A METHOD OF FORMING NANO-PATTERNS ON A SUBSTRATE

Abstract

This application relates to a method of forming nano-patterns on a substrate comprising the step of forming a plurality of nanostructures on a dielectric substrate, wherein the nanostructures are dimensioned or spaced apart from each other by a scaling factor of the dielectric substrate with reference to a silicon substrate. There is also provided a method of forming a nano-patterned substrate comprising the step of forming a plurality of nanostructures on a dielectric substrate, wherein said dielectric substrate comprises an anti-reflectance layer disposed on a base substrate. There is also provided a method of forming a nano-patterned substrate comprising the steps of forming a plurality of nano structures on a dielectric substrate, wherein the dielectric substrate comprises an anti-reflectance layer disposed on a base substrate, wherein the nanostructures comprise a dielectric material, and wherein the nanostructures are dimensioned or spaced apart from each other by a scaling factor of the dielectric material with reference to a silicon substrate.

Claims

1.-25. (canceled)

26. A method of forming a nano-patterned substrate comprising the step of forming a plurality of nanostructures on a dielectric substrate, wherein said nanostructures are dimensioned or spaced apart from each other by a scaling factor of said dielectric substrate with reference to a silicon substrate.

27. The method according to claim 26, wherein the scaling factor is a ratio of a refractive index of the silicon to a refractive index of the dielectric substrate.

28. The method according to claim 26, wherein the nanostructures are integrally formed on said dielectric substrate.

29. The method according to claim 26, wherein the dielectric substrate comprises an anti-reflectance layer disposed on a surface of a base substrate or wherein the anti-reflectance layer has a reflective index determined by {square root over (n.sub.airn.sub.sub)}, wherein n.sub.air is the reflective index of air and n.sub.sub is the reflective index of the base substrate.

30. The method according to claim 29, wherein the anti-reflectance layer has a thickness of about 50 nm to about 100 nm.

31. The method according to claim 26, wherein the surface of the dielectric substrate comprises a plurality of protrusions, recessions or dimples.

32. The method according to claim 26, wherein the dimension and position of said nanostructures comprises lateral dimensions, vertical dimensions, inter-structure distance or any combinations thereof.

33. The method according to claim 26, wherein the nanostructure has a geometrical shape selected from the group consisting of disks, tubes, wires, columns, cylinders, pyramidal, conical, rings, and rectangular prisms.

34. The method according to claim 26, wherein the dielectric substrate is selected from the group consisting of diamond, glass, polyethylene (PE), poly-arylene ethers (PAE), parylene, Teflon, ceramics, mica, polycarbonate (PC), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polyamides, polysiloxane, polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), Titanium dioxide, Gallium Nitride, Titanium Nitride, Gallium Phosphide, and Germanium.

35. The method according to claim 26, wherein the dielectric substrate comprises a metal or its salt thereof, wherein the metal is selected from the group consisting of Germanium, Titanium, indium, Gallium, Tin, Lead, Antimony, Bismuth, Lithium, Rubidium, Barium, Zirconium, Tungsten, and Tantalum.

36. A method of forming a nano-patterned substrate comprising the step of forming a plurality of nanostructures on a dielectric substrate, wherein said dielectric substrate comprises an anti-reflectance layer disposed on a base substrate.

37. The method according to claim 36, wherein the nanostructures are integrally formed on said dielectric substrate.

38. The method according to claim 36, wherein the anti-reflectance layer has a reflective index determined by {square root over (n.sub.airn.sub.sub)}, wherein n.sub.air is the reflective index of air and n.sub.sub is the reflective index of the base substrate.

39. The method according to claim 36, wherein the anti-reflectance layer has a thickness of about 50 nm to about 100 nm.

40. The method according to claim 36, wherein the surface of the dielectric substrate comprises a plurality of protrusions, recessions or dimples.

41. The method according to claim 36, wherein the dimension and position of said nanostructures comprises lateral dimensions, vertical dimensions, inter-structure distance or any combinations thereof.

42. The method according to claim 36, wherein the nanostructure has a geometrical shape selected from the group consisting of disks, tubes, wires, columns, cylinders, pyramidal, conical, rings, and rectangular prisms.

