Serially expanding an artificial heart valve within a pediatric patient

Abstract

Some embodiments are directed to methods for serially expanding an artificial heart valve within a pediatric patient. For example, the artificial heart valve can be implanted into the pediatric patient during a first procedure, and then expanded during a second procedure to accommodate for the pediatric patient's growth. Some embodiments include introducing an expander into the implanted valve when the frame is expanded to a first working diameter, and then actuating the expander to expand the frame to a second working diameter greater than the first working diameter, to accommodate for the pediatric patient's growth.

Claims

1. A method comprising: after initial transcatheter delivery and implantation of a heart valve into a subject, introducing into a vessel of the subject an expander; advancing the expander through the vessel to the location of the implanted heart valve, the heart valve having an expandable frame and a plurality of leaflets disposed within the frame, the frame being formed by a plurality of posts, the plurality of posts including a first set of posts having a first width and a second set of posts having a second width that is greater than the first width, the heart valve configured to be dilated to a first working diameter during the initial implantation and re-dilated to a second working diameter greater than the first working diameter while maintaining competence of the heart valve; introducing the expander into the frame when the implanted heart valve is in its first working diameter; actuating the expander to increase a diameter of the frame to transition the heart valve to the second working diameter.

2. The method of claim 1, further comprising, after the actuating, retracting the expander from the implanted heart valve.

3. The method of claim 1, further comprising further actuating the expander to increase the diameter of the frame to a maximum radial extent of the leaflets.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein each leaflet from the plurality of leaflets extends from the frame and terminates at a free edge, each free edge having a length that is greater than the first working diameter such that the plurality of leaflets are configured to sufficiently coapt both when the heart valve is dilated to the first working diameter and when the heart valve is dilated to the second working diameter.

5. The method of claim 1, further comprising verifying, using an imaging technique from outside the subject, that the heart valve has transitioned to the second working diameter.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of leaflets are formed of a polymer.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein each leaflet from the plurality of leaflets is coupled to the frame along a leaflet attachment line, each leaflet attachment line including a curved portion and a linear portion, the curved portion terminating at the linear portion and the linear portion terminating at a free edge of the leaflet, the linear portion being parallel to a longitudinal axis of the frame.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein: the frame has a first open end, a second open end, and a longitudinal axis extending therebetween, the longitudinal axis defining a flow path through the heart valve, the first set of posts defining a plurality of cells therebetween that are variable in shape during expansion of the frame, each post from the second set of posts being coupled to two leaflets from the plurality of leaflets, the second set of posts being equal in number to the plurality of leaflets.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein the plurality of leaflets are coupled to the second set of posts via at least one of a chemical coupling technique, chemical fusing, thermal fusing, or sonic welding.

10. The method of claim 8, wherein at least a portion of the plurality of cells are coated with a polymer.

11. The method of claim 8, wherein at least a portion of the plurality of cells are covered.

12. The method of claim 8, wherein each post from the second set of posts defines one or more windows configured to have a fixed shape during expansion of the frame.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein the second set of posts includes polymer within its one or more windows, each post from the second set of posts being coupled to the two leaflets via the polymer.

14. The method of claim 12, wherein the one or more windows have a width of about 0.5 mm to about 3 mm, and a height of about 1 mm to about 10 mm, the height being parallel to the longitudinal axis and the width being perpendicular to the longitudinal axis.

15. The method of claim 12, wherein the one or more windows are rectangular.

16. The method of claim 12, wherein the one or more windows have a height and a width, the height being greater than the width, the height be parallel to the longitudinal axis and the width being perpendicular to the longitudinal axis.

17. The method of claim 1, wherein the second set of posts consists of three posts, each of which are circumferentially positioned at 120 degree intervals along the frame, the plurality of leaflets consisting of three leaflets.

18. The method of claim 1, wherein an entire external surface of the frame is covered with a polymer.

19. A method comprising: after initial transcatheter delivery and implantation of a heart valve of a subject, introducing into a vessel of the subject an expander; advancing the expander through the vessel to the location of the implanted heart valve, the heart valve having an expandable frame and a plurality of leaflets disposed within the frame, the frame being formed by a plurality of posts, the plurality of posts including a first set of posts having a first width and a second set of posts having a second width that is greater than the first width, each post from the second set of posts being disposed at a junction between two leaflets from the plurality of leaflets, each leaflet from the plurality of leaflets extending from the frame and terminating at a free edge, each free edge having a length that is greater than a diameter of the frame of the implanted heart valve during the advancing, introducing the expander into the implanted heart valve; actuating the expander to increase the diameter of the frame while maintaining competence of the heart valve; and withdrawing the expander from the subject.

