INTEGRITY RISK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND METHOD
20190287036 ยท 2019-09-19
Inventors
- ERIC SCHWANTLER (ROZELLE, AU)
- CHRISTOPHER CROWE (CASTLE HILL, AU)
- PAUL DAVIS (FOREST LODGE, AU)
- DARREN MURPHY (NORTH TURRAMURRA, AU)
- JOHN ROSS (YARRAWARRAH, AU)
Cpc classification
International classification
Abstract
The present invention relates to an online, centralised and fully integrated integrity risk management System that provides businesses with a 360-degree view of their employees to allow the business to effectively manage their integrity related risks. It does this by providing employees with access to a number of integrity based modules that enable the business to, at one end, drive legislative and regulatory compliance through to improving and enhancing employee engagement and understanding of the businesses goals and objectives. The integrity based modules include a library of up to date legislative and company values compliant policies which can be customised as required and linked to accompanying videos to explain the policies, and to also provide an automated survey of the employees to validate their understanding of the policies, and to also provide their employees with a method to register and seek approval for any gifts or entertainment that they have received and any actual or potential conflicts of interest they may have, and to also provide their employees with a method to anonymously report any integrity or other issues that they have witnessed, and to also provide their employees with a method to submit details of any workplace incidents that they have experienced, and to also allow the publishing of key messages and announcements, and to also create a dynamic reporting dashboard which will provide the directors and management of the company with up to date details of the version status of each policy, which policies need to be checked for compliance, which employees have downloaded the policies, which employees have viewed the videos, the results of the questionnaire surveys that have been sent to each employee and the status of any reports received regarding integrity or other issues, all of which are integrated into the integrity risk management System which can stand alone or be incorporated into other software solutions.
Claims
1. An online integrated integrity risk management system for use by a series of users and including a series of interacting modules including: a library module including legislative and company values compliant policies and associated linked videos to explain the policies, an automated survey module for surveying users to validate their understanding of the policies, a register module for users to register and seek approval for any gifts or entertainment that they have received and to notify the system of any actual or potential conflicts of interest they may have; an incident reporting module for users to report any integrity or other issues that they have witnessed, or to submit details of any workplace incidents that they have experienced; an announcements module, for the publishing of key messages and announcements, a dynamic reporting dashboard module providing the operator of the system with the current status of each policy, which policies need to be checked for compliance, which users have downloaded the policies, which users have viewed the videos, the results of the questionnaire surveys that have been sent to each user and the status of any reports received regarding integrity or other issues.
2. A system as claimed in claim 1 wherein the dynamic reporting dashboard module includes a centralised analytics and business data repository from which the users can obtain integrity risk management related data in order to use the data for insights and to improve business decision making and education and training
3. A system as claimed in claim 1 wherein said dynamic reporting dashboard includes a centralised analytics and business data repository from which the users can have access to integrity risk management related data from every business which uses the system.
4. A system as claimed in claim 1 wherein the system provides an overall single measure of the effectiveness of their integrity risk program by analysing the multiple elements and user engagement data of the modules and performs a calculation using an algorithm that compares this data to industry best practice.
5. An integrity risk management system for managing the integrity risks of a group of users, the system including a number of interactive modules that enable the system to drive legislative and regulatory compliance through to improving and enhancing users engagement and understanding of the systems goals, the modules including: a library module of up to date legislative and company values compliant policies which can be customised as required and linked to accompanying videos to explain the policies; a survey module to automatically survey users to validate their understanding of the policies; a register module for users to register and seek approval for any gifts or entertainment that they have received and any actual or potential conflicts of interest they may have; an incident reporting module for users to anonymously report any integrity or other issues that they have witnessed, and to also provide users with a method to submit details of any workplace incidents that they have experienced; an announcement module to allow for the publishing of key messages and announcements to users;
6. A system as claimed in claim 5 further including: a dynamic reporting dashboard module providing users with up to date details of the version status of each policy, which policies need to be checked for compliance, which users have downloaded the policies, the results of the questionnaire surveys that have been sent to each users.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0027] Embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
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DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0039] The embodiments of the invention relate to an online, centralised and fully integrated integrity risk management system that provides businesses with a 360-degree view of their employees to allow the business to effectively manage their integrity related risks. It does this by providing employees with access to a number of integrity based modules that enable the business to, at one end, drive legislative and regulatory compliance through to improving and enhancing employee engagement and understanding of the businesses goals and objectives. The integrity based modules include a library of up to date legislative and company values compliant policies which can be customised as required and linked to accompanying videos to explain the policies, and to also provide an automated survey of the employees to validate their understanding of the policies, and to also provide their employees with a method to register and seek approval for any gifts or entertainment that they have received and any actual or potential conflicts of interest they may have, and to also provide their employees with a method to anonymously report any integrity or other issues that they have witnessed, and to also provide their employees with a method to submit details of any workplace incidents that they have experienced, and to also allow the publishing of key messages and announcements, and to also create a dynamic reporting dashboard which will provide the directors and management of the company with up to date details of the version status of each policy, which policies need to be checked for compliance, which employees have downloaded the policies, which employees have viewed the videos, the results of the questionnaire surveys that have been sent to each employee and the status of any reports received regarding integrity or other issues, all of which are integrated into the integrity risk management System which can stand alone or be incorporated into other software solutions.