43. The method according to claim 36, wherein the base substrate is a dielectric material, or silicon or wherein said dielectric substrate is selected from the group consisting of diamond, glass, polyethylene (PE), poly-arylene ethers (PAE), parylene, Teflon, ceramics, mica, polycarbonate (PC), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polyamides, polysiloxane, polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), Titanium dioxide, Gallium Nitride, Titanium Nitride, Gallium Phosphide, and Germanium or wherein the dielectric substrate comprises a metal or its salt thereof, wherein the metal is selected from the group consisting of Germanium, Titanium, Indium, Gallium, Tin, Lead, Antimony, Bismuth, Lithium, Rubidium, Barium, Zirconium, Tungsten, and Tantalum.

44. A method of forming a nano-patterned substrate comprising the steps of forming a plurality of nanostructures on a dielectric substrate, wherein the dielectric substrate comprises an anti-reflectance layer disposed on a base substrate, wherein the nanostructures comprise a dielectric material, and wherein the nanostructures are dimensioned or spaced apart from each other by a scaling factor of the dielectric material with reference to a silicon substrate.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0082] The accompanying drawings illustrate a disclosed embodiment and serves to explain the principles of the disclosed embodiment. It is to be understood, however, that the drawings are designed for purposes of illustration only, and not as a definition of the limits of the invention.

[0083] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating the process steps for forming nanodisks (107) on a substrate (103) as a reference material.

[0084] FIG. 2 is a diagram depicting the schematic illustration and the scanning electron micrograph (SEM) image of the fabricated silicon nanodisks (201) on a silicon substrate (203).

[0085] FIG. 3 is a bright-field optical microscope image of silicon nanodisks with various diameters and gap sizes at heights of 70 nm and 129 nm.

[0086] FIG. 4 is a diagram comparing the optical reflectance spectrum of silicon nanodisks having a gap size of 40 nm with the optical reflectance spectrum obtained from numerical simulations using the finite-difference-time-domain (FDTD) method.

[0087] FIG. 5 is a diagram depicting images from simulation of excited optical modes on the silicon nanodisks using the multi-pole decomposition method.

[0088] FIG. 6 is a diagram depicting the colour spectrum, optical distribution image and CIE chromaticity of diamond nanodisks (603) fabricated on a diamond substrate (601).

[0089] FIG. 7 is a diagram depicting the colour spectrum and CIE chromaticity after the addition of a silicon nitride anti-reflectance layer (703) to the silicon nanodisks (705) on a silicon substrate (701).

[0090] FIG. 8 is a diagram depicting the colour palette, CIE chromaticity and SEM image of silicon nanodisks after the addition of silicon nitride anti-reflectance layer to the silicon substrate.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0091] Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown a schematic illustration of the process of forming silicon nanodisks (107) on a substrate (103). As shown in FIG. 1(a), a resist layer is spin coated onto a substrate (103) to form a layer of negative electron-beam resist (101). The resist is subsequently subjected to electron beam lithography in step 10 to develop the nanodisk mask resists. As shown in FIG. 1(b), the developed nanodisk masks resists have a diameter D and an inter-structure distance/gap size g (which is shown here to be the surface to surface distance). The substrate is subjected to an etching in step 12 using plasma. The subsequently etched nanodisks (107) have a height h, which depends on the etching time. Its diameter and gap size follow the same measurement as the nanodisk mask resist (105). FIG. 1(c) shows the schematic illustration of the etched nanodisk (107) with the nanodisk mask resist (105). As shown in FIG. 1(d), the residue resist mask will be subsequently removed in step 14 by etching using an acid.

EXAMPLES

[0092] Non-limiting examples of the invention and a comparative example will be further described in greater detail by reference to specific Examples, which should not be construed as in any way limiting the scope of the invention.

