Process for producing ammonia synthesis gas

Abstract

A process for producing ammonia synthesis gas from the reforming of hydrocarbons with steam in a primary reformer (1) equipped with a plurality of externally heated catalytic tubes and then together with air in a secondary reformer (2) is characterized in that the reaction of said hydrocarbons with said steam in said primary reformer (1) is performed at an operating pressure of more than 35 bar in the catalytic tubes, in that air is added to said secondary reformer in excess over the nitrogen amount required for ammonia synthesis and in that the excess of nitrogen is removed downstream the secondary reformer preferably by cryogenic separation or by molecular sieves of the TAS or PSA type. This process allows to obtain high synthesis gas production capacities and lower investment and energy costs.

Claims

1. A process for producing ammonia synthesis gas, comprising the steps of: feeding a gas flow comprising hydrocarbons and a gas flow comprising steam to a primary reformer equipped with a plurality of externally heated catalytic tubes, reacting said hydrocarbons with said steam in the catalytic tubes of said primary reformer at an operating pressure of more than 35 bar in the catalytic tubes, obtaining a product gas, feeding said product gas and a flow of air to a secondary reformer in the absence of added hydrocarbons, said air being added in excess over the nitrogen amount required for ammonia synthesis for reforming all the hydrocarbons content of said product gas exiting the primary reformer, subjecting said product gas to reaction with said air and then to secondary reforming, obtaining a reformed gas comprising nitrogen in excess over the amount required for ammonia synthesis, hydrogen, carbon oxides and unreacted steam, and removing carbon oxides and excess nitrogen from said reformed gas to obtain said synthesis gas, wherein the outlet temperature of said gas product from the tubes of the primary reformer does not exceed 750 C. so as to increase the lifetime of said tubes; wherein said step of removing carbon oxides and excess nitrogen from said reformed gas comprises the following operative stages: removing carbon monoxide from said reformed gas by catalytic conversion with unreacted steam into carbon dioxide and hydrogen, removing carbon dioxide by scrubbing said reformed gas with a solution or solvent after said step of carbon monoxide removal, so obtaining a reformed gas still including carbon oxides, and one of: removing said carbon oxides from said reformed gas containing them by catalytic conversion to methane, obtaining a reformed gas deprived of carbon oxides, and removing excess nitrogen from said reformed gas deprived of carbon oxides by cryogenic separation; and removing said carbon oxides and said excess nitrogen by passing said reformed gas still including carbon oxides through a PSA or TSA molecular sieve.

2. The process according to claim 1, wherein said excess of air is comprised in the range of 15% to 100% over the air amount necessary to produce the nitrogen content required for ammonia synthesis.

3. The process according to claim 1, wherein said operating pressure in the catalytic tubes of the primary reformer is in the range of 40-100 bar.

4. The process according to claim 3, wherein said operating pressure in the catalytic tubes of the primary reformer is about 60 bar and wherein said outlet temperature is in the range of 650-750 C.

5. A process for producing ammonia from gas synthesis, comprising the steps of: feeding a gas flow comprising hydrocarbons and a gas flow comprising steam to a primary reformer equipped with a plurality of externally heated catalytic tubes, reacting said hydrocarbons with said steam in the catalytic tubes of said primary reformer at an operating pressure of more than 35 bar in the catalytic tubes, obtaining a product gas, feeding said product gas and a flow of air to a secondary reformer in the absence of added hydrocarbons, said air being added in excess over the nitrogen amount required in the final synthesis gas for ammonia synthesis for reforming all the hydrocarbons content of said product gas exiting the primary reformer, subjecting said product gas to reaction with said air and then to secondary reforming, obtaining a reformed gas comprising nitrogen in excess over the amount required for ammonia synthesis, hydrogen, carbon oxides and unreacted steam, removing carbon oxides excess nitrogen from said second reformed gas to obtain said synthesis gas, and feeding said synthesis gas to a ammonia synthesis loop and reacting it under conditions effective to obtain ammonia, wherein the outlet temperature of said gas product from the tubes of the primary reformer does not exceed 750 C.

6. The process according to claim 5, wherein said step of removing carbon oxides and excess nitrogen from said reformed gas comprises the following operative stages: removing carbon monoxide from said reformed gas with unreacted steam by catalytic conversion into carbon dioxide and hydrogen, removing carbon dioxide by scrubbing said reformed gas with a solution or solvent after said step of carbon monoxide removal, so obtaining a reformed gas still including carbon oxides, removing said carbon oxides from said reformed gas containing them by catalytic conversion to methane, obtaining a reformed gas deprived of carbon oxides, and removing excess nitrogen from said reformed gas deprived of carbon oxides by cryogenic separation.

