COATED FASTENERS WITH CONFORMING SEALS

Abstract

A method of installing a fastener into a structure, comprising the steps of providing a fastener having a pin member including an elongated shank having a first end, a second end opposite the first end, a cylindrical shank portion having an outer surface, a head located at the first end of the elongated shank, the head including a bearing surface located on the underside of the head, and a threaded portion located at the second end of the elongated shank and a seal element adapted to be positioned on the pin member such that the seal member is juxtaposed with the bearing surface of the head of the pin member; and installing the fastener into the structure in an installed position.

Claims

1. A method of making a fastener, comprising the steps of: providing a pin member including an elongated shank having a first end, a second end opposite the first end, a cylindrical shank portion having an outer surface, a head located at the first end of the elongated shank, the head including a bearing surface located on the underside of the head, and a threaded portion located at the second end of the elongated shank; and attaching a seal element to the pin member in a position that is juxtaposed with the bearing surface of the head of the pin member.

2. The method of claim 1, further including the step of coating at least a portion of the pin member with a coating.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein the coating is a metallic coating.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein the metallic coating is selected from the group consisting of gold, silver, and copper.

5. The method of claim 2, wherein the coating is made from a material having an electrical conductivity higher than 20% IACS.

6. The method of claim 2, wherein the coating step includes coating the head of the pin member with the coating.

7. The method of claim 2, wherein the coating step includes coating the outer surface of the cylindrical shank portion with the coating.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein the coating step includes coating the head of the pin member with the coating.

9. The method of claim 7, wherein the coating step includes coating the threaded portion of the pin member with the coating.

10. The method of claim 2, wherein the coating step includes coating the pin member fully with the coating.

11. A method of installing a fastener into a structure, comprising the steps of: providing a fastener having a pin member including an elongated shank having a first end, a second end opposite the first end, a cylindrical shank portion having an outer surface, a head located at the first end of the elongated shank, the head including a bearing surface located on the underside of the head, and a threaded portion located at the second end of the elongated shank and a seal element adapted to be positioned on the pin member such that the seal member is juxtaposed with the bearing surface of the head of the pin member; and installing the fastener into the structure in an installed position.

12. The method of claim 11, further including the step of coating at least a portion of the pin member with a coating.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein the coating is a metallic coating.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein the metallic coating is selected from the group consisting of gold, silver, and copper.

15. The method of claim 12, wherein the coating is made from a material having an electrical conductivity higher than 20% IACS.

16. The method of claim 12, wherein the coating step includes coating the head of the pin member with the coating.

17. The method of claim 12, wherein the coating step includes coating the outer surface of the cylindrical shank portion with the coating.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein the coating step includes coating the head of the pin member with the coating.

19. The method of claim 17, wherein the coating step includes coating the threaded portion of the pin member with the coating.

20. The method of claim 13, wherein the coating step includes coating the pin member fully with the coating.

21. The method of claim 11, wherein the structure includes a composite material.

22. The method of claim 21, wherein the structure is substantially made from the composite material.

23. The method of claim 21, wherein the structure is partially made from the composite material.

24. The method of claim 11, wherein the structure includes a metallic material.

25. The method of claim 24, wherein the metallic material is aluminum.

26. The method of claim 24, wherein the structure is made substantially from the metallic material.

27. The method of claim 24, wherein the structure is made partially from the metallic material.

28. The method of claim 11, further comprising the step of trimming the seal element flush with the structure.

29. The method of claim 28, wherein the trimming step includes sanding the seal element.

30. The method of claim 28, further comprising the step of providing a metallic mesh on an outer surface of the structure, wherein when the fastener is in its installed position, the sealing element of the fastener is in direct physical and electrical contact with the metallic mesh.

31. The method of claim 30, wherein the seal element includes a sealing portion having a first side and a second side opposite the first side, a lip extending from the first side of the sealing portion, the lip being in direct physical and electrical contact with the metallic mesh.

