Solid film lubricant, method for producing same, sliding element comprising same and use thereof

Abstract

The invention relates to an imide polymer-based solid film lubricant, a method for producing same, a sliding element comprising same and the use thereof. According to the method, difunctional or cyclized difunctional compounds and optionally functional fillers are added to a non-imidized or partly imidized polyamide acid prepolymer or an imidized short-chain blocked prepolymer in a solvent or solvent mixture and then, depending on the prepolymer, a polymerization reaction or an imidization reaction and in both cases a crosslinking reaction is carried out. The solid film lubricant comprises an imide polymer as the resin matrix and optionally functional fillers, the molecules of the imide polymer comprising groups (R.sub.1) of the difunctional compounds that additionally contribute to the crosslinking.

Claims

1. A method for producing an anti-friction lacquer on the basis of an imide polymer as a resin matrix of the lacquer comprising: adding bi-functional or cyclized bi-functional compounds to one of a selected non-imidised or partially imidised polyamide acid prepolymer or an imidised, short-chained blocked prepolymer in a solvent or solvent admixture, wherein the solvent or solvent admixture contains polar, aprotic solvents; and subsequently, in accordance with the selected prepolymer, carrying out a polymerization or an imidisation reaction and in either case a cross-linking reaction to produce the lacquer, wherein the bifunctional or cyclised bifunctional compounds crosslink the non-imidised or partially imidised polyamide acid prepolymer or the imidised, short-chained blocked prepolymer.

2. The method according to claim 1, including selecting a quantity of the bi-functional or cyclized bi-functional compounds to be at least 1 mol % in relation to the number of potential imide groups of the polyamide acid prepolymer or in relation to the number of present imide groups of the short-chained blocked prepolymer, and/or in that the quantity of the added bi-functional or cyclized bi-functional compounds is at a maximum 35 mol % in relation to the number of potential imide groups of the polyamide acid prepolymer or in relation to the number of present imide groups of the short-chained blocked prepolymer.

3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the quantity of the bi-functional or cyclized bi-functional compounds ranges from 3 to 25 mol % in relation to the number of potential imide groups of the amide acid prepolymer or in relation to the number of present imide groups of the short-chained blocked prepolymer.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the polyamide acid prepolymer or the short-chained blocked prepolymer is selected from the group of prepolymers for producing polyimides (PI), polyamideimides (PAI), polyether imides (PEI) and polyester imides.

5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the bi-functional or cyclized bi-functional compounds are selected from aromatic or aliphatic or aromatic-aliphatic compounds of the group comprising diamines, diamides, dicarboxylic acids, amino acids, lactams, lactones, imides, anhydrides, acid halides, dialcohols and hydroxyl carboxylic acids.

6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the bi-functional or cyclized bi-functional compounds have chain lengths less than 8 C atoms.

7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the solvent or solvent admixture includes at least one of NMP, NEP or additional homologue substances, DMSO, GBL, DMF, DMAC, DMEU, DMPU, MI, and MEK.

8. An anti-friction lacquer comprising an imide polymer as a resin matrix and functional fillers wherein the molecules of the imide polymer have residues of bi-functional or cyclized bi-functional compounds contributing to the cross-linking.

9. The anti-friction lacquer according to claim 8 wherein the proportion of the functional fillers does not exceed 75% by vol. in relation to the cured anti-friction lacquer and in that the functional fillers contain one or more of the substances solid lubricants, hard material and substances which improve the thermal conductivity.

10. The anti-friction lacquer according to claim 9, wherein the solid lubricants contain one or more of the substances metal sulphides with a layered structure comprising MoS.sub.2, WS.sub.2, SnS.sub.2, graphite, hexagonal BN, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), ZnS, BaSo.sub.4 and admixtures thereof.

11. The anti-friction lacquer according to claim 10, wherein the hard materials contain, in a proportion not greater than 10% by vol. in relation to the cured anti-friction lacquer, one or more of the substances nitrides, carbides, borides, oxides.

12. The anti-friction lacquer according to claim 10, wherein the materials which improve the thermal conductivity contain, in a proportion not greater than 30% by vol. in relation to the cured anti-friction lacquer, one or more metal powders from the group comprising Ag, Pb, Au, Sn, Al, Bi or Cu.

13. The anti-friction lacquer according to claim 8, wherein the functional fillers contain iron (III) oxide or NiSbTi mixed-phase oxide at a quantity up to 15% by vol. in relation to the cured anti-friction lacquer.

