Method for treating thermoplastic polyurethane golf ball covers

Abstract

A method of forming a golf ball is disclosed herein. The method includes injecting a cover mixture into a mold to form a cover mixture comprising a thermoplastic polyurethane resin and a polyahl, subjecting the golf ball to a polyisocyanated solution to create a golf ball with a polyisocyanated cover, and heating the golf ball or polyisocyanated cover to remove a solvent component of the polyisocyanated solution and promote the reaction of the polyisocyanate with the cover mixture and polyahl.

Claims

1. A method for forming a golf ball, the method comprising: injecting a cover mixture into a mold over a golf ball precursor product to form a covered golf ball, the cover mixture comprising from 80 to 99.99 weight percent of a thermoplastic polyurethane resin and from 0.01 to 20 weight percent of a polyol polyester with 2,2-bis(methylol)propionic acid, wherein the golf ball precursor product is a core with an inner layer; subjecting the covered golf ball to a polyisocyanated solution to create a golf ball with a polyisocyanated cover, the a polyisocyanated solution comprising 4,4-diphenylmethane diisocyanate; heating the golf ball with the polyisocyanated cover to remove a solvent component of the polyisocyanated solution and promote the reaction of the polyisocyanate with the cover mixture.

2. The method according to claim 1 wherein heating the golf ball with a polyisocyanated cover comprises air-drying the solution covered golf ball at approximately 72 degrees Fahrenheit.

3. The method according to claim 1 wherein the polyisocyanated solution comprises acetone and MDI.

4. The method according to claim 1 wherein the polyisocyanated solution comprises MDI in an amount of sixteen weight percent of the polyisocyanated solution and acetone.

5. The method according to claim 1 wherein the polyisocyanated solution covered golf ball is heated from two to four hours at a temperature ranging from 125 degrees Fahrenheit to 250 degrees Fahrenheit.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a preferred method of the present invention.

(2) FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a golf ball of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(3) As shown in FIG. 1, a method of the present invention is generally designated 200. At block 202, a cover mixture is injected into a mold to form a cover mixture comprising a thermoplastic polyurethane resin and a polyahl. The polyahl may be added to the TPU prior to adding to the cover stock molding mixture or added to the cover mixture after the addition of the TPU. At block 203 the golf ball is subjected to a polyisocyanated solution to create a golf ball with a polyisocyanated cover. At block 204, the golf ball is subject to post-cure where the golf ball or polyisocyanated cover is heated to remove a solvent component of the polyisocyanated solution and promote the reaction of the polyisocyanate with the cover mixture and polyahl. At block 205, the golf ball is finished. i. Preferably, the isocyanate used is of the MDI type at 15 to 30% solids reduced with a ketone (such as MONDUR ML from Bayer Corporation) and dipped for 2 to 3 minutes. Most preferably, the solids level is about 16 to 24% (204). It is beneficial that the MDI remain in a liquid state at room temperature. However, this method shall not be limited to the type of polyurethane, polyurea or polyurethane/polyurea material, isocyanate used, concentration of the isocyanate solution, solvent used, dip time, or method of application described above. ii. In a preferred embodiment, the cover 140 is a multi-layer cover 135 comprising an inner cover layer 150 or layers formed over the core 120. Preferably, the inner cover layer 150 is harder than the outer cover layer 160, the inner cover layer 150 having a Shore D hardness of at least 60 (or at least about 80 Shore C) as measured on the surface thereof, and a softer outer cover layer 160 comprising thermoplastic polyurethane, polyurea or polyurethane/polyurea formed over the inner cover layer 150, the outer cover layer 160 having a Shore C hardness of less than 98, preferably a Shore C hardness of 95 or less, more preferably 90 or less, as measured on the surface thereof, the golf ball cover 140 having improved scuff resistance.

(4) In one embodiment, the solution comprises 20 weight percent of the dissolved polytetramethylene-ether-glycol based polyol. In yet another embodiment, the polyisocyanated solution comprises acetone and MDI. In another embodiment, the polyisocyanated solution comprises MDI in an amount of sixteen weight percent of the polyisocyanated solution and acetone. In another embodiment, the polyisocyanated solution covered golf ball is heated from two to four hours at a temperature ranging from 125 degrees Fahrenheit to 250 degrees Fahrenheit. In another embodiment, the pre-treated solution covered golf ball 110 is placed in the polyisocyanated solution for one to two minutes. In another embodiment, the heating of the golf ball 110 with a polyisocyanated cover comprises air-drying the solution covered golf ball 110 at approximately 72 degrees Fahrenheit.

(5) In a preferred embodiment, the cover 140 material contains a thermoplastic polyurethane material in an amount of 50 to 99.99 weight percent of the cover 140 and a dendritic polymer in an amount of 0.01 to 50 weight percent of the cover 140. More preferably, the cover 140 material contains a thermoplastic polyurethane material in an amount of 70 to 99.99 weight percent of the cover and a dendritic polymer in an amount of 0.01 to 30 weight percent of the cover. Even more preferred, the cover 140 material contains a thermoplastic polyurethane material in an amount of 80 to 99.99 weight percent of the cover 140 and a dendritic polymer in an amount of 0.01 to 20 weight percent of the cover 140. The dendritic polymer may be incorporated into the cover 140 as part of a dipping process or it may be incorporated during or prior to the injection molding process. A preferred dendritic polymer is BOLTORN H30 from Perstorp Polyols Inc., of Toledo, Ohio.

