DEVICES FOR TESTING DISTAL COLONIC AND ANORECTAL FUNCTION

Abstract

A pellet for testing intestinal and anorectal function. In one embodiment of a system of the present disclosure, the system comprises a pellet comprising a balloon or bag, and a fill tube configured to be removably coupled to the pellet, the fill tube configured to permit selective filling of the balloon or bag

Claims

1. A system, comprising: a pellet comprising a balloon or bag; and a fill tube configured to be removably coupled to the pellet, the fill tube configured to permit selective filling of the balloon or bag.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein the fill tube is configured to be selectively removable from the pellet with minimal forces on the pellet so not to move it from a chosen anatomical position within a gastrointestinal tract of a patient when the pellet is positioned therein.

3. The system of claim 1, wherein the fill tube comprises one or more soft and compliant materials with minimal structural rigidity so as to not impart mechanical sensations to an anus or rectum of a patient with the fill tube is positioned therein.

4. The system of claim 1, wherein the pellet further comprises a resealable septum at an end of the pellet, and wherein the fill tube is further configured to pierce the resealable septum to permit filling the balloon or bag with saline or another fluid.

5. The system of claim 1, wherein the fill tube has one or more side holes defined therein and an angled tip so that an end of the tube cannot be occluded if inserted too far into the pellet.

6. The system of claim 1, further comprising: a removable exterior tube positioned around at least part of the fill tube, the removable exterior tube configured to protect and support the fill tube.

7. The system of claim 6, further comprising: a tether coupled to the pellet, said tether positioned in an annular space between the removable exterior tube and the fill tube.

8. The system of claim 7, further comprising: a tube valve configured to effectively seal a space between the removable exterior tube and the fill tube.

9. The system of claim 8, wherein when the tube valve is tightened, the space between the removable exterior tube and the fill tube is sealed and the tether is squeezed by the tube valve, thereby providing tensile support and fixation of the pellet to the removable exterior tube.

10. The system of claim 1, wherein the pellet further comprises one or more magnets therein, and wherein when the pellet is positioned within a gastrointestinal tract, said pellet can be moved along the gastrointestinal tract using an external magnet.

11. The system of claim 1, wherein the pellet further comprises one or more magnets therein, and wherein when the pellet is positioned within a gastrointestinal tract, said pellet can be held in place within the gastrointestinal tract using an external magnet.

12. The system of claim 1, wherein the pellet further comprises a passive self-inflating sponge positioned therein.

13. The system of claim 12, wherein the self-inflating sponge is configured to expand when a liquid is introduced into the balloon or bag from the fill tube.

14. The system of claim 1, wherein the pellet comprises one or more electrical stimulating sensors configured to facilitate motility of the pellet within a gastrointestinal tract when positioned therein.

15. The system of claim 1, wherein when the pellet is positioned within a gastrointestinal tract, expulsion of said pellet can be detected using one or more of pressure data, cross-sectional area data, and temperature data, said data obtained by said pellet.

16. The system of claim 1, wherein the pellet is configured to receive power by way of radiofrequency or ultrasound energy external transmission.

17. A method, comprising: inserting the pellet of claim 8 into an anus of a patient using the fill tube; and tightening the tube valve so that the tether can be used along with the fill tube to position the pellet to a desired location within a gastrointestinal tract of the patient.

18. The method of claim 17, further comprising the step of: introducing a liquid into the balloon or bag from the fill tube to fill the balloon or bag.

19. The method of claim 18, further comprising the steps of: loosening the tube valve to free the tether; and detaching the fill tube from the pellet.

20. The method of claim 19, further comprising the step of: obtaining data using the pellet during expulsion of the pellet, the data selected from the group consisting of pressure data, cross-sectional area data, and temperature data.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0101] The disclosed embodiments and other features, advantages, and disclosures contained herein, and the matter of attaining them, will become apparent and the present disclosure will be better understood by reference to the following description of various exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:

[0102] FIGS. 1A, 1B, and 1C: Sketches of a smart artificial pellet (an exemplary device or apparatus of the present disclosure) inside the intestine at different locations. In FIG. 1A the device is shown in the sigmoid colon immediately after insertion. In FIG. 1B the device is passing down into the rectum and the anorectal angle is changed as it does during defecation. In FIG. 1C the device is about to be expelled through the anal canal. The elements as shown in these figures include 1: smart artificial pellet device (SAP), 2: anal sphincter, 3: rectum, 4: sigmoid colon, and 5: anorectal angle.

[0103] FIGS. 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, and 2E: Sketches of different embodiments of a smart artificial pellet, depicting various sensors and other electronic components such as energy supply, memory unit, and transmitter. In FIG. 2A the artificial fecal pellet has a stabilizing flexible core in the interior which allows it to bend in different directions. In FIG. 2B an embodiment is shown without the central structure. FIG. 2C shows an embodiment with an outer balloon that can be filled or inflated until the patient feels an urge to defecate or experience other symptoms. FIG. 2D shows the filling tube and a valve that is used during filling of the balloon. When the tube is disconnected, the valve ensures that the fluid inside the balloon does not leak out. The filling tube has a smooth circular outer cross-sectional profile to allow the anal mucosa to seal against it and maintain a normal degree of resistance to the flow of liquid or air between the rectum and exterior atmosphere before the tube is removed from the patient after filling the balloon. FIG. 2D also illustrates a loop structure at the tip which can be used by the doctor to drag the artificial fecal pellet with an endoscope up to the preferred location. FIG. 2E illustrates an embodiment of an artificial fecal pellet having two portions, namely a portion with a first bag or balloon and elements therein as shown in FIG. 2C, for example, and a second portion with a second bag or balloon and elements therein also as shown in FIG. 2C, for example. Such an embodiment comprises two bags or balloons and could comprise three or more bags or balloons in other embodiments. Such embodiments could have one or more pressure sensors therein or on the surface of the bag, and would have impedance electrodes in or on each bag as well. The elements as shown in these figures include 6: central stabilizing flexible or non-flexible core rod; 7: pellet of solid or semi-solid material; 8: sensors embedded in the interior of the artificial fecal pellet; 9: sensor on the surface of the artificial fecal pellet; 10: battery or energy source connected through wires to all sensors, transducers and transmitter; 11: data storage device or wireless transmitter to outside unit; 12: distensible shell like a balloon or bag that can be filled or inflated; 13: liquid or gas inside the shell; 14: electrodes for impedance planimetric measurement of cross-sectional areas; in FIG. 2D, 15: loop that the endoscope can attach to during insertion; 16: valve; and 17: tube for filling the outer structure such as a balloon.

[0104] As such, and in view of the foregoing, tube 17 can be used to permit selective filling of balloon or bag 12 of pellet 1, as may be desired, and it can be selectively removable from said probe (pellet 1) with minimal forces on the probe so as to not move it from the chosen anatomical position. Said tube 17 can also be made of one or more soft and compliant materials with minimal structural rigidity and/or features so as to not impart mechanical sensations to the anus/rectum of the patient. Tube 17, in preferred embodiments, should also possess minimal dead air space so that the probe (pellet 1) pressure sensors (sensors 8 or 9) can accurately measure the hydrostatic pressure caused by the squeezing of the anus muscles.

[0105] In at least one embodiment, tube 17 is the central filling tube used to convey saline into the bag or balloon 12. The distal end of tube 17, in various embodiments, is configured to pierce a resealable septum (a valve 16, as generally described herein) at one end of the pellet 1. The distal end of the fill tube 17, in various embodiments, can have one or more side holes defined therein and an angled tip so that the fill tube 17 end cannot be occluded if inserted too far into the probe.