14. A sliding element comprising: a metal substrate layer and a coating applied thereto of at least one anti-friction lacquer comprising; an imide polymer as a resin matrix and functional fillers wherein the molecules of the imide polymer have residues of bi-functional or cyclized bi-functional compounds contributing to the cross-linking, wherein the metal substrate layer comprises a steel support layer of a metal bearing metal layer, wherein the coating is applied to an exposed layer of the substrate layer, the exposed layer of the substrate layer preferably being formed from a Cu, Al, Ni, Sn, Zn, Ag, Au, Bi or Fe alloy.

15. The sliding element according to claim 14, including a sliding layer forming the exposed layer of the substrate layer, on which the coating is constructed as a run-in layer for conditioning a counter-movement member or as a run-in layer for adaptation, the sliding layer optionally being constructed as a sputter layer or as a galvanic sliding layer.

16. The sliding element according to claim 14, including a bearing metal layer forming the exposed layer of the substrate layer, on which the coating is constructed as a sliding layer with a long service-life.

17. The sliding element according to claim 14, including an intermediate layer of Sn, Ni, Ag, Cu, Fe or the alloys thereof forming the exposed layer of the substrate layer on which the coating is constructed.

18. The sliding element according to claim 14, wherein the coating is a multi-layered system of at least two anti-friction lacquers, including an upper anti-friction lacquer layer constructed as a run-in layer for conditioning a counter-movement member on a lower anti-friction lacquer layer as a sliding layer with a long service-life or the upper anti-friction lacquer layer is a sliding layer with good sliding and adaptation properties applied to a lower anti-friction lacquer layer which has a high level of wear resistance.

19. The sliding element according to claim 14, wherein the coating is a multi-layered system comprising at least two anti-friction lacquers including an upper anti-friction layer, of which at least one of the anti-friction lacquer layers is constructed according to claim 14, wherein the upper anti-friction lacquer layer which is constructed as a sliding layer with good sliding and adaptation properties or as a sliding layer which has a high level of wear resistance, and wherein between the anti-friction layer and the metal substrate layer there is provided an additional anti-friction lacquer layer which has few or no additives.

20. The sliding element according to claim 14, wherein the coating is a multi-layered system comprising at least two anti-friction lacquers, of which at least of e of the anti-friction lacquers is constructed according to claim 14, wherein the at least two anti-friction lacquers have different proportions at least with respect to a substance selected form the group comprising bi-functional or cyclized bi-functional compounds, solid lubricants, hard materials and materials which improve the thermal conductivity or in that the coating is a gradient layer system comprising at least two anti-friction lacquers, of which at least one anti-friction lacquer is constructed according to claim 8, wherein the gradient layer system when viewed over at least a portion of the layer thickness has at least one substance selected form the group comprising bi-functional or cyclized bi-functional compounds, solid lubricants, hard materials and materials which improve the thermal conductivity in an increasing or decreasing proportion.

21. The method of claim 1 including adding fillers to the matrix.

22. The method according to claim 3, wherein the range is 5 to 20 mol %.

23. The method according to claim 6, wherein the lengths are less than 5c atoms.

24. The anti-friction lacquer of claim 13, wherein the vol % is 1 to 10.

25. The sliding element according to claim 14, including a metal intermediate layer.

26. The sliding element according to claim 14, including a sliding layer.

27. The anti-friction lacquer according to claim 11, wherein the hard materials contain at least one of SiC, Si.sub.3N.sub.4, B.sub.4C.sub.3, cubic BN and SiO.sub.2.

Description

THE DRAWINGS

(1) Other features, advantages and applications will be explained in greater detail below with reference to embodiments and the Figures. In the Figures:

(2) FIG. 1 is a schematic layered structure of a sliding element according to a first embodiment of the invention;

(3) FIG. 2 is a schematic layered structure of a sliding element according to a second embodiment of the invention;

(4) FIG. 3 is a schematic layered structure of a sliding element according to a third embodiment of the invention;

(5) FIG. 4 is a schematic layered structure of a sliding element according to a fourth embodiment of the invention and

(6) FIG. 5 is a schematic layered structure of a sliding element according to a fifth embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(7) All the embodiments have a metal substrate layer 11, 21, 31, 41, 51 and a coating 12, 22, 32, 42, 52 which is applied thereto and which comprises at least one anti-friction lacquer according to the invention, wherein the inner structure of the substrate layer and/or the coating vary. The thickness of the coating is between 1 and 50 μm, wherein the schematic illustrations depict the real layer thickness relationships neither precisely nor in a proportionally correct manner, but instead merely to illustrate the sequence of the layers.

