Composition that enhances deep cycle performance of valve-regulated lead-acid batteries filled with gel electrolyte

Abstract

Disclosed herein is a composition for use in a negative active material in a valve regulated lead-acid battery, including a carbon material having a BET surface area from 150 m.sup.2/g to 2000 m.sup.2/g and having a D.sub.90-value greater than 5 ?m with the amount of carbon material ranging from 0.1 wt % to 1.5 wt % based on the total weight of the composition. Also disclosed herein is a valve regulated lead-acid battery, including a positive plate, a negative plate, a separator, and an electrolyte disposed in a container with a valve, the negative plate including a substrate of lead or a lead alloy and a negative active material of a composition including a carbon material having a BET surface area from 150 m.sup.2/g to 2000 m.sup.2/g and having a D.sub.90-value greater than 5 ?m, the amount of carbon material ranging from 0.1 wt % to 1.5 wt % based on the total weight of the composition.

Claims

1. A composition for use in a negative active material in a valve regulated lead-acid battery, comprising: a carbon material having a BET surface area from 150 m.sup.2/g to 2000 m.sup.2/g and having a D.sub.90-value greater than 5 ?m; wherein the amount of carbon material ranges from 0.1 wt % to 1.5 wt % based on the total weight of the composition.

2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the carbon material comprises an activated carbon, an amorphous carbon, a carbon black, a graphite, a carbon fiber, or a combination thereof.

3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the carbon material comprises an activated carbon, a graphite, a carbon fiber, or a combination thereof.

4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the BET surface area ranges from 150 m.sup.2/g to 1500 m.sup.2/g.

5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the BET surface area ranges from 200 m.sup.2/g to 1500 m.sup.2/g.

6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the D.sub.90-value ranges from 5 ?m to 2000 ?m.

7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the D.sub.90-value ranges from 5 ?m to 100 ?m.

8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the D.sub.90-value ranges from 5 ?m to 50 ?m.

9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the amount of carbon material ranges from 0.1 wt % to 1.2 wt % based on the total weight of the composition.

10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the amount of carbon material ranges from 0.2 wt % to 1.0 wt % based on the total weight of the composition.

11. A valve regulated lead-acid battery, comprising: a positive plate, a negative plate, a separator, and an electrolyte disposed in a container comprising a valve, wherein the negative plate comprises a substrate comprising lead or a lead alloy and a negative active material comprised of a composition comprising a carbon material having a BET surface area from 150 m.sup.2/g to 2000 m.sup.2/g and having a D.sub.90-value greater than 5 ?m; wherein the amount of carbon material ranges from 0.1 wt % to 1.5 wt % based on the total weight of the composition.

12. The battery of claim 11, wherein the carbon material comprises an activated carbon, an amorphous carbon, a carbon black, a graphite, a carbon fiber, or a combination thereof.

13. The battery of claim 11, wherein the carbon material comprises an activated carbon, a graphite, a carbon fiber, or a combination thereof.

14. The battery of claim 11, wherein the BET surface area ranges from 150 m.sup.2/g to 1500 m.sup.2/g.

15. The battery of claim 11, wherein the BET surface area ranges from 200 m.sup.2/g to 1500 m.sup.2/g.

16. The battery of claim 11, wherein the D.sub.90-value ranges from 5 ?m to 2000 ?m.

17. The battery of claim 11, wherein the D.sub.90-value ranges from 5 ?m to 100 ?m.

18. The battery of claim 11, wherein the D.sub.90-value ranges from 5 ?m to 50 ?m.

19. The battery of claim 11, wherein the amount of carbon material ranges from 0.1 wt % to 1.2 wt % based on the total weight of the composition.

20. The battery of claim 11, wherein the amount of carbon material ranges from 0.2 wt % to 1.0 wt % based on the total weight of the composition.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Definitions

(1) The phrase a or an entity as used herein refers to one or more of that entity; for example, the expression a positive plate refers to one or more positive plates, or alternative, at least one positive plate to reflect the plurality commonly associated with a or an. As such, the terms a (or an), one or more, and at least one can be used interchangeably herein.

(2) The terms optional or optionally as used herein means that a subsequently described event or circumstance may but need not occur, and that the description includes instances where the event or circumstance occurs and instances in which it does not.