[0106] A removable exterior tube 70, such as shown in FIG. 32, can be used to protect and support the central filling tube 17 for a distance of about 25 cm (or more or less, as may be desired) near the pellet 1. A tether 72 that is held fast to the pellet 1, is conveyed up the annular space between the central filling tube 17 and the exterior tube and past a tube valve 74, such as a Tuohy Borst valve 74, that selectively seals between the exterior tube 70 and the central filling tube 17. By tightening this valve 74, a seal is made to squeeze the tether 72 and central tube 17, thereby providing tensile support and fixation of the pellet 1 to the external tube 70. Such an embodiment protects the pellet 1 from becoming detached from the filling tube 17 during insertion of the pellet into the anus, which involves a user pushing on the narrow end of the pellet where the fill tube 17 enters the pellet 1. The Tuohy Borst valve (an exemplary tube valve 74) seal also prevents the external fill tube 70 from allowing a leak path between the anus and atmosphere that would otherwise defeat or diminish the hydrostatic pressure generated by the anus muscles and that would lead to an unnaturally lower pressure measurement in the anus. After filling of the probe bag or balloon 12 is complete, the Tuohy Borst valve (tube valve 74) is loosened allowing the tether 72 to become free. The user than pushes the exterior tube 70 towards the pellet 1 while simultaneously pulling on the central fill tube 17 to free it from the septum (valve 16), after which the entire fill tube 17 can be easily withdrawn from the patient leaving the pellet 1 in its original position. Lubrication in the annular space between the exterior tube 70 and the filling tube 17 can reduce the drag force when these tubes 17, 70 are moved relatively to each other. Additionally, a sealing grease can be used to better seal the central filling tube 17 to the probe septum and the Tuohy Borst valve seal (tube valve 74) against the tether 72 and central filling tube 17.

[0107] FIG. 3 shows a sketch of a system showing the smart artificial pellet, a receiver unit outside the body and a computer or other unit for storage, analysis and display of data. The elements as shown in this figure include 7: pellet solid or semi-solid material, 8: sensors embedded in the interior of the smart artificial pellet, 9: sensor on the surface of the smart artificial pellet, 10: battery or energy source connected through wires to all sensors, transducers and transmitter, 11: data storage device or wireless transmitter to outside unit, 18: wireless transmission to unit outside the body, 19: receiver unit with or without display; 20: wireless or wired transmission to computer or analysis unit, and 21: computer or analysis/graphics unit.

[0108] FIG. 4 shows an additional embodiment of the smart artificial pellet, having a relatively long and narrow “worm-like” configuration which can be swallowed by the patient or inserted by endoscope or surgery. The elements as shown in this figure include 1: smart artificial pellet device (SAP), 6: central stabilizing flexible or non-flexible core rod, 7: pellet solid or semi-solid material, 8: sensors embedded in the interior of the artificial fecal pellet, 9: sensor on the surface of the artificial fecal pellet, 10: battery or energy source connected through wires to all sensors, transducers and transmitter, 11: data storage device or wireless transmitter to outside unit, and 14: electrodes for impedance planimetric measurement of cross-sectional areas.

[0109] FIGS. 5A and 5B show different embodiments of the smart artificial pellet. In FIG. 5A the pellet further comprises one or more electrical stimulating sensors on the surface of the artificial fecal pellet. FIG. 5B shows an embodiment without a distensible shell like a balloon or bag that can be filled or inflated, whereby the sensors embedded in the interior of the artificial fecal pellet, the battery, and the data storage device or wireless transmitter to outside unit are positioned on or within the central stabilizing flexible or non-flexible core rod. The elements as shown in these figures include 6: central stabilizing flexible or non-flexible core rod, 7: pellet solid or semi-solid material, 8: sensors embedded in the interior of the artificial fecal pellet, 9: sensor on the surface of the artificial fecal pellet, 10: battery or energy source connected through wires to all sensors, transducers and transmitter, 11: data storage device or wireless transmitter to outside unit, and 22: electrical stimulating sensor on the surface of the artificial fecal pellet.

[0110] FIGS. 6A and 6B show different embodiments of the smart artificial pellet. In FIG. 6A the pellet further comprises at least one sensor configured as a camera and a light source, such as a flash, so to provide light so that the camera can obtain images within the patient. FIG. 6B shows an embodiment whereby the smart artificial pellet can make movements and thereby crawl in a direction within the body, such as up the colon, using a movement device and a motor. The elements as shown in these figures include 6: central stabilizing flexible or non-flexible core rod, 7: pellet solid or semi-solid material, 8: sensors embedded in the interior of the artificial fecal pellet, 9: sensor on the surface of the artificial fecal pellet, 10: battery or energy source connected through wires to all sensors, transducers and transmitter, 11: data storage device or wireless transmitter to outside unit, 23: sensor configured as a camera, 24: light source, such as a flash, 25: movement device, and 26: motor.

[0111] FIGS. 7A and 7B show different embodiments of the smart artificial pellet. In FIG. 7A the pellet further comprises a bag or balloon positioned around the front and rear (proximal and distal) sensors configured as pressure transducers in order to measure a more reliable pressure during expulsion, such as shown in FIG. 1C. FIG. 7B shows an embodiment whereby certain components (the battery or energy source and the data storage device or wireless transmitter shown as exemplary components) are external to the pellet but connected to the pellet using thin wires. The elements as shown in these figures include 6: central stabilizing flexible or non-flexible core rod, 7: pellet solid or semi-solid material, 8: sensors embedded in the interior of the artificial fecal pellet, 9: sensor on the surface of the artificial fecal pellet, 10: battery or energy source connected through wires to all sensors, transducers and transmitter, 11: data storage device or wireless transmitter to outside unit, 27: bag or balloon positioned around a sensor; 28: liquid or gas inside the bag or balloon; and 29: wire.

[0112] FIGS. 8A and 8B show different embodiments of the smart artificial pellet. In FIG. 8A the pellet further comprises an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) or printed circuit whereby one or more of the embedded sensors, the battery or energy source, the data storage device or wireless transmitter, and/or the electrodes for impedance measurements, are positioned thereon and/or otherwise coupled thereto. Such embodiments can comprise a processor configured to process the various types of data obtained using the various sensors and/or electrodes, and that data (processed and/or raw) can be stored within a storage medium, such as memory, of the device. FIG. 8B shows an embodiment whereby one or more magnets or magnetically-attractive elements can be used so to magnetically attach to an endoscope during insertion and/or to the tube for filling the outer structure such as a balloon. Alternatively, and instead of using a tube for filling the balloon, a first chemical and a second chemical could be positioned within the bag or balloon, and a reaction between the first chemical and the second chemical could release a gas that is used to expand the balloon, as referenced in further detail herein. The elements as shown in these figures include 6: central stabilizing flexible or non-flexible core rod, 7: pellet solid or semi-solid material, 8: sensors embedded in the interior of the artificial fecal pellet, 9: sensor on the surface of the artificial fecal pellet, 10: battery or energy source connected through wires to all sensors, transducers and transmitter, 11: data storage device or wireless transmitter to outside unit, 12: distensible shell like a balloon or bag that can be filled or inflated, 13: liquid or gas inside the shell, 14: electrodes for impedance planimetric measurement of cross-sectional areas, 16: valve, 17: tube for filling the outer structure such as a balloon, 30: application-specific integrated circuit or printed circuit, 31: processor, 32: storage medium; 33: magnet or magnetically-attractive element; 40: first chemical; and 41: second chemical. The magnet in the pellet may also be used for steering and moving the pellet along the gastrointestinal tract using external magnets. Furthermore, such magnets may be used to hold the pellet at a given location inside the gastrointestinal tract.

