, Ca.sub.2FeMnO.sub.5, Ca.sub.2AlFeO.sub.5, Sr.sub.2Fe.sub.2O.sub.5, Sr.sub.2Co.sub.2O.sub.5, and Ba.sub.2In.sub.2xMn.sub.xO.sub.5+x (x=0 to 0.7).

(22) The brownmillerite-type transition metal oxide can be synthesized using oxides of the metals as raw materials using a solid phase reaction method. The method will be described in Examples in detail. It is possible to refer to Non-Patent Documents 3 to 6 mentioned in Examples for the methods for synthesizing Ca.sub.2Fe.sub.2O.sub.5, Ca.sub.2FeCoO.sub.5, and Ca.sub.2FeMnO.sub.5.

(23) It is possible to refer to the documents below for the methods for synthesizing Ca.sub.2AlFeO.sub.5, Sr.sub.2Fe.sub.2O.sub.5, Sr.sub.2Co.sub.2O.sub.5, and Ba.sub.2In.sub.2xMn.sub.xO.sub.5+x (x=0 to 0.7).

(24) Ca.sub.2AlFeO.sub.5: M. Zoetzl et al., J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 89, 3491 (2006).

(25) Sr.sub.2Fe.sub.2O.sub.5: A. Nemudry et al., Chem. Mater. 10, 2403 (1998).

(26) Sr.sub.2Co.sub.2O.sub.5: A. Nemudry et al., Chem. Mater. 8, 2232 (1996).

(27) Ba.sub.2In.sub.2xMn.sub.xO.sub.5+x: P. Jiang et al., Inorg. Chem. 52, 1349 (2013).

(28) The brownmillerite-type transition metal oxide can be synthesized using a liquid phase reaction method in addition to the solid phase reaction method. In the liquid phase reaction method, as a raw material of oxide of each metal, a salt of the metal such as a nitrate, an acetate, or a citrate is used. For example, when Ca.sub.2FeCoO.sub.5 is synthesized, a Ca salt (e.g., Ca(NO.sub.3).sub.2), a Fe salt (e.g., Fe(NO.sub.3).sub.3).Math.9H.sub.2O), and a Co salt (e.g., Co(NO.sub.3).sub.2).Math.6H.sub.2O) are mixed, citric acid is added thereto as a gelatinizing agent, and the resulting mixture is blended with a solvent such as water (distilled water or ion-exchanged water). The ratio of each metal salt is determined as appropriate considering the composition of the target metal oxide. The amount of citric acid used as a gelatinizing agent can be set to be in a range from 10 to 1000 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the metal salts. Not only citric acid but also EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), glycine, or the like can be used as the gelatinizing agent.

(29) The above-mentioned mixture is gelatinized by heating the mixture to 50 to 90 C. to remove the solvent, for example. This gelatinized product is temporarily calcined in the air at 300 to 500 C. (e.g., 450 C.) for 10 minutes to 6 hours (e.g., one hour), for example, to synthesize a precursor. Next, this precursor is calcined in the air at 600 to 800 C. for 1 to 24 hours, for example, and thus Ca.sub.2FeCoO.sub.5, which is the product of interest and a brownmillerite-type oxide, can be synthesized. The calcination can also be performed under the calcination conditions in which the precursor is calcined at 600 C. for a predetermined period of time (1 to 12 hours) and then calcined at an increased temperature such as 800 C. for a predetermined period of time (6 to 12 hours), for example. The liquid phase reaction method allows the brownmillerite-type transition metal oxide, which is the product of interest, to be synthesized at a lower temperature compared with the solid phase reaction method, and the resulting oxide is obtained as particles having smaller particle diameters due to the lower calcination temperature. The particles having small particle diameters have large surface areas and thus are expected to have a high activity per unit mass when used as a catalyst. The surface area of the catalyst for an air electrode including the brownmillerite-type transition metal oxide according to the present invention can be set to be in a range from 0.1 to 100 m.sup.2/g, and preferably in a range from 1 to 100 m.sup.2/g, for example. It should be noted that it is not intended to be limited to this range. The particle diameter of the catalyst for an air electrode including the brownmillerite-type transition metal oxide according to the present invention is 100 m or less, for example, the particle diameter of the catalyst obtained using the solid phase reaction method is 1 to 50 m, and preferably 2 to 20 m, for example, and the particle diameter of the catalyst obtained using the liquid phase reaction method is in a range from 10 to 1000 nm, and preferably a range from 20 to 500 nm, for example. It should be noted that these particle diameters are merely examples.