20. The method of claim 19, wherein the heart valve is a transcatheter heart valve, the advancing the expander including advancing the expander via an introducer sheath.

21. The method of claim 19, wherein the plurality of leaflets are formed of a polymer.

22. The method of claim 19, wherein: the frame has a first open end, a second open end, and a longitudinal axis extending therebetween, the longitudinal axis defining a flow path through the heart valve, the first set of posts defining a plurality of cells therebetween that are variable in shape during expansion of the frame, each post from the second set of posts coupled to two leaflets from the plurality of leaflets, the second set of posts being equal in number to the plurality of leaflets.

23. The method of claim 19, wherein each post from the second set of posts defines one or more windows configured to have a fixed shape during expansion of the frame.

24. The method of claim 23, wherein the second set of posts include polymer within its one or more windows, each post from the second set of posts being coupled to the two leaflets via the polymer.

25. The method of claim 23, wherein the one or more windows have a height and a width, the height being greater than the width, the height be parallel to the longitudinal axis and the width being perpendicular to the longitudinal axis.

26. The method of claim 19, wherein the plurality of leaflets are coupled to the second set of posts via at least one of a chemical coupling technique, chemical fusing, thermal fusing, or sonic welding.

27. A method comprising: after initial transcatheter delivery and implantation of a heart valve into a subject, and with the heart valve having been dilated to a first working diameter, causing the implanted heart valve to transition to a second working diameter greater than the first working diameter while maintaining competence of the heart valve, the heart valve having an expandable frame and a plurality of leaflets disposed within the frame, the frame being formed by a plurality of posts, the plurality of posts including a first set of posts having a first width and a second set of posts having a second width that is greater than the first width, the second set of posts defining one or more windows configured to have a fixed shape during dilation of the heart valve, each window having polymer therein and being coupled to two leaflets from the plurality of leaflets.

28. The method of claim 27, wherein the one or more windows have a width of about 0.5 mm to about 3 mm, and a height of about 1 mm to about 10 mm.

29. The method of claim 27, wherein the plurality of leaflets are coupled to the second set of posts via at least one of a chemical coupling technique, chemical fusing, thermal fusing, or sonic welding.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) For a fuller understanding of the nature and desired objects of the present invention, reference is made to the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing figures wherein like reference characters denote corresponding parts throughout the several views and wherein:

(2) FIGS. 1A and 1B provide perspective (in which fluid flows from the bottom of the stent toward the top of the stent) and top (in which fluid flows out of the page when the valve is open and flows down into the page to close the valve) views of a valve according to an embodiment of the invention;

(3) FIG. 2 depicts a stent according to an embodiment of the invention;

(4) FIGS. 3A-3F depict various stent geometries according to embodiments of the invention;

(5) FIG. 4 depicts various vertical post geometries according to embodiments of the invention;

(6) FIGS. 5A-5D depict the positioning of a leaflet joint adjacent to a window of a vertical post according to an embodiment of the invention;

(7) FIG. 6 depicts a stent prior to expansion, dip coating, and leaflet installation according to an embodiment of the invention;

(8) FIG. 7 depicts a stent including one or more anchor points according to an embodiment of the invention;

(9) FIG. 8 depicts the engagement of a stent with a holder for dipping and rotation according to an embodiment of the invention;

(10) FIGS. 9A-9E depict a mandrel according to an embodiment of the invention;

(11) FIG. 9F depicts the positioning of a hyperbolic commissure line relative to defined asymptotes according to embodiments of the invention;

(12) FIG. 10A depicts a comparison of elliptical vs. parabolic geometries leaflet valley lines according to embodiments of the invention;

(13) FIGS. 10B and 10C depict a comparison of elliptical vs. parabolic leaflet stent attachment lines according to embodiments of the invention;

(14) FIGS. 11A-11D depict mandrels for forming coaptation regions of varying height according to embodiments of the invention;

(15) FIGS. 12A-12D depict mandrels for forming coaptation regions of varying radial length according to embodiments of the invention;