[0113] FIGS. 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14 show charts showing the pressure and dimensional changes during expulsion of the device at different stages and data related thereto.

[0114] FIG. 15 shows a depiction of a large bowel showing various portions of the colon, rectum and anal canal, according to the present disclosure.

[0115] FIG. 16 shows a pellet embodiment having several exemplary features as described herein, and depicted as having liquids and chemicals therein, noting that one or more liquids and/or one or more chemicals could be used in any given embodiment, according to the present disclosure.

[0116] FIG. 17 shows a pellet embodiment having several exemplary features as described herein, and having a rod extending past a boundary of a bag or balloon and having a plurality of circumferentially-positioned pressure sensors and a distal pressure sensor therein/thereon, according to the present disclosure.

[0117] FIG. 18 shows a pellet with a stiff or bendable rod extending past a boundary of a bag or balloon, according to the present disclosure.

[0118] FIG. 19 shows a pellet with a catheter extending past a boundary of a bag or balloon, according to the present disclosure.

[0119] FIG. 20 shows a pellet, positioned within the anal cavity, used to obtain data from within the anal cavity and lower part of the rectum, according to the present disclosure.

[0120] FIG. 21 shows a pellet having a graphene layer, according to the present disclosure.

[0121] FIG. 22 shows a pellet having a RF transceiver or transducer to obtain data that can be communicated to a wavelength receiver, according to the present disclosure.

[0122] FIG. 23 shows a pellet having an infrared or near-infrared sensor, according to the present disclosure.

[0123] FIG. 24 shows a pellet having a magnet or magnetically-attractive element to obtain data that can be communicated to an external magnet or magnetically-attractive element, according to the present disclosure.

[0124] FIG. 25 shows a pellet within a large bowel, according to the present disclosure.

[0125] FIG. 26 shows a pellet within a large bowel and with a partially-extended telescopic extender, according to the present disclosure.

[0126] FIG. 27 shows a pellet within a large bowel and with a fully-extended telescopic extender, according to the present disclosure.

[0127] FIG. 28 shows a pellet within a large bowel, with a fully-extended telescopic extender, and with a filled or inflated telescope balloon or bag, according to the present disclosure.

[0128] FIG. 29 shows a pellet within a large bowel, with a partially-retracted telescopic extender, and with a filled or inflated telescope balloon or bag, according to the present disclosure.

[0129] FIG. 30 shows a pellet within a large bowel, with a mostly-retracted telescopic extender, and with a filled or inflated telescope balloon or bag, according to the present disclosure.

[0130] FIG. 31 shows a pellet having various elements/features, according to the present disclosure.

[0131] FIG. 32 shows a pellet having various elements/features, with a filling tube, a support tube, and a tether, according to the present disclosure.

[0132] An overview of the features, functions and/or configurations of the components depicted in the various figures will now be presented. It should be appreciated that not all of the features of the components of the figures are necessarily described. Some of these non-discussed features, such as various couplers, etc., as well as discussed features are inherent from the figures themselves. Other non-discussed features may be inherent in component geometry and/or configuration.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0133] For the purposes of promoting an understanding of the principles of the present disclosure, reference will now be made to the embodiments illustrated in the drawings, and specific language will be used to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of this disclosure is thereby intended.

[0134] An object of the present disclosure is to record important physiological and pathophysiological parameters during defecation and to overcome disadvantages of conventional technologies. The various figures show several preferred embodiments of the invention. However, the shown embodiments in the figures are merely examples of embodiments. Other embodiments can be either more advanced or simplifications of the illustrated examples. Various embodiments of the invention include an electromechanical device to be inserted into a part of the gastrointestinal tract, preferable in the sigmoid colon with the purpose of recording parameters before and during defecation (in the remaining part of the document the electromechanical device is called smart artificial pellet or abbreviated SAP). The SAP consists in the preferred embodiment of one, two, or all of the following: [0135] a) A central support that stabilizes and supports the whole device but yet provides the needed bending flexibility for the smart artificial pellet to have comparable mechanical properties to normal feces. [0136] b) The core of the artificial fecal pellet where the core material can be solid or preferably semi-solid in order to make the pellet as physiological as possible. In other words, the SAP may be compressible and bendable as normal feces. Several electronic devices such as pressure sensors, force sensors, deformation sensors, accelerometers, gyroscopes, position sensors, miniature cameras, magnetometers, temperature sensors, and other devices can be embedded in the surface or in the interior of the core material for recording of relevant data variables such as position, velocity, acceleration, trajectory, pressure distribution, force and deformation. The list of sensors is not complete, basically the device can contain any sensor that is small enough to be embedded in the pellet. The core material or the central support may also contain an energy source like a battery and storage unit or wireless transmitter for data recorded by the sensors. The core material may be expandable and compressible according to which solution is best and the surface may be customized to obtain an optimal geometry and surface. For example, in an embodiment where the outer structure as mentioned below is not implemented, it will be preferable that the surface properties of the core imitate the surface properties of feces with respect to shear stress, viscosity and resistance to flow. Typically, the core will be 2-10 cm long and 1-6 cm in diameter after insertion into the intestine, but in some embodiments, it may have other dimensions, both smaller or larger. [0137] c) An outer sizable structure that in preferred embodiments is a bag embracing the core material and containing liquid or gas. In preferred embodiments the diameter of the structure after expansion is 3-10 cm in diameter but it may be smaller or larger in some embodiments. The purpose of expanding the structure is to create a size that is physiological after insertion and to create an urge to defecate. Needless to say, the SAP may be smaller or larger and not necessarily spherical or elliptical, it can take any other preferred shape according to the design of the structure. The bag material may be customized to obtain an optimal geometry and surface. For example, it will be preferable that the surface properties imitate the surface properties of feces with respect to shear stress, viscosity and resistance to flow.

[0138] In a preferred embodiment the SAP is 3-10 cm long, flexible in bending, and compressible in various directions in order to imitate normal feces. The device is comprised of a wireless intraluminal solid or semisolid bolus recording multiple signals such as pressures, forces, deformation, location, velocity acceleration, and direction. From one and up to several hundred sensors may be imbedded in the SAP to provide a detailed analysis of the defecation process, including geometry, location, and the forces the device is exposed to. The device can contain gyroscopes for data on the orientation, e.g., in both ends of the device to provide data on angling, pellet 1 position, and/or pellet 1 location/trajectory, such as within the large bowel 316. The SAP may in preferred embodiments also contain sensors for tracking in a scanner or similar device. An exemplary embodiment is electromagnetic sensors that can be tracked to provide a trajectory of the path the bolus follows during the passage in the sigmoid colon and rectum during defecation. The displacement data together with the detailed distribution of surface parameters will provide multiple options for analysis of the system properties, e.g., color contour graphs of the bolus in relation to the displacement of it. The device will in preferred embodiments contain wireless data transmission units, memory for data storage, and energy source like a small battery.