[0040] Turning initially to
[0041] The overall System 1 provides for integrated integrity risk management platform System.
[0042] The policy module 2 provides the user the ability to review the integrity risk management policies either provided as part of the System or uploaded by the users. The policys can include documents and procedures that describe the accepted integrity practices for companies and their employees.
[0043] The surveys module 4 refers to the questionnaire survey tool used to measure the employees understanding of the Policies and to gather employee insights. This includes mechanisms for creating and implementing a method to measure employees' knowledge of Policies and procedures.
[0044] The Registers module 3 provide a module where employees can record and seek approval for any gifts or entertainment that they have received or declare actual or potential conflicts of interest. This includes mechanisms to monitor, review and manage gifts and entertainment or conflicts of interest.
[0045] The Speak Up Module 6 refers to the reporting tool employees and whistleblowers can use to confidentially and anonymously report workplace, and related issues they do not want to report through their manager because they do not feel safe to do so and for which they may wish to request formal whistleblower protection according to local laws and regulation.
[0046] The incident reporting module 8 refers to a module whereby employees can submit reports regarding incidents occurring in the workplace such as workplace health and safety or other related issues. This includes a module to allow employees to submit details of incidents for review by their managers.
[0047] The dynamic Reporting Dashboard module 9 refers to the dynamic integrity risk management reporting tool which is fully configurable and included as an integral part of the System. This includes a summary report detailing the important measurements of integrity risk management.
[0048] The System provides a means for a business to have access to an integrated library of legislatively compliant Policies and to be able to download and edit those Policies as required. The Business can then upload the edited polices, or any other policies into the System. The business can select which Policies are activated and therefore able to be viewed and downloaded by their employees.
[0049] Each Policy can be assigned a date for review and the name of the person responsible to ensure that the review is completed. Prior to the date for review, the System will automatically generate a reminder email to be sent to the nominated reviewer. Any Policy which is not reviewed by the assigned date is noted in the Dynamic Reporting Dashboard 9.
[0050] The System provides a means for a business to have access to an integrated library of videos and to be able to add additional video to the library. The business can link the videos to a specific Policy to provide an additional source of education and explanation for each Policy.
[0051] The System provides a means for the Business to be able to monitor which employees have viewed each Policy and whether an employee has attested that they have read and understood each policy. The System also provides a means to set up automated survey questionnaires to be completed by their employees to validate their understanding of the Policies. The Business can use the typical survey questions provided in the System or create their own survey questions as well as define the time interval between surveys. When the survey date is reached, the System automatically sends out an email to each employee requesting them to log in and to complete the Policy survey questionnaire. The results of the survey for each employee are available to be reviewed by the business and a summary is included in the Dynamic Reporting Dashboard.
[0052] The System provides a centralised data repository from which the business can obtain integrity risk management related data in order to use the data for insights and to improve business decision making and education and training
[0053] The System provides a means for a Business to monitor, review and manage gifts and entertainment, conflicts of interest or other incidents declared by employees. Each employee is required to register in the System the details of any gifts or entertainment that they may have received, conflict of interest that may exist or any other incident register set up by the business. The method for registering is via a customisable registration form that can be edited by the Business to assign nominated managers to review and manage the registered gifts and entertainment, conflict of interest or other incident in accordance with the Policies.
[0054] The System provides a means for the Business to allow employees to anonymously submit a report identifying any action they witness which is not in accordance with the Policies. The method for reporting is via an optional reporting service provided by the System or via a link to a separate external service.