(30) Although the details will be described in Examples, a brownmillerite-type transition metal oxide is used as a catalyst so that OER activity higher than or equal to that of Pt is exhibited. Ca.sub.2Fe.sub.2O.sub.5 exhibits OER activity equal to that of Pt, for example. Furthermore, when Ca.sub.2FeCoO.sub.5 obtained by replacing one Fe at the B site with Co was used, a high current of about 6 mA/cm.sup.2@1.6V vs RHE due to oxygen evolution was observed in a 0.1 mol dm.sup.3 KOH aqueous solution under the conditions shown in Example 1 (see FIG. 5). This is about three times as high as 2 mA/cm.sup.2@1.6 V vs RHE obtained when measuring Pt/C under the same conditions, and this activity is over twice higher than those of precious metal oxide catalysts such as IrO.sub.2 and RuO.sub.2, which was reported in the past. Also, in a high-concentration KOH aqueous solution (4.0 mol dm.sup.3) that is considered to be used in a metal-air secondary battery, better OER activity higher than the activity of Pt/C was exhibited in the same manner as in a 0.1 mol dm.sup.3 KOH aqueous solution (see FIG. 6). Furthermore, an example shown in Example 2 had an increased surface area and thus exhibited better OER activity than that of RuO.sub.2 having a similar surface area (see FIG. 10).

(31) The brownmillerite-type transition metal oxide according to the present invention is very useful in an air electrode and is very favorable as an air electrode used in hydrogen production by photodecomposition of water and in a metal-air secondary battery that is expected as a next-generation high-capacity secondary battery. The fact that is to be noted is that Ca.sub.2FeCoO.sub.5 including Fe and Co as a metal located at the B-site is used so that the OER activity significantly increases compared with Ca.sub.2Fe.sub.2O.sub.5 including only Fe as a metal located at the B-site. Therefore, Ca.sub.2FeCoO.sub.5 is highly likely to exhibit good OER catalyst properties due to a synergistic effect of two types of transition metals (Co, Fe), and it is preferable that B.sup.1 and B.sup.2 in Formula (1) represent a combination of different elements because better activity of the catalyst for an air electrode may be exhibited.

(32) Air Electrode

(33) The air electrode generally has a porous structure and includes an oxygen reaction catalyst as well as a conductive material. The air electrode may also include an oxygen reduction (ORR) catalyst, a binder, and the like as needed. The air electrode in a secondary battery needs to have OER catalytic activity as a function during charging and ORR catalytic activity as a function during discharging. The catalyst according to the present invention is an OER catalyst, and therefore, the air electrode can contain this catalyst as well as an ORR catalyst. The following is a chemical formula representing charging and discharging in the air electrode.

(34) ##STR00001##

(35) The content of the catalyst (OER catalyst) according to the present invention in the air electrode is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1 to 90 mass %, more preferably 10 to 60mass %, and even more preferably 30 to 50 mass %, for example, from the viewpoint of increasing the oxygen reaction performance of the air electrode.

(36) Examples of the ORR catalyst include Pt or a Pt-based material (e.g., PtCo, PtCoCr, PtW.sub.2C, or PtRuOx), a Pd-based material (e.g., PdTi, PdCr, PdCo, or PdCoAu), a metal oxide (e.g., ZrO.sub.2x, TiO.sub.x, TaN.sub.xO.sub.y, or IrMO.sub.x), a complex (Co-porphyrin complex), and others (e.g., PtMoRuSeO.sub.x or RuSe), but are not particularly limited thereto. Furthermore, examples thereof also includes LaNiO.sub.3, which was reported to be highly active by Suntivich et al. (Nat. Chem. 3, 546 (2011)), and CoO/N-doped CNT, which was reported by Li et al. (Nat. Commun. 4, 1805 (2013)). It should be noted that it is not intended to be limited thereto. A plurality of catalysts can also be used in combination considering the performance and characteristics of the catalysts. In addition, a co-catalyst (e.g., TiO.sub.x, RuO.sub.2, or SnO.sub.2) can also be used in combination with the above-mentioned catalyst. When the ORR catalyst is used in combination, the content of the ORR catalyst can be determined as appropriate considering the type and the catalytic activity of the ORR catalyst and set to 1 to 90 mass %, for example. It should be noted that it is not intended to be limited to this numerical value range.

(37) Although there is no particular limitation on the conductive material as long as the conductive material can be generally used as a conductive assistant, a preferable example thereof is conductive carbon. Specific examples thereof include mesoporous carbon, graphite, acetylene black, carbon nanotube, and carbon fiber. Conductive carbon having a large specific surface area is preferable because it provides many reaction sites in the air electrode. Specifically, the specific surface area of the conductive carbon is preferably 1 to 3000 m.sup.2/g, and particularly preferably 500 to 1500 m.sup.2/g. The catalyst for an air electrode may be supported by the conductive material.