(16) FIGS. 12E-12H depict mandrels for forming commissure lines having variable depths along the z-axis according to embodiments of the invention;

(17) FIGS. 121-12K depict mandrels for forming coaptation regions having curved profiles in an x-y plane, resulting in increased coaptation length, according to embodiments of the invention;

(18) FIGS. 12L-12N depict mandrels for forming commissure lines having curved profiles in an x-y plane, resulting in increased coaptation length, according to embodiments of the invention;

(19) FIG. 13A depicts a mandrel according to an embodiment of the invention;

(20) FIGS. 13B and 13C depict the positioning of reinforcing zones on a mandrel according to an embodiment of the invention;

(21) FIGS. 14A-14C depict various top profiles according to an embodiment of the invention;

(22) FIGS. 15A and 15B depict the fabrication of valves according to embodiments of the invention;

(23) FIG. 16 depict the fabrication of valves according to an embodiment of the invention;

(24) FIGS. 17A and 17B depict the compression of a valve after assembly in order to bring leaflets into contact with each other according to embodiments of the invention;

(25) FIG. 17C is a high-speed photograph of a closed valve under pressure according to embodiments of the invention;

(26) FIG. 18 depicts a method of implanting a valve according to embodiments of the invention; and

(27) FIG. 19 depicts a method of expanding an implanted valve according to embodiments of the invention.

DEFINITIONS

(28) The instant invention is most clearly understood with reference to the following definitions.

(29) As used herein, the singular form “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

(30) Unless specifically stated or obvious from context, as used herein, the term “about” is understood as within a range of normal tolerance in the art, for example within 2 standard deviations of the mean. “About” can be understood as within 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.1%, 0.05%, or 0.01% of the stated value. Unless otherwise clear from context, all numerical values provided herein are modified by the term about.

(31) As used in the specification and claims, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “containing,” “having,” and the like can have the meaning ascribed to them in U.S. patent law and can mean “includes,” “including,” and the like.

(32) Unless specifically stated or obvious from context, the term “or,” as used herein, is understood to be inclusive.

(33) Ranges provided herein are understood to be shorthand for all of the values within the range. For example, a range of 1 to 50 is understood to include any number, combination of numbers, or sub-range from the group consisting 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 (as well as fractions thereof unless the context clearly dictates otherwise).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(34) Aspects of the invention provide a novel platform that allows development of polymeric valves of any size and shape. Aspects of the invention can be applied to valves designed for surgical implantation (e.g., through a sternotomy or thoracotomy) or valves designed for percutaneous, transcatheter implantation. Additionally, embodiments of the invention allow for possible percutaneous replacement of a dysfunctional valve, whether in adults or in small children. In addition, if implanted in a child, embodiments of the invention allow the valve to be serially expanded to accompany the child's growth.

(35) Cardiac Applications

(36) Multiple types of congenital heart defects require heart valve replacement surgery in infancy or childhood. In adults, the most commonly replaced valves are aortic and mitral, whereas in children, the pulmonary valve is the most commonly replaced valve. Heart valves are currently replaced using tissue valves (homograft or xenograft) or mechanical metal valves, each having their shortcomings. Homograft valves are in short supply, particularly in sizes suitable for use in children, and biologic tissue-based valves (whether bovine, porcine, or homograft) tend to induce an immunologic reaction which leads to failure of these valves. Mechanical valves generally require anticoagulation, and are almost never used in the pulmonary position due to an increased risk of thrombosis.

(37) Furthermore, none of the surgically implanted valves can adapt to growing patients. The rapid growth of pediatric patients leads them to outgrow their implanted valves within a few years and induces a cycle of frequent surgical valve replacements during childhood. Aspects of the invention provide valves having improved biocompatibility, durability, and hemodynamic performance and would reduce the frequency of recurrent open heart surgeries for valve replacement.

(38) Venous Applications

(39) Additionally, aspects of the invention can be used for venous valve replacement in patients having venous disease such as chronic venous insufficiency (leading to leg swelling). Because the polymer leaflets can be made extremely thin, the valves can even open under extremely low venous pressure gradients.