(8) The metal substrate layer 11 of the sliding element according to FIG. 1 has a support layer 13, generally of steel, and a bearing metal 14, in most cases based on a Cu or Al alloy, and an intermediate layer 15, which itself may be constructed from one or more individual layers and which can be used to improve the bonding between the bearing metal layer and the coating 12. Depending on the application, the intermediate layer may also be configured in such a manner that, in the event of wear of the layer above, it has improved sliding or emergency running properties. The coating 12 comprises in this embodiment an individual layer 16 of the anti-friction lacquer according to the invention.

(9) In principle, with adequate strength of the bearing metal in this embodiment and the following embodiments, the support layer of steel can be dispensed with. Also under some application conditions, the bearing metal layer may also be dispensable in principle. The intermediate layer is also optional, as some of the following embodiments show.

(10) In FIG. 2, the metal substrate layer 21 of the sliding element again comprises a steel support layer 23 and a bearing metal layer 24 to which the coating 22 is applied, this time without an intermediate layer, again in the form of an individual layer 26 of the anti-friction lacquer according to the invention.

(11) The embodiment according to FIG. 3 has a metal substrate layer 31, which comprises a steel support layer 33, a bearing metal layer 34, an intermediate layer 35 and a thin metal sliding or covering layer 37 which is applied thereto. The sliding or covering layer 37 is sputtered on the intermediate layer 35 or galvanically deposited at that location. In this instance, the intermediate layer 35 serves to improve the bonding of the metal sliding or covering layer 37 to the bearing metal layer 34. The coating 32 is applied in the form of an individual layer 36 of the anti-friction lacquer according to the invention to the sliding layer 37 and acts as a run-in layer. It is possible to use as a run-in layer both a lacquer composition which is optimised for conditioning the counter-movement member and a lacquer composition which is optimised in terms of adaptation.

(12) FIG. 4 shows an embodiment having a metal substrate layer 41 which comprises a steel support layer 43 and a bearing metal layer 44. There is arranged thereon the coating 42 in the form of a multi-layered system comprising at least two anti-friction lacquers, of which at least one anti-friction lacquer is constructed according to the invention. The coating 42 specifically has an upper anti-friction lacquer layer 46 which is constructed as a run-in layer and below this an anti-friction lacquer layer 48 which is in contact with the metal substrate 41 and which is constructed as a sliding layer with a long service-life. The service-life anti-friction lacquer layer 48 comprises the cross-linked anti-friction lacquer according to the invention, the run-in layer 46 which is applied thereto comprises cross-linked or non-cross-linked lacquer. It is also possible to use here as a run-in layer a lacquer composition which is optimised for the conditioning of the counter-movement member, or a lacquer composition which is optimised with regard to the adaptation.

(13) Finally, FIG. 5 shows an embodiment having a metal substrate layer 51 which comprises a steel support layer 53 and a bearing metal layer 54. There is arranged thereon the coating 52 in the form of a multi-layered system comprising at least two anti-friction lacquers, of which at least one anti-friction lacquer is constructed according to the invention. The coating 52 has on the metal substrate 51 a lower anti-friction lacquer layer 58 and on top of this an upper anti-friction lacquer layer 56. The upper anti-friction lacquer layer 56 forms a sliding layer with good sliding and adaptation properties or a sliding layer with a long service-life. The lower anti-friction lacquer layer is optimised in terms of the bonding to the substrate and has, similarly to a primer, the purpose of improving the bonding of the anti-friction lacquer layer located above.

Examples

(14) All the embodiments mentioned below were produced in the same manner:

(15) Use of PAI prepolymer in N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone (NEP), mixing of the components by means of a dissolver and a bead mill until complete homogenisation and a particle fineness of 5 μm, established by means of a grindometer measurement, pretreatment of the substrate materials by washing, degreasing and blasting with corundum, application to the substrate materials with the spraying method, drying, curing at 260° C. for 20 minutes. In the case of tin-containing aluminium materials as the substrate, the curing temperature was reduced to 200° C. and the curing time was increased to 40 minutes. These processes and process conditions were selected to be the same for all the tests for the purpose of being able to compare the results. However, the invention is not limited to production in this manner.