(38) The content of the conductive material in the air electrode is preferably 10 to 99 mass %, particularly preferably 20 to 80 mass %, and even more preferably 20 to 50 mass % from the viewpoint of increasing discharging capacity, but is not particularly limited thereto.

(39) When the air electrode contains a binder, the catalyst and the conductive material can be immobilized to improve the cycling properties of a battery. There is no particular limitation on the binder, and examples thereof include polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and a copolymer thereof, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and a copolymer thereof, and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR). The content of the binder in the air electrode is preferably 1 to 40 mass %, particularly preferably 5 to 35 mass %, and even more preferably 10 to 35 mass % from the viewpoint of the binding capacity between carbon (conductive material) and the catalyst, but is not particularly limited thereto.

(40) A slurry prepared by dispersing the above-mentioned constituent materials of the air electrode in an appropriate solvent is applied to a base material and dried, and thus the air electrode can be formed. There is no particular limitation on the solvent, and examples thereof include acetone, N,N-dimethylformamide, and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP). Generally, it is preferable to mix the constituent materials of the air electrode with the solvent for not less than 3 hours, and preferably not less than 4 hours. There is no particular limitation on the mixing method, and a general method can be used.

(41) There is no particular limitation on the base material to which the slurry is applied, and examples thereof include a glass plate and a Teflon (registered trademark) plate. After the slurry has dried, the base material is peeled off from the resulting air electrode. Alternatively, an air electrode collector or a solid electrolyte layer can be used as the above-mentioned base material. In this case, the base material is not peeled off and is used as it is as a component of the metal-air secondary battery.

(42) There are no particular limitations on the method for applying a slurry and the method for drying a slurry, and general methods can be used. Examples of the application method include a spray method, a doctor blade method, and a gravure printing method, and examples of the drying method include heat drying and vacuum drying.

(43) There is no particular limitation on the thickness of the air electrode, and it is sufficient if the thickness is set as appropriate depending on the application and the like of the metal-air secondary battery. Generally, the thickness is preferably 5 to 100 m, 10 to 60 m, and particularly preferably 20 to 50 m.

(44) Generally, an air electrode collector that collects the current in the air electrode is connected to the air electrode. There are no limitations on the material and the shape of the air electrode collector. Examples of the material of the air electrode collector include stainless steel, aluminum, iron, nickel, titanium, and carbon. Examples of the shape of the air electrode collector include a foil shape, a plate shape, a mesh (grid shape), and a fibrous shape, and a porous shape such as a mesh shape is particularly preferable. This is because the porous collector supplies oxygen to the air electrode with good efficiency.

(45) Metal-Air Secondary Battery

(46) The metal-air secondary battery according to the present invention includes an air electrode that contains a catalyst including the above-mentioned brownmillerite-type transition metal oxide, a negative electrode that contains a negative electrode active material, and an electrolyte that intervenes between the air electrode and the negative electrode. The air electrode of the metal-air secondary battery according to the present invention contains the catalyst including the brownmillerite-type transition metal oxide, and this catalyst exhibits good OER catalyst properties. Accordingly, the metal-air secondary battery according to the present invention including the air electrode using this catalyst has a good charging speed and a good charging voltage.

(47) Also, as mentioned above, a catalyst having ORR catalytic activity can coexist in the air electrode. Alternatively, an electrode for oxygen reduction (ORR) that includes a catalyst having ORR catalytic activity can be provided in addition to the air electrode for oxygen evolution (OER), which contains a catalyst including the brownmillerite-type transition metal oxide. In this case, the metal-air secondary battery includes the air electrode for oxygen reduction and the air electrode for oxygen evolution (three-electrode type). The air electrode for oxygen reduction is used during discharging, and the air electrode for oxygen evolution is used during charging. The catalyst having ORR catalytic activity is as described above, and the air electrode for oxygen evolution can be obtained by using this catalyst and the conductive material and binder mentioned in the above description of the air electrode.

(48) Hereinafter, an example of the configuration of the metal-air secondary battery according to the present invention will be described. It should be noted that the metal-air secondary battery according to the present invention is not limited to the configuration described below. FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view illustrating an example of the form of the metal-air secondary battery according to the present invention. A metal-air secondary battery 1 includes an air electrode 2 that uses oxygen as an active material, a negative electrode 3 that contains a negative electrode active material, an electrolyte 4 that performs ionic conduction between the air electrode 2 and the negative electrode 3, an air electrode collector 5 that collects the current in the air electrode 2, and a negative electrode collector 6 that collects the current in the negative electrode 3, and these are accommodated in a battery case (not shown). The air electrode collector 5, which collects the current in the air electrode 2, is electrically connected to the air electrode 2 and has a porous structure that enables oxygen supply to the air electrode 2. The negative electrode collector 6, which collects the current in the negative electrode 3, is electrically connected to the negative electrode 3, and one of the end portions of the air electrode collector 5 and one of the end portions of the negative electrode collector 6 project from the battery case. These end portions of the air electrode collector 5 and the negative electrode collector 6 function as a positive electrode terminal (not shown) and a negative electrode terminal (not shown), respectively.