(3) Numerical values associated with disclosed and claimed parameters, such as, BET surface area, D.sub.90-value, % by weight, etc. are understood to correspond to values subject to measurement and/or observation, which means that associated with said numerical values are standard experimental errors. As such, any such numerical value appearing as a claim term should not be construed to mean that said value is devoid from standard experimental error. The term about, as used herein, is intended to express the standard error for a given measurement and/or observable and should be afforded its plain and customary meaning of approximately.

(4) BET surface area is measured by a low temperature nitrogen adsorption method, based on the original method of Brunauer et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. (1938) 60(2): 309-319, and has been adopted by ASTM as standard method D 6556.

(5) The term D.sub.90-value describes the diameter where ninety percent of a particle distribution has a smaller particle size and ten percent has a larger particle size. The D.sub.90-value can be measured by electron microscopy, using such techniques known in the art, such as described in ASTM B 822, ISO 13320:2009, ASTM D3849-07 (2011), etc.

(6) The expression activated carbon, as used herein refers to a carbon material having a BET surface area that ranges from 150 m.sup.2/g to 2000 m.sup.2/g and having a D.sub.90-value greater than 5 ?m that includes various combinations and sub-combinations of the BET surface area and D.sub.90-value as noted in the third through seventh aspects of the first and second embodiments.

(7) The term leady oxide, as used herein, refers to a milled material comprised of lead and lead oxide.

(8) The term sulfated leady oxide, as used herein, refers to a composition comprising leady oxide and lead sulfates.

Embodiments

(9) A first embodiment is directed to a composition for use in a negative active material in a valve regulated lead-acid battery, comprising: a carbon material having a BET surface area that ranges from 150 m.sup.2/g to 2000 m.sup.2/g and having a D.sub.90-value greater than 5 ?m; wherein the amount of carbon material ranges from 0.1 wt % to 1.5 wt % based on the total weight of the composition.

(10) In a first aspect of the first embodiment, the carbon material comprises an activated carbon, an amorphous carbon, a carbon black, a graphite, a carbon fiber, or a combination thereof.

(11) In a second aspect of the first embodiment, the carbon material comprises an activated carbon, a graphite, a carbon fiber, or a combination thereof.

(12) Examples of commercially available carbon materials having a BET surface area from 150 m.sup.2/g to 2000 m.sup.2/g and having a D.sub.90-value greater than 5 include, but are not limited to, an activated carbon (e.g., NORIT PAC BC, NORIT DLC SUPER 30, NORIT DLC SUPRA 50, available from Norit), an amorphous carbon, a carbon black, a graphite (e.g., HSAG 300 or HSAG 400, available from Timcal AG), a carbon fiber (e.g., KYNOL ACF-1603-25, available from Kynol).

(13) In a third aspect of the first embodiment, the carbon material has a BET surface area that ranges from 150 m.sup.2/g to 1500 m.sup.2/g.

(14) In a fourth aspect of the first embodiment, the carbon material has a BET surface area that ranges from 200 m.sup.2/g to 1500 m.sup.2/g.

(15) In a fifth aspect of the first embodiment, the carbon material has a D.sub.90-value that ranges from 5 ?m to 2000 ?m.

(16) In a sixth aspect of the first embodiment, the carbon material has a D.sub.90-value that ranges from 5 ?m to 100 ?m.

(17) In a seventh aspect of the first embodiment the carbon material has a D.sub.90-value that ranges from 5 ?m to 50 ?m.

(18) In an eighth aspect of the first embodiment, the amount of carbon material ranges from 0.1 wt % to 1.2 wt % based on the total weight of the composition.

(19) In a ninth aspect of the first embodiment, the amount of carbon material ranges from 0.2 wt % to 1.0 wt % based on the total weight of the composition.

(20) In a tenth aspect of the first embodiment, the composition for use in a negative active material in a valve regulated lead-acid battery further comprises a sulfated leady oxide, a barium sulfate, a fiber, an oxylignin, and water.

(21) In an eleventh aspect of the first embodiment, the composition for use in a negative active material in a valve regulated lead-acid battery further comprises: a sulfated leady oxide (in an amount that ranges from 80 wt % to 90 wt %, 82 wt % to 88 wt %, or 84 wt % to 86 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition); a barium sulfate (BaSO.sub.4, in an amount that ranges from 0.2 wt % to 0.6 wt % or 0.3 wt % to 0.5 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition); a fiber (in an amount that ranges from 0.06 wt % to 1.1 wt %, 0.07 wt % to 1.0 wt %, or 0.08 wt % to 0.09 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition); an oxylignin (in an amount that ranges from 0.1 to 0.3 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition); and water (in an amount that ranges from 12 wt % to 16 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition.