(6) In another aspect, the present invention provides a golf ball 140 comprising a core 120, a hard inner cover layer 150 formed over the core, and a softer outer cover layer 160 formed over the inner cover layer 150. The inner cover layer 150 has a Shore D hardness of at least 60 (or at least about 80 Shore C) as measured on the curved surface thereof and is formed of a composition including at least one material selected from the group of consisting of ionomers, polyamides, polyurethanes, polyureas, polyester elastomers, polyester amides, metallocene catalyzed polyolefins, and blends thereof. The outer cover layer 160 has a Shore C hardness of less than 98, preferably a Shore C hardness of 95 or less, more preferably 90 or less, as measured on the curved surface thereof. It is formed from a composition comprising at least one thermoplastic polyurethane, polyurea or polyurethane/polyurea material.

(7) The golf ball 110 precursor products utilized with the invention can be of a standard or enlarged size. The core 120 may have multiple layers, such as a dual core having a spherical center or inner core and a core layer surrounding the inner core. Additional core layers may also be present. The cover layer 140 is preferably a multi-layer cover comprising at least an inner cover layer 150 and an outer cover 160, although any number of cover layers, such as 2, 3, 4, 5 or more is possible.

(8) The core 120 or the dual core of the golf ball precursor product can be formed of a solid, a liquid, or any other substance that will result in an inner ball (core and inner cover layer), having the desired COR, compression and hardness. The multi-layered cover 140 preferably comprises two layers: a first or inner layer 150 or ply and a second or outer layer 160 or ply. The inner layer 150 can be ionomer, ionomer blends, non-ionomer, non-ionomer blends, or blends of ionomer and non-ionomer. The outer layer 160 is preferably softer than the inner layer 150 and can be thermoplastic polyurethane, polyurea, polyurethane/polyurea blends, or a blend of a polyurethane/polyurea and ionomer or non-ionomer.

(9) In a further embodiment, the inner layer 150 is comprised of a hard, high acid (i.e. greater than 16 weight percent acid) ionomer resin or high acid ionomer blend. Preferably, the inner layer 150 is comprised of a blend of two or more high acid (i.e. at least 16 weight percent acid) ionomer resins neutralized to various extents by different metal cations. The inner cover layer 150 may or may not include a metal stearate (e.g., zinc stearate) or other metal fatty acid salt. The purpose of the metal stearate or other metal fatty acid salt is to lower the cost of production without affecting the overall performance of the finished golf ball 110. In an additional embodiment, the inner layer 150 is comprised of a hard, low acid (i.e. 16 weight percent acid or less) ionomer blend. Preferably, the inner layer 150 is comprised of a blend of two or more low acid (i.e. 16 weight percent acid or less) ionomer resins neutralized to various extents by different metal cations. The inner cover layer 150 may or may not include a metal stearate (e.g., zinc stearate) or other metal fatty acid salt.

(10) It has been found that a hard inner layer 150 provides for a substantial increase in resilience (i.e., enhanced distance) over known multi-layer covered balls. The softer outer layer 160 provides for desirable feel and high spin rate while maintaining respectable resiliency. The soft outer layer 160 allows the cover 140 to deform more during impact and increases the area of contact between the clubface and the cover 140, thereby imparting more spin on the ball. As a result, the soft cover provides the ball with a balata-like feel and playability characteristics with improved distance and durability. Consequently, the overall combination of the inner 150 and outer cover layers 160 results in a golf ball 110 having enhanced resilience (improved travel distance) and durability (i.e. cut resistance, etc.) characteristics while maintaining and in many instances, improving, the playability properties of the ball.

(11) The combination of a hard inner cover layer 150 or layers with a soft, relatively low modulus thermoplastic polyurethane, polyurea or polyurethane/polyurea outer cover layer 160 provides for excellent overall coefficient of restitution (for example, excellent resilience) because of the improved resiliency produced by the inner cover layer. While some improvement in resiliency is also produced by the outer cover layer 160, the outer cover layer 160 generally provides for a more desirable feel and high spin, particularly at lower swing speeds with highly lofted clubs such as half wedge shots.

(12) Preferably, the inner cover layer 150 is harder than the outer cover layer 160 and generally has a thickness in the range of 0.010 to 0.150 inches, preferably 0.010 to 0.100 inches, more preferably 0.020 to 0.060 inches for a 1.68 inch ball and 0.030 to 0.100 inches for a 1.72 inch (or more) ball. The core 120 and inner cover layer together form an inner ball having a coefficient of restitution of 0.750 or more and more preferably 0.790 or more, and a diameter in the range of 1.48 to 1.67 inches for a 1.68 inch ball and 1.50 to 1.71 inches for a 1.72 inch (or more) ball. The inner cover layer 150 has a Shore D hardness of 60 or more (or at least about 80 Shore C). It is particularly advantageous if the golf balls of the invention have an inner layer 150 with a Shore D hardness of 65 or more (or at least about 100 Shore C). If the inner layer 150 is too thin, it is very difficult to accurately measure the Shore D, and sometimes the Shore C, of the inner layer 150 as the layer may puncture. Additionally, if the core 120 is harder, this will sometimes influence the reading. If the Shore C or Shore D is measured on a plaque of material, different values will result. The above-described characteristics of the inner cover layer 150 provide an inner ball having a PGA compression of 100 or less. It is found that when the inner ball has a PGA compression of 90 or less, excellent playability results.