(49) Negative Electrode

(50) The negative electrode contains the negative electrode active material. There is no particular limitation on the negative electrode active material, and a general negative electrode active material for an air battery can be used. Generally, the negative electrode active material can occlude and release metal ions. Specific examples of the negative electrode active material include a metal such as Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Zn, Al, and Fe; an alloy, oxide, and nitride of these metals; and a carbon material.

(51) In particular, a zinc-air secondary battery is superior in terms of safety and is expected as a next-generation secondary battery. It should be noted that a lithium-air secondary battery and a magnesium-air secondary battery are favorable from the viewpoint of high voltage and high output.

(52) An example of the zinc-air secondary battery will be described below, and the following is the reaction formulae.
Negative electrode: Zn+4OH.sup.Zn(OH).sub.4.sup.2+2e.sup.
(Electrolytic solution) Zn(OH).sub.4.sup.2ZnO+H.sub.2O+2OH.sup.
Positive electrode: O.sub.2+2H.sub.2O+4e.sup.4OH.sup.
Battery reaction: 2Zn+O.sub.22ZnOChemical Formula 3

(53) In the zinc-air secondary battery according to the present invention, a material that can occlude and release zinc ions is used in the negative electrode. In addition to a zinc metal, a zinc alloy can be used in such a negative electrode. Examples of the zinc alloy include zinc alloys containing one or more elements selected from aluminum, indium, magnesium, tin, titanium, and copper.

(54) Examples of the negative electrode active material of the lithium-air secondary battery include a lithium metal, a lithium alloy such as a lithium-aluminum alloy, a lithium-tin alloy, a lithium-lead alloy, or a lithium-silicon alloy; a metal oxide such as a tin oxide, a silicon oxide, a lithium-titanium oxide, a niobium oxide, or a tungsten oxide; a metal sulfide such as a tin sulfide or a titanium sulfide; a metal nitride such as a lithium-cobalt nitride, a lithium-iron nitride, or a lithium-manganese nitride; and a carbon material such as graphite, and in particular, a lithium metal is preferable.

(55) Furthermore, a material that can occlude and release magnesium ions is used as the negative electrode active material for the magnesium-air secondary battery. In addition to a magnesium metal, a magnesium alloy such as a magnesium-aluminum alloy, a magnesium-silicon alloy, or a magnesium-gallium alloy can be used in such a negative electrode.

(56) When a metal, an alloy, or the like having a foil shape or a plate shape is used as the negative electrode active material, the negative electrode active material having a foil shape or a plate shape itself can be used as the negative electrode.

(57) Although it is sufficient if the negative electrode contains at least the negative electrode active material, a binding material for immobilizing the negative electrode active material may be contained in the negative electrode as needed. The type of binding material, the amount of binding material used, and the like are the same as those in the above-described air electrode, and therefore, the description thereof will be omitted.

(58) Generally, a negative electrode collector that collects the current in the negative electrode is connected to the negative electrode. There is no limitation on the material and the shape of the negative electrode collector. Examples of the material of the negative electrode collector include stainless steel, copper, and nickel. Examples of the shape of the negative electrode collector include a foil shape, a plate shape, and a mesh (grid shape).

(59) Electrolyte

(60) The electrolyte is arranged between the air electrode and the negative electrode. Metal ions are conducted between the negative electrode and the air electrode via the electrolyte. There is no particular limitation on the form of the electrolyte, and examples thereof include a liquid electrolyte, a gel electrolyte, and a solid electrolyte.

(61) When the negative electrode is made of zinc or a zinc alloy, for example, an alkali aqueous solution such as a potassium hydroxide aqueous solution or a sodium hydroxide aqueous solution that contains zinc oxide may be used, or an aqueous solution that contains zinc chloride or zinc perchlorate may be used, or a non-aqueous solvent that contains zinc perchlorate or zinc bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide may be used. Also, when the negative electrode is made of magnesium or a magnesium alloy, for example, a non-aqueous solvent that contains magnesium perchlorate or magnesium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide may be used. Here, examples of the non-aqueous solvent include organic solvents used in conventional secondary batteries and capacitors, such as ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), -butyrolactone (-BL), diethyl carbonate (DEC), and dimethyl carbonate (DMC). These solvents may be used alone or in a combination of two or more. Alternatively, an ionic liquid such as N,N-diethyl-N-methyl-N-(2-methoxyethyl)ammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (am) may be used.