[0055] The system provides a means for the Business to allow employees to submit details of any workplace related incidents that they have experienced or witnessed. The incident reports are reviewed by nominated users for each incident category who are assigned to take the appropriate action.
[0056] The System provides a means for the Business to publish messages and key announcements to all employees. The messages and announcements are created and edited in the System by the business or uploaded from external files into the System and the employees receive an alert notification when a new message or announcement is activated.
[0057] The System provides a means for a business to record data collected within the System and to configure, analyse and review the data in a dynamic reporting dashboard.
[0058] The system provides a central location that is easily accessible by their employees and to have surety that their employees have read and understood those policies and adhere to the stated objectives therein.
[0059] The system also includes a centralised module whereby their employees can declare any gifts or entertainment that they may have received, and from which the declaration can be centrally managed in accordance with the businesses policies with oversight by the appropriate leaders in the business.
[0060] The system also includes a dynamic reporting tool that can provide a summary dashboard showing whether their policies are up to date or data on whether their employees have viewed their policies and videos or data on whether their employees have attested that they have read and understood the policies or a measurement of their employees' understanding of their policies or the details and status of any gifts or entertainment registered by their employees or the status of any reports submitted by their employees.
[0061] The integrity risk management system also includes a means for a business to have an overall measure of the effectiveness of an integrity risk program by analysing the multiple elements and employee engagement data of their program and performing a calculation within the dynamic reporting dashboard database using an algorithm that compares this data to industry best practice and outputting a value which is the measure of the effectiveness of the integrity risk program. This calculation is undertaken within the database each month to provide the business with ongoing feedback of the effectiveness of their integrity risk programs and can be used as a guide to improve compliance and employee engagement.
Further Detailed Description of the Embodiments
[0062] An embodiment of the System provides a means for a business to register as a customer of the System. The email, name, address, main contact details and referral code (if obtained by the business as part of the advertising process), are provided by the business. The business is then required to provide credit card details or optionally a company purchase order to pay for the subscription which allows the business to have access to use the System for the subscription period. The System provides a means for a business to set up, configure and modify the System. The System provides a means for a business to select the title name of the System that will be visible to the users.
[0063] The System provides a means for a business to install a list of users who will have access to the System. The minimal information required for each user on the list is an email address, a first name and a last name. Optionally the business can supply the division, location, and any other relevant sub-grouping for the users. An email, or other notification, is automatically generated and then sent on behalf of the business to each of the users. The user is then required to log in to the System using their email address, or other identification data, and the temporary password provided in the automatically generated email The System records whether each user has successfully logged on to the System.
[0064] The System provides that a business can nominate selected users to be administrators of the System. Administrators have rights within the System to monitor the activity of all the users, utilise the configuration and editing options of the System and configure and view the dynamic reporting dashboard.
[0065] The System provides that the administrators have the option to download and modify the policies supplied with the System and then upload the modified policies back into the System. The administrators can also upload any other policies they choose into the System. For each policy uploaded into the System, the administrators are required to insert the date that the policy is due for review. An administrator, or user, is selected to be responsible for the review and updating of each policy and the System monitors the policy review dates and advises the responsible administrator, in advance, that a policy is due for review. The System monitors the status of the policy review dates and reports these details in the dynamic reporting dashboard.
[0066] The System provides that the administrators can select and activate which policies are able to be downloaded and viewed by the users. Once the user has read and understood a policy, they are required to acknowledge this in the System. The status of whether a policy has been acknowledged is seen by the user as a highlighted symbol next to the policy. The status and date that a user downloads a policy and acknowledges reading and understanding the policy is recorded in the System.
[0067] The System allows for policy updates in line with legislative requirements or best practice to be uploaded into the System for administrators to download and add to their policy in order to keep their business' policies up to date.
[0068] The System provides that the administrators can select and make active videos supplied within the System or insert a link and make active any video and link the video to a specific policy or policies. When a video is linked to a policy, then this is seen by the user as a highlighted symbol next to the policy. When the user selects a link to a video it is recorded in the System.
[0069] The System provides that the administrators can select and make active policy knowledge surveys that are supplied within the System or modify the supplied surveys or create new surveys within the System. All surveys have an associated release date and frequency that is inserted by the administrators. When the release date is reached, a message is sent to all users to complete the surveys within a set timeframe. The users complete the surveys after logging in to the System and selecting answers to all the questions in the surveys. The results of the survey for each user are recorded in the System.