Example 1

[0093] Fabrication of Silicon Nanodisks on a Silicon Substrate to Obtain a Basic Colour Palette for High-Resolution Colour Printing

[0094] The method of FIG. 1 is used here to form silicon nanodisks on a silicon substrate. Here, as shown in FIG. 1(a), a resist layer such as hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) (Dow Corning, product number XR-1541-002) was spun coated onto a substrate (103) such as a silicon substrate to form a layer of negative electron-beam resist (101) with a thickness of 30 nm. The HSQ resist was subsequently subjected to electron beam lithography in step 10 to develop the nanodisk mask resists. The HSQ layer was subjected to a negative electron-beam exposure with an electron acceleration voltage of 100 KeV, a beam current of 500 pA and an exposure dosage of 12 mC/cm.sup.2. The HSQ resist was then developed by using NaOH/NaCl salt solution (1% wt./4% wt. in de-ionized water) for 60 seconds followed by immersion in de-ionized water for another 60 seconds to stop the development.

[0095] As shown in FIG. 1(b), the developed nanodisk masks resists had a diameter D and an inter-structure distance/gap size g (which is shown here to be the surface to surface distance). The silicon substrate was subjected to etching in step 12 such as dry etching using plasma such as inductively-coupled plasma (ICP, Unaxis shuttle lock system SLR-7701-BR). During the ICP etching process, the following experimental conditions were used: the DC power was 100 watts, the coil power was 500 watts, the flow rates of chlorine (Cl.sub.2) and hydrogen bromide (HBr) gases were 18 and 22 sccm (standard-cubic-centimeters-per-minute) respectively, the process pressure was 10 mtorr, and the temperature was 6 C., The silicon substrate was subjected to an etching time of 40 seconds. The subsequently etched silicon nanodisks (107) have a height h of 129 nm, which was measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM. Its diameter and gap size followed the same measurement as the nanodisk mask resist (105).

[0096] FIG. 1(c) shows the schematic illustration of the etched silicon nanodisk (107) with the nanodisk mask resist (105). As shown in FIG. 1(d), the residue HSQ mask was subsequently removed in step 14 by using etching in acid such as wet etching with hydrofluoric acid (Sigma Aldrich, 40-45%).

[0097] By varying the ICP etching time, different silicon nanostructures were fabricated on the silicon substrate with varying heights. It was observed that height was an important parameter to achieve vivid colour display. For example, when silicon nanodisks had a height of 70 nm, the colour palette did not show obvious vivid colours. However, when the height of the silicon nanodisk was 129 nm, a more vivid colour palette was observed. This difference was shown in FIG. 3, where the colour palette in FIG. 3(a) had more vivid colours when compared with the colour palette in FIG. 3(b).

[0098] Further, embodiments of silicon nanodisks were also fabricated by varying the nanodisk diameters from 50 nm to 180 nm, and the gap size from 10 nm to 180 nm. Referring to FIG. 2, there is shown the schematic illustration and the scanning electron micrograph (SEM) image of the fabricated silicon nanodisks (201) on a silicon substrate (203). Here, FIG. 2(a) shows the detailed schematic of a colour pixel made of silicon nanodisks, where the diameter, the gap size, and the height of each silicon nanodisk are denoted as D, g, and h respectively. The scanning electron micrograph (SEM) image of an embodiment of the fabricated silicon nanodisks with a diameter of 50 nm, a gap size of 20 nm and a height of 129 nm was shown in FIG. 2(b).

[0099] Further, a colour palette consolidating the various colour pixels was obtained based on the embodiments of the silicon nanodisks with the gap size varied from 10 nm to 180 nm, and the disk diameter varied from 50 nm to 180 nm. The height of the nanodisks was 129 nm. Each colour pixel had a length of 5 m. A bright-field optical microscope image of the color palette was taken by using an optical microscope Olympus MX61 set-up (20 air objective lens with a numerical aperture (NA) of 0.4) for the respective nanodisk gap size. As shown in FIG. 3(a), a spectrum of colours was generated and colour changes were observed along each column and row. Although the small gap size resulted in some optical coupling, the main reason for the colour change along each column of FIG. 3(a) was due to the shift of the individual resonances with an increasing diameter size of the nanodisks. Additionally, within each row, the change in colours is due to the different optical coupling for different gap sizes.