(13) The inner layer 150 compositions of the embodiments described herein may include the high acid ionomers such as those developed by E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Company under the trademark Surlyn and by Exxon Corporation under the trademarks Escor or Iotek, or blends thereof.

(14) The high acid ionomers which may be suitable for use in formulating the inner layer 150 compositions of various embodiments of the invention are ionic copolymers which are the metal, (such as sodium, zinc, magnesium, etc.), salts of the reaction product of an olefin having from about 2 to 8 carbon atoms and an unsaturated monocarboxylic acid having from about 3 to 8 carbon atoms. Preferably, the ionomeric resins are copolymers of ethylene and either acrylic or methacrylic acid. In some circumstances, an additional comonomer such as an acrylate ester (for example, iso- or n-butylacrylate, etc.) can also be included to produce a softer terpolymer. The carboxylic acid groups of the copolymer are partially neutralized (for example, approximately 10-100%, preferably 30-70%) by the metal ions. Each of the high acid ionomer resins which may be included in the inner layer cover 150 compositions of the invention contains greater than about 16% by weight of a carboxylic acid, preferably from about 17% to about 25% by weight of a carboxylic acid, more preferably from about 18.5% to about 21.5% by weight of a carboxylic acid.

(15) The high acid ionomeric resins available from Exxon under the designation Escor or Iotek, are somewhat similar to the high acid ionomeric resins available under the Surlyn trademark. However, since the Escor/Iotek ionomeric resins are sodium or zinc salts of poly(ethylene-acrylic acid) and the Surlyn resins are zinc, sodium, magnesium, etc. salts of poly(ethylene-methacrylic acid), distinct differences in properties exist.

(16) Examples of the high acid methacrylic acid based ionomers found suitable for use in accordance with this invention include Surlyn 8220 and 8240 (both formerly known as forms of Surlyn AD-8422), Surlyn 9220 (zinc cation), Surlyn SEP-503-1 (zinc cation), and Surlyn SEP-503-2 (magnesium cation). According to DuPont, all of these ionomers contain from about 18.5 to about 21.5% by weight methacrylic acid.

(17) Examples of the high acid acrylic acid based ionomers suitable for use in the present invention also include the Escor or Iotek high acid ethylene acrylic acid ionomers produced by Exxon such as Ex 1001, 1002, 959, 960, 989, 990, 1003, 1004, 993, 994. In this regard, Escor or Iotek 959 is a sodium ion neutralized ethylene-acrylic neutralized ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer. According to Exxon, Ioteks 959 and 960 contain from about 19.0 to about 21.0% by weight acrylic acid with approximately 30 to about 70 percent of the acid groups neutralized with sodium and zinc ions, respectively.

(18) Furthermore, as a result of the development by the assignee of this application of a number of high acid ionomers neutralized to various extents by several different types of metal cations, such as by manganese, lithium, potassium, calcium and nickel cations, several high acid ionomers and/or high acid ionomer blends besides sodium, zinc and magnesium high acid ionomers or ionomer blends are now available for golf ball cover production. It has been found that these additional cation neutralized high acid ionomer blends produce inner cover layer compositions exhibiting enhanced hardness and resilience due to synergies that occur during processing. Consequently, the metal cation neutralized high acid ionomer resins recently produced can be blended to produce substantially higher C.O.R.'s than those produced by the low acid ionomer inner cover compositions presently commercially available.

(19) More particularly, several metal cation neutralized high acid ionomer resins have been produced by the assignee of this invention by neutralizing, to various extents, high acid copolymers of an alpha-olefin and an alpha, beta-unsaturated carboxylic acid with a wide variety of different metal cation salts. This discovery is the subject matter of U.S. Pat. No. 5,688,869, which is hereby incorporated by reference. It has been found that numerous metal cation neutralized high acid ionomer resins can be obtained by reacting a high acid copolymer (i.e. a copolymer containing greater than 16% by weight acid, preferably from about 17 to about 25 weight percent acid, and more preferably about 20 weight percent acid), with a metal cation salt capable of ionizing or neutralizing the copolymer to the extent desired (for example, from about 10% to 90%).

(20) The base copolymer is made up of greater than 16% by weight of an alpha, beta-unsaturated carboxylic acid and an alpha-olefin. Optionally, a softening comonomer can be included in the copolymer. Generally, the alpha-olefin has from 2 to 10 carbon atoms and is preferably ethylene, and the unsaturated carboxylic acid is a carboxylic acid having from about 3 to 8 carbons. Examples of such acids include acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, ethacrylic acid, chloroacrylic acid, crotonic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, and itaconic acid, with acrylic acid being preferred.