(22) A sulfated leady oxide comprises from 20 wt % to 40 wt % of lead, based on the total weight of the leady oxide, and from 60 wt % to 80 wt % of lead oxide, based on the total weight of the lead and the lead oxide. A sulfated leady oxide may be obtained by contacting leady oxide with sulfuric acid. The contacting may be performed by conventional techniques, such as, for example, pouring, painting, spraying, etc.

(23) An oxylignin, known chemically as sodium lignosulfonate, is commercially available, for example, as Vanisperse A.

(24) Examples of suitable fibers include, but are not limited to a fiberglass; a carbon fiber, such as, a pitch based carbon fiber; a synthetic plastic fiber, including but not limited to, an acrylic fiber, and a polyester fiber (e.g., polyester stapled fibers available from Woongjin Chemical Co., Ltd.); a conductive ceramic fiber, or combinations thereof.

(25) A suitable process for preparing a composition for use in a negative active material in a valve regulated lead-acid battery is described in US 2012/0171564 (U.S. Ser. No. 12/984,023).

(26) A second embodiment is directed to a composition for use in a negative active material in a valve regulated lead-acid battery, comprising: a carbon material having a BET surface area from 150 m.sup.2/g to 2000 m.sup.2/g and having a D.sub.90-value greater than 5 ?m; wherein the amount of carbon material ranges from 0.1 wt % to 1.5 wt % based on the total weight of the composition; and wherein the valve regulated lead-acid battery exhibits an improvement in a deep cycling test that ranges from 150% to 400% compared to a valve regulated lead-acid battery that does not contain the carbon material having a BET surface area that ranges from 150 m.sup.2/g to 2000 m.sup.2/g and having a D.sub.90-value greater than about 5 ?m.

(27) In a first aspect of the second embodiment, the carbon material comprises an activated carbon, an amorphous carbon, a carbon black, a graphite, a carbon fiber, or a combination thereof.

(28) In a second aspect of the second embodiment, the carbon material comprises an activated carbon, a graphite, a carbon fiber, or a combination thereof.

(29) In a third aspect of the second embodiment, the carbon material has a BET surface area that ranges from 150 m.sup.2/g to 1500 m.sup.2/g.

(30) In a fourth aspect of the second embodiment, the carbon material has a BET surface area that ranges from 200 m.sup.2/g to 1500 m.sup.2/g.

(31) In a fifth aspect of the second embodiment, the carbon material has a D.sub.90-value that ranges from 5 ?m to 2000 ?m.

(32) In a sixth aspect of the second embodiment, the carbon material has a D.sub.90-value that ranges from 5 ?m to 100 ?m.

(33) In a seventh aspect of the second embodiment the carbon material has a D.sub.90-value that ranges from 5 ?m to 50 ?m.

(34) In an eighth aspect of the second embodiment, the amount of carbon material ranges from 0.1 wt % to 1.2 wt % based on the total weight of the composition.

(35) In a ninth aspect of the second embodiment, the amount of carbon material ranges from 0.2 wt % to 1.0 wt % based on the total weight of the composition.

(36) In a tenth aspect of the second embodiment, the composition for use in a negative active material in a valve regulated lead-acid battery further comprises a sulfated leady oxide, a barium sulfate, a fiber, an oxylignin, and water.

(37) In an eleventh aspect of the second embodiment, the composition for use in a negative active material in a valve regulated lead-acid battery further comprises: a sulfated leady oxide (in an amount that ranges from 80 wt % to 90 wt %, 82 wt % to 88 wt %, or 84 wt % to 86 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition); a barium sulfate (BaSO.sub.4, in an amount that ranges from 0.2 wt % to 0.6 wt % or 0.3 wt % to 0.5 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition); a fiber (in an amount that ranges from 0.06 wt % to 1.1 wt %, 0.07 wt % to 1.0 wt %, or 0.08 wt % to 0.09 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition); an oxylignin (in an amount that ranges from 0.1 to 0.3 wt %, based on the total weight of composition); and water (in an amount that ranges from 12 wt % to 16 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition).

(38) In a twelfth aspect of the second embodiment, the valve regulated lead-acid battery exhibits an improvement in a deep cycling test that ranges from 150% to 400% compared to a valve regulated lead-acid battery that does not comprise the carbon material having a BET surface area from 150 m.sup.2/g to 2000 m.sup.2/g and having a D.sub.90-value greater than 5 ?m.