[0139] Some sensors in the SAP may be force or deformation sensors based on strain gauge technology. They may also be based on measurement of electrical impedance in an impedance planimetric chamber system for measurement of cross-sectional area or diameter, or a system based on light (wave displacement or frequency). One solution is the use of pressure transducers embedded in the surface. The invention is however not restricted to the above solutions, i.e., they may be based on other technologies. It is noted that the electrodes used to obtain impedance measurements can include electrodes used to excite an electric field and electrodes (positioned within the excitation electrodes, namely the electrodes used to excite the field) used to detect the electric field so to obtain the impedance measurements, whereby said measurements can be used to determine cross-sectional area, diameters, and the like.

[0140] The sensors are connected with wires or wireless to one or more data acquisition systems that will amplify and condition the signals. Software (included within various hardware elements of the present disclosure, as appropriate, such as stored on a storage medium and accessed using a processor, on a data storage device, and/or included within various elements shown in FIG. 3) will be used for display and analysis, for example of color contour plots or other plots showing the passage of the device and the SAP geometry, and displacements/deformation. The data can be related to other recorded signals or to the stimulation magnitude imposed by various means.

[0141] The uniqueness of the invented SAP is that it has completely different purpose, structure and content than other known technologies for measurement inside the gastrointestinal tract. Technologies such as catheters with pressure sensors as used in high-resolution manometry and radiographic methods such as defecography are obviously very different. Ingestible capsules have been marketed with the purpose of measuring pressure and pH and for photographing the gastrointestinal tract from inside. Such capsules are however rather small and are not expandable and without sensors for measurement of force-deformation relations and these capsules do not provide detailed data on the defecation process.

[0142] The preferred target organ is the sigmoid colon and rectum, but it may apply to any part of the gastrointestinal tract and even to other organs. The device must be sized according to the size of the organ to be placed in. The above-mentioned embodiments and figures are merely examples, i.e., the listing is not exclusive, and many variants of the device may be produced, manufactured and commercialized. FIGS. 1-3 show several examples of embodiments. Various SAP embodiments can be used multiple times with multiple patients, whereby new sterile balloons or bags, such as shown in FIG. 2C, could be used prior to re-use of the device.

[0143] Additional embodiments of a SAP of the present disclosure can have a relatively long and narrow “worm-like” configuration which can be swallowed by the patient or inserted by endoscope or surgery. Such an embodiment can pass the entirety or part of the gastro-intestinal tract. Such an embodiment may be the same or approximately the same length as other embodiments, or it may be longer, whereby the electrodes can obtain impedance data along a greater overall length of the SAP as may be desired.

[0144] Various SAP embodiments can also have one or more electrical stimulating sensors on the surface of the artificial fecal pellet. These electrical stimulating sensors can electrically stimulate (deliver an electrical stimulus to) portions of the gastrointestinal tract, such as the gastrointestinal wall and/or nearby nerves, such as the pudendal nerve close to the rectum, as pudendal nerve stimulation initiates the recto-anal inhibitory reflex. Additional SAP embodiments can operate without a distensible shell like a balloon or bag that can be filled or inflated, whereby the sensors embedded in the interior of the artificial fecal pellet, the battery, and the data storage device or wireless transmitter to outside unit are positioned on or within the central stabilizing flexible or non-flexible core rod. Such embodiments can have a series of pressure sensors on the core to provide for high-resolution manometry during the passage of the device through the gastrointestinal tract.

[0145] Various SAP embodiments can further comprise at least one sensor configured as a camera and a light source, such as a flash, so to provide light so that the camera can obtain images within the patient. SAP embodiments can also be configured to make movements, and thereby crawl, through portions of the gastrointestinal tract, such as the colon, by itself. Furthermore, various embodiments can be used to obtain tension and/or strain data, by way of operation of sensors inside and/or on the surface of the SAP, which can be computed and viewed in real-time or offline. SAP embodiments can also be used to give a measure of the shear force or shear stress during movement of the SAP through the gastrointestinal tract.

[0146] SAP embodiments can also comprise a bag or balloon positioned around the front and rear (proximal and distal) sensors configured as pressure transducers in order to measure a more reliable pressure during expulsion. In various embodiments, certain components referenced herein can be external to the pellet but connected to the pellet using thin wires. Such components can be placed outside the anal canal and connected using the wires passing the anal canal to the device. Various components, such as the battery and/or wireless transmitter, can be on the outside and connected to the SAP using wires to save overall space within the device itself.

[0147] In various embodiments, the pellet further comprises an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) whereby one or more of the embedded sensors, the battery or energy source, the data storage device or wireless transmitter, and/or the electrodes for impedance measurements, are positioned thereon and/or otherwise coupled thereto. Various SAP embodiments can also have one or more magnets or magnetically-attractive elements can be used so to magnetically attach to an endoscope during insertion and/or to the tube for filling the outer structure such as a balloon.

[0148] Example of use of the invention. The physician in a specialized unit for defecatory disorders unpacks the device, makes sure the battery is charged or power-enabled and that the SAP is functioning with recordings to an external device. The patient has beforehand been asked to empty the rectum for feces. The physician makes an endoscopy in the rectum and sigmoid and during that procedure the SAP is inserted and pushed or pulled up to the preferred location. The SAP can be expanded either by pulling it out from an embracing structure or by filling the bag until the patient feels urge to defecate. The physician disconnects the tube to the SAP and pulls it out. This leaves the SAP in the sigmoid colon without any connecting wires. The endoscope is slowly pulled out and the patient is allowed to defecate. Measurements are made by the device before and during defecation and the data may be visualized in real time by the receiver unit outside the person being studied. Detailed analysis may take place offline. Simultaneously the patient may record symptoms such as pain during the process. In case the patient cannot defecate the SAP, then it may be necessary to remove it in due time by endoscopy in a clinic or hospital. The physician or a technician will analyze the data and based on the analysis proper diagnosis and plan for treatment will be made. This is one exemplary use of a device of the present disclosure, noting that other uses (depending on device configuration and componentry) would be used as referenced herein.

[0149] The measurements referenced above (such as various mechanics and displacement) may also be dependent upon the diameter of the smart artificial pellet device (SAP) and/or the diameter or size of the inflatable balloon or bag. Each patient has a unique tension-length relation that can be determined by varying the diameter of the SAP and/or the balloon or bag and recording the corresponding tension (such as by way of pressure sensors). The tension-length relation can be calibrated for each patient to determine the appropriate diameter of the SAP and/or the balloon or bag used for that patient.

[0150] For example, the balloon or bag can be filled or inflated at different pressures and/or volumes, and the diameter of the balloon or bag can be recorded as a circumference (π×diameter) along with the tension (pressure×diameter/2) to produce a tension-length relation. The resultant curve should be parabolic in shape, with the diameter corresponding to the ascending point of the curve selected for each patient. These objective measurements can complement the subjective measurements referenced below.

[0151] Various cross-sectional areas or diameters, as referenced herein, can be determined by impedance planimetry. In many cases, the balloon or bag can be filled until the patient feels the urge or need to defecate (a subjective measurement), and then the tube used to fill the bag can be disconnected and the patient can then try to defecate the SAP. Tension and diameter measurements can be obtained during filling and during the defecation process, and the tension-length properties at various sensation levels, such as the urge to defecate that the pain threshold, can be obtained as well.