(16) Table 1 compares the examples 1 to 7 of sliding elements with the anti-friction lacquer according to the invention and a comparison example R1, in which the anti-friction lacquer does not contain any added cross-linking agent. All the sliding elements have a metal substrate layer based on a CuNiSi alloy, to which the anti-friction lacquer layer has been applied at a thickness of 10 μm. In all the anti-friction lacquers, 30% by vol. of the soft phase MoS.sub.2 is contained in the same manner as the only filler. The resin matrix of the anti-friction lacquer is in all cases PAI, to which in all cases there was added, with the exception of the comparison example, 10 mol % of a cross-linking agent in relation to the imide groups of the PAI prepolymer. Only the cross-linking agent was therefore varied.

(17) There was measured the so-called Underwood (UW) durability, whereby the maximum loading is intended to be understood, in which the anti-friction lacquer layer withstands a 250 hour Underwood test without any damage. In the Underwood test carried out here, the bearing loading was achieved by a shaft speed of 4000 rpm, wherein the shaft had a diameter of 50 mm and was provided with eccentric weights which produced a cyclical force. The specific loading was adjusted via the bearing width. In all exemplary elements 1 to 7, a significant increase of the Underwood durability can be established in comparison with the sliding element R1 without any cross-linking agent. The best results were obtained with the cross-linking agents Bernstein acid and succinimide.

(18) Furthermore, the fretting index was measured, by which there is intended to be understood the mean running time in hours which is achieved in a test in a one-cylinder test stand driven via a shaft without compression at 6700 rpm and with deficient lubrication until fretting. The test duration is a maximum of 35 hours, the shaft and bearing inner diameter was also 50 mm here. The shaft was made of steel. An increase of the fretting index may also be clearly indicated here with the addition of the cross-linking agent. In this case, the cross-linking agents Bernstein acid, caprolactam and Bernstein acid anhydride obtained the best results.

(19) Table 2 compares the examples 8 to 12 and two references R2 and R3 with each other which have the anti-friction lacquer according to the invention with added bi-functional compounds as the cross-linking agents. All the sliding elements have the same metal substrate layer as the examples 1 to 7 above. The anti-friction lacquer layer is also again applied thereto at a thickness of 10 μm in the same manner. Also in an unchanged state, 30% by vol. of the soft phase MoS.sub.2 is contained in all the anti-friction lacquers as the only filler. Furthermore, in all the examples 8 to 12 and also in the references R2 and R3, the same cross-linking agent Bernstein acid was also used, though in different concentrations. The resin matrix of the anti-friction lacquer is again PAI in all cases. The Underwood durability and the fretting index were again measured in the same manner.

(20) It is possible to establish that, at a cross-linking quantity of from 1 mol % to at least 34 mol % in relation to the imide groups of the PAI prepolymer, there is produced an improvement of at least one of the two measured parameters and consequently of the properties of durability and fretting resistance, cf. Examples 8-12 with the comparison example R1 in Table 1. The maximum improvement in the total of both properties was able to be established at 15 mol % of Bernstein acid in relation to the imide groups of the PAI prepolymer, wherein the improvement is significant at the same time in a wide range from 5 to 25 mol %. However, no change of the properties could yet be established at 0.5 mol % in relation to the imide groups of the PAI prepolymer, cf. reference R2, and at 37 mol % there was even a worsening of both properties again, cf. reference R3.

(21) Table 3 compares different examples 13 to 22 of sliding elements with a variation of the resin matrix of the anti-friction lacquer, the copper alloy of the metal substrate layer, the cross-linking agents in the anti-friction lacquer, the cross-linking content, the solid lubricants in the anti-friction lacquer, the hard materials and other additives in the anti-friction lacquer and the layer thickness of the anti-friction lacquer layer with a comparison example of the sliding element without any cross-linking agents but with an otherwise identical structure. The common aspect to all the examples is only that the substrate material is based on a copper matrix. The comparison examples have the designations R13 to R22, wherein the numbers indicate the association with the embodiment according to the invention having the same numbering. The Underwood durability and the fretting index were also measured here in the same manner.

(22) It has been found that, as a result of the addition of cross-linking agent, irrespective of the variable parameters in principle an improvement of the loading and fretting resistance can be obtained. In individual cases, the fretting resistance even improves by more than three times and the durability improves by 35% with respect to the corresponding comparison example.