[0100] Analysis of Optical Reflectance Spectrums Obtained Experimentally and Theoretically

[0101] The optical reflectance spectrum of the fabricated silicon nanodisks was obtained by using a micro-spectrometer (CRAIC UV-VIS-NIR QDI 2010) with the x36 objective lens and a numerical aperture (NA) of 0.50, where the optical reflectance spectrum is normalized to the optical reflectance spectrum of a flat silicon substrate. Referring to FIG. 4, there is shown the optical reflectance spectrum of silicon nanodisks having a gap size of 40 nm with the optical reflectance spectrum obtained from numerical simulations using the finite-difference-time-domain (FDTD) method. Here, the relative reflectance of the colour spectrum in the 4.sup.th column of FIG. 3(a) (denoted by the dotted lines) is compared with numerical simulations using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. FIG. 4(a) showed the experimentally obtained optical reflectance spectrum of silicon nanodisks with a gap size of 40 nm, a height of 129 nm and diameters from 50 nm to 180 nm (i.e., 4.sup.th column of FIG. 3(a)) whereas FIG. 4(b) presents the theoretical simulations for the total reflectance of the system based on full numerical simulations using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method.

[0102] As shown in FIG. 4(a), when the disk diameter was 50 nm, the optical reflectance spectrum has a dip on the trend line and the colour displayed was a subtractive color. As the disk diameter increases, the dip feature slowly evolved into a peak feature, and the colour slowly became an additive color instead.

[0103] This result was compared with a theoretical prediction of silicon nanodisks with the same set of parameters (gap size of 40 nm, height of 129 nm, and diameters from 50 nm to 180 nm). FIG. 4(b) depicted the theoretical prediction for the total reflectance of the system obtained by numerical simulations using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. It is seen that the simulations corresponds closely with the main features and the main trends that were observed experimentally.

[0104] Analysis of Excited Optical Modes in the Nanostructures at Dip or Peak Wavelength Positions

[0105] To gain a deeper physical interpretation of the optical reflectance spectrum obtained in FIG. 4(a), a multi-pole decomposition approach was used to analyze the respective optical modes being excited in the nanostructures at the respective dip or peak wavelength positions. To simplify the analysis and to minimize inter-structure optical couplings, a large gap size of 180 nm was investigated. Referring to FIG. 5, there is shown the images from simulation of excited optical modes on the silicon nanodisks using the multi-pole decomposition method. FIG. 5(a) shows graphical trends of the optical spectrum of the total reflectance, the reflectance component contributed by the magnetic dipole (MD), the reflectance component contributed by the electric dipole (ED), and the reflectance component contributed by the magnetic quadrupole (MQ) in silicon nanodisks with a gap size of 180 nm and diameters varying from 100 nm to 180 nm. As shown in FIG. 5(a), the optical reflectance spectrum was superimposed with calculated scattering cross sections associated with different excited optical modes in the silicon nanodisks, namely, a magnetic dipole (MD) mode, an electrical dipole (ED) mode, and a magnetic quadrupole (MQ) mode. The nanodisk diameter was varied from 100 nm to 180 nm. By way of an example, for a silicon nanodisk with a diameter of 140 nm, there were three main optical modes being excited, namely a first-order MD mode (as indicated by (1)), a first-order ED mode (as indicated by (2)), and a second-order MD mode (as indicated by (3)). These modes were resonant at those wavelengths for which a peak in their corresponding scattering cross sections was observed. The corresponding electric/magnetic field distributions for these optical modes were shown in FIG. 5(b)-(g) at both the x-y plane and the x-z plane, respectively. FIG. 5 (b)-(g) shows the corresponding electric/magnetic field distributions for the optical modes indicated by (1), (2), (3) for silicon nanodisks with a diameter of 140 nm. FIG. 5(b) and FIG. 5(c) shows the magnetic field distributions of the first-order magnetic dipole in the x-y plane and the x-z plane. FIG. 5(d) and FIG. 5(e) shows the electric field distributions of the first-order electric dipole in the x-y plane and the x-z plane. FIG. 5(f) and FIG. 5(g) shows magnetic field distributions of the second-order magnetic dipole in the x-y plane and the x-z plane.

[0106] Moreover, as shown in FIG. 5(c), FIG. 5(e) and FIG. 5(g), the electric and magnetic field distributions at the x-z plane showed that some optical field penetrates into the silicon substrate. Based on the analysis results, it could be concluded that the main features observed in the reflection of the system (i.e., reflection dips and peaks), which were related to the observed colour pixels, spectrally coincide with the excitation of electric and magnetic resonant modes within the nanostructures. Therefore, it was possible to generate different colour pixels by controlling the spectral position and shape of these resonances (either by changing the dimensions of the nanodisks or the inter-structure distances).