[0152] As referenced herein, pressure sensors or transducers can be positioned or placed on a surface of the device (also referred to herein as SAP), such as being positioned upon or embedded within a surface of a bag or a balloon of said device. Such a pressure sensor or transducer would be a “9: sensor on the surface of the artificial fecal pellet,” and such a balloon or bag would be a “12: distensible shell like a balloon or bag that can be filled or inflated,” as referenced herein and shown within the figures. Should multiple pressure sensors or transducers be used, said pressure sensors or transducers could each be positioned upon or embedded within a surface of the bag or balloon, and be configured to obtain multiple pressure measurements on the surface of the bag or balloon at the locations of said sensors.

[0153] Furthermore, and in various device embodiments referenced herein, the balloon or bag (12: distensible shell like a balloon or bag that can be filled or inflated) having a liquid or gas therein (13: liquid or gas inside the shell) can be filled or inflated, such as by way of self-expansion therein, due to a gas generated by a chemical reaction within said balloon or bag. For example, and in various embodiments, a first chemical within the balloon or bag could react with a second chemical within the balloon or bag (whereby said chemicals could be gasses, liquids, or solids), whereby a reaction of the first chemical and the second chemical releases a gas that causes the balloon or bag to expand. Amounts of the first chemical and the second chemical could be tightly controlled so that the amount of gas produced from the reaction is controlled as desired. The first chemical and the second chemical are shown in FIG. 8B, but it is understood that said chemicals, such as gases or liquids or small solids, may not be readily visible within the balloon or bag. In other embodiments, as may be desired, the balloon or bag 12 can be self-inflated such as by way of using a passive self-inflating sponge, which may comprise any number of materials configured to absorb/receive liquids, such as one that either slowly expands over time on its own or that slowly expands by way of introduction of a liquid into said balloon or bag 12 so to facilitate expansion of said sponge.

[0154] Other device embodiments of the present disclosure could be sized and shaped so to be swallowed. Various measurements, such as impedance, pressure, and the like, as referenced herein, could be obtained in the mouth, the esophagus, the stomach, the intestines, at the anus, and various junctions/sphincters along said pathway. In such embodiments, the devices (SAPs) would be sized and shaped to be swallowed by the patient, such as being referred to as miniaturized devices.

[0155] In various device embodiments, application-specific integrated circuit or printed circuit 30 may be configured to measure electrical/electromyography (EMG) activity (exemplary data) within the colon, for example. Said data can, in various embodiments, be obtained in addition to various mechanical measurements, such as pressure data, impedance data, cross-sectional area (CSA) data, etc., obtains as referenced herein, in addition to, for example potential gyroscope-based angles obtained using one or more sensors embedded in the interior of the artificial fecal pellet 8 or sensors on the surface of the artificial fecal pellet 9, configured as gyroscopic sensors or gyroscopes.

[0156] In at least one embodiment of a device of the present disclosure, said device is configured to deliver electrical current to stimulate motility of the colon, such as to, for example, induce defecation for individuals with constipation, and the like. In such an embodiment, sensors embedded in the interior of the artificial fecal pellet 8, sensors on the surface of the artificial fecal pellet 9, and/or electrodes for impedance planimetric measurement of cross-sectional areas 14 can be configured as electrical stimulating elements so to deliver an electric current, powered by battery or energy source 10, to stimulate motility of the colon.

[0157] As referenced herein, FIGS. 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14 show charts showing the pressure and dimensional changes during expulsion of the device at different stages and data related thereto.

[0158] FIG. 9 shows changes in front pressure and rear pressure under normal defecation conditions (line “A”) and under a lack of anal sphincter relaxation during defecation (line “B”). The X-Y plots (front pressure vs rear pressure) create loop curves where the magnitude of the pressures and the shape of the loop will show normal patterns of defecation as well as specific patterns for defecation in patients with obstructed defecation or with fecal incontinence. As shown therein, the extent of front pressure and rear pressures are relatively higher under a lack of anal sphincter relaxation during defecation as compared to under normal defecation conditions. FIG. 10 shows changes in rear pressure and front pressure (with a net pressure difference shown as well), under a pre-expulsion (pre-defecation) phase, an increase in abdominal pressure, anal sphincter relaxation, the front out of the anal canal, rear end passage, and post-expulsion. As shown therein, front pressure increases occur earlier in the process than rear pressure increases, and rear pressure increases are relatively higher than front pressure increases. FIGS. 11, 12, 13, and 14 show representations of data before and after excretion of the device, in order during the process, whereby the right side of each figure shows relative downward movement of the device until it is fully expelled, as shown in FIG. 14. Device pressure (pressure detected by the device, or pressure applied to the device by the body during the excretory process) within FIG. 11 is between 50 and 100 but below 100, while device pressure is higher in FIG. 11 (approximately at or above 100), somewhat lower in FIG. 12 (approximately at or below 100), and the lowest in FIG. 13 (approximately at or above 50 but below 100). The left side of each of FIGS. 11, 12, 13, and 14 show the variation in pressure versus time for one or more pressure sensors.

[0159] The various embodiments of the present disclosure will provide a wealth of data related to the function of the organ, in particular to the fecal expulsion process. Pressures, dimensional changes and other measures may be displayed as still pictures or as a function of time, such as in video representations or contour plots, such as color contour plots. The data may be analysed further and displayed in multiple ways, as an example the pressures measured at the front end and the rear end of the core may be displayed as X-Y plots (front pressure vs rear pressure) which will create loop curves where the magnitude of the pressures and the shape of the loop will show normal patterns of defecation as well as specific patterns for defecation in patients with obstructed defecation or with fecal incontinence. Another example of analysing the front and rear pressures is to display these pressures as function of time and include calculations of differential pressures. This facilitates dividing the defecation process into multiple phases that indicates various physiological phenomena such as abdominal and rectal muscle contractions, anal sphincter relaxation or paradoxical contraction, velocity of expulsion in the different phases. The abovementioned data can be analysed merely from two pressures since the distance between the pressure sensors are known. It is clear that the arsenal of analysis will increase tremendously when combined with more pressure measurements, dimensional data, gyroscope data and other measures. A very detailed characteristic of gastrointestinal function, in particular defecation, can be provided.

[0160] Furthermore, it is noted that the water content of feces in the ascending right colon is much greater than in the descending left colon as water absorption occurs throughout the length of the colon. FIG. 15 shows a representation of a large bowel (or large intestine) 316, showing the ascending colon 304, the transverse colon 306, the descending colon 308, the sigmoid colon 310 (also referred to herein as sigmoid colon 4), the rectum 312 (also referred to herein as rectum 3), and the anal canal 314.

[0161] For an exemplary pellet 1 of the present disclosure to mimic the consistency of feces, for example, such a pellet 1 may be configured so that a fluid-like substance or polymer is initially introduced into the bag or balloon 27 which is then catalyzed to polymerize or become more solid-like as the pellet 1 moves through the large bowel 316. The material could be made of various polymers that cross-link when a catalyst is added, such as silicone elastomers or hydrogels. The timing of solidification can be dictated by the amount of catalyst added. Such an embodiment would provide for more feces-like measurements obtained by the pellet 1 to produce more realistic physiological measurements.