(62) It is preferable that the electrolytic solution includes a dendrite formation inhibitor in the secondary battery according to the present invention. It is thought that the dendrite formation inhibitor adsorbs to the surface of the negative electrode during charging to reduce the difference in energy between crystal faces and prevent a preferred orientation, and thus suppresses the formation of a dendrite. Although there is no particular limitation on the dendrite formation inhibitor, at least one selected from the group consisting of polyalkylene imines, polyallyl amines, and unsymmetrical dialkyl sulfones can be used, for example (see JP 2009-93983A, for example). Also, although there is no particular limitation on the amount of the dendrite formation inhibitor used, the inhibitor at an amount with which the electrolytic solution is saturated at the normal temperature under the atmospheric pressure may be used, or the inhibitor may be used as a solvent.

(63) Generally, a liquid electrolyte having lithium ion conductivity is a non-aqueous electrolytic solution containing a lithium salt and a non-aqueous solvent. Examples of the above-mentioned lithium salt include inorganic lithium salts such as LiPF.sub.6, LiBF.sub.4, LiClO.sub.4, and LiAsF.sub.6; and organic lithium salts such as LiCF.sub.3SO.sub.3, LiN(CF.sub.3SO.sub.2).sub.2, LiN(C.sub.2F.sub.5SO.sub.2).sub.2, and LiC(CF.sub.3SO.sub.2).sub.3.

(64) Examples of the above-mentioned non-aqueous solvent include ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), butylene carbonate, -butyrolactone, sulfolane, acetonitrile, 1,2-dimethoxymethane, 1,3-dimethoxypropane, diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, and a mixture thereof. An ionic liquid can also be used as the non-aqueous solvent.

(65) The concentration of lithium salt in the non-aqueous electrolytic solution is preferably in a range from 0.1 mol/L to 3 mol/L, and more preferably 1 mol/L, for example, but is not particularly limited thereto. It should be noted that in the present invention, a liquid having a low volatility such as an ionic liquid may be used as the non-aqueous electrolytic solution.

(66) The gel electrolyte having lithium ion conductivity can be obtained by adding a polymer to the above-mentioned non-aqueous electrolytic solution to gelatinize the solution, for example. Specifically, the gelatinization can be performed by adding a polymer such as polyethylene oxide (PEO), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF, e.g., Kyner manufactured by Arkema), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), or polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) to the above-mentioned non-aqueous electrolytic solution.

(67) There is no particular limitation on the solid electrolyte having lithium ion conductivity, and it is possible to use a general solid electrolyte that can be used in a lithium metal-air secondary battery. Examples thereof include oxide solid electrolytes such as Li.sub.1.5Al.sub.0.5Ge.sub.1.5(PO.sub.4).sub.3; and sulfide solid electrolytes such as a Li.sub.2SP.sub.2S.sub.5 compound, a Li.sub.2SSiS.sub.2 compound, and a Li.sub.2SGeS.sub.2 compound.

(68) Although the thickness of the electrolyte greatly varies depending on the configuration of the battery, it is preferable to set the thickness to be in a range from 10 m to 5000 m, for example.

(69) Additional Configuration

(70) It is preferable to arrange a separator between the air electrode and the negative electrode in the metal-air secondary battery according to the present invention in order to reliably perform electrical insulation between these electrodes. There is no particular limitation on the separator as long as the separator allows the electrical insulation to be secured between the air electrode and the negative electrode and has a structure in which the electrolyte can intervene between the air electrode and the negative electrode.

(71) Examples of the separator include porous membranes made of polyethylene, polypropylene, cellulose, polyvinylidene fluoride, glass ceramics, and the like; and nonwoven fabrics made of a resin, glass fiber, and the like. In particular, the separator made of glass ceramics is preferable.

(72) A typical battery case for a metal-air secondary battery can be used as the battery case for accommodating the metal-air secondary battery. There is no particular limitation on the shape of the battery case as long as the air electrode, the negative electrode, and the electrolyte mentioned above can be held, and specific examples thereof include a coin shape, a flat plate shape, a cylindrical shape, and a laminate shape.

(73) In the metal-air secondary battery according to the present invention, discharging can be performed by supplying oxygen serving as an active material to the air electrode. Examples of the oxygen supply source include air and oxygen gas, and oxygen gas is preferable. There is no particular limitation on the supply pressure of air or oxygen gas, and it is sufficient if the supply pressure is set as appropriate.