[0107] Detailed theoretical analysis was conducted using full numerical simulations based on the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method and the multipole decomposition technique. The multipole decomposition technique allowed identification of the modes excited in the system by analyzing the currents induced within the particles. The analysis revealed that the vivid colour of silicon nanostructures on silicon substrate originated from the electric/magnetic resonances within the silicon nanostructures, and the optical coupling between neighboring silicon nanodisks.

Example 2

[0108] Analysis of Diamond Nanodisks by Scaling Based on a Refractive Index Ratio

[0109] The fabrication method and the analysis of the colour produced of silicon nano disks as described in Example 1 was applied to all other dielectric materials. The corresponding dimensions and inter-structure distances of the nanodisks for all other types of dielectric materials was calculated with reference to the fabricated silicon substrate based on a scaling factor. The scaling factor was defined as the ratio of the refractive index of silicon to the refractive index of a selected dielectric material, i.e., n.sub.si/n.sub.dielectric.

[0110] Diamond nanodisks were fabricated from a diamond substrate by simulation using the finite-difference-time-domain (FDTD) method. The corresponding diameter, height and gap size were calculated by multiplying them with the scaling factor. The refractive index of diamond (n.sub.diamond) was 2.4 and the refractive index ratio was calculated to be 1.67. Hence, the scaling factor of 1.67 was used as the multiplicative factor to obtain the dimensions and inter-structure spacing of the diamond nanodisks based on the corresponding values from the silicon nanodisks.

[0111] Embodiments of diamond nanodisks were fabricated by varying the nanodisk diameters from 16.7 nm to 300.6 nm (by multiplying the corresponding silicon nanodisk diameters from 10 nm to 180 nm with the scaling factor of 1.67). The diamond nanodisk height was 217.1 nm (by multiplying the corresponding silicon nanodisk height of 130 nm with the scaling factor of 1.67). The gap size was set at 40 nm.

[0112] Referring to FIG. 6, the colour spectrum, optical distribution image and CIE chromaticity of diamond nanodisks (603) fabricated on a diamond substrate (601) was shown. FIG. 6(a) was a schematic illustration of diamond nanodisks (603) on a diamond substrate (601). FIG. 6(b) showed the simulated relative reflectance spectrum of diamond nanodisks with dimensions and gap size calculated by the refractive index scaling factor. FIG. 6(c) and FIG. 6(d) showed the optical distribution of the respective optical modes corresponding to the peak (as indicated by P) and dip (as indicated by D) features on the trend line in FIG. 6(b). FIG. 6(e) showed the colours in a CIE Chromaticity Diagram based on the simulated optical reflectance spectra (the Red, Blue, and Green spectra are indicated by R, B, and G respectively).

[0113] FIG. 6(a) illustrated the dimensions and inter-structure distance of diamond nanodisks. Accordingly, a simulated reflectance spectra of the diamond nanodisks relative to a flat diamond substrate was obtained where strong optical resonance was observed as shown in FIG. 6(b). The respective excited optical modes were shown in FIG. 6(c)-(d). Further, a CIE Chromaticity Diagram was plotted based on the data from the simulated reflectance spectra, which is depicted in FIG. 6(e). As observed in FIG. 6(e), vibrant colors could be produced with diamond nanostructures.

Example 3

[0114] Addition of an Anti-Reflectance Dielectric Layer

[0115] To improve color fidelity of the dielectric nanostructures, an anti-reflectance dielectric layer was inserted between the dielectric nanostructures and dielectric substrate. The anti-reflectance layer significantly enhances the color fidelity of the substrate. The fundamental principle of inserting this anti-reflectance dielectric layer was to minimize the background optical signal, which was not originated from the scattering of the dielectric nano structures.

[0116] In this example, the materials used for both the dielectric nanodisks and dielectric substrates were silicon. The optimal material for the anti-reflectance dielectric layer was determined by a refractive index value calculated based on {square root over (n.sub.airn.sub.sub)}, where n.sub.air is the refractive index of air and n.sub.sub is the refractive index of the base substrate. For a silicon substrate, the optimal anti-reflection dielectric layer should be close to 2.