32. The method of claim 31, wherein the metallic mesh is made from copper.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0010] FIG. 1 is a side elevational view of an embodiment of a pin member having selected surfaces coated with a material;

[0011] FIG. 2 is a bottom perspective view of an embodiment of a seal;

[0012] FIG. 3 is a bottom perspective view of the pin member and the seal shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, respectively, assembled together;

[0013] FIG. 4 is a photograph of an embodiment of an outer surface of the coated pin member shown in FIG. 1;

[0014] FIG. 5 is a photograph of the topography of an outer surface of an embodiment of the coated pin member shown in FIG. 1;

[0015] FIGS. 6 and 7 are photographs of an embodiment of a pin member having a textured surface;

[0016] FIG. 8 is a side elevational view of an embodiment of a pin member having a conforming seal element;

[0017] FIGS. 9A and 9B are top plan and side views, respectively, of an embodiment of a conforming seal element;

[0018] FIG. 10 illustrates a screenshot of a stress distribution analysis of an installed fastener;

[0019] FIG. 11 is a micro-photograph of the cross-section of a standard fastener installed in a structure;

[0020] FIG. 12A is a micro-photograph that illustrates a standard fastener installed in a structure, while FIG. 12B is a micro-photograph that illustrates the pin member and the seal element shown in FIG. 8 installed in a structure;

[0021] FIGS. 13A and 13B show pre-sanding and post-sanding steps of a structure containing a fastener of FIG. 8 installed therein;

[0022] FIGS. 14A and 14B are schematic illustrations of the fastener of FIG. 8 before and after a sanding step, respectively;

[0023] FIG. 15A is a micro-photograph of a standard fastener installed in a structure with an associated copper mesh, while FIG. 15B is a micro-photograph of a fastener shown in FIG. 8 installed in a structure with an associated copper mesh;

[0024] FIG. 15C is graph and associated photographs corresponding to specific data points on the graph showing flushness tolerance between the fastener shown in FIG. 8 and a standard fastener;

[0025] FIGS. 16A and 16B are micro-photographs of a conventional fastener installed in a structure (40 times and 600 times magnification, respectively), while FIGS. 16C and 16D are micro-photographs of a fastener as shown in FIG. 8 installed in a structure (25 times and 1000 times magnification, respectively);

[0026] FIG. 17A is a photograph showing the effects of lightning damage on a standard fastener installed in a structure, while FIG. 17B is a photograph showing the effects of lightning damage on a fastener as shown in FIG. 8 installed in a structure;

[0027] FIG. 17C is a micro-photograph showing the effects of lightning damage on a standard fastener installed in a structure, while FIG. 17D is a micro-photograph showing the effects of lightning damage on a fastener as shown in FIG. 8 installed in a structure;

[0028] FIG. 18A through 18F illustrate a series of simulation results showing reduction of contact resistance and optimized electrical intimacy of the fastener of FIG. 8; and

[0029] FIG. 19 is a graph showing electric contact resistivity versus preload force between the fastener shown in FIG. 8, a fastener with a coated pin member, and an anodized fastener.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0030] Referring to FIG. 1, in an embodiment, a pin member 12 includes an elongated shank 14 having a cylindrical shank portion 16, a head 18 at one end of the cylindrical shank portion 16 and a threaded portion 20 at an opposite end of the cylindrical shank portion 16. In an embodiment, the head 18 is a countersunk head. In an embodiment, the outer surfaces of the head 18, including an underside surface (e.g., bearing surface) 21 of the head 18, and the cylindrical shank portion 16 are coated with coating 22. In an embodiment, the coating 22 is tungsten. In another embodiment, the coating 22 is molybdenum. In another embodiment, the coating 22 is a refractory metal, such as tantalum or niobium. In another embodiment, the coating 22 is a refractory ceramic, such as alumina (Al2O3), silica (SiO2) or other metal oxides. In another embodiment, only the outer surfaces of the head 18 are coated with the coating 22. In another embodiment, only the outer surface of the cylindrical shank portion 16 is coated with the coating 22. In an embodiment, the coating 22 lowers electrical contact resistance and reduces probability of arc initiation/damage. In an embodiment, the coating 22 includes a high electrical conductivity (higher than 20% IACS) and be galvanically compatible to a structure (e.g., anodic index less than 1.0V) for corrosion resistance. In an embodiment, the structure includes a composite structure. In another embodiment, the structure includes a metal structure. In another embodiment, the structure includes a fiber metal laminate structure.