[0070] The System provides that the administrators can create messages and announcements within the System. Each message or announcement can be selected as active by the administrators. When a message or announcement is selected as active, a notification is sent to all users advising them that there is a new message or announcement. The users can view the active messages or announcements after logging into the System.
[0071] The System provides that the administrators can select and make active an anonymous speak up function. The speak up function can be configured as a connection to an optional reporting service provided by the System or as a link to an external service.
[0072] The System provides that the administrators can select and make active an incident reporting function. The incident reporting function can be configured to create categories of incidents and to assign a reviewer for each category.
[0073] The System provides a means for businesses to record data in the dynamic reporting dashboard and to configure, view and analyse the data as a dashboard display or as customised reports. The data that is recorded includes, but is not limited to, whether policies are up to date, whether each employee has viewed policies and videos, whether each employee has attested that they have read and understood the policies, a measurement of each employees' understanding of the policies, the details and status of any gifts or entertainment registered by each employee, the status of any reports submitted by each employee and other relevant information.
[0074] The system provides a means for a business to have access to integrity risk management related data from every business which uses the System. This allows data to be gathered, in accordance with published terms and conditions and privacy obligations, across different size businesses and industries which can then be sold or released for research.
[0075] The System provides that a user can download an app for their mobile device and register as a user.
[0076] The System provides that the user is identified by their email address or other unique identification data.
[0077] In an alternative embodiment, the System provides for a Business to incorporate the System into another existing software System platform of the Business to create a single software System platform for their users. If this is the case, then the Business will pay a negotiated fee for the use of the System.
[0078] In an alternative embodiment, the System provides for a Business to incorporate the System into another existing software System platform of the Business that can marketed and sold to other businesses as a single software System platform. If this is the case, then the Business will pay a negotiated fee for the use of the System.
[0079] In an alternative embodiment, the System provides for a Business to resell the System as a software subscription service to other businesses.
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[0091] It can therefore be seen that the embodiment include an online and fully integrated integrity risk management system comprising integrity based modules which comprise a library of up to date legislative and company values compliant policies which can be customised as required and linked to accompanying videos to explain the policies, and to also provide an automated survey of the employees to validate their understanding of the policies, and to also provide their employees with a method to register and seek approval for any gifts or entertainment that they have received and any actual or potential conflicts of interest they may have, and to also provide their employees with a method to anonymously report any integrity or other issues that they have witnessed, and to also provide their employees with a method to submit details of any workplace incidents that they have experienced, and to also allow the publishing of key messages and announcements, and to also comprise a dynamic reporting dashboard which will provide the directors and management of the company with up to date details of the version status of each policy, which policies need to be checked for compliance, which employees have downloaded the policies, which employees have viewed the videos, the results of the questionnaire surveys that have been sent to each employee and the status of any reports received regarding integrity or other issues, all of which are integrated into the integrity risk management system which can stand alone or be incorporated into other software solutions.
[0092] The dynamic reporting dashboard can include a centralised analytics and business data repository from which the business can obtain integrity risk management related data in order to use the data for insights and to improve business decision making and education and training The dynamic reporting dashboard can further include a centralised analytics and business data repository from which the business can have access to integrity risk management related data from every business which uses the system.
[0093] Integrity Risk Index
[0094] The embodiments assist in the creation of an integrity risk index. One form of integrity risk index will now be described. The integrity risk index is a measurement to predict if a company is at future risk of an integrity risk issue. The key elements to consider in formulating this measurement need to be inputted into an algorithm that could accurately calculate a value or index which is the Integrity Risk Index value. To perform this calculation in the software database requires up to date data on the key elements that a company would need to develop a best practice integrity risk program. These comprise the following:
[0095] 1. A corporate culture in support of an integrity risk program and ongoing communication from the management to remind employees of their responsibilities.
[0096] 2. Six core policies: Code of Conduct (also called Code of Ethics), Fraud and Corruption, Whistleblower, Conflicts of Interest, Travel, Gifts and Entertainment and Data, Information Technology and Social Media.
[0097] Each of these policies needs to be kept up to date and legislatively compliant. Each of these policies needs to be easily accessible by all employees. Each of these policies needs to be read and understood by all employees. Survey questionnaires and employee training should be conducted on a regular basis to check each employees understanding of the policies. An effective process to monitor the Gifts & Entertainment and Conflicts of Interest involving employees should be in place. Definitions of what constituted Gifts & Entertainment, and Conflicts of Interest will need to be defined in the associated company policies. A declaration Register would be required to enable employees to readily input Gifts & Entertainment, and Conflicts of Interest. An approval process would need to be defined for all Gifts & Entertainment, and Conflicts of Interest declared. A monitoring process will need to be developed to manage frequent and excessive declarations.