(39) A third embodiment is directed to a valve regulated lead-acid battery, comprising: a positive plate, a negative plate, a separator, and an electrolyte disposed in a container comprising a valve, wherein the negative plate comprises a substrate comprising lead or a lead alloy and a negative active material comprised of a composition comprising a carbon material having a BET surface area from about 150 m.sup.2/g to about 2000 m.sup.2/g and having a D.sub.90-value greater than about 5 ?m; and wherein the amount of carbon material ranges from about 0.1 wt % to about 1.5 wt % based on the total weight of the composition.

(40) In a first aspect of the third embodiment, the carbon material comprises an activated carbon, an amorphous carbon, a carbon black, a graphite, a carbon fiber, or a combination thereof.

(41) In a second aspect of the third embodiment, the carbon material comprises an activated carbon, a graphite, a carbon fiber, or a combination thereof.

(42) In a third aspect of the third embodiment, the carbon material has a BET surface area that ranges from 150 m.sup.2/g to 1500 m.sup.2/g.

(43) In a fourth aspect of the third embodiment, the carbon material has a BET surface area that ranges from 200 m.sup.2/g to 1500 m.sup.2/g.

(44) In a fifth aspect of the third embodiment, the carbon material has a D.sub.90-value that ranges from 5 ?m to 2000 ?m.

(45) In a sixth aspect of the third embodiment, the carbon material has a D.sub.90-value that ranges from 5 ?m to 100 ?m.

(46) In a seventh aspect of the third embodiment the carbon material has a D.sub.90-value that ranges from 5 ?m to 50 ?m.

(47) In an eighth aspect of the third embodiment, the amount of carbon material ranges from 0.1 wt % to 1.2 wt % based on the total weight of the composition.

(48) In a ninth aspect of the third embodiment, the amount of carbon material ranges from 0.2 wt % to 1.0 wt % based on the total weight of the composition.

(49) In a tenth aspect of the third embodiment, the composition further comprises a sulfated leady oxide, a barium sulfate, a fiber, an oxylignin, and water.

(50) In an eleventh aspect of the third embodiment, the composition further comprises: a sulfated leady oxide (in an amount that ranges from 80 wt % to 90 wt %, 82 wt % to 88 wt %, or 84 wt % to 86 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition); a barium sulfate (BaSO.sub.4, in an amount that ranges from 0.2 wt % to 0.6 wt % or 0.3 wt % to 0.5 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition); a fiber (in an amount that ranges from 0.06 wt % to 1.1 wt %, 0.07 wt % to 1.0 wt %, or 0.08 wt % to 0.09 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition); an oxylignin (in an amount that ranges from 0.1 to 0.3 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition); and water (in an amount that ranges from 12 wt % to 16 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition).

(51) In a twelfth aspect of the third embodiment, the valve is an overpressure valve.

(52) Typical valve regulated lead-acid batteries are described in US 2012/0171564 (U.S. Ser. No. 12/984,023).

(53) A fourth embodiment is directed to a valve regulated lead-acid battery, comprising: a positive plate, a negative plate, a separator, and an electrolyte disposed in a container comprising a valve, wherein the negative plate comprises a substrate comprising lead or a lead alloy and a negative active material comprised of a composition comprising a carbon material having a BET surface area that ranges from 150 m.sup.2/g to 2000 m.sup.2/g and having a D.sub.90-value greater than about 5 ?m; wherein the amount of carbon material ranges from 0.1 wt % to 1.5 wt % based on the total weight of the composition; and wherein the valve regulated lead-acid battery exhibits an improvement in a deep cycling test that ranges from 150% to 400% compared to a valve regulated lead-acid battery that does not comprise the carbon material having a BET surface area that ranges from 150 m.sup.2/g to 2000 m.sup.2/g and having a D.sub.90-value greater than about 5 ?m.

(54) In a first aspect of the fourth embodiment, the carbon material comprises an activated carbon, an amorphous carbon, a carbon black, a graphite, a carbon fiber, or a combination thereof.

(55) In a second aspect of the fourth embodiment, the carbon material comprises an activated carbon, a graphite, a carbon fiber, or a combination thereof.

(56) In a third aspect of the fourth embodiment, the carbon material has a BET surface area that ranges from 150 m.sup.2/g to 1500 m.sup.2/g.