[0031] In an embodiment, the coating 22 is a thin film coating having a thickness in a range of about one (1) nanometer to about two-hundred (200) microns. In an embodiment, the coating 22 is applied by physical vapor deposition. In another embodiment, the coating 22 is applied by chemical vapor deposition. In another embodiment, the coating 22 is applied by a selective additive process. In another embodiment, the coating 22 is applied by electroplating. In another embodiment, the coating 22 is applied by a spraying process. In another embodiment, the coating 22 is applied by cold spraying. In another embodiment, the coating 22 is applied by thermal spraying. In another embodiment, the coating 22 is applied by plasma coating. In another embodiment, the coating 22 is applied by a sputter deposition process.

[0032] In another embodiment, the outer surfaces of the head 18 and the cylindrical shank portion 16 are textured. In an embodiment, the outer surfaces of the head 18 and the cylindrical shank portion 16 of the pin member 12 are textured to conform to the machine-induced micro texture inherent in fastener holes drilled in composite structures, and to provide mechanical interlocking between the pin member 12 and the composite structure. In an embodiment, the textured pin member 12 excavates excess entrapped sealant during installation of the fastener while bringing the fastener in intimate contact with the structure, and, thus, lowering the electrical contact resistance at the interface. The term intimate contact as used herein means that the textured outer surface of the pin member 12 is deformed into all or substantially all of voids between the pin member and the composite structure. In another embodiment, only the outer surfaces of the head 18 are textured. In another embodiment, only the outer surface of the cylindrical shank portion 16 is textured.

[0033] In an embodiment, the textured surfaces of the pin member 12 are created by surface reshaping processes, such as media blasting. In an embodiment, the textured surfaces of the pin member 12 are grit blasted. In an embodiment, the grit blasting utilizes fine grit glass bead media (100-170 mesh). In an embodiment, the grit blasting is performed until there is full coverage of the outer surfaces of the pin member 12 to be textured. In an embodiment, the grit blasting is performed for at least one minute. In another embodiment, the grit blasting is performed for about one minute. In an embodiment, the grit blasting step is performed twice. In another embodiment, the textured surfaces of the pin member 12 are created by removal processes, such as selective electro-etching, laser etching, abrasive blasting, and mechanical polishing. In another embodiment, the textured surfaces of the pin member 12 are created by chemical etching. In an embodiment, the chemical etching utilizes 50/50 hydrochloric acid (HCl). In an embodiment, the chemical etching is performed for about 30 minutes. In an embodiment, the pin member 12 is rinsed with distilled water for about 15-20 seconds, and dried with forced, room-temperature air for approximately 1 to 2 minutes.

[0034] In another embodiment, the surfaces of the head 18 and the cylindrical shank portion 16 of the pin member 12 are coated and textured by a combination of a coating process and a texturing process as described above. In an embodiment, a combination of the coating and texturing processes can be used to develop functional characteristics of the pin member 12, based on a specific loading pattern thereof. For example, in an embodiment, where the preload is high, the texturing/coating is performed to lower contact resistance. At locations which carry no preload and are not in intimate contact with the composite layer, mitigation of plasma generation and arc formation/damage is desired.

[0035] In an embodiment, the pin member 12 is part of a fastener that is adapted to secure a plurality of work pieces of to one another, and is adapted to be installed within aligned holes in such work pieces. In an embodiment, the work pieces are made of a composite material. In another embodiment, the work pieces are made of metal. In another embodiment, the work pieces are made from a fiber metal laminate. In an embodiment, the fastener includes a locking member (not shown in the Figures). In an embodiment, the locking member is a nut. In another embodiment, the locking member is a collar. In an embodiment, a fastener 10 includes the pin member 12 and a seal 24 installed on the bearing surface 21 of the head 18 of the pin member 12, as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, and to be discussed in further detail below.