(23) Table 4, similarly to Table 3, compares different examples 23 to 27 of sliding elements with a variation of the resin matrix of the anti-friction lacquer, the aluminium alloy of the metal substrate layer, the cross-linking agents in the anti-friction lacquer, the cross-linking content, the solid lubricants in the anti-friction lacquer, the hard materials and other additives in the anti-friction lacquer and the layer thickness of the anti-friction lacquer layer with a comparison example of the sliding element without any cross-linking agents but with an otherwise identical structure. The common aspect to all the examples is that the substrate material is based on an aluminium matrix, which differentiates it at the same time from the examples in Table 3. The comparison examples have the designations R23 to R27, wherein the numbers also indicate here the association with the embodiment according to the invention having the same numbering. The Underwood durability and the fretting index were also measured here in the same manner.

(24) It has again been found that, as a result of the addition of cross-linking agent, irrespective of the variable parameters an improvement of the loading and/or fretting resistance can be obtained even though not to the significant extent of the copper-based substrate materials. This is because, on the one hand, the aluminium materials in principle have a lower basic strength than the copper materials, which can be compensated for only to a limited degree by the anti-friction lacquer layer. On the other hand, the fretting index in the aluminium-based substrate materials is already so high in the comparison configuration that in most examples the maximum test duration was exceeded so that in these cases no statement can be made in relation to an improvement of the property. The substantially better emergency running properties of the aluminium layer can be made responsible for this and are superimposed on the property measurement of the anti-friction lacquer layer.

(25) Table 5 relates to examples 28 to 30 and corresponding counter-examples R28 to R30 without any cross-linking agents, but with an otherwise identical structure, in which a metal intermediate layer which is galvanically applied to the bearing metal layer comprising CuSn8Ni and which comprises Ni, Ni/SnNi or Ag forms the metal substrate layer, on which the coating of the anti-friction lacquer is preferably formed as a sliding layer with a high service-life. Both the resin matrix PAI and the cross-linking agent Bernstein acid of the anti-friction lacquer are the same in all the examples according to the invention. However, the sliding elements vary in terms of the composition and the thickness of the intermediate layer, the cross-linking agent content, the type and quantity of the functional fillers added to the anti-friction lacquer and the layer thickness of the anti-friction lacquer layer. The Underwood durability and the fretting index were also measured here in the same manner.

(26) Although the combinations with a metal intermediate layer already provide very good Underwood load values without cross-linking, an improvement of the durability and particularly the fretting resistance can also be identified again here as a result of the cross-linking agent addition in all cases.

(27) The embodiments 31 to 33 in Table 6 relate to sliding elements, in which the metal substrate layer is constructed functionally as a thin, galvanically applied sliding or covering layer, on which the coating of the anti-friction lacquer is constructed as an additional run-in layer in order to adapt or condition the counter-movement member. Two references are set out for each of the embodiments for comparison. The first references R31, R32 and R33 do not have any polymer run-in layer on the galvanic layer. The second references R31A, R32A and R33A have a polymer run-in layer on the galvanic layer but without any cross-linking agent. Three different galvanic layers are used but are all of the same thickness. Both the resin matrix PAI and the cross-linking agent, oxalic acid of the anti-friction lacquer, are the same in all the examples according to the invention. However, the sliding elements vary in terms of the cross-linking agent content, the type and quantity of the functional fillers added to the anti-friction lacquer and the layer thickness of the anti-friction lacquer layer.

(28) The Underwood durability and the fretting index were also measured here in the same manner. Whereas, in all the examples above, only one steel shaft was used during the fretting test, the examples from Table 6 were tested with two different shaft materials, once with a steel shaft and once with a cast shaft.

(29) The maximum Underwood load already increased in all exemplary cases with the use of a conventional anti-friction lacquer with respect to the bearings without any such anti-friction lacquer. More significant and consistent for all the examples is again the increase of the durability as a result of the use of the additional cross-linking agent according to the invention.

(30) With respect to the fretting index, it may initially be established that in particular in the coarser cast shafts a conditioning as a result of hard particles in the anti-friction lacquer brings about a significant improvement, as the examples 31 and 33 show in comparison with the respective counter-examples R31 and R33. The addition of the cross-linking agent to the anti-friction lacquer brings about no deterioration in this regard. In steel shafts (32), an improvement may be explained instead by an accelerated adaptation at a higher content of lubricant and without any hard particles. In this case, a deterioration of the fretting behaviour may also occur with additional use of cross-linking agent if the increased wear resistance delays the adaptation. Often, however, this can be compensated for by an adaptation of the composition. With regard to the requirements in the specific application, a weighting and overall consideration of the profile of the properties would be necessary here.