(57) In a fourth aspect of the fourth embodiment, the carbon material has a BET surface area that ranges from 200 m.sup.2/g to 1500 m.sup.2/g.

(58) In a fifth aspect of the fourth embodiment, the carbon material has a D.sub.90-value that ranges from 5 ?m to 2000 ?m.

(59) In a sixth aspect of the fourth embodiment, the carbon material has a D.sub.90-value that ranges from 5 ?m to 100 ?m.

(60) In a seventh aspect of the fourth embodiment the carbon material has a D.sub.90-value that ranges from 5 ?m to 50 ?m.

(61) In an eighth aspect of the fourth embodiment, the amount of carbon material ranges from 0.1 wt % to 1.2 wt % based on the total weight of the composition.

(62) In a ninth aspect of the fourth embodiment, the amount of carbon material ranges from 0.2 wt % to 1.0 wt % based on the total weight of the composition.

(63) In a tenth aspect of the fourth embodiment, the composition further comprises a sulfated leady oxide, a barium sulfate, a fiber, an oxylignin, and water.

(64) In an eleventh aspect of the fourth embodiment, the composition further comprises: a sulfated leady oxide (in an amount that ranges from 80 wt % to 90 wt %, 82 wt % to 88 wt %, or 84 wt % to 86 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition); a barium sulfate (BaSO.sub.4, in an amount that ranges from 0.2 wt % to 0.6 wt % or 0.3 wt % to 0.5 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition); a fiber (in an amount that ranges from 0.06 wt % to 1.1 wt %, 0.07 wt % to 1.0 wt %, or 0.08 wt % to 0.09 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition); an oxylignin (in an amount that ranges from 0.1 to 0.3 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition); and water (in an amount that ranges from 12 wt % to 16 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition).

(65) In a twelfth aspect of the fourth embodiment, the valve is an overpressure valve.

(66) In a thirteenth aspect of the fourth embodiment, the valve regulated lead-acid battery exhibits an improvement in a deep cycling test that ranges from 150% to 400% compared to a valve regulated lead-acid battery that does not contain the carbon material having a BET surface area that ranges from 150 m.sup.2/g to 2000 m.sup.2/g and having a D.sub.90-value greater than about 5 ?m.

(67) As will be seen from the examples included herein the composition of the first embodiment is useful for a valve regulated lead-acid battery for deep cycling applications.

EXAMPLES

(68) Not to be limited by way of example, the following examples serve to facilitate a better understanding of the disclosure.

(69) A study was performed to understand the influence of the BET surface area and particle size of a certain carbon material in the negative electrode of a valve regulated lead-acid battery filled with gel electrolyte (gel battery) for deep cycling applications.

(70) A composition was prepared by adding sulfated leady oxide, barium sulfate (BaSO.sub.4), polymeric fibers, an oxylignin, distilled water, and a carbon black, an activated carbon, a high surface area graphite (Graphite I), a furnace-type (FT) carbon black, an expanded graphite (Graphite II), or a combination thereof, to a paste-mixer, as described herein.

(71) The following table provides the make up of the compositions considered herein.

(72) TABLE-US-00001 Amount of Material (wt %) Material Control A B C D E Sulfated leady 86.12 85.09 86.64 84.74 80.46 85.31 oxide BaSO.sub.4 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.42 0.40 0.43 Polymeric fiber 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.09 Oxylignin 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.17 0.18 Carbon Black 0.18 0.18 Activated 0.43 Carbon Graphite I 0.18 1.02 FT Carbon 2.01 0.18 Black Graphite II 0.97 DI Water 13.00 13.61 12.48 13.56 15.91 13.82 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Density of 4.32 4.28 4.35 4.08 3.75 4.36 paste (g/cc)

(73) The composition, designated as Control, contains no carbon material having a BET surface area that ranges from 150 m.sup.2/g to 2000 m.sup.2/g and having a D.sub.90-value greater than 5 ?m. Instead, the Control contains a carbon material having a BET surface area of 20 m.sup.2/g and an average primary particle size of about 95 nm.

(74) Compositions designated as A, B, and C comprise a carbon material having a BET surface area that ranges from 150 m.sup.2/g to 2000 m.sup.2/g and having a D.sub.90-value greater than 5 ?m; wherein the amount of carbon material ranges from 0.1 wt % to 1.5 wt % based on the total weight of the composition.

(75) Composition A comprises about 0.43 wt % of an activated carbon having a BET surface area of about 1200 m.sup.2/g and a D.sub.90-value of about 9 ?m.