(74) The catalyst for an air electrode including the brownmillerite-type transition metal oxide according to the present invention is useful in a metal-air secondary battery as well as other fields in which an OER electrode catalyst is used. The OER electrode catalyst has been studied or used as a counter electrode reaction of various electrochemical reactions for a long time, and can be diverted for an electrolytic technique such as alkali metal plating or electrolytic degreasing, and an electrolytic protection technique. Recently, the application of the combination of the OER electrode and a solar battery or a photocatalyst is anticipated as being a highly efficient clean hydrogen producing technique.

EXAMPLES

(75) Hereinafter, the present invention will be described more specifically by way of examples, but the present invention is not limited to the following examples.

Example 1

(76) Synthesis Method

(77) The brownmillerite-type transition metal oxides: Ca.sub.2Fe.sub.2O.sub.5, Ca.sub.2FeCoO.sub.5, and Ca.sub.2FeMnO.sub.5 were synthesized as follows. Mixtures were obtained using CaCO.sub.3, Fe.sub.2O.sub.3, Co.sub.3O.sub.4, and Mn.sub.2O.sub.3 as raw materials. Ca.sub.2Fe.sub.2O.sub.5 and Ca.sub.2FeCoO.sub.5 were synthesized by performing calcination in the air at 1100 C. for 12 hours and at 1200 C. for 12 hours, and Ca.sub.2FeMnO.sub.5 was synthesized by performing calcination in an argon flow at 1100 C. for 12 hours (solid phase reaction method).

(78) Samples were evaluated with the following method.

(79) Phase identification:

(80) X-ray diffraction, Rigaku Ultima IV

(81) equipped with a high-speed one dimensional semiconductor detector

(82) The obtained samples were subjected to the phase identification and structure analysis by X-ray diffraction (FIGS. 1 to 3). It was confirmed from the X-ray diffraction patterns determined by a simulation and the previous reports (Non-Patent Documents 3 to 6) that the single-phase Ca.sub.2Fe.sub.2O.sub.5, Ca.sub.2FeCoO.sub.5, and Ca.sub.2FeMnO.sub.5 were synthesized using the solid phase reaction method (a small amount of impurities were mixed in Ca.sub.2FeMnO.sub.5).

(83) Ca.sub.2Fe.sub.2O.sub.5

(84) Pcmn

(85) a=0.5595 nm

(86) b=1.4827 nm

(87) c=0.5407 nm

(88) Non-Patent Document 3: P. Berastegui et al., Mater. Res. Bull. 1999, 34, 303.

(89) Ca.sub.2FeCoO.sub.5

(90) Pbcm

(91) a=0.5365 nm

(92) b=1.1100 nm

(93) c=1.4798 nm

(94) Non-Patent Document 4: F. Ramezanipour et al., Chem. Mater. 2010, 22, 6008.

(95) Ca.sub.2Fe.sub.2xMn.sub.xO.sub.5

(96) Pnma

(97) x=0.96:

(98) a=0.53055 nm

(99) b=1.5322 nm

(100) c=0.54587 nm

(101) x=0.67:

(102) a=0.53385 nm

(103) b=1.5154 nm

(104) c=0.55009 nm

(105) Non-Patent Document 5: F. Ramezanipour et al., J. Solid State Chem. 2009, 182, 153.

(106) Non-Patent Document 6: F. Ramezanipour et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 3215.

(107) Production of Electrode

(108) 50 mg of obtained Ca.sub.2Fe.sub.2O.sub.5, Ca.sub.2FeCoO.sub.5, or Ca.sub.2FeMnO.sub.5, acetylene black that had been immersed in nitric acid at 80 C. overnight and then cleaned and dried, and Nafion (registered trademark) that had been neutralized using NaOH were mixed at a weight ratio of 5:1:1, and an appropriate amount of ethanol was added thereto to prepare a catalyst suspension. This suspension was dripped onto a glassy carbon (GC) electrode (having a diameter of 5 mm) four times such that the rate of the brownmillerite-type transition metal oxide catalyst was 1.0 mg/cm.sup.2, and then dried at room temperature, so that an OER catalyst was obtained (see FIG. 4). For the purpose of comparison, Ketjen black (KB) and a dinitrodiamine platinum (II) nitric acid solution were mixed and reacted in an oil bath at 100 C. for 4 hours and then cleaned and dried to synthesize a 30 wt % Pt/KB precious metal catalyst. This catalyst was applied to a GC electrode in the same manner as mentioned above.