[0162] Consistent with the same, FIG. 16 shows an exemplary pellet having a central stabilizing flexible or non-flexible core rod 6, pellet solid or semi-solid material 7, sensors embedded in the interior of the artificial fecal pellet 8, a sensor on the surface of the artificial fecal pellet 9, a battery or energy source connected through wires to all sensors (which may be charged internally, for example, such as by way of forces generated by motions of the gastrointestinal tract or by way of reactions between two chemicals, as generally referenced herein), transducers and transmitter 10, and a data storage device or wireless transmitter to outside unit 11. This is shown by way of example, as various pellet 1 embodiments of the present disclosure may have some or all of the aforementioned elements 6 through 11, and/or may incorporate, have, or comprise one or more of the following: 12: distensible shell like a balloon or bag that can be filled or inflated, such as from the passage of a desired period of time, detection of a pressure or pressure threshold, based on detection of a pH or pH threshold, by way of reaction of chemicals, allowing fluid to pass through a semi-permeable membrane of balloon or bag 12, or other signal/data obtained by pellet 1, as generally referenced herein) having a liquid or gas therein, 13: liquid or gas inside the shell, 14: electrodes for impedance planimetric measurement of cross-sectional areas, 15: loop that the endoscope can attach to during insertion, 16: valve, 17: tube for filling the outer structure such as a balloon, 18: wireless transmission to unit outside the body, 19: receiver unit with or without display, 20: wireless or wired transmission to computer or analysis unit, 21: computer or analysis/graphics unit, 22: electrical stimulating sensor on the surface of the artificial fecal pellet, 23: sensor configured as a camera, 24: light source, such as a flash, 25: movement device, 26: motor, 27: bag or balloon positioned around a sensor, 28: liquid or gas inside the bag or balloon, 29: wire, 30: application-specific integrated circuit or printed circuit, 31: processor, 32: storage medium, 33: magnet or magnetically-attractive element, 40: first chemical, and/or 41: second chemical. It is noted that in various embodiments, for example, the various sensors embedded in the interior of the artificial fecal pellet 8, sensor on the surface of the artificial fecal pellet 9, transducers and transmitter 10, a data storage devices or wireless transmitters to outside unit 11, electrodes for impedance planimetric measurement of cross-sectional areas 14, electrical stimulating sensors on the surface of the artificial fecal pellet 22, sensors configured as cameras 23, light sources 24, movement devices 25, application-specific integrated circuits or printed circuits 30, processor 31, storage media 32, and/or other sensors, electrodes, electronic components, etc., disclosed herein in connection with pellet 1 embodiments, may be located on the central stabilizing flexible or non-flexible core rod 6, within the pellet solid or semi-solid material 7, on the balloon or bag 12, on the surface of the pellet 1, and the like.

[0163] Further regarding use of electrical stimulating sensors 22, such as for motility as generally referenced herein, said sensors 22 could be programmable to turn on and off and on again as may be desired for one or more embodiments, such as by way of delivering an asynchronous frequency (which can be rate and stimulus amplitude and pulse width programmable), or in an inhibited mode, analogous to that of a cardiac pacemaker. A lower escape rate can therefore be programmed and implemented with a lower or minimum rate timer, for example, such as whereby the timer is reset if a sensed gastrointestinal (GI) contraction is detected via electromyography (EGM), pressure wave, or other sensor means. In this way the delivery of therapy is synchronized to existing GI contractions, and the timer is reset if a contraction is detected before the timer times out and delivers an electrical stimulus to induce a contraction.

[0164] Pellet 1, in an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure and as noted above, can have a fluid-like substance, polymer, powder, etc. (such as, for example, a liquid 13, a liquid 28, a first chemical 40, and/or a second chemical 41) that can react with another fluid-like substance, polymer, powder, etc. (such as, for example, another liquid 13, liquid 28, first chemical 40, and/or second chemical 41) that is initially introduced into the bag or balloon 27 which is then catalyzed to polymerize or become more solid-like as the pellet 1 moves through the large bowel 316. Liquid 13, liquid 18, first chemical 40, and/or second chemical 41 could be made of various polymers that cross-link when a catalyst (another of a liquid 13, a liquid 18, a first chemical 40, and/or a second chemical 41) is added, such as silicone elastomers or hydrogels. The timing of solidification can be dictated by the amount of catalyst added. Such an embodiment would provide for more feces-like measurements obtained by the pellet 1 to produce more realistic physiological measurements. For example, in healthy subjects the fecal content is liquid in the ascending colon and due to water extraction becomes more solid to have a consistency that corresponds to 4 on the Bristol Stool scale. Some persons suffering from chronic constipation may have much harder stools whereas some patients with fecal incontinence have very soft stool. In at least some embodiments, pellets 1 are configured so to actively deliver a first chemical 40 and/or a second chemical 41, which here may be considered as traditional chemicals or other deliverable items, such as bacteria or other biological agents, at locations within the digestive tract where desired. For example, and when pellet 1 is moving though the digestive tract, location information of pellet 1 can be obtained as referenced herein, and when pellet 1 reaches a desired location, pellet 1 can expel/deliver a first chemical 40 and/or a second chemical 41, such as a traditional chemical or other deliverable item, such as bacteria or other biological agents, within the digestive system, so to, for example, deliver a medicament or a beneficial bacteria to the gut/stomach or intestines. The present disclosure includes additional disclosure of various other pellet 1 embodiments. For example, and as shown in FIG. 17, an exemplary pellet 1 can comprise a central stabilizing flexible or non-flexible core rod 6, a pellet solid or semi-solid material 7 within the pellet 1 (such as within the boundary our outer enclosure of pellet 1, such as shown in FIGS. 2A-8B and 16 but not expressly identified with a numbered identifier), and a plurality of electrodes 14 for impedance planimetric measurement of cross-sectional areas (or other dimensional information that can be determined/calculated based upon conductance or impedance data obtained using said electrodes 14). A distensible shell like a balloon or bag that can be filled or inflated 12 can also be present around some or all of pellet 1, such as also shown in FIGS. 2C-2E and 8B, for example. Rod 6, as shown in FIG. 17, can extend beyond balloon or bag 12, and a plurality of circumferentially-positioned pressure sensors (such as sensors 8 or 9) can be present around a portion of rod 6 extending beyond balloon or bag 12. A distal pressure sensor (such as an additional sensor 8 or 9) can be present at a distal tip 50 of rod 6, such as shown in FIG. 17. Pellet 1 embodiments having a plurality of circumferentially-positioned pressure sensors (such as sensors 8 or 9) can be used to obtain a plurality of pressure measurements at one or more locations within the large bowel 316, with each pressure measurement at a particular location being indicative of a pressure obtained between a particular pressure sensor (such as a sensor 8 or 9) and the environment adjacent to said sensor 8 or 9, such as a liquid, a solid (such as feces), a large bowel 316 wall, etc., comprising/within said environment. Said circumferentially-positioned pressure sensors are depicted as sensors 8 in FIG. 17, for example.

[0165] In various embodiments, various electronic components (sensors 8 or 9), electrodes 14, and the like, may be distributed, oriented, or otherwise in close proximity to, relatively or substantially rigid electrodes 14, such as those configured as ring electrodes 14, within the probe (pellet 1) body to allow maximum flexibility of the probe (pellet 1) and thus to simulate feces. Said rigid sections can be connected by way of flexible application-specific integrated circuits or printed circuits 31, individual flexible wires, or even connected via radiofrequency (RF) signals, such as described further herein. In addition, sensors 8 or 9, electrodes 14, and/or power sources (batteries or energy sources 10) of the present disclosure may be completely remote and communicate between themselves like an IOT.

[0166] Furthermore, and in various embodiments, a microcontroller and/or a microprocessor can be used in addition to, or in lieu of, an application-specific integrated circuit or printed circuit 30. As such, and for purposes of the present disclosure, application-specific integrated circuit or printed circuit 30 can also refer to a microcontroller and/or a microprocessor if said a microcontroller and/or microprocessor is used in exemplary pellet 1 embodiments referenced herein.