(21) The softening comonomer that can be optionally included in the inner cover layer for the golf ball of the invention may be selected from the group consisting of vinyl esters of aliphatic carboxylic acids wherein the acids have 2 to 10 carbon atoms, vinyl ethers wherein the alkyl groups contains 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and alkyl acrylates or methacrylates wherein the alkyl group contains 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Suitable softening comonomers include vinyl acetate, methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, ethyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, butyl methacrylate, or the like.

(22) Consequently, examples of a number of copolymers suitable for use to produce the high acid ionomers included in the present invention include, but are not limited to, high acid embodiments of an ethylene/acrylic acid copolymer, an ethylene/methacrylic acid copolymer, an ethylene/itaconic acid copolymer, an ethylene/maleic acid copolymer, an ethylene/methacrylic acid/vinyl acetate copolymer, an ethylene/acrylic acid/vinyl alcohol copolymer, etc. The base copolymer broadly contains greater than 16% by weight unsaturated carboxylic acid, from about 39 to about 83% by weight ethylene and from 0 to about 40% by weight of a softening comonomer. Preferably, the copolymer contains about 20% by weight unsaturated carboxylic acid and about 80% by weight ethylene. Most preferably, the copolymer contains about 20% acrylic acid with the remainder being ethylene.

(23) Along these lines, examples of the preferred high acid base copolymers which fulfill the criteria set forth above, are a series of ethylene-acrylic copolymers which are commercially available from The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Mich., under the PRIMACOR designation.

(24) The metal cation salts utilized in the invention are those salts that provide the metal cations capable of neutralizing, to various extents, the carboxylic acid groups of the high acid copolymer. These include acetate, oxide or hydroxide salts of lithium, calcium, zinc, sodium, potassium, nickel, magnesium, and manganese.

(25) Examples of such lithium ion sources are lithium hydroxide monohydrate, lithium hydroxide, lithium oxide and lithium acetate. Sources for the calcium ion include calcium hydroxide, calcium acetate and calcium oxide. Suitable zinc ion sources are zinc acetate dihydrate and zinc acetate, a blend of zinc oxide and acetic acid. Examples of sodium ion sources are sodium hydroxide and sodium acetate. Sources for the potassium ion include potassium hydroxide and potassium acetate. Suitable nickel ion sources are nickel acetate, nickel oxide and nickel hydroxide. Sources of magnesium include magnesium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, and magnesium acetate. Sources of manganese include manganese acetate and manganese oxide.

(26) The metal cation neutralized high acid ionomer resins are produced by reacting the high acid base copolymer with various amounts of the metal cation salts above the crystalline melting point of the copolymer, such as at a temperature from about 200 F. to about 500 F., preferably from about 250 F. to about 350 F. under high shear conditions at a pressure of from about 10 psi to 10,000 psi. Other well known blending techniques may also be used. The amount of metal cation salt utilized to produce the new metal cation neutralized high acid based ionomer resins is the quantity which provides a sufficient amount of the metal cations to neutralize the desired percentage of the carboxylic acid groups in the high acid copolymer. The extent of neutralization is generally from about 10% to about 90%.

(27) A number of different types of metal cation neutralized high acid ionomers can be obtained from the above-indicated process. These include high acid ionomer resins neutralized to various extents with manganese, lithium, potassium, calcium and nickel cations. In addition, when a high acid ethylene/acrylic acid copolymer is utilized as the base copolymer component of the invention and this component is subsequently neutralized to various extents with the metal cation salts producing acrylic acid based high acid ionomer resins neutralized with cations such as sodium, potassium, lithium, zinc, magnesium, manganese, calcium and nickel, several cation neutralized acrylic acid based high acid ionomer resins are produced.

(28) When compared to low acid versions of similar cation neutralized ionomer resins, the new metal cation neutralized high acid ionomer resins exhibit enhanced hardness, modulus and resilience characteristics. These are properties that are particularly desirable in a number of thermoplastic fields, including the field of golf ball manufacturing.

(29) When utilized in the construction of the inner layer of a multi-layered golf ball, it has been found that the acrylic acid based high acid ionomers extend the range of hardness beyond that previously obtainable while maintaining the beneficial properties (i.e. durability, click, feel, etc.) of the softer low acid ionomer covered balls, such as balls produced utilizing the low acid ionomers disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,884,814 and 4,911,451, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference. By using these high acid ionomer resins, harder, stiffer inner cover layers having higher C.O.R.s, and thus longer distance, can be obtained.

(30) More preferably, it has been found that when two or more of the above-indicated high acid ionomers, particularly blends of sodium and zinc high acid ionomers, are processed to produce the covers of multi-layered golf balls, (for example, the inner cover layer or layers herein) the resulting golf balls will travel further than previously known multi-layered golf balls produced with low acid ionomer resin covers due to the balls' enhanced coefficient of restitution values.