[0098] Variables and Weightings for the Integrity Risk Index Calculation
[0099] Each element of a business' integrity risk program is considered as a variable with estimated weighting of the variable based on industry best practice integrity risk practice. The values for the weightings (factor points) are assigned to each of the key variables based on a number of factors such as: A qualitative corporate culture measurement plus the completeness and compliance of the business' policies. Policy surveys and declaration registers plus the measurement of the users' understanding of the policies and procedures plus the measurement of the approval and monitoring of the declarations received.
[0100] The total of these values is scaled to 1000 and represents an industry best practice model. Therefore, using the results of the integrity risk index calculation, a business can constantly monitor and compare their own integrity risk program to a best practice scenario. The higher the integrity risk index value for a company, the more the likelihood and impact of an Integrity Risk Incident is reduced. This is a dynamic index where the value changes over time.
[0101] The tables below show one form of the weightings and values that are programmed into a software database algorithm for different areas of integrity risk. The weightings can be continually tuned based on industry best practice and legislative changes over time.
[0102] 1. Assigned values for quantitative measures are shown in the following table.
TABLE-US-00001 Qualitative Measures Corporate support Ongoing communications Self assessed values (0 to 5) CS CC Number of factor 35 35 points attributed
[0103] The total factor points for qualitative measures is 70.
[0104] 2. Assigned values for categories of integrity risk policies published are shown in the following table.
TABLE-US-00002 Policy Policy Integrity Risk Policies Policy Issued Y/N updated Y/N video Y/N Code of Conduct PI1 PU1 PVid1 Fraud and Corruption PI2 PU2 PVid2 Whistleblower PI3 PU3 PVid3 Gifts & Entertainment PI4 PU4 PVid4 Conflicts of Interest PI5 PU5 PVid5 Data, IT and Social Media PI6 PU6 PVid6 Number of factor points 15 10 5 attributed (for each policy)
[0105] The total factor points for integrity risk policies is 180
[0106] 3. Assigned values for user actions are shown in the following table;
TABLE-US-00003 User actions (as % of total users) Policy Viewed Y/N Policy Attested % Code of Conduct PV1 PA1 Fraud and Corruption PV2 PA2 Whistleblower PV3 PA3 Gifts & Entertainment PV4 PA4 Conflicts of Interest PV5 PA5 Data, IT and Social Media PV6 PA6 Number of factor points 15 25 attributed (for each policy) (where 25 = 100% of users have attested)
[0107] The total factor points for user actions is 240
[0108] 4. Assigned values for conducting policy surveys and the results of the surveys are shown in the following table.
TABLE-US-00004 Policy Surveys and results Survey run annually Y/N Survey Results % Code of Conduct PS1 PSurv1 Fraud and Corruption PS2 PSurv2 Whistleblower PS3 PSurv3 Gifts & Entertainment PS4 PSurv4 Conflicts of Interest PS5 PSurv5 Data, IT and Social Media PS6 PSurv6 Number of factor points 15 50 attributed (for each policy) (where 50 = 100% of users have correctly answered)
[0109] The total factor points for policy surveys and results is 390
[0110] 5. The assigned values for declarations for gifts and entertainment and conflicts of interest are shown in the following table.
TABLE-US-00005 Declarations Outstanding approvals % highest value for a user Gifts & RA RV Entertainment Conflicts of Interest 60 60 Number of factor points attributed
[0111] The total factor points for declarations is 120
[0112] Integrity Risk index Algorithm Formula
[0113] Each of these values is inputted into an algorithm within the software database which performs a calculation to produce the integrity risk index for a business. The details of the calculation can be as follows:
[0114] a. Total for Corporate Values=CS+CC
[0115] b. Integrity Risk Policies
Policy Issued TotalPIT=PI1+PI2+PI3+PI4+PI5+PI6
Policy Updated TotalPUT=PU1+PU2+PU3+PU4+PU5+PU6
Policy Video TotalPVidT=PVid1+PVid2+PVid3+PVid4+PVid5+PVid6
Total for Integrity Risk Policies=PIT+PUT+PVidT
[0116] c. User Actions
Policy Viewed TotalPVT=PV1+PV2+PV3+PV4+PV5+PV6
Policy Attested TotalPAT=PA1+PA2+PA3+PA4+PA5+PA6
Total for User Actions=PVT+PAT
[0117] d. Policy surveys and Results
Survey Run annuallyTotal PST=PS1+PS2+PS3+PS4+PS5+PS6
Survey Results TotalPSurvT=PSurv1+PSurv2+PSurv3+PSurv4+PSurv5+PSurv6
Total for Policy Surveys and Results=PST+PSurvT
[0118] e. Total For gift and entertainment and conflict of interest Registers=RA+RV
[0119] f. Integrity Risk Index=(CS+CC)+(PIT+PUT+PVidT)+(PVT+PAT)+(PST+PSurvT)+(RA+RV)
[0120] The result of the calculation is a number between 0 and 1000.