[0036] During a lightning strike on an aircraft, the lightning typically attaches to the head 18 of the pin member 12 first. In an embodiment, the coated and/or textured pin member 12 improves contact resistance. In this regard, all solid surfaces are rough on a micro-scale and contact between two engineering bodies occurs at discrete spots produced by the mechanical contact of asperities on the two surfaces. For all solid materials, the true area of contact is a small fraction of the apparent contact area. Electrical current lines get increasingly distorted as the contact spot is approached and flow lines bundle together to pass through a-spots. An electrical junction consists of a number of contact a-spots through which electrical current passes from one connector component to the other and is often characterized by electrical contact resistance of the interface.

[0037] When a fastener is installed in a composite structure using a clearance fit, the primary load bearing surface of the pin member 12 as installed is the bearing surface 21 of the head 18. This is an electrical contact through which it is desired to pass a high frequency, high voltage current and is a significant first line of defense to the lightning strike. If the current has a path to flow easily, no arcing and resultant damage would occur. The pin or bolt to composite interface can prove to be an inefficient electrical contact due to dissimilar materials, presence of electrically insulating films like aircraft sealant and/or hard oxide layers on the surface and irregular cut pattern of the composite. To allow current to flow easily through the pin/bolt to composite interface, the interface contact resistance is desired to be low.

[0038] Contact resistance is highly dependent on the applied load on both the surfaces that brings them in contact and electrical and mechanical properties of the material surface in contact. A soft material at the interface with high electrical conductivity lowers the contact resistance, as do higher loads. The load in a pin member joint is provided by the preload and is primarily geometry/design dependent. As described above, the material coating 22 or texturing on the bearing surface 21 of the head 18 is used to both provide a low resistivity material at the contact interface and a soft conforming layer for better contact with the structure. Soft materials with high electrical conductivity, such as copper, gold, silver or other metals/materials can be used to lower contact resistance (see, e.g., the copper seal 24 shown in FIGS. 2 and 3).

[0039] The surfaces of the pin member 12, as described above, can also be textured to enable better intimacy with the surrounding composite layer. As the textured pin member 12 is installed, the textured pin member deforms into the small voids that are created during drilling of the composite layer. As the textured surfaces deform into the voids, they displace the entrapped sealant during fastener installation. The insertion of the pin member 12 causes the excess sealant to be extruded outside the pin member 12/composite interface. Thus, the textured pin member 12 excavates excess entrapped sealant during installation of the fastener while bringing the pin member 12 in intimate contact with the composite structure. The finish texture of the pin member's 12 surfaces is adjusted to provide a surface micro-roughness (Sa) value in order to increase the level of conformity and mechanical interlocking. In an embodiment, the surface roughness (Sa) is greater than 0.5 micron.

[0040] As described above, FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of a tungsten coated pin member 12. In an embodiment, plasma coating was used to deposit tungsten on the pin member 12 and achieve a surface roughness (Sa) equal or greater than 7 micron. FIG. 2 shows the seal 24 and FIG. 3 shows the pin member 12 with the seal 24 installed on it to promote intimacy with the composite layer on the bearing surface 21 of the head 18. In an embodiment, the seal 24 is frusto-conical in shape, and is sized and shaped to fit on the bearing surface 21 of the head 18. In another embodiment, this can also be achieved by copper coating the bearing surface 21 of the head 18. In another embodiment, the seal 24 is a captive washer. In another embodiment, the seal 24 is coated with a coating. In an embodiment, the coating of the seal 24 includes the coating 22.

[0041] FIG. 4 shows a photograph of the texture variation of the coated pin member 12, while FIG. 5 shows the surface topography of the coated pin member 12. In an embodiment, the coated surfaces of the pin member 12 have an average surface roughness (Sa) of 7.5 micron. FIGS. 6 and 7 are photographs of the textured pin member 12 at 40 and 190 magnification, respectively. As can be seen in FIGS. 6 and 7, the textured pin member 12 exhibits a substantially rough finish. In an embodiment, the textured pin member 12 provides improved electrical contact along the textured surfaces of the pin member 12, which minimizes the dielectric effect caused by the sealant, promotes easier transfer of electric current, reduces the voltage potential across the pin member 12/composite interface, and thus enables transfer of electric current without any breakdown effects like arcing.