(31) Alternatively, if the inner cover layer 150 comprises a low acid, the low acid ionomers which may be suitable for use in formulating the inner layer compositions of the subject invention are ionic copolymers which are the metal, (sodium, zinc, magnesium, etc.), salts of the reaction product of an olefin having from about 2 to 8 carbon atoms and an unsaturated monocarboxylic acid having from about 3 to 8 carbon atoms. Preferably, the ionomeric resins are copolymers of ethylene and either acrylic or methacrylic acid. In some circumstances, an additional comonomer such as an acrylate ester (for example, iso- or n-butylacrylate, etc.) can also be included to produce a softer terpolymer. The carboxylic acid groups of the copolymer are partially neutralized (for example, approximately 10 to 100%, preferably 30 to 70%) by the metal ions. Each of the low acid ionomer resins which may be included in the inner layer cover compositions of the invention contains 16% by weight or less of a carboxylic acid.

(32) The inner layer compositions include the low acid ionomers such as those developed and sold by E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Company under the trademark SURLYN and by Exxon Corporation under the trademarks ESCOR or IOTEK, or blends thereof.

(33) The low acid ionomer resins available from Exxon under the designation ESCOR and/or IOTEK, are somewhat similar to the low acid ionomeric resins available under the SURLYN trademark. However, since the ESCOR/IOTEK ionomeric resins are sodium or zinc salts of poly(ethylene-acrylic acid) and the SURLYN resins are zinc, sodium, magnesium, etc. salts of poly(ethylene-methacrylic acid), distinct differences in properties exist.

(34) When utilized in the construction of the inner layer of a multi-layered golf ball, it has been found that the low acid ionomer blends extend the range of compression and spin rates beyond that previously obtainable. More preferably, it has been found that when two or more low acid ionomers, particularly blends of sodium and zinc ionomers, are processed to produce the covers of multi-layered golf balls, (for example, the inner cover layer herein) the resulting golf balls will travel further and at an enhanced spin rate than previously known multi-layered golf balls. Such an improvement is particularly noticeable in enlarged or oversized golf balls.

(35) In one embodiment of the inner cover layer 150, a blend of high and low acid ionomer resins is used. These can be the ionomer resins described above, combined in a weight ratio which preferably is within the range of 10 to 90 to 90 to 10 high and low acid ionomer resins.

(36) Another embodiment of the inner cover layer 150 is primarily or fully non-ionomeric thermoplastic material. Suitable non-ionomeric materials include metallocene catalyzed polyolefins or polyamides, polyamide/ionomer blends, polyphenylene ether/ionomer blends, etc., which have a Shore D hardness of at least 60 (or at least about 80 Shore C) and a flex modulus of greater than about 15,000, more preferably about 30,000 psi, or other hardness and flex modulus values which are comparable to the properties of the ionomers described above. Other suitable materials include but are not limited to thermoplastic or thermosetting polyurethanes, thermoplastic block polyesters, for example, a polyester elastomer such as that marketed by DuPont under the trademark Hytrel, or thermoplastic block polyamides, for example, a polyether amide such as that marketed by Elf Atochem S.A. under the trademark PEBAX, a blend of two or more non-ionomeric thermoplastic elastomers, or a blend of one or more ionomers and one or more non-ionomeric thermoplastic elastomers. These materials can be blended with the ionomers described above in order to reduce cost relative to the use of higher quantities of ionomer.

(37) One aspect of the present invention is s golf ball comprising a core 120 and a cover disposed 140 over the core 120. The cover 140 is formed from a thermoplastic polyurethane and polyahl reacted with a polyisocyanated solution. The golf ball 110 preferably comprises a core 120 and a boundary layer, the cover layer 140 disposed over the boundary layer. The cover layer 140 preferably has a thickness ranging from 0.010 inch to 0.040 inch. The cover layer 140 more preferably has a thickness ranging from 0.010 inch to 0.025 inch. In one embodiment, the polyisocyanated solution in which the golf ball 110 is dipped contains a hexamethylene diisocyanate.

(38) While the core 120 with the hard inner cover layer 150 formed thereon provides the multi-layer golf ball with power and distance, the outer cover layer 160 is preferably comparatively softer than the inner cover layer 150. The softness provides for the feel and playability characteristics typically associated with balata or balata-blend balls. The outer cover layer 160 or ply is comprised of a relatively soft, low modulus (about 1,000 psi to about 100,000 psi, preferably about 5,000 psi to about 70,000) thermoplastic polyurethane, polyurea or polyurethane/polyurea, or a blend of two or more polyurethanes, or a blend of one or more ionomers or one or more non-ionomeric thermoplastic materials with a thermoplastic polyurethane. The outer layer 160 is 0.005 to about 0.150 inch in thickness, preferably 0.010 to 0.075 inch in thickness, more desirably 0.015 to 0.040 inch in thickness, but thick enough to achieve desired playability characteristics while minimizing expense. Thickness is defined as the average thickness of the non-dimpled areas of the outer cover layer 160. The outer cover layer 160 preferably has a Shore C hardness of less than 98, preferably 95 or less, and more preferably 90 or less, as measured on the surface of the golf ball. If the inner layer 150 and/or core are harder than the outer layer 160, this will sometimes influence the reading. If the Shore C is measured on a plaque of material, different values may result.