7. The process according to claim 5, wherein said step of removing carbon oxides and said excess nitrogen from said reformed gas comprises the following operative stages: removing carbon monoxide from said reformed gas by catalytic conversion with some unreacted steam into carbon dioxide and hydrogen, removing carbon dioxide by scrubbing said reformed gas with a solution or solvent after said step of carbon monoxide removal, so obtaining a reformed gas still including carbon oxides, removing said carbon oxides and said excess nitrogen by passing said reformed gas still including carbon oxides through a PSA or TSA molecular sieve.

8. The process according to claim 2, wherein said excess of air is comprised in the range of 20% to 40% over the air amount necessary to produce the nitrogen content required for ammonia synthesis.

9. The process according to claim 3, wherein said operating pressure in the catalytic tubes of the primary reformer is in the range of 60-80 bar.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

(1) FIG. 1 shows schematically a plant for producing ammonia synthesis gas according to an embodiment of the present invention, said plant being shown in fluid communication with a ammonia synthesis loop of a ammonia plant.

(2) FIG. 2 shows schematically a plant for producing ammonia synthesis gas according to another embodiment of the present invention, said plant being shown in fluid communication with a ammonia synthesis loop of a ammonia plant.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

(3) In FIG. 1, a plant is shown schematically that illustrates the process steps according to the present invention for producing ammonia synthesis gas through primary and secondary reforming of a gaseous flow comprising hydrocarbons. In the process illustrated hereafter, the raw material employed as a source of hydrocarbons consists of natural gas.

(4) With reference to FIG. 1, reference number 1 indicates a primary reformer, reference number 2 indicates a secondary reformer, reference number 3 indicates a series of CO shift converters (which only one is shown of), reference number 4 indicates a CO2 washing column, reference number 5 indicates a methanator and block 6 indicates a ammonia synthesis loop of a ammonia plant.

(5) The low line 7 indicates a gas flow of natural gas which has been previously deprived of sulphur in a conventional manner and the flow line 8 indicates a flow gas of steam.

(6) The desulphurized natural gas flow 7 is mixed with the steam flow 8 in a ratio of approximately 2.5 to 5 mols of steam per mol of carbon in natural gas and the resulting mixture is fed, through the flow line 9, to a heat exchanger 10, where it is pre-heated to a temperature of around 500 C. and the pre-heated mixture is fed, through the flow line 11 to the primary reformer 1.

(7) The primary reformer 1 comprises internally a plurality of tubes (not shown) filled with a suitable catalyst, per se conventional, which are externally heated through a thermal exchange fluid indicated by the flow line 12.

(8) According to the present invention, the catalytic tubes in the primary reformer are heated so as to have a outlet temperature from the tubes in the range of 650-750 C. while the gas mixture comprising hydrocarbons and steam fed to the primary reformer 1 enters the tubes to an operating pressure of about 60 bar.

(9) In addition, in the present example, all the natural gas feed is supplied to the primary reformer 1.

(10) The product gas exiting the primary reformer 1 at a temperature of 650-750 C. and a pressure of around 60 bar, is supplied, through the flow line 13, to the secondary reformer 2 which also receives an oxidant flow gas consisting of air supplied through the flow line 14.

(11) According to the invention, the air is supplied to the secondary reformer 2 in excess over the nitrogen amount required in the final synthesis gas for ammonia synthesis, to compensate the increased hydrocarbon content in the product gas exiting the primary reformer, as a result of using both an increased pressure and a reduced temperature with respect to the prior art.

(12) The secondary reformer 2 includes, in this example, a catalytic bed 2a of a suitable catalyst (for example a nickel-based catalyst) and a overlying reaction space 2b. The oxygen fed to the secondary reformer 2 (through air) reacts with the product gas exiting the primary reformer 1 in the reaction space 2b to produce a second gas product at elevated temperature.

(13) Then, such a second product gas passes through the catalytic bed 2a of the secondary reformer where endothermically reforming reaction occurs (exploiting the heat content of said second product gas) which substantially completes the reforming process, so obtaining a reformed gas comprising nitrogen (in excess), hydrogen, carbon oxides and residual steam.

(14) According to an alternative embodiment (not shown), the secondary reformer 2 may be free of catalytic bed 2a. In this case, it will include one or more reaction spaces, as the reaction space 2b indicated above, for carrying out and completing the reforming process.

(15) The final reformed gas exiting the secondary reformer 2 has a temperature of around 1000 C. and a pressure of around 60 bar. It is supplied first to a heat exchangers 16, through the flow line 17, where it is cooled to a temperature of around 350 C. and then to a series (normally two) of CO shift converters 3, through the flow line 18.

(16) In the CO shift converters 3, the carbon monoxide content of the reformed gas is catalytically converted with unreacted steam to carbon dioxide plus and additional volume of hydrogen. The outlet condition from the last (second) CO shift converter 3 is around 220 C. with at least 98% of the inlet CO converted. The reformer gas exiting the last CO shift converter 3 is fed to a heat exchanger 19 (through the flow line 20) where it is cooled to near ambient temperature and the cooled gas is fed to a separator 21 (through the flow line 22) for separation of condensate.