(40) Artificial, Flexible Valves

(41) Referring now to FIGS. 1A and 1B, one aspect of the invention provides an artificial, flexible valve 100. The valve includes an expandable, cylindrical stent 102 defining a wall 104. Valve 100 further includes a plurality of leaflets 106a-106c. Wall 104 can be formed by dip coating stent 102 in a polymer as further described herein. Leaflets 106 can be coupled to wall 104 along seams 108 (also referred to herein as “attachment line,” “leaflet-stent attachment line,” and “attachment seam”) using a variety of approaches (e.g., glue) as discussed further herein. Stent 102 can include one or more vertical posts 110, 112, which can be relatively narrow posts 110 (also referred to herein as a “first set of posts”) or relatively wide posts 112 (also referred to herein as a “second set of posts”). Preferably leaflet joints between adjacent leaflets 106 arc positioned on or close to a vertical post 110, 112 of the stent 102.

(42) The valve 100 will now be described in the context of its components and methods of fabrication.

(43) Stents

(44) Referring now to FIG. 2, stent 102 can be a metallic stent having plurality of wires, strips, and the like 202 defining a plurality of cells 204, 206 of various sizes, and extending between a first open end FE and a second open end SE, and defining a longitudinal axis LA therebetween. Stent 102 can be fabricated from a variety of malleable materials such as stainless steel, 316L stainless steel, cobalt-chromium alloys, nickel-titanium alloys (colloquially known as “nitinol”), and the like. Stent 102 can also be formed from various non-metallic materials such as plastics such as polyethylene, polyurethane, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), silicone, poly(propylene) (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and the like.

(45) Stent 102 can be completely enveloped (e.g., about its external surface ES, as shown in FIG. 2) by a polymer dip coating. Stent 102 and/or wall 104 can also be fabricated from a biocompatible material.

(46) The stent 102 can be manufactured by laser cutting or wire forming. To increase bonding strength between metal and polymer, roughness of stent surface can be controlled. Some or all open cells 204, 206 of the stent can be covered as the bare 102 stent is dipped into the polymer solution.

(47) FIG. 6 depicts a stent 102 prior to expansion, dip coating, and leaflet installation. Stents 102 typically have a diameter of between about 2 mm and 6 mm prior to expansion and can be expanded to between about 5 mm and about 30 mm for implantation into a subject.

(48) The components of stent 102 can have a variety of dimensions that can be selected to achieve a desired flexibility, rigidity, resilience, and the like. For example, the thickness and width of components of the stent 102 can be between about 0.1 mm and about 2 mm.

(49) As discussed above, stent 102 can include one or more vertical posts 110a-110c to enhance bonding with leaflets 106.

(50) Stent 102 can include a plurality of vertical posts 110 that can serve a variety of functions. Some vertical posts 110 can include additional structure and are referred to herein as wide posts 112. Wide posts 112 are preferably located at leaflet joints where two leaflets 106 meet. For example, in a valve 100 having three leaflets 106, wide posts 112 can be positioned at 120° intervals within cylindrical stent 102.

(51) Wide posts 112 provide mechanical support to leaflets and prevent or substantially limit inward deformation of wall 104 due to tensile forces applied to leaflets 106 transferred to wall 104. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that the wide posts 112 provide increased strength and resiliency due to formation of polymer wall 104 through windows 208 and around wide posts 112, thus providing cohesive holding of the polymer to itself around the stent 102 instead of relying solely on adhesive bonding of the polymer wall 104 to the stent 102.

(52) Wide posts 112 advantageously allow for relaxed tolerances in positioning leaflets 106 relative to wide posts 112. For example, window 208 can have a width of between about 0.5 mm and about 3 nun (e.g., about 1 mm) and a height of between about 1 mm and about 10 mm (e.g., about 5 mm).

(53) A variety of additional wide post geometries are depicts in FIGS. 3A-3F. In FIG. 3A, the wide posts have a solid architecture without any windows. In FIG. 3B, the wide posts have a substantially rectangular architecture defining a single, long window as in FIGS. 1A, 1B, and 2. In FIG. 3C, the wide posts define a plurality of coaxial substantially rectangular windows. In FIG. 3D, the wide posts define a plurality of coaxial, substantially parallel windows. In FIG. 3E, the wide posts define a plurality of coaxial, substantially rectangular windows in a 2×3 arrangement. In FIG. 3F, the wide posts include a plurality of circular windows. These wide post architectures are further depicted in FIG. 4. Although substantially circular and rectangular window geometries are depicted, any geometry can be utilized including windows having a profile approximating a triangle, a square, an n-gon (e.g., a hexagon, an octagon, and the like), and the like.