(76) Compositions B and C comprise about 0.18 wt % and about 1.02 wt %, respectively, of a high surface area graphite having BET surface area of about 280 m.sup.2/g and a D.sub.90-value of about 32 ?m.

(77) Compositions designated as D and E are comparative examples.

(78) Composition D contains as a carbon material (i) a 2.01 wt % of a furnace-type carbon black having a BET surface area of about 250 m.sup.2/g and an average primary particle size of 18 nm and (ii) about 0.97 wt % of an expanded graphite having a BET surface area of about 30 m.sup.2/g and a particle size value that ranges from about 10 to about 50 ?m.

(79) Composition E contains as a carbon material about 0.18 wt % of a furnace-type carbon black having a BET surface area of about 250 m.sup.2/g and an average primary particle size of 18 nm.

(80) All compositions were processed into negative plates. Cured plates were assembled with counter positive plates and separators. After assembling unformed batteries, the formation process was initiated and followed by a gel electrolyte filling process, eventually 60 Ah (C20) nominal capacity gel batteries were built for the following battery tests.

(81) Deep cycle tests were performed as follows. Batteries were discharged with constant current of 10 A (5-hour-rate) from fully charged state until battery voltage reached at 10.2V and charged with maximum voltage of 14.4V and maximum current of 10 A for 16 hours at room temperature. Testing was terminated once battery discharge capacity has become less than 40.8 Ah which is 80% of nominal C5 capacity.

(82) Discharge tests were conducted before 5-hour-rate deep cycle test started for all batteries. At least two discharge tests were conducted for each battery. The C5 capacity in Ah was determined by discharging the battery with a specified current until a specified end-of-discharge voltage was reached. This was done repeatedly (cycles) until the discharge capacity reached a specified limit (80% C5). In each example, the test was terminated after the battery reached the C5-limit capacity of 40.8 Ah. The number of C5-cycles required to reach the C5-limit capacity of 40.8 Ah were recorded for each battery.

(83) The following table represents the results for each composition in which the Deep Cycling value (%) was obtained by multiplying the ratio of the number of C5-cycles required to reach the C5-limit for a given battery containing the designated composition to the number of C5-cycles required to reach the C5-limit for a battery containing the control composition by 100.

(84) TABLE-US-00002 Battery Deep Cycling Composition (%) A 178 B 384 C 288 D 64 E 100

(85) Gel batteries containing composition A improved deep cycle life performance by about 178% relative to the gel battery containing the control composition.

(86) Gel batteries containing compositions B and C improved deep cycle life performance by 384% and 288%, respectively.

(87) Gel batteries containing composition D gave no improvement in deep cycle life performance, but instead resulted in a negative impact to high rate discharge performance.

(88) Gel batteries containing composition E showed no net improvement in deep cycling behavior.

(89) Compositions A, B, and C, each of which comprising a carbon material having a BET surface area that ranges from 150 m.sup.2/g to 2000 m.sup.2/g and having a D.sub.90-value greater than 5 ?m; wherein the amount of carbon material ranges from 0.1 wt % to 1.5 wt % based on the total weight of the composition improved deep cycle life performance of a gel battery.

(90) In contrast, composition D containing a higher amount of carbon black and expanded graphite showed no improvement in deep cycling performance and insufficient discharge performances. Moreover, composition E containing a carbon material having a BET surface area of about 250 m.sup.2/g did not extend deep cyclic behavior. Based on these results, it is believed that adding a carbon material having agglomerated structure such as carbon blacks would not extend deep cycle life of gel battery.

(91) The subject matter of US 2012/0171564 (U.S. Ser. No. 12/984,023, filed on Jan. 4, 2011) is hereby incorporated by reference. The individual components shown in outline or designated by blocks in the Drawings disclosed in US 2012/0171564 are all well-known in the battery arts, and their specific construction and operation are not critical to the operation or best mode for carrying out the invention.

(92) Although a full and complete description is believed to be contained herein, certain patent and non-patent references may include certain essential subject matter. To the extent that these patent and non-patent references describe essential subject matter, these references are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. It is understood that the meanings of the incorporated subject matter are subservient to the meanings of the subject matter disclosed herein.

(93) The foregoing description provides illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the claimed subject matter. Modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings or may be acquired from practice of the invention. Thus, it is noted that the scope of the invention is defined by the claims and their equivalents.