(39) The outer cover layer 160 of the invention is formed over a core to result in a golf ball having a coefficient of restitution of at least 0.750, more preferably at least 0.780, and most preferably at least 0.790. The coefficient of restitution of the ball will depend upon the properties of both the core and the cover. The PGA compression of the golf ball is 100 or less, and preferably is 90 or less.

(40) In polyurethanes, cross-linking occurs between the isocyanate groups (NCO) and the polyol's hydroxyl end-groups (OH), and/or with already formed urethane groups. Additionally, the end-use characteristics of polyurethanes can also be controlled by different types of reactive chemicals and processing parameters. For example, catalysts are utilized to control polymerization rates.

(41) Generally, thermoplastic polyurethanes have some cross-linking, but primarily by physical means. The cross-link bonds can be reversibly broken by increasing temperature, as occurs during molding or extrusion. In this regard, thermoplastic polyurethanes can be injection molded, and extruded as sheet and blow film. They can be used up to about 350 F. to 500 F. and are available in a wide range of hardnesses.

(42) The thermoplastic polyurethane, polyurea or polyurethane/polyurea which is selected for use as a golf ball cover preferably has a Shore C hardness of from about 98 or less, more preferably about 95 or less, and most preferably about 90 or less when measured on the surface of the golf ball. The thermoplastic polyurethane, polyurea or polyurethane/polyurea which is to be used for a cover layer preferably has a flex modulus from about 1 to about 310 Kpsi, more preferably from about 5 to about 100 Kpsi, and most preferably from about 5 to about 70 Kpsi. Accordingly, covers comprising these materials exhibit similar properties.

(43) Non-limiting examples of a polyurethane, polyurea or polyurethane/polyurea suitable for use in the outer cover layer include thermoplastic polyurethanes available from Bayer under the trade name of TEXIN and DESMOPAN, polyurethanes available from BASF under the trade name ELLASTOLAN, polyurethanes available from Dow under the trade name PELLETHANE, and polyurethanes from Noveon Incorporated, such as 58132-XLK-040; 58132-XCT-040; 58134-XL2-040P; 58134-XL4-040P; 58134-XC2-040P; 58134-XC4-040P; 5740960-XL2; 5740960-XL4; 5740960-XC2; and 5740960-XC4.

(44) Typically, there are two classes of thermoplastic polyurethane materials: aliphatic polyurethanes and aromatic polyurethanes. The aliphatic materials are produced from a polyol or polyols and aliphatic isocyanates, such as H.sub.12MDI or HDI, and the aromatic materials are produced from a polyol or polyols and aromatic isocyanates, such as MDI or TDI. The thermoplastic polyurethanes may also be produced from a blend of both aliphatic and aromatic materials, such as a blend of HDI and TDI with a polyol or polyols.

(45) Generally, the aliphatic thermoplastic polyurethanes are lightfast, meaning that they do not yellow appreciably upon exposure to ultraviolet light. Conversely, aromatic thermoplastic polyurethanes tend to yellow upon exposure to ultraviolet light. One method of stopping the yellowing of the aromatic materials is to paint the outer surface of the finished ball with a coating containing a pigment, such as titanium dioxide, so that the ultraviolet light is prevented from reaching the surface of the ball. Another method is to add UV absorbers and stabilizers to the clear coating(s) on the outer cover, as well as to the thermoplastic polyurethane material itself. By adding UV absorbers and stabilizers to the thermoplastic polyurethane and the coating(s), aromatic polyurethanes can be effectively used in the outer cover layer of golf balls. This is advantageous because aromatic polyurethanes typically have better scuff resistance characteristics than aliphatic polyurethanes, and the aromatic polyurethanes are typically lower cost than aliphatic polyurethanes.

(46) Polyahls can be defined as multifunctional polyols, polyamines, polyamides, polymercaptans, polyacids, or any other compound with active Zerewitinoff hydrogen atoms. In this invention, they are mixed with the base TPU cover stock either before or during injection molding. Preferably, they are added in masterbatch form and dry blended with the base TPU cover stock before injection molding. These masterbatches can be made on a twin screw extruder and TPU or other thermoplastic elastomers (e.g. Hytrel) can be used as carrier resins.

(47) Subsequent to injection molding, the balls are dipped in a polyisocyanate solution whereby the polyisocyanate is allowed to diffuse into the cover of the golf ball. After dipping, the balls are heated to remove solvent and to allow continued diffusion of polyisocyanate into the cover of the golf ball. Most importantly, this post-cure step promotes the reaction of polyisocyanate with TPU and polyahl in the cover stock. The kinetics and overall conversion of these reactions can be controlled with added catalyst.

(48) Together, both polyahls and polyisocyanates function as crosslinkers in the TPU golf ball cover. Polyisocyanates react with active hydrogen functionality in both polyahls and TPU urethane linkages to form urethane and allophonate bonds, respectively. In the absence of polyahl, polyisocyanate reactions result in intermolecular crosslinking which improves wedge cover shear durability. However, when multifunctional polyahls are present, polyisocyanate reactions result in a different network structure with different crosslink density. If the chosen polyahl has functionality2 and is miscible with the base TPU, wedge cover shear durability can be improved even further. i. A golf ball outer cover layer 160 according to the present invention formed from a polyurethane material typically contains from about 0 to about 20 weight percent of filler material, more preferably from about 1 to about 10 weight percent, and most preferably from about 1 to about 5 weight percent.