(54) Referring now to FIGS. 5A-5D, the positioning of a leaflet joint 502 (formed, e.g., on mandrel 900 as discussed herein) adjacent to window 208 of wide post 112 is depicted. (The polymer dip-coated wall 104 is completely transparent for case and clarity in viewing, but can be transparent, translucent, or opaque.) FIG. 5B-5D further depict how a geometry of the stent 102 can be selected to substantially approximate the leaflet-stent attachment seam 108 discussed herein in order to provide added mechanical support and resiliency.

(55) Referring now to FIG. 7, stent 102 can include one or more anchor points 702. Anchor points 702 advantageously facilitate holding, dipping, and rotation of the stent 102 during the dip coating process without interfering with the dip coating of the remainder of the stent architecture. Accordingly, the entire stent 102 can be dip coated in a single dipping, although multiple dippings can be utilized to control coating density, thickness, and the like. Anchor points 702 can also receive one or more radio-opaque materials such as platinum to aid in placement and visualization of the valve.

(56) In one embodiments depicted in FIG. 8, stent 102 can be engaged with a holder 802 (e.g., by posts 804) for dipping and rotation. Once the polymer (again depicted as, but not necessarily, transparent) is wet on the stent 102, the stent can be positioned horizontally and rotated axially.

(57) Leaflets

(58) Leaflets 106 can be formed using a variety of techniques including dip coating, 3D-printing (also known as additive manufacturing), molding, and the like.

(59) Referring now to FIG. 9A, leaflets 106 can be fabricated by dip coating a mandrel 900 with a polymer. The mandrel 900 can be made with a solid such as a metal (e.g., stainless steel, titanium, aluminum, and the like), a plastic (e.g., polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyoxymethylene, and the like), and the like. Since the coated polymer leaflets 106 will be removed from the mandrel 900 after the polymer dries, roughness of mandrel surface can be controlled using known machining and other manufacturing techniques. The mandrel 900 can be made from a cylinder. Preferably, the diameter of the mandrel 900 is a slightly (e.g., between about 0.05 and about 0.4 mm) smaller than inner diameter of stent 102 after expansion.

(60) The mandrel 900 for the leaflets 106 can have novel features, including edges representing the leaflet attachment points that are mathematically defined and leaflet tips that are extended in order to increase the coaptation length of the leaflets (including a curved portion CP and a linear portion LP, as shown in FIG. 9A). The mandrel 900 can be dimensioned to produce leaflets 106 having different regional thickness and supplementary materials such as directional fibers or reinforcing particles inserted between layers or mixed into the polymer solution in order to increase durability. For example, polymer interaction with particles on the nanoscale or microscale can greatly improve the physical properties or tear resistance of the polymer leaflets 106.

(61) Mandrel 900 can be designed to have a complementary geometry to the desired leaflet shape and permits easier viewing of leaflet geometry. Although mandrel 900 is utilized to describe the geometry of the leaflet 106, it should be recognized that the upstream surface of the resulting leaflets will have this geometry when formed by dip coating and that the complementary geometry of the leaflet(s) 106 can be produced using techniques other than dip coating. Mandrel 900 is preferably cylindrical and can have an outer profile substantially approximating an inner profile of stent 102. Mandrel 900 can define a plurality of pockets 902 that each define a leaflet 106 as it hangs from wall 104 via attachment line 108. Each leaflet 106 terminates in a commissure line 904 often, but not necessarily lying in a plane at the point where the elliptical or parabolic curve ends and where the leaflet often contacts the other leaflets. A substantially vertical coaptation region 906 can extend beyond the commissure line 904 to an extended commissure line 912 for improved sealing as will be discussed herein.

(62) Referring now to FIGS. 9B and 9C, mandrel can be cast, machined, printed, or otherwise fabricated so that pockets 902 have a desired geometry. In one embodiment of the invention, the commissure line 904 (and optionally the coaptation region 906 and extended commissure line 912) has a substantially hyperbolic profile when viewed in the x-y plane. Additionally or alternatively, leaflet-stent attachment line 108 and/or a leaflet valley line 908 (formed by taking a cross-section in a z plane) can have substantially elliptical profiles. Although other quadratic profiles (e.g., parabolic) could be used, elliptical profiles better promote a secure pocket shape and the closure of the leaflet-stent attachment line 108 to the contour of the cylindrical mandrel 900. A comparison of elliptical vs. parabolic leaflet valley lines is provided in FIG. 10A. A comparison of elliptical vs. parabolic leaflet-stent attachment lines is provided in FIGS. 10B and 10C.