(109) Electrochemical Measurement

(110) Electrochemical measurement was performed using a three-electrode type electrochemical cell made of Teflon (registered trademark). A platinum plate was used as a counter electrode, and a Hg/HgO/0.1 mol dm.sup.3 KOH aq. was used as a reference electrode. A sweep was performed at a sweep speed of 1 mV/s in a predetermined potential range, and a 0.1 mol dm.sup.3 KOH aqueous solution and a 4.0 mol dm.sup.3 KOH aqueous solution were used as the electrolytic solution.

(111) The electrochemical measurement was performed under the following conditions according to a commonly used procedure.

(112) WE: Ca.sub.2Fe.sub.2O.sub.5 or Ca.sub.2FeCoO.sub.5 or Ca.sub.2FeMnO.sub.5/GC

(113) CE: Pt

(114) RE: Hg/HgO/0.1 mol dm.sup.3 KOH aq.

(115) Electrolytic solution: 0.1 or 4.0 mol/dm.sup.3 KOH aq.

(116) Sweep range: 0.8 to 0.66 V vs. Hg/HgO/0.1 mol dm.sup.3 KOH aq.

(117) Sweep speed: 1 mV/sec

(118) As a result of the electrochemical measurement using Ca.sub.2Fe.sub.2O.sub.5, Ca.sub.2FeCoO.sub.5, and Ca.sub.2FeMnO.sub.5 in a 0.1 mol dm.sup.3 KOH aqueous solution as shown in FIG. 5, when Ca.sub.2Fe.sub.2O.sub.5 and Ca.sub.2FeMnO.sub.5 were used, a current due to the OER started to be observed at about 1.5 V vs RHE, and when Ca.sub.2FeCoO.sub.5 was used, a current due to the OER started to be observed at about 1.4 V vs RHE. With regard to a current value at 1.6 V vs RHE, the current value in the case of Ca.sub.2Fe.sub.2O.sub.5 was substantially the same as that in the case of Pt/KB (about 2 mA/cm.sup.2), and the current value in the case of Ca.sub.2FeCoO.sub.5 or Ca.sub.2FeMnO.sub.5 was higher than that in the case of Pt/KB. In particular, when Ca.sub.2FeCoO.sub.5 was used, a current (about 6 mA/cm.sup.2) was observed that was three times as high as that in the case of Pt/KB, and this current value was twice as high as those in the case of IrO.sub.2 (about 3 mA/cm.sup.2) and RuO.sub.2 (about 2.5 mA/cm.sup.2) described in Non-Patent Document 1, which are precious metal oxide catalysts having OER activity higher than that of Pt. It was found from the results above that the brownmillerite-type Ca.sub.2FeCoO.sub.5 catalyst exhibited activity against the OER that was significantly higher than those of the precious metal catalysts, which were previously reported.

(119) When these are applied as an air electrode of a metal-air secondary battery that is expected as a next-generation high-capacity secondary battery, it is thought that the electrodes need to be used in a high-concentration alkali electrolytic solution such as a 4.0 mol dm.sup.3 KOH aqueous solution. Therefore, the measurement was performed in the same manner (see FIG. 6). When Ca.sub.2FeCoO.sub.5 was used, a current (about 6 mA/cm.sup.2) that was about twice as high as that in the case of Pt/KB (about 3 mA/cm.sup.2) at 1.6 V vs RHE was observed, and it was thus revealed that catalytic activity better than those of precious metal OER catalysts was exhibited even in the high-concentration alkali electrolytic solution. Since these catalysts are oxide catalysts that contain no precious metals and include only transition metals, it is thought that these catalysts are very useful for practical application of the metal-air secondary battery in future from the viewpoint of cost and reserves. Moreover, the results shown in FIG. 6 indicate a possibility that Ca.sub.2FeCoO.sub.5 can be used to provide an air secondary battery having a charging and discharging efficiency of not less than 60% depending on the conditions.

Example 2

(120) A liquid phase synthesis method for synthesizing Ca.sub.2FeCoO.sub.5, which is a brownmillerite-type transition metal oxide, will be described below. Ca(NO.sub.3).sub.2.Math.4H.sub.2O, Fe(NO.sub.3).sub.3.Math.9H.sub.2O, Co(NO.sub.3).sub.2.Math.6H.sub.2O, and citric acid (CA) were used as raw materials and mixed at a ratio of Ca:Fe:Co:CA=2:1:1:4. 16 g of the resulting mixture and 100 g of water were mixed to prepare an aqueous solution. The resulting aqueous solution was heated to about 70 C. to remove the solvent and perform gelatinization. This gelatinized mixture was temporarily calcined in the air at 450 C. for 1 hour to synthesize a precursor. Next, this precursor was calcined in the air at 600 C. for 6 hours. A sample obtained by additionally performing calcination at 800 C. for 12 hours was also produced.