(49) Moreover, in alternative embodiments, either the inner 150 and/or the outer cover layer 160 may also additionally comprise up to 100 wt % of a soft, low modulus, non-ionomeric thermoplastic or thermoset material. Non-ionomeric materials are suitable so long as they produce the playability and durability characteristics desired without adversely affecting the enhanced travel distance characteristic produced by the high acid ionomer resin composition. These include but are not limited to styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymers, including functionalized styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymers, styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene (SEBS) block copolymers such as KRATON materials from Shell Chemical Company, and functionalized SEBS block copolymers; metallocene catalyzed polyolefins; ionomer/rubber blends such as those in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,986,545; 5,098,105 and 5,187,013; silicones; and HYTREL polyester elastomers from DuPont and PEBAX polyetheramides from Elf Atochem S.A. A preferred non-ionomeric material suitable for the inner and/or outer cover layer includes polyurethane.

(50) Additional materials may also be added to the inner 150 and outer cover layer 160 of the present invention as long as they do not substantially reduce the playability properties of the ball. Such materials include dyes (for example, ULTRAMARINE BLUE sold by Whittaker, Clark, and Daniels of South Plainsfield, N.J.) (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,679,795); pigments such as titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, barium sulfate and zinc sulfate; UV absorbers; antioxidants; antistatic agents; and stabilizers. Moreover, the cover compositions of the present invention may also contain softening agents such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,312,857 and 5,306,760, including plasticizers, metal stearates, processing acids, etc., and reinforcing materials such as glass fibers and inorganic fillers, as long as the desired properties produced by the golf ball covers of the invention are not impaired.

(51) Examples of suitable isocyanates include, but are not limited to, 4,4-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI); 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (TDI); m-xylylene diisocyanate (XDI); methylene bis-(4-cyclohexyl isocyanate) (HMDI); hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI); naphthalene-1,5,-diisocyanate (NDI); 3,3-dimethyl-4,4-biphenyl diisocyanate (TODI); 1,4-diisocyanate benzene (PPM); phenylene-1,4-diisocyanate; and 2,2,4- or 2,4,4-trimethyl hexamethylene diisocyanate (TMDI). Other less preferred diisocyanates include, but are not limited to, isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI); 1,4-cyclohexyl diisocyanate (CHDI); diphenylether-4,4-diisocyanate; p,p-diphenyl diisocyanate; lysine diisocyanate (LDI); 1,3-bis (isocyanato methyl) cyclohexane; polymethylene polyphenyl isocyanate (PMDI); and meta-tetramethylxylylene diisocyanate (TMXDI). Preferably, the diisocyanate is MDI. The term isocyanate as used herein includes all of these compounds and other isocyanates.

(52) As mentioned generally above, the isocyanate or diisocyanate used may have a solids content in the range of about 1 to about 100 weight %, preferably about 5 to about 50 weight %, most preferably about 10 to about 30 weight %. If it is necessary to adjust the solids content, any suitable solvent (such as ketone and acetate) that will allow penetration of the isocyanate into the polyurethane cover material without causing distortion may be used.

(53) More preferably, the isocyanate utilized is Mondur ML, an aromatic diisocyanate manufactured by the Bayer Corporation. According to Bayer, Mondur ML is an isomer mixture of diphenyl methane diisocyanate (MDI) containing a high percentage of 2,4 isomer. More particularly, Mondur ML reportedly has the following specifications and proportions:

(54) TABLE-US-00001 A. PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS Assay, wt. % 99.5 minimum 2,4 isomer content, % 50-60 Acidity as HCI, 30 maximum Dimer, wt. % 0.3 ppm maximum

(55) TABLE-US-00002 B. TYPICAL PROPERTIES* Appearance Clear to light Specific Gravity @ 1.19 yellow liquid 25 C. Equivalent weight 125 Freezing 59-68 F. point (15-20 C.) NCO Content, % 33.4-33.6 Flash point 388 F. (Setaflash) (198 C.) Viscosity @ 25 C., 10 Equivalent wt., avg. 125 mPa*s (as supplied) Weight per gallon, 9.9 lb. @ 25 C. *These items are provided as general information only. They are approximate values and are not considered part of the product specification.

(56) The cores 120 of the inventive golf balls typically have a coefficient of restitution of about 0.750 or more, more preferably 0.770 or more and a PGA compression of about 90 or less, and more preferably 70 or less. Furthermore, in some applications it may be desirable to provide a core with a coefficient of restitution of about 0.780 to 0.790 or more. The core 120 used in the golf ball 110 of the invention preferably is a solid. The term solid cores as used herein refers not only to one piece cores but also to those cores having a separate solid layer beneath the covers and over the central core. The cores 120 have a weight of 25 to 40 grams and preferably 30 to 40 grams. When the golf ball 110 of the invention has a solid core, this core can be compression molded from a slug of uncured or lightly cured elastomer composition comprising a high cis content polybutadiene and a metal salt of an , , ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid such as zinc mono- or diacrylate or methacrylate. To achieve higher coefficients of restitution and/or to increase hardness in the core, the manufacturer may include a small amount of a metal oxide such as zinc oxide. In addition, larger amounts of metal oxide than are needed to achieve the desired coefficient may be included in order to increase the core weight so that the finished ball more closely approaches the U.S.G.A. upper weight limit of 1.620 ounces. Non-limiting examples of other materials which may be used in the core composition including compatible rubbers or ionomers, and low molecular weight fatty acids such as stearic acid. Free radical initiator catalysts such as peroxides are admixed with the core composition so that on the application of heat and pressure, a curing or cross-linking reaction takes place.