[0042] In an embodiment, in a clearance fit hole, there is no preload between the shank 14 of the pin member 12 and the composite layer, and thus electrical contact is relatively poor. Thus, it would be difficult to ensure significant current flow between the pin member 12 and the composite layer. In case sufficient currents are not conducted by the bearing surface 21 of the head 18, there would be a possibility of arcing at the gap between the shank 14 and the adjacent composite layers. Arc formation under such conditions typically initiates in the metal vapor itself. The presence of a high temperature melting material with high conductivity will ensure that sufficient metal vapor is not present to initiate arcing. Even if arcing is initiated, the volume of plasma will be low. Higher conductivity will also ensure that current is more easily passed between the shank 14 and composite layer if contact is available. As described above, in certain embodiments, materials like tungsten, molybdenum, or refractory metals/ceramics can be used as the coating 22 on the shank 14 of the pin member 12 to ensure reduction in arc damage. Since lightning strikes generate high frequency currents, current would typically flow close to the fastener surface due to skin effect. The coating on the pin member 12 also helps in this respect that a higher temperature melting point and high conductivity material would carry most of the current lowering the likelihood of fastener melting or plasma generation.

[0043] Thus, the coated/textured pin member 12: [0044] Improves electrical contact between composite and fastener surface; [0045] Minimizes fastener arcing during lightning strikes; [0046] Provides gap filling and mechanical interlocking capabilities; [0047] Reduces likelihood of plasma formation during arcing around the fastener shank; [0048] In case arcing occurs in the fastener, reduces the volume of plasma generated to make it easier to be contained.
Coated Fasteners with Conforming Conical Seals

[0049] Referring to FIGS. 8, 9A and 9B, in an embodiment, a fastener 110 includes a pin member 112 having an elongated shank portion 114 with a smooth cylindrical shank portion 115, a head 116 at one end of the smooth cylindrical shank portion 115 and a threaded portion 117 at an opposite end of the smooth cylindrical shank portion 115. In an embodiment, the head 116 is a countersunk head. In an embodiment, a locking member is adapted to be installed to the pin member 112 (not shown in the Figures). In an embodiment, the locking member is a threaded nut that engages the threaded portion 117 of the pin member 112. In another embodiment, the locking member is a collar adapted to be swaged into the lock grooves of the threaded portion 117 of the pin member 112.

[0050] In an embodiment, the pin member 112 is fully coated with a coating 119. In an embodiment, the coating 119 is a metallic coating. In an embodiment, the coating 119 is a soft, metallic coating. That is, the coating 119 is applied to the elongated shank portion 114, including the smooth cylindrical shank portion 115 and the threaded portion 117, and the head 116, including an underside (e.g., bearing surface 120) of the head 116. In an embodiment, the coating 119 is copper. In another embodiment, the coating 119 is silver. In another embodiment, the coating 119 is gold. In other embodiments, the coating 119 is made from a material having a high electrical conductivity, for example, a material having an electrical conductivity higher than 20% IACS.

[0051] In other embodiments, the coating 119 can consist of any one of the coatings 22 with respect to the embodiment of the pin member 12, which are described in detail above.

[0052] In another embodiment, the pin member 112 is partially coated with the coating 119. In an embodiment, the coating 119 is applied to the head 116, including the underside 120 of the head 116, of the pin member 116. In another embodiment, the coating 119 is applied to the head 116 (including the underside 120 of the head 116) and to the smooth cylindrical shank portion 115 of the pin member 112. In another embodiment, the coating 119 is applied to the smooth cylindrical shank portion 115 of the pin member 112. In another embodiment, the coating 119 is applied to the smooth cylindrical shank portion 115 and the threaded portion 117 of the pin member 112.

[0053] In another embodiment, the pin member 112 does not include the coating 119.