(17) The gas leaving the separator 21 flows, through the flow line 22a, to a CO2 washing column 4 in which most of the carbon dioxide content is almost completely removed by scrubbing with a appropriate solvent such as an aqueous solution of an amine or of potassium carbonate. The outlet gas flow from the top of the column 4 consists essentially of hydrogen and nitrogen in excess with traces of hydrocarbons (methane) and carbon oxides.

(18) This gas is fed, through the flow line 24, to a heat exchanger 23, where it is heated to a temperature of around 300 C., and then to the methanator reactor 5 through the flow line 25. The methanator reactor 5 contains a bed of an appropriate catalyst, for example a nickel-based catalyst, for converting the traces of carbon oxides to methane so avoiding poisoning of the down-stream ammonia synthesis catalyst by these oxygen-containing compounds.

(19) The gas exiting the methanator reactor 5 is cooled in a heat exchanger 26, in which it is fed through the flow line 27, and the cooled gas is fed to a separator 28, through the flow line 29, for separating condensate.

(20) The gas exiting the separator 28 is then fed through the flow line 30 to a cryogenic separator 40 where nitrogen in excess over the amount required for ammonia synthesis is separated (removed) together with most of the methane obtained in the methanator reactor 5 and some hydrogen, so obtaining a ammonia synthesis gas comprising nitrogen and hydrogen in an appropriate molar ratio for ammonia synthesis (i.e. a H2/N2 molar ratio corresponding or close to 3:1) and a separated gas.

(21) The separated gas is recovered from the cryogenic separator 40 through the flow line 41 and normally used as supplementary fuel while the ammonia synthesis gas is fed to a compressor 33 (through the flow line 42) where it is compressed to the pressure required for ammonia synthesis for example 150 bar.

(22) Since, according to the present invention, the ammonia synthesis gas is obtained with a higher pressure than the prior art (in this example around 60 bar), lower installation and operating costs are advantageously obtained in connection with the compressor 33.

(23) Finally, the compressed synthesis gas is supplied to the synthesis loop 6, through the flow line 31, where it is reacted in conditions effective to produce ammonia. The ammonia so obtained is discharged from the synthesis loop 6 through the flow line 32.

(24) FIG. 2 shows schematically a plant for producing ammonia synthesis gas according to another embodiment of the present invention.

(25) To the elements of the plant of FIG. 2 which are identical or equivalent to corresponding elements of the plant of FIG. 1 described above will be attributed the same reference numbers of the latter and will not be further described.

(26) As can be seen from FIG. 2, this plant differs from the plant of FIG. 1 described above in that it includes a separator 60 having a molecular sieve of the PSA or TSA type in place of the cryogenic separator 40.

(27) In addition, the separator 60 receives directly, through the flow line 61, the gaseous mixture exiting the washing column 4 for carbon oxides and excess nitrogen separation. As a result, the methanator reactor 5 and the related equipments are not necessary anymore so obtaining a semplication of the plant and a reduction of the investment, maintenance and operating costs.

(28) In this separator 60, carbon oxides and excess nitrogen are preferentially adsorbed in the micropores of the molecular sieve according to the PSA or TSA procedure so obtaining a ammonia synthesis gas comprising nitrogen and hydrogen in an appropriate molar ratio for ammonia synthesis (i.e. a H2/N2 molar ratio corresponding or close to 3:1) and a separated gas.

(29) The separated gas is recovered from the separator 60 through the flow line 62 during the regeneration step of the molecular sieve (according to the PSA or TSA procedure described above) and is normally used as supplementary fuel while the ammonia synthesis gas is fed to a compressor 33 (through the flow line 42) where it is compressed to the pressure required for ammonia synthesis for example 150 bar.

(30) Still referring to FIG. 2, further embodiments can provide one or more intermediate equipments (e.g. a heat exchanger or a compressor) along line 61, between column 4 and separator 60, according to the needs and to known technique.

(31) According to a still further embodiment of the present invention, a pre-reformer is provided downstream to the primary reformer 1. Such a pre-reformer, which is per-se of conventional type and thus it is not shown in FIG. 1 or 2, is operated in an adiabatic manner, i.e. without heat exchange. The pre-reformer is fed with the flow of natural gas 7 and part of the steam flow 8. In the pre-reformer, a gas flow comprising hydrocarbons is obtained, which is fed, together with the remaining part of the steam flow 8, to the primary reformer 1.

(32) Of course, a man skilled in the art can bring numerous modifications and alternatives to the process according to the invention, all of which are covered by the scope of protection of the following claims.