(63) Referring now to FIG. 9D, mandrel 900 can define a gap 910 between adjacent leaflets. Advantageously, leaflets 106 with a hyperbolic profile can produce smaller gaps than leaflets with parabolic profiles. For example, gaps 910 can be less than 1 mm or between about 0.1 mm and about 1 mm (e.g., between about 0.1 mm and about 0.2 mm, between about 0.2 mm and about 0.3 mm, between about 0.3 mm and about 0.4 mm, between about 0.4 mm and about 0.5 mm, between about 0.5 mm and about 0.6 mm, between about 0.6 mm and about 0.7 mm, between about 0.7 mm and about 0.8 mm, about 0.8 mm and about 0.9 mm, about 0.9 mm and about 1 mm, and the like).

(64) As seen in FIG. 9E, the length of hyperbolic commissure line 904 is about twice the radius of the stent or mandrel. The positioning of a hyperbolic commissure line 904 relative to defined asymptotes is depicted in FIG. 9F.

(65) Referring now to FIG. 11A, coaptation region can have minimal height in the z-axis so as to consist only of the commissure line 904. Alternatively, coaptation region 906 can have a vertical extension in the z-axis to an extended commissure line 912 as depicted in FIGS. 11B-11D. The height of the coaptation region 906 can be selected to reduce the amount of regurgitation, while still allowing the valve to open. For example the coaptation region 906 can have a height between about 1 mm and about 10 mm (e.g., about 3 mm). Although FIGS. 11B-11D depict extensions of coaptation region 904 that extend solely in the z-axis, the same effect can be achieved using a smooth leaflet-stent attachment line that extends in the z-axis so that the adjacent leaflet-stent attachment lines (and/or the regions of leaflets hanging therebetween) approach and/or contact each other to form an extended coaptation region.

(66) The zone of coaptation is affected by the pressure placed upon the closed valve 100. The higher the pressure, the more downward tension is placed on the leaflets 106, possibly leading to a failure of coaptation with consequent regurgitation. Proper coaptation also allows the leaflets 106 to support each other, so there is less stress placed on any individual leaflet 106. Another benefit of enhancing height of the coaptation zone is that this allows the valve 100 to be re-dilated to a larger diameter late after implantation (such as to accommodate growth of a pediatric patient), while still maintaining competence of the valve 100.

(67) Options for enhancing the height of the coaptation zone include creating excess length of the leaflet free edges, so that the free edge length is greater than twice the radius of the stent or mandrel depicted in FIG. 9E. Lengthening of the leaflet free edges can be accomplished by curved edges in the x-y plane, or in the z-axis, or in all 3 axes.

(68) Referring now to FIGS. 12A-12D, coaptation regions 906 can have varying heights in the z-axis between the commissure line 904 and extended commissure line 912. For example, the height of coaptation region 906 can increase toward the outside of the mandrel as depicted in FIG. 12B. In another embodiment, the height of the coaptation region 906 can dip to form a trough between the outside and the center of the mandrel 900 as depicted in FIG. 12C.

(69) Referring now to FIGS. 12E-12H, the same profiles can be applied to commissure line 904 without any coaptation region 906.

(70) Referring now to FIGS. 121-12K, the commissure lines 904, coaptation regions 906 and/or extended commissure lines 912 can have curved profiles in an x-y plane (as opposed to a substantially hyperbolic profile) in order to increase the length of the commissure line 904, coaptation region 906, and/or extended commissure line 912. For example, the mandrel 900 can be thicker between the perimeter and the center as depicted in FIG. 121 to produce one or more scallops. In FIGS. 12J and 12K, the mandrel 900 can have either a single curve or multiple curves.

(71) Referring now to FIGS. 12L-12N, the same profiles can be applied to commissure line 904 without any coaptation region 906.

(72) In order to increase tear-resistance of the leaflets 106 and enhance bonding strength between leaflets 106 and stent 102, the thickness of the leaflets 106 can be controlled regionally. Because the most common failure points are at the outer edges of the leaflets 106 (such as commissure line 904 or extended commissure line 912 and leaflet-stent attachment line 108), increased thickness at outer areas of the leaflets 106 can improve the strength and durability. Also, if local areas are expected to have concentrated stress, the areas can be locally reinforced (e.g., made thicker than other areas). The thickness can be smoothly increased. The width of thickened area along leaflet-stent attachment line 108 can be large enough to cover the glued area for bonding the leaflets 106 and the covered stent 102. In some embodiments, the thickness of thickened areas of the leaflets is between about 0.1 mm and about 1 mm.