Interpretation
[0121] Reference throughout this specification to one embodiment, some embodiments or an embodiment means that a particular feature, structure or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present invention. Thus, appearances of the phrases in one embodiment, in some embodiments or in an embodiment in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment, but may. Furthermore, the particular features, structures or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner, as would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art from this disclosure, in one or more embodiments.
[0122] As used herein, unless otherwise specified the use of the ordinal adjectives first, second, third, etc., to describe a common object, merely indicate that different instances of like objects are being referred to, and are not intended to imply that the objects so described must be in a given sequence, either temporally, spatially, in ranking, or in any other manner
[0123] In the claims below and the description herein, any one of the terms comprising, comprised of or which comprises is an open term that means including at least the elements/features that follow, but not excluding others. Thus, the term comprising, when used in the claims, should not be interpreted as being limitative to the means or elements or steps listed thereafter. For example, the scope of the expression a device comprising A and B should not be limited to devices consisting only of elements A and B. Any one of the terms including or which includes or that includes as used herein is also an open term that also means including at least the elements/features that follow the term, but not excluding others. Thus, including is synonymous with and means comprising.
[0124] As used herein, the term exemplary is used in the sense of providing examples, as opposed to indicating quality. That is, an exemplary embodiment is an embodiment provided as an example, as opposed to necessarily being an embodiment of exemplary quality.
[0125] It should be appreciated that in the above description of exemplary embodiments of the invention, various features of the invention are sometimes grouped together in a single embodiment, figure, or description thereof for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure and aiding in the understanding of one or more of the various inventive aspects. This method of disclosure, however, is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed invention requires more features than are expressly recited in each claim Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive aspects lie in less than all features of a single foregoing disclosed embodiment. Thus, the claims following the Detailed Description are hereby expressly incorporated into this Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment of this invention.
[0126] Furthermore, while some embodiments described herein include some but not other features included in other embodiments, combinations of features of different embodiments are meant to be within the scope of the invention, and form different embodiments, as would be understood by those skilled in the art. For example, in the following claims, any of the claimed embodiments can be used in any combination.
[0127] Furthermore, some of the embodiments are described herein as a method or combination of elements of a method that can be implemented by a processor of a computer system or by other means of carrying out the function. Thus, a processor with the necessary instructions for carrying out such a method or element of a method forms a means for carrying out the method or element of a method. Furthermore, an element described herein of an apparatus embodiment is an example of a means for carrying out the function performed by the element for the purpose of carrying out the invention.
[0128] In the description provided herein, numerous specific details are set forth. However, it is understood that embodiments of the invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, structures and techniques have not been shown in detail in order not to obscure an understanding of this description.
[0129] Similarly, it is to be noticed that the term coupled, when used in the claims, should not be interpreted as being limited to direct connections only. The terms coupled and connected, along with their derivatives, may be used. It should be understood that these terms are not intended as synonyms for each other. Thus, the scope of the expression a device A coupled to a device B should not be limited to devices or systems wherein an output of device A is directly connected to an input of device B. It means that there exists a path between an output of A and an input of B which may be a path including other devices or means. Coupled may mean that two or more elements are either in direct physical or electrical contact, or that two or more elements are not in direct contact with each other but yet still co-operate or interact with each other.
[0130] Thus, while there has been described what are believed to be the preferred embodiments of the invention, those skilled in the art will recognize that other and further modifications may be made thereto without departing from the spirit of the invention, and it is intended to claim all such changes and modifications as falling within the scope of the invention. For example, any formulas given above are merely representative of procedures that may be used. Functionality may be added or deleted from the block diagrams and operations may be interchanged among functional blocks. Steps may be added or deleted to methods described within the scope of the present invention.