[0054] Still referring to FIGS. 8, 9A and 9B, in an embodiment, a conforming seal element 118 is attached to the elongated shank portion 114 and juxtaposed with the bearing surface 120 of the head 116 of the pin member 112. In an embodiment, the seal element 118 is separate and distinct from the pin member 112. In an embodiment, the seal element 118 can be positioned within a hole of a structure and the pin member 112 can then be inserted into the seal element 118 during installation of the fastener 110. In an embodiment, the seal element 118 is frusto-conical in shape and includes a centrally located, circular-shaped aperture 122 that is sized and shaped to fit around the shank portion 114 of the pin member 112 and juxtaposed with the bearing surface 120 of the head 116 of the pin member 112. In an embodiment, the seal element 118 includes a sealing portion 121. In another embodiment, a lip 123 extends from one side of the sealing portion 121. In an embodiment, the lip 123 is angled upwardly from the sealing portion 121. In another embodiment, a tubular portion 125 extends axially from an opposite side of the sealing portion 121. In an embodiment, the seal element 118 is made from copper. In an embodiment, the sealing portion 121 of the seal element 118 has a thickness in a range of about 5 microns to about 100 microns.

[0055] It is noted that all solid surfaces of the pin member 112 and a structure 150 in which the fastener 110 is adapted to be installed are rough on a microscopic scale. Surface micro-roughness consist of peaks and troughs whose shape, variations in height, average separation and other geometric characteristics depend on the details of the process used to generate the surfaces. Contact between two engineering bodies occurs at discrete microscopic spots that are the result of mechanical contact of asperities on the two surfaces. For all solid materials, the area of true contact is a small fraction of the nominal contact area for a wide range of normal contact loads.

[0056] Referring to FIGS. 10 and 11, when mechanical load is exerted through this contact area, the mode of deformation of contact asperities is elastic, plastic, or a mixture of plastic and elastic depending on the local mechanical stresses, and on the properties of the material such as the elastic modulus and hardness. In a bulk electrical interface where the mating components are metals, the contacting surfaces often contain an oxide or other electrical insulating layers. Generally the interface becomes electrically conductive only when electrically insulation films are displaced at the asperities of the contacting surfaces or the potential across the interface exceeds the dielectric strength of the electrically insulation film. For the sake of simplicity in the field of electrical connectors, the discrete spots are often assumed to be circular. This assumption provides an acceptable geometric description of the average contact spots where the roughness topographies of the mating surfaces are isotropic. While this assumption is acceptable for metallic structures, it becomes invalid when the mating surfaces are characterized by directional micro-texture or are clearly anisotropic in nature. The true area of contact between a fastener and the surrounding CFRP structure is a very small percent of the nominal area due to the multi-layered construction and anisotropic nature of CFRP structures, which further complicates quality of the electrical contact between the fastener and surrounding CRFP structure.

[0057] FIG. 12A illustrates a standard fastener installed in a structure (e.g., an aluminum panel), which shows microgaps between the head of a pin member and the structure. In an embodiment, with reference to FIG. 12B, the conforming seal element 118 is adapted to maximize the true area of contact between the fastener (e.g., the bearing surface 120 of the head 116 of the pin member 112) and a structure 150 with minimum mechanical load. In an embodiment, the structure 150 includes a composite material. In another embodiment, the structure 150 is substantially made from a composite material. In another embodiment, the structure 150 is partially made from a composite material. In another embodiment, the structure 150 includes a metallic material. In an embodiment, the metallic material is aluminum. In another embodiment, the structure 150 is made substantially from a metallic material. In another embodiment, the structure 150 is made partially from a metallic material.

[0058] In an embodiment, the conforming seal element 118 includes a multi-layer construction with a relatively soft, yet highly electrically conductive base layer, which provides macroscopic conformity, and a softer top layer, which provides microscopic conformity.