(31) Table 7 shows three additional embodiments 34 to 36 of sliding bearing elements according to the invention, in which the coating is a multi-layered system comprising at least two anti-friction lacquers, of which an upper anti-friction lacquer layer is constructed as a sliding layer with good sliding and adaptation properties and a lower anti-friction lacquer layer is constructed as a sliding layer with high wear resistance. A common aspect of the examples is the substrate material (CuNi2Si), the resin matrix of the anti-friction lacquer of both anti-friction lacquer layers (PAI) and the cross-linking agent in the anti-friction lacquer (Bernstein acid). The cross-linking agent contents both in the lower layer and in the upper layer are variable, wherein example 34 does not contain any cross-linking agent at all in the upper layer. The functional fillers in the anti-friction lacquers and the contents thereof are further variable, as are the layer thicknesses of both anti-friction lacquer layers.

(32) It is found that in any case in the context established here of the compositions very good durability values and fretting indices are always achieved.

(33) Table 8 shows two additional embodiments 37 and 38 of sliding bearing elements according to the invention, in which the coating is a multi-layered system comprising at least two anti-friction lacquers, of which an upper anti-friction lacquer layer is constructed as a run-in layer for conditioning a counter-movement member and a lower anti-friction lacquer layer is constructed as a sliding layer with a long service-life. A common aspect of the examples is again the substrate material (CuNi2Si) and the resin matrix of the anti-friction lacquer of both anti-friction lacquer layers (PAD. The cross-linking agents in the anti-friction lacquer and the contents thereof both in the lower layer and in the upper layer, the functional fillers in the anti-friction lacquers and the contents thereof and the layer thicknesses of both anti-friction lacquer layers are variable.

(34) It is also found here and in comparison with the examples from Table 7 that very good durability values and fretting indices are less dependent on the variable parameters if cross-linking agent is present only generally sufficiently in at least one of the anti-friction lacquer layers and preferably in the sliding layer with a high service-life or the sliding layer with a high level of wear resistance.

(35) Table 9: Examples of (lower) layers for improving adhesion or as a wear retardant

(36) Table 9 contains two additional embodiments 39 and 40 of sliding bearing elements according to the invention, in which the coating is a multi-layered system comprising at least two anti-friction lacquers. By way of a variant, here the service-life layers with a higher capacity for adaptation than upper layers were combined with thinner lower layers which are configured as a wear retardant with a lower lubricant proportion and hard particles. As a result of these intermediate layers, it is possible generally to achieve an improved fretting behaviour with complete wear of the upper layers in comparison with service-life layers which are coated directly on the substrate. This can be seen, for example, in a comparison of example 40 with example 6.

(37) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Layer Max. Matrix Cross-linking Content thickness Underwood Fretting No. Substrate polymer agent (mol %) Solid lubricant [μm] load [MPa] index R1 CuNi2Si PAI None 30% by vol. MoS.sub.2 10 85 12 1 CuNi2Si PAI Oxalic acid 10 30% by vol. MoS.sub.2 10 95 24 2 CuNi2Si PAI Bernstein acid 10 30% by vol. MoS.sub.2 10 105 25 3 CuNi2Si PAI Caprolactam 10 30% by vol. MoS.sub.2 10 100 25 4 CuNi2Si PAI Pentanediol 10 30% by vol. MoS.sub.2 10 95 18 5 CuNi2Si PAI Succinimide 10 30% by vol. MoS.sub.2 10 105 22 6 CuNi2Si PAI Caprolactone 10 30% by vol. MoS.sub.2 10 95 15 7 CuNi2Si PAI Bernstein acid 10 30% by vol. MoS.sub.2 10 100 25 anhydride

(38) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Layer Max. Matrix Cross-linking Content thickness Underwood Fretting No. Substrate polymer agent (mol %) Solid lubricant [μm] load [MPa] index R2 CuNi2Si PAI Bernstein acid 0.5 30% by vol. MoS.sub.2 10 85 12 R3 CuNi2Si PAI Bernstein acid 37 30% by vol. MoS.sub.2 10 80 8 8 CuNi2Si PAI Bernstein acid 1 30% by vol. MoS.sub.2 10 90 13 9 CuNi2Si PAI Bernstein acid 5 30% by vol. MoS.sub.2 10 100 21 10 CuNi2Si PAI Bernstein acid 15 30% by vol. MoS.sub.2 10 110 35 11 CuNi2Si PAI Bernstein acid 25 30% by vol. MoS.sub.2 10 105 35 12 CuNi2Si PAI Bernstein acid 34 30% by vol. MoS.sub.2 10 90 9