[0167] Pellet 1 embodiments having a distal pressure sensor (such as an additional sensor 8 or 9) at a distal tip 50 of rod 6 can be used to obtain a most distal pressure measurement at one or more locations within the large bowel 316, each distal pressure measurement being indicative of a most distal portion of pellet 1. Said pressure measurements and pressure data (obtained using pressure sensors 8 or 9) can be used consistent with the present disclosure, such as, for example, described above in connection with FIGS. 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14. Said distally-positioned pressure sensor is depicted as sensor 9 in FIG. 17, for example.

[0168] Additional exemplary pellets 1 of the present disclosure is shown in FIGS. 18 and 19. As shown therein, pellets 1 can have, incorporate, or comprise any number of elements as referenced herein. As shown in FIG. 18, rod 6 of pellet 1 extends past/beyond balloon or bag 12, and has a series of pressure sensors (sensors 8 or 9) extending along a portion of a length of rod 6 that extends outside of balloon or bag 12. As shown in FIG. 19, for example, a catheter 52 may be coupled to, or form part of pellet 1 (such as being connected to or formed as part of rod 6 and/or other elements of an exemplary pellet 1 of the present disclosure), and catheter 52 may have a series of pressure sensors (sensors 8 or 9) extending along a portion of a length of catheter 52 that extends outside of balloon or bag 12. In use, for example, balloon or bag 12 portion of pellet 1 can be positioned within the rectum 312 (also referred to herein as rectum 3), while some or all of catheter 52 can be positioned within the anal canal and even extending outside of the rectum (outside of the body), and the various pressure sensors 8 or 9 (identified as pressure sensors 8 in FIGS. 18 and 19) along rod 6 (FIG. 18) or catheter 52 (FIG. 19) can obtain pressure measurements as desired. Another pressure sensor (identified as pressure sensor 9) may be positioned along/upon pellet 1, such as at a distal portion of pellet 1 (without taking the distal portion of rod 6 or catheter 52 into account, such as shown in FIGS. 18 and 19), so to obtain additional pressure data as may be desired.

[0169] Pellets 1, such as shown in FIGS. 17, 18, and 19, include an array of pressure sensors (sensors 8 or 9), which can be used as in high-density manometry (as referenced previously herein) so to, for example, measure the activity in the puborectalis muscle, and which could therefore provide better interpretation of bending data and position, such as to, for example, generate a mechanical model using said data. Passage of an exemplary pellet 1 of the present disclosure from the rectum 312 through the anal canal 314 can consider the rear pressure (abdominal pressure) as the preload and the front pressure as the afterload (namely measure of resistance which depends on anal muscle relaxation). Additional/better measurements of the afterload can be determined using pressure and/or impedance/conductance (sizing) data, such as from sensors 8, 9 and/or electrodes 14 and model tension, stress and resistance to flow (e.g., using Poiseuille equation or other flow equations), as may be desired.

[0170] The present disclosure also includes disclosure of devices, such as useful for biofeedback training. Said devices 100, which in some embodiments could be considered as pellets 1 or at least includes one or more components as referenced herein in connection with pellets 1, may comprise elements such as shown in FIG. 20. For example, a device 100 of the present disclosure may comprise a plurality of pressure sensors (exemplary sensors 8 or 9, shown as pressure sensors 9 in FIG. 20), one or more impedance electrodes/sensors (exemplary sensors 8 or 9, shown as impedance sensors 8 in FIG. 20), whereby said arrangement and/or number of pressure sensors and/or impedance sensors may vary depending on embodiment. Said sensors 8, 9 can be positioned along, or embedded within, an elongated body (such as a catheter 52 or other elongated body). Any number of other elements, such as a battery or energy source connected through wires to all sensors, transducers and transmitter 10, and/or a data storage device or wireless transmitter to outside unit 11. Various device 100 embodiments of the present disclosure may incorporate, have, or comprise one or more of the following: 12: distensible shell like a balloon or bag that can be filled or inflated) having a liquid or gas therein, 13: liquid or gas inside the shell, 14: electrodes for impedance planimetric measurement of cross-sectional areas, 15: loop that the endoscope can attach to during insertion, 16: valve, 17: tube for filling the outer structure such as a balloon, 18: wireless transmission to unit outside the body, 19: receiver unit with or without display, 20: wireless or wired transmission to computer or analysis unit, 21: computer or analysis/graphics unit, 22: electrical stimulating sensor on the surface of the device 100, 23: sensor configured as a camera, 24: light source, such as a flash, 25: movement device, 26: motor, 27: bag or balloon positioned around a sensor, 28: liquid or gas inside the bag or balloon, 29: wire, 30: application-specific integrated circuit or printed circuit, 31: processor, 32: storage medium, 33: magnet or magnetically-attractive element, 40: first chemical, and/or 41: second chemical.

[0171] Regarding data transmission, the present disclosure also includes disclosure of controlling said transmission via, for example, manually turning data transmission on and off and on again, etc., so to only collect said data when desired. For example, data transmission can be turned on and off such as when collecting data only at the end of a study, data collection at the end of study with use of cable only (so via a wired embodiment), and automatic data collection and/or transmission based upon location or orientation. The data sampling rate could also be adjustable based upon pellet 1 location and orientation. In view of the same, and in various embodiments, pellet 1 expulsion can be detected using a combination of pressure, cross-sectional area (CSA), and/or temperature sensor 8, 9 and/or electrode 14 signatures (data indications).

[0172] As shown in FIG. 20, for example, a processor 32 in communication with a storage medium 33 can be used in connection with sensors 8 or 9 and/or with other items, such as electrodes 14, etc., to obtain and/or process data obtained from sensors 8 or 9 or electrodes 14. A battery or energy source 10 can be used to provide power to various portions of device 100, and a wireless transmitter element 18 can be used to transmit data obtained by the device 100 from device to an external system, such as a computer 21 or other type of device or console. An adhesive 60 can be used to affix part of device 100 to a patient, such as to adhere part of device 100 to the buttocks of a patient while other parts of the device 100, such as the catheter 52, are inserted into the anal canal 314 and/or present within the rectum 312, such as shown in FIG. 20. Catheter 52 can therefore be flexible for comfort of use and/or insertion. Furthermore, and in various pellet 1 embodiments, the source of power, such as by way of a battery or energy source 10, can instead (or can additionally) be by way of radiofrequency (RF) or ultrasound energy external transmission, in addition to the single use or rechargeable battery 10 embodiments referenced herein.

[0173] The various sensors 8, 9 can be used to obtain data prior to, during, and/or after the passage of liquids, gas, or solids (feces) from the rectum 312 and through the anal canal 314. Device 100 can then be used for biofeedback purposes, detection of information at the anal canal 314, and overall perineal descent. Device 100 can also be used to measure the anorectal angle using various sensors 8, 9. Said data from device 100 can be transmitted from device 100 to external system, such as a computer 21 or other type of device or console, as noted above, for processing and/or visualization, as may be desired.

[0174] Such a device 100, as shown in FIG. 20 for example, can be used to measure perineal descent (data from accelerometers (exemplary sensors 8 or 9) on position changes) and also rectocele. The bending of the device 100 can be measured using accelerometers (exemplary sensors 8 or 9) or by other mechanisms, such as with a uniaxial bending device. In at least one embodiment, device 100 can be forced to bend in anterior-posterior direction and the resultant forces (radial pressure) measured at the tip using a pressure sensor 8 or 9 positioned at the top/end, which can give/provide data/information about rectal elasticity and the presence of rectocele.