[0059] In an embodiment, a method by which the fastener 110 with the seal element is installed is described hereinbelow. In an embodiment, with reference to FIGS. 8, 9A, 9B, 13A, 13B, 14A and 14B, the method includes the steps of coating the pin member 112 with the coating 119 (either fully or partially as described above), attaching the seal element 118 to the fastener 110 (e.g., the pin member 112), and installing the fastener 110 in the structure 150. In an embodiment, the coating step is not included when the pin member 112 is not coated with the coating 119 as described above. In another embodiment, the seal element 118 can be positioned within a hole of the structure 150 and the pin member 112 can then be inserted into the seal element 118 during installation of the fastener 110. In an embodiment, with respect to the installation step, a preload to the fastener 110 is provided by the locking member (e.g., nut or collar), and a force is exerted on the structure 150 by the pin member 112 with the seal element 118 positioned between the head 116 of the pin member 112 and the structure 150. As the seal element 118 conforms to the inherent micro-roughness between the head 116 of the pin member 112 and the structure 150, a portion of the seal element 118 is extruded upward the edge of the pin member 112 and protrudes above the surface of the structure 150. With reference to FIGS. 13A, 14B, 14A and 14B, the seal element 118 is trimmed flush with the surface of the structure 150 by sanding the top of the seal element 118 (e.g., proximate to the lip 123) and, if necessary, the structure 150. In an embodiment, the sanding step is simultaneous with the preparation of the surface of the structure 150 for the application of paint 152.

[0060] FIGS. 15A and 15B are photographs illustrating the cross-sections of a pin member without the seal element 118 (FIG. 15A) and the pin member 112 with the seal element 118 (FIG. 15B). As shown, the inclusion of the seal element 118 is provided along with a copper mesh 154 and improves paint adhesion.

[0061] Referring to FIG. 15C, the fastener 110 improves a range of countersink within the structure 150 over which the connection with the copper mesh 152 is maintained. As seen on the graph shown in FIG. 20, the flushness tolerance of the fastener 110, shown on the left, is wider than a baseline fastener without the seal element, as shown on the right.

[0062] FIGS. 16A through 16D are photographs showing the difference in pin/CFRP interface between a conventional fastener without a seal element (FIGS. 16A and 16B) and a fastener with the seal element 18 (FIGS. 16C and 16D). Micro-level conformance between the seal element 118 and the CFRP structure 50 enhances the current transfer from fastener to the structure 150 and reduce arcing.

[0063] FIGS. 17A through 17D illustrate the differences in the effects of damage in aluminum panels of a fastener without the seal element 118 (FIGS. 17A and 17C) and a fastener with the seal element 118 (FIGS. 17B and 17D). The seal element 118 increases the electrical intimacy between the fastener 110 and the structure in the area adjacent to the seal element 118. As will be described in more detail below, this reduces the magnitude of the electric field near the locking member (e.g., nut or collar).

[0064] With reference to FIGS. 18A through 18F, which illustrate simulation results, the seal element 118 reduces contact resistance around the head 116 of the pin member 112 and results in optimized electrical intimacy. This nanoscale conformity leads to improved current transfer into the upper panel of the aircraft structure 150. During a lightning strike, the external discharge, which attaches to the head 116, will tend to attach to regions having larger electric fields. In the case of the fastener 110 having the seal element 118, the electric fields are much lower, resulting in so-called equipotential surfaces with a flatter field profile. This field flattening effect minimizes the amount of structural damage caused by large concentrated flows through sharp edges.

[0065] An advantage of the seal element 118 is the large reduction of the charge buildup between the fastener 110 and surrounding materials within the fastener assembly. The time dependent electric potential has a lower peak value, which results in a large reduction of the electric field magnitudes around the bearing surface of the nut region. Typically, large fields around the nut region and sharp edges can result in dielectric breakdown and edge glow phenomenon. The large reduction in electric fields is a direct result of the enhanced current transport.

[0066] Referring to FIG. 19, the fastener 110 includes a reduced contact resistance. Contact resistivity measurements show current transfer improvement with the fastener 110 having the coating 119 and the seal element 118 over baseline pin members without the coating 119 and the seal element 118.

[0067] It should be understood that the embodiments described herein are merely exemplary and that a person skilled in the art may make many variations and modifications without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. All such variations and modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the claims.