(39) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Mechanically Layer Max. Matrix Cross-linking Content Solid lubricant resistant material Others thickness Underwood Fretting No. Substrate polymer agent (mol %) [% by vol.] [% by vol.] [% by vol.] [μm] load [MPa] index R13 CuNi2Si PAI 0 15 h-BN/ 5 SiC 8 85 7 15 MoS.sub.2 13 CuNi2Si PAI Bernstein acid 15 15 h-BN/ 5 SiC 8 115 25 15 MoS.sub.2 R14 CuNi2Si PAI 0 35 h-BN 3 SiC 6 Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 8 105 12 14 CuNi2Si PAI Bernstein acid 15 35 h-BN 3 SiC 6 Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 8 120 35 R15 CuNi2Si PAI 0 20 MoS.sub.2 10 85 8 15 CuNi2Si PAI Succinimide 20 20 MoS.sub.2 10 100 22 R16 CuNi2Si PAI 0 23 WS.sub.2 12 90 11 16 CuNi2Si PAI Caprolactam 25 23 WS.sub.2 12 105 23 R17 CuNi2Si PAI 0 17 graphite 3 (NiSbTi)O.sub.2 12 90 9 17 CuNi2Si PAI Succinimide 10 17 graphite 3 (NiSbTi)O.sub.2 12 95 21 R18 CuNi2Si PAI 0 30 PTFE 9 80 18 18 CuNi2Si PAI Bernstein acid 20 30 PTFE 9 100 35 R19 CuNi2Si PI 0 35 h-BN 7 90 12 19 CuNi2Si PI Caprolactam 10 35 h-BN 7 105 28 R20 CuSn10Bi3 PAI 0 20 MoS.sub.2 5 Si.sub.3N.sub.4 3 Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 10 85 18 20 CuSn10Bi3 PAI Bernstein acid 5 20 MoS.sub.2 5 Si.sub.3N.sub.4 3 Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 10 105 35 R21 CuSn10Bi3 PEI 0 20 WS.sub.2 3 SiC 14 80 16 21 CuSn10Bi3 PEI Bernstein acid 30 20 WS.sub.2 3 SiC 14 95 29 R22 CuNi2Si PAI 0 20 MoS.sub.2 15 Sn 14 85 11 22 CuNi2Si PAI Succinimide 10 20 MoS.sub.2 15 Sn 14 100 24

(40) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Mechanically Layer Max. Matrix Cross-linking Content Solid lubricant resistant material Others thickness Underwood Fretting No. Substrate polymer agent (mol %) [% by vol.] [% by vol.] [% by vol.] [μm] load [MPa] index R23 AlSn10Ni2 PAI 25h-BN 12 80 35 MnCu 23 AlSn10Ni2 PAI Bernstein acid 20 25 h-BN 12 90 35 MnCu R24 AlSn10Ni2 PEI 30 MoS.sub.2 3 Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 9 80 35 MnCu 24 AlSn10Ni2 PEI Bernstein acid 15 30 MoS.sub.2 3 Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 9 95 35 MnCu R25 AlNi2MnCu PAI 45 WS.sub.2 5 SiC 10 85 22 25 AlNi2MnCu PAI Succinimide 10 45 WS.sub.2 5 SiC 10 95 30 R26 AlNi2MnCu PI 40 MoS.sub.2 5 Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 10 80 19 26 AlNi2MnCu PI Bernstein acid 15 40 MoS.sub.2 5 Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 10 95 27 R27 AlSn6Si4Cu PAI 25 h-BN 7 Ag 13 75 35 MnCr 27 AlSn6Si4Cu PAI Caprolactam 25 25 h-BN 7 Ag 13 85 35 MnCr