(73) Multiple dippings can be performed to produce leaflets with a desired thickness. In some embodiments, the thickness of the leaflets is between about 0.01 mm and about 0.2 mm.

(74) Different reinforcing materials such as strips, fibers and particles can be placed between the layers, or directly mixed into the polymer solution. The inserted material(s) can prevent tearing and reduce propagation of the tear if it occurs. The materials can have directional properties and can be layered onto, or embedded into, the leaflets in an optimal direction to prevent or limit tears.

(75) Referring now to FIG. 13A, a photograph of a mandrel 900 is provided. Referring now to FIG. 13B, a reinforcing zone 1302 can be formed on the mandrel 900 prior either by removing mandrel material to allow for additional thickness in certain (e.g., outer) regions of leaflets 106 or by introducing one or more reinforcing fibers prior to, during, or after dip coating. Suitable reinforcing materials include fibers (e.g., polymers, nanotubules, aramids, para-aramids, and the like), wires, and the like. Transitions between reinforced and non-reinforced areas can be smooth in order to minimize any turbulence in the implanted valve 100.

(76) After dipping the mandrel 900 into the polymer solution, the coated polymer dries in order to form the leaflet(s) 106. Because the formed leaflets 106 are connected, they need to be separated from each other. These can be cut by a sharp cutter (e.g., a knife, a scalpel, a razor blade, a utility knife, and the like), a heated iron, a laser, a rotary tool, and the like. A guide on the top surface of the mandrel for cutting provides a clear, easy, and safe cutting path. The guide can be grooved/concave or convex. Also, the commissure edges of the mandrel can be sharp like a blade to facilitate leaflet separation and to improve on the quality of the cut edges.

(77) Referring now to FIG. 14A-14C, the gap portion 910 of the mandrel can have various top profiles to facilitate sealing of the leaflets and/or separation of the leaflets prior to removal from mandrel 900. For example, the gap portion 910 can have a grooved profile as depicted in FIG. 14A, a concave profile as depicted in FIG. 14B, or an angled profile as depicted in FIG. 14C. Additionally or alternatively, a heating element (e.g., an Ohmic or resistive heating element such as a wire) can be included in the mandrel and can be actuated to melt the polymer to separate the leaflets and/or relax the polymer to facilitate removal of the leaflets from the mandrel 900.

(78) The stent-mounted valve 100 can be implanted with smaller diameter than its manufactured diameter for reducing leakage and improving durability.

(79) Methods of Fabricating Valves

(80) Referring now to FIGS. 15A, 15B, and 16, a method for fabricating a valve is depicted. A bare stent 102 and a bare mandrel 900 are provided.

(81) In some embodiments, the stent 102 can be first coated with a polymer such as PEEK or other metal surface modifier prior to further dip coating of the stent 102 in another polymer in order to improve adhesion of the leaflet polymer 106 to the metal stent 102.

(82) The bare mandrel 900 can optionally be coated with a release agent to promote separation of the polymer leaflets from the mandrel 900.

(83) Both the bare stent 102 and the mandrel 900 are dip coated separately in a polymer, which may be the same or different for the bare stent 102 and the mandrel 900.

(84) The leaflets 106 formed on the mandrel 900 can be removed prior to introduction to the coated stent. Alternatively, the coated mandrel 900 can be introduced into the coated stent, the leaflets 106 can be bonded to the coated stent, and the mandrel 900 can be then be removed to leave the assembled valve 100.

(85) Leaflets 106 can be bonded to the dip-coated stent using a variety of techniques including gluing, chemical fusing (i.e., dissolving the polymers) thermal fusing, sonic welding, stitching, mechanical fastening, and the like. For example, the same polymer solution used to coat either bare stent 102 and/or mandrel 900 can be applied to bond the leaflets 106 to the dip-coated stent.

(86) Although separate fabrication of the polymer-coated stent and the leaflets 106 are currently preferred as a means of avoiding or minimizing air bubbles, the entire valve could be formed in a single dip coating (or series of dip coatings) through use of production-grade manufacturing techniques and other optimizations.