(57) A thread wound core may comprise a liquid, solid, gel or multi-piece center. The thread wound core is typically obtained by winding a thread of natural or synthetic rubber, or thermoplastic or thermosetting elastomer such as polyurethane, polyester, polyamide, etc. on a solid, liquid, gel or gas filled center to form a thread rubber layer that is then covered with one or more mantle or cover layers. Additionally, prior to applying the cover layers, the thread wound core may be further treated or coated with an adhesive layer, protective layer, or any substance that may improve the integrity of the wound core during application of the cover layers and ultimately in usage as a golf ball. i. In a preferred embodiment, the final golf ball precursor product typically is coated with a durable, abrasion-resistant, relatively non-yellowing finish coat or coats if necessary. The finish coat or coats may have some optical brightener added to improve the brightness of the finished golf ball. In a preferred embodiment, from 0.001 to about 10% optical brightener may be added to one or more of the finish coatings. Preferred finish coatings are solvent based urethane coatings known in the art. ii. After molding, the golf balls produced may undergo various further processing steps such as buffing, painting and marking as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,911,451.

(58) The resulting golf ball 110 produced from the hard inner layer 150 and the relatively softer, low flexural modulus outer layer which additionally comprises an isocyanate provide for an improved multi-layer golf ball which provides for desirable coefficient of restitution and durability properties while at the same time offering the feel and spin characteristics associated with soft balata and balata-like covers of the prior art.

(59) The golf balls formed according to the present invention can be coated using a conventional two-component spray coating or can be coated during the process, for example, using an in-mold coating process.

(60) The present invention includes a wide variety of strategies and techniques for improving the scuff resistance of thermoplastic polyurethane covers.

(61) The present invention is further illustrated by the following examples in which the parts of the specific ingredients are by weight. It is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to the examples, and various changes and modifications may be made in the invention without departing from the spirit and scope thereof.

EXAMPLES

Example 1

(62) Golf balls precursor products comprising thermoplastic polyurethane covers were made. The results are shown in Table 1 below.

(63) The scuff resistance test was conducted in the manner described below. The balls that were tested were primed and top coated. A 56 Wedge (256.Math.12) was mounted in a mechanical swing machine. The club swing speed used is 70 mph. After each hit, the club face is brushed clean using a nylon bristled brush. A minimum of three samples of each ball were tested. Each ball was hit three times at three different locations so as not to overlap with other strikes. The details of the club face are critical, and are as follows:

(64) Groove width0.026 inches

(65) Groove depth0.014 inches;

(66) For each strike, a point value is assigned based on a scale from 0.0 to 6.0 with 0.0 representing no visible mark from the strike and 6.0 representing shredding of the material, with consideration given to a potential end user's perception of cover damage. After completing all strikes, determine the average point value. This average point value, or rank, can be correlated to the chart below.

(67) TABLE-US-00003 Scuff Test Ranking Rank Average Point Value Excellent 0.0-1.0 Very Good 1.1-2.0 Good 2.1-3.0 Fair 3.1-4.0 Borderline 4.1-5.0 Poor (unacceptable) 5.1-6.0
The cut test (off center cut) was performed as described below. An off center cut test was used as it more closely represents actual play. The shear component of this blow makes the off-center cut test the most severe and most useful in determining the cut resistance of a cover material.

(68) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE ONE 2.sup.nd 1.sup.st Dip 1.sup.st Heating 2.sup.nd Dip Heating Example Solution Time Time Time Time Scuff 1 16% MDI in Acetone 2 min. 4 hrs. @ NA NA 3.5 (Control) 175 F. 2 1. 20% Boltorn H30 2 min. Air Dry @ 2 min. 4 hrs. @ 3.3 2. 16% MDI in Acetone Room Temp. 175 F. 3 1. 2% Boltorn H30 2 min. Air Dry @ 2 min. 4 hrs. @ 2.4 2. 16% MDI in Acetone Room Temp. 175 F. 4 1. 5% Boltorn H30 2 min. Air Dry @ 2 min. 4 hrs. @ 2.5 2. 16% MDI in Acetone Room Temp. 175 F.

(69) From the foregoing it is believed that those skilled in the pertinent art will recognize the meritorious advancement of this invention and will readily understand that while the present invention has been described in association with a preferred embodiment thereof, and other embodiments illustrated in the accompanying drawings, numerous changes, modifications and substitutions of equivalents may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of this invention which is intended to be unlimited by the foregoing except as may appear in the following appended claims. Therefore, the embodiments of the invention in which an exclusive property or privilege is claimed are defined in the following appended claims.