(41) TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Mechanically Inter- Solid resistant Max. mediate Thickness Matrix Cross-linking Content lubricant material Others Thickness Underwood Fretting No. Substrate layer [μm] polymer agent (mol %) [% by vol.] [% by vol.] [% by vol.] [μm] load [MPa] index R28 CuSn8Ni Ni 5 PAI 0 30 WS.sub.2 3 Si.sub.3N.sub.4 3 Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 9 105 9 28 CuSn8Ni Ni 5 PAI Bernstein acid 15 30 WS.sub.2 3 Si.sub.3N.sub.4 3 Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 9 120 26 R29 CuSn8Ni Ni/SnNi 7 PAI 0 35 MoS.sub.2 5 SiC 8 100 9 29 CuSn8Ni Ni/SnNi 7 PAI Bernstein acid 20 35 MoS.sub.2 5 SiC 8 115 28 R30 CuSn8Ni Ag 4 PAI 0 30 h-BN 5 Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 12 100 19 30 CuSn8Ni Ag 4 PAI Bernstein acid 25 30 h-BN 5 Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 12 115 35

(42) TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Mechanically Cross- Solid resistant Max. Fretting Fretting Matrix linking Content lubricant material Others Thickness Underwood index index No. Substrate Sliding layer polymer agent (mol %) [% by vol.] [% by vol.] [% by vol.] [μm] load [MPa] (steel) (casting) R31   CuSn8Ni Ni/SnCu6 80 7 4 R31A CuSn8Ni Ni/SnCu6 PAI 40 MoS.sub.2 7 SiC 3 Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 3 90 15 35 31 CuSn8Ni Ni/SnCu6 PAI Oxalic acid 22 40 MoS.sub.2 7 SiC 3 Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 3 100 7 35 R32   CuSn8Ni Ni/SnNi/ 85 8 4 SnCu6 R32A CuSn8Ni Ni/SnNi/ PAI 25 h-BN/ 3 Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 5 90 35 4 SnCu6 25 MoS.sub.2 32 CuSn8Ni Ni/SnNi/ PAI Oxalic acid 10 25 h-BN/ 3 Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 5 105 35 4 SnCu6 25 MoS.sub.2 R33   CuSn8Ni Ag/Bi 80 22 3 R33A CuSn8Ni Ag/Bi PAI 35 WS.sub.2 5 Si.sub.3N.sub.4 3 85 17 35 33 CuSn8Ni Ag/Bi PAI Oxalic acid 23 35 WS.sub.2 5 Si.sub.3N.sub.4 3 100 17 35

(43) TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 Lower cross- Upper cross- Max. Matrix Lower layer linking Thickness Upper layer linking agent Thickness Underwood Fretting No. Substrate polymer [% by vol.] agent [mol %] [μm] [% by vol.] [mol %] [μm] load [MPa] index 34 CuNi2Si PAI 35 h-BN, 8 30 Bernstein 11 45 h-BN, 3 0 5 115 35 Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 acid Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 35 CuNi2Si PAI 40 MoS.sub.2, 25 Bernstein 11 50 MoS.sub.2, 5 3 Bernstein 4 115 35 5(NiSbTi)O.sub.2 acid Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 acid 36 CuNi2Si PAI 40 WS.sub.2, 5iC 20 Bernstein 8 50 h-BN, 3 5 Bernstein 5 110 35 acid Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 acid

(44) TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 Lower cross- Upper cross- Max. Matrix Lower layer linking Thickness Upper layer linking agent Thickness Underwood Fretting No. Substrate polymer [% by vol.] agent [mol %] [μm] [% by vol.] [mol %] [μm] load [MPa] index 37 CuNi2Si PAI 30 h-BN, 10 20 caprolactam 12 40 MoS.sub.2, 7 30 4 120 35 MoS.sub.2, 8 Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 SiC, 3 caprolactam Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 38 CuNi2Si PAI 30 MoS.sub.2, 10 23 oxalic acid 10 35 WS.sub.2, 5 13 oxalic 3 110 35 PTFE, 5 Si.sub.3N.sub.4 acid (NiSbTi)O.sub.2

(45) TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 9 Lower cross- Upper cross- Max. Matrix Lower layer linking Thickness Upper layer linking agent Thickness Underwood Fretting No. Substrate polymer [% by vol.] agent [mol %] [μm] [% by vol.] [mol %] [μm] load [MPa] index 39 CuNi2Si PAI 15 MoS.sub.2, 10 30 oxalic acid 4 35 MoS.sub.2, 5 15 pentane 10 105 22 Fe.sub.2O.sub.3, 5 SiC graphite diol 40 CuNi2Si PAI 10 h-BN, 5 30 Bernstein 3 30 MoS.sub.2 15 12 100 20 graphite, 6 acid anhydride caprolactone (NiSbTi)O.sub.2, 6 Si.sub.3N.sub.4