(121) The brownmillerite-type transition metal oxide Ca.sub.2FeCoO.sub.5 obtained using the liquid phase reaction method or Ca.sub.2FeCoO.sub.5 obtained in Example 1 above (solid phase reaction method), acetylene black that had been immersed in nitric acid at 80 C. overnight and then cleaned and dried, and Nafion (registered trademark) that had been neutralized using NaOH were mixed at a weight ratio of 5:1:1, and an appropriate amount of ethanol was added thereto to prepare a catalyst suspension. This suspension was dripped onto a glassy carbon (GC) electrode such that the rate of the brownmillerite-type transition metal oxide catalyst was 1.0 mg/cm.sup.2, and then dried at room temperature, so that an OER catalyst was obtained. For the purpose of comparison, electrodes in which commercially available IrO.sub.2 (0.89 m.sup.2/g) and RuO.sub.2 (8.38 m.sup.2/g) were used instead of Ca.sub.2FeCoO.sub.5 were also evaluated.

(122) Electrochemical measurement was performed using a three-electrode type electrochemical cell made of Teflon (registered trademark). A platinum plate was used as a counter electrode, and a Hg/HgO/KOH was used as a reference electrode. A sweep was performed at a sweep speed of 1 mV/s in a predetermined potential range, and assuming the application to an air electrode of a metal-air secondary battery, a 4.0 mol dm.sup.3 KOH aqueous solution, which is a high-concentration alkali electrolytic solution, was used as the electrolytic solution.

(123) FIG. 8 illustrates Ca.sub.2FeCoO.sub.5 X-ray diffraction patterns of the samples obtained using the solid phase reaction method and the phase reaction method and a Ca.sub.2FeCoO.sub.5 X-ray diffraction pattern determined by a simulation. A peak assigned to Ca.sub.2FeCoO.sub.5 was also confirmed in the sample synthesized in this example (liquid phase reaction method), and it can be seen that the single-phase was synthesized.

(124) FIG. 9 illustrates scanning electron micrographs of Ca.sub.2FeCoO.sub.5 obtained using the solid phase reaction method and the liquid phase reaction method. Ca.sub.2FeCoO.sub.5 obtained using the solid phase reaction method (Example 1) had a particle diameter of 10 to 5 m, whereas Ca.sub.2FeCoO.sub.5 synthesized using the liquid phase reaction method (Example 2) at 800 C. had a particle diameter of about 200 to 400 nm, and Ca.sub.2FeCoO.sub.5 synthesized with the liquid phase reaction method at 600 C. was micronized and had a particle diameter of about 50 to 20 nm. As is clear from BET surface areas, Ca.sub.2FeCoO.sub.5 synthesized using the solid phase reaction method had a BET surface area of 0.13 m.sup.2/g, whereas Ca.sub.2FeCoO.sub.5 synthesized using the liquid phase reaction method at 800 C. had a BET surface area of 3.85 m.sup.2/g, and Ca.sub.2FeCoO.sub.5 synthesized using the liquid phase reaction method at 600 C. had a BET surface area of 18.9 m.sup.2/g, which was over 100 times higher.

(125) FIG. 10 illustrates the results of electrochemical measurement using Ca.sub.2FeCoO.sub.5 obtained using the solid phase reaction method and the liquid phase reaction method. FIG. 10 also illustrates the measurement results of IrO.sub.2 and RuO.sub.2, which are said to currently have the highest OER activity of the precious metal oxide catalysts. When Ca.sub.2FeCoO.sub.5 obtained using the solid phase reaction method (Example 1) was used, a current due to the OER started to be observed at about 1.48 V vs RHE, and it can be seen that the current at 1.6 V vs RHE was about 6 mA/cm.sup.2. In contrast, when Ca.sub.2FeCoO.sub.5 obtained using the liquid phase reaction method (Example 2) was used, a current due to the OER started to be observed at about 1.42 V vs RHE in both the cases of the sample synthesized at 800 C. and the sample synthesized at 600 C. The current at 1.6 V vs RHE was about 100 mA/cm.sup.2 in the case of the sample synthesized at 800 C., and the current at 1.6 V vs RHE was about 140 mA/cm.sup.2 in the case of the sample synthesized at 600 C. Thus, this observed current was up to over 20 times higher than that of Ca.sub.2FeCoO.sub.5 obtained using the solid phase reaction method. It can be seen that activity was increased due to the increased surface area.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

(126) The present invention is useful in the fields of a secondary battery, a metal-air secondary battery that is expected as a next-generation high-capacity secondary battery, and hydrogen production by photodecomposition of water.