(87) Although dipcoating was successfully used to fabricate prototypes of the valves described herein, any other manufacturing technique capable of producing flexible leaflets can be utilized. Exemplary techniques include injection molding and additive manufacturing or 3D printing.

(88) Referring now to FIGS. 17A and 17B, stent 102 and leaflets 106 can be fabricated based on a diameter that is slightly larger than the placement location as depicted in FIG. 17A. When deployed to a location having a smaller diameter than the manufactured diameter, the leaflets 106 will be held in tight contact with each other as seen in FIG. 17B to form a tight seal. (In order to form a press fit with the vessel wall, the deployed diameter will be greater than the vessel diameter, but less than the manufactured diameter.)

(89) As can be seen in FIGS. 17A and 17B, the coaptation regions of leaflets 106 have a substantially hyperbolic profile both at the manufactured diameter and the deployed diameter.

(90) Referring now to FIG. 17C, a high-speed photograph of a closed valve under pressure during in vitro testing in a hemodynamic pulse duplicator is provided.

(91) Polymers

(92) The leaflets 106 can be formed from the same or different polymer with which the stent 102 is coated to form wall 104. For example, the leaflets 106 can be formed from polymers such as polyethylene, polyurethane, silicone, and the like. Wall 104 can be formed from polyethylene, polyurethane, silicone, and the like.

(93) Supplementary materials such as directional fibers can mixed into the polymer solution or applied to the leaflets between coatings in order to increase durability

(94) The selected polymer can be dissolved by a solvent such as tetrahydrofuran or dimethylacetamide. The thickness of the coated polymer can be controlled as a function of the density of the polymer solution and total number of dippings. When the polymer becomes dry after dipping, the coated stent and mandrel can be placed horizontally and axially rotated in order to produce a constant thickness and prevent the polymer from dripping.

(95) Implantation of Valves

(96) Referring now to FIG. 18, a method 1800 of implanting an artificial valve is provided. The valve to be implanted can be a valve 100 as described herein.

(97) In step S1802, the valve is placed over an expander and within a sheath. Various surgical expanders and access devices exist in the cardiac surgery field. For example, a balloon catheter could be introduced into a patient's femoral artery and guided to the location of the implanted valve (e.g., within the patient's heart or systemic veins).

(98) In step S1804, the sheath (containing the valve and the expander) is introduced into a vessel of the subject.

(99) In step S1806, the valve and the expander are advanced from the sheath and positioned in the desired location.

(100) In step S1808, the desired positioning can be verified using various imaging techniques such as fiber optics, ultrasound, X-ray, and the like.

(101) In step S1810, the expander is actuated within the valve to expand the valve to form a press fit against the vessel in which the valve is implanted. For example, a balloon catheter can be expanded by introducing gas or a liquid into the balloon.

(102) In step S1812, the desired positioning and expansion can be verified using various imaging techniques such as fiber optics, ultrasound, X-ray, and the like.

(103) In step S1814, the expander and sheath can be retracted according to standard surgical techniques.

(104) Expansion of Implanted Valves

(105) Referring now to FIG. 19, a method 1900 of expanding an implanted valve is provided. The implanted valve can be a valve 100 as described herein.

(106) In step S1902, an expander is introduced into the implanted valve.

(107) In step S1904, the expander is actuated within the implanted valve to increase the diameter of the implanted valve.

(108) In step S1906, the desired expansion can be verified using various imaging techniques.

(109) In step S1908, the expander can be retracted according to standard surgical techniques.

(110) Surgically-Implanted Valves

(111) Although embodiments of the invention are described and depicted in the context of percutaneous, transcatheter valves having expandable, cylindrical stents, embodiments of the invention described herein can be applied to surgically-implanted valves that generally include anchors having fixed-diameter anchors supporting a plurality of leaflets (e.g., the CARPENTIER-EDWARDS™ series of valves available from Edwards Lifesciences Corporation of Irvine, Calif.). In such embodiments, the anchor replaces the expandable, cylindrical stents described herein.

EQUIVALENTS

(112) Although preferred embodiments of the invention have been described using specific terms, such description is for illustrative purposes only, and it is to be understood that changes and variations may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the following claims.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

(113) The entire contents of all patents, published patent applications, and other references cited herein are hereby expressly incorporated herein in their entireties by reference.