[0117] Therefore, a possible material was Si.sub.3N.sub.4. Moreover, this anti-reflection layer was designed to have a minimum reflectance at the central wavelength at the visible regime (i.e. 550 nm) {square root over (n.sub.airn.sub.sub)}, where the corresponding optimal thickness of Si.sub.3N.sub.4 is calculated to be 60 nm. together with the corresponding thickness.

[0118] The optimal anti-reflection dielectric layer was found to be silicon nitride (Si.sub.3N.sub.4) with a thickness of 60 nm. The height and gap sizes of the silicon nanodisks were chosen to be 130 nm and 120 nm, respectively. The Si.sub.3N.sub.4 layer was deposited onto the silicon substrate by chemical vapour deposition. The deposition was carried out at a temperature of 20 C., a process pressure of 15 mTorr, and a deposition rate of 2 nm/min. The reactant gases were Silane (SiH.sub.4), Nitrogen (N.sub.2) and Argon (Ar). The gas flow rates were 20 sccm for SiH.sub.4, 25 sccm for N.sub.2, and 30 sccm for Ar.

[0119] Referring to FIG. 7, the colour spectrum and CIE chromaticity after the addition of a silicon nitride anti-reflectance layer (703) to the silicon nanodisks (705) on a silicon substrate (701) was shown. A schematic diagram to illustrate the insertion of the anti-reflectance layer was shown in FIG. 7(a) where FIG. 7(a) showed the schematic illustration of the silicon nitride anti-reflectance layer (703) as inserted between the silicon nanodisks (705) and the silicon substrate (701). Similar to examples 1 and 2, a reflectance spectrum of the dielectric nanodisk with varying diameters was obtained, as shown in FIG. 7(b) with height and gap size of 130 nm and 120 nm, respectively. The blue dot (as indicated by B), green dot (as indicated by G) and red dot (as indicated by R) were used to label the reflectance spectrum as corresponding to the best color fidelity with the blue color, green color and red color, respectively. The CIE Chromaticity Diagram based on the simulated optical reflectance spectra was presented in FIG. 7(c). It showed that the developed dielectric nanostructures were able to cover the region in the traditional RGB region, which was the best color fidelity for high resolution color printing beyond the diffraction limit, without the diffraction effect.

[0120] In another example, a Si.sub.3N.sub.4 layer with thickness of 70 nm was added to the silicon substrate. Silicon nanodisks were fabricated on the surface of Si.sub.3N.sub.4 layer with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 270 nm, gap sizes from 10 to 120 nm and a height of 130 nm. The various additive colour pixels were shown in FIG. 8. Each colour pixel had a length of 9 mm. FIG. 8(a) showed the bright-field optical micrograph of the colour palette. FIG. 8(c) showed the SEM image of silicon nanodisks with 60 nm of gap size and 130 nm in diameter (highlighted by the dotted line in FIG. 8(a)). The coordinates of the measured reflectance spectra of the colour palette were shown in FIG. 8(b). As shown in FIG. 8(b), the additive colours produced by the silicon nanodisks exceed the whole gamut of sRGB (standard Red Green Blue) on the CIE 1931 chromaticity diagram (occupying 120% of the sRGB gamut). From this example, it showed that the design of forming silicon nanostructures on the surface of the silicon nitride anti-reflectance layer was able to produce the best colour saturation beyond the optical diffraction limit

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

[0121] The nano-patterns/nanostructures formed by the method of the present disclosure may be used in high-resolution colour display, optical filters, optical data storage, image sensors, optical counterfeit.

[0122] Moreover, besides the application for high-resolution colour display, the nano-patterns/nanostructures may also function as colour filters to be patterned directly on sensors, or for the structures themselves to be wavelength-selective sensors with sub-wavelength dimensions.

[0123] The nano-patterns formed by the method of the present disclosure may be used in the designs of jewelry. For example, the vibrant colours produced from diamond nanostructures can have applications to develop colourful diamond jewelries.

[0124] It will be apparent that various other modifications and adaptations of the invention will be apparent to the person skilled in the art after reading the foregoing disclosure without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention and it is intended that all such modifications and adaptations come within the scope of the appended claims.