[0175] Fecal samples can also be obtained from various parts of the intestine. Such samples can be used post-collection for microbiological analysis of the microbiome, for example.

[0176] An additional embodiment of a pellet 1 of the present disclosure is shown in FIG. 21. As shown therein, an exemplary pellet 1 of the present disclosure may have one or more features, components, elements, configurations, etc., as referenced herein, and may also have a graphene layer 345 on the core (on the central stabilizing flexible or non-flexible core rod 6) or on inside or outside of the balloon or bag 12 for measurement of deformation of the pellet 1 within the large bowel 316. Electrical conductance properties of graphene changes when deformed, so embodiments of pellet 1 having a graphene layer 345 would result in different conductance/impedance measurements (such as via operation of electrodes for impedance planimetric measurement of cross-sectional areas 14) when graphene layer 345 is deformed, such as when it moves through various portions of the large bowel 314 and through the anal canal 314. Graphene is also a diamagnetic material (it is repelled by a magnetic field, rather than being attracted like iron), and therefore the use of a graphene layer 345, such as in connection with one or more magnets or magnetically-attractive elements 33, could allow placement, positioning, and number of said magnets or magnetically-attractive elements 33 to exert a magnetic force against graphene layer 345, such as to aid graphene layer 345 with maintaining a certain shape, for example.

[0177] FIG. 22 shows an embodiment of a pellet 1 of the present disclosure (such as a pellet 1 having one or more features, components, elements, configurations, etc., as referenced herein) and also having one or more sound or other radiofrequency transducers 355 therein or thereon, so to communicate (send data and/or another signal) therefrom to one or more sound or other wavelength receivers 357 positioned external to pellet 1 (such as shown by way of the jagged line in the figure), such as on a person's body or adjacent thereto. Transducers 355 of the present disclosure are configured to detect sound (or other vibrations) from various organs inside the body and can be used to determine the location of the source of the sound using principles such as triangulation as pellet 1 moves through the large bowel 316, for example.

[0178] An additional pellet 1 embodiment of the present disclosure is shown in FIG. 23. As shown therein, pellet 1 (along with one or more features, components, elements, configurations, etc., as referenced herein) further comprises one or more infrared or near-infrared sensors 357 (such as an array of infrared or near-infrared sensors 357) configured to detect mucosal blood perfusion and/or the geometric pattern of the blood vessels (such as the veins) in the intestinal wall. Pellets 1 having one or more infrared or near-infrared sensors 357 can obtain infrared or near-infrared data using sensors 357 as pellet 1 moves through the large bowel 316, so to potentially detect abnormalities in the intestines, such as inflammation, early polyps, diverticulosis, submucous tumors, and the like.

[0179] As shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B, pellet 1 can actively move forward or backwards or be steered inside the intestine to a preferred location. Pellets 1 can also move forward or backwards or be steered inside the intestine to a preferred location such as by embedding a magnet or magnetically-attractive element 33 within pellet 1, as shown in FIG. 24, and controlling the position of pellet 1 using an external magnetic field, such as by way of operation of an external magnet or magnetically-attractive element 333 (positioned external to pellet 1, such as positioned upon or adjacent to a person's body on the outside or inside of the body), so that operation and/or movement of external magnet or magnetically-attractive element 333 causes a corresponding movement of pellet 1 within the intestine, with the magnetic attraction shown by way of the dotted line in the figure.

[0180] FIGS. 25-30 show yet another embodiment of a pellet 1 of the present disclosure, configured to assist with movement of pellet 1 within the large bowel. As shown therein, pellet 1 may comprise a telescopic extender 192 configured to extend from a relative end of pellet 1, whereby telescopic extender 192 is operable using a motor 27 coupled thereto (which may be similar or different from other motors 27 referenced herein) and is controlled using a processor 31 in communication with motor 27 (which may be similar or different from other processors 31 referenced herein). FIG. 25 shows pellet 1 positioned within a large bowel 316, whereby a portion of telescopic extender 192 is visible (for example). FIG. 26 shows partial extension of telescopic extender 192 within the large bowel 316, and FIG. 27 shows full extension of telescopic extender 192 within the large bowel 316.

[0181] FIG. 28 shows expansion/inflation of a telescope bag or balloon 193 coupled to telescopic extender 192, whereby said expansion (using a liquid or gas 28, for example) exerts a force against large bowel 316 at the location of the expanded telescope bag or balloon 193 and sets a position of the telescope bag or balloon 193, and therefore pellet 1, within the large bowel. A two-way pump 194, such as shown in FIG. 28, is configured to inflate and/or deflate the telescope bag or balloon with liquid or gas 28, and is in communication with a reservoir 195 of liquid or gas 28, such as a reservoir of compressed air. Inflated telescope bag or balloon 193 may further grip large bowel 316, such as by way of a grip element 197 coupled to, or formed as part of, telescope bag or balloon 193.

[0182] Once expanded, motor 27 is operable to retract telescopic extender 192, such as shown partially retracted in FIG. 29 and mostly retracted in FIG. 30, causing pellet 1 to move in a direction of the telescope bag or balloon 193. Telescope bag or balloon 193 can then be deflated, and telescopic extender 192 can be further retracted if desired, or extended again (such as shown in FIGS. 26 and 27), with the process repeated again to further move pellet 1 to move forward within the large bowel 316. Movement is shown by way of the directional arrows shown in FIGS. 26, 27, 29, and 30, and such a pellet 1 embodiment can effectively move like an earthworm, for example, extending itself and creating resistance at the right location(s) and time(s). One or more pressure sensors (shown an exemplary sensor 8 in FIG. 28) may be used to provide data in connection with inflation of telescope bag or balloon 193, so to avoid potential overinflation and/or perforation of the large bowel 316.

[0183] Pellets 1 with telescopic extenders 192 could also be advanced through the large bowel 316 by having the pellet 1 body itself be generally in front and telescopic extender 192 be generally in the back. For example, a pellet 1 could be present within a large bowel 316, and a telescope bag or balloon 193 could be filled or inflated to anchor the same within large bowel 316. Telescopic extender 192 could then extend, advancing pellet 1 body forward within large bowel 316. After advancement, telescope bag or balloon 193 could be deflated, and telescopic extender 192 could be retracted back to pellet 1, and the process could repeat itself to further move pellet 1 to move forward within the large bowel 316.

[0184] FIG. 31 shows an exemplary pellet 1 used as referenced herein. As shown in FIG. 10, pellet 1 may comprise a central stabilizing flexible or non-flexible core rod 6 surrounded at least partially by a balloon or bag 12 configured for inflation. Various elements can present upon or within rod 6 and/or balloon or bag 12, such as, for example, a front-positioned pressure sensor (an exemplary sensor 8, identified as 8.sub.F in FIG. 10), a front-positioned gyroscopic sensor (an exemplary sensor 9, identified as 9.sub.F in FIG. 10), a rear-positioned pressure sensor (another exemplary sensor 8, identified as 8.sub.R in FIG. 10), a rear-positioned gyroscopic sensor 132 (another exemplary sensor 9, identified as 9.sub.R in FIG. 10), electrodes for impedance planimetric measurement 14, a wireless transmitter 18, a wireless receiver 142, a computer element 150 (including one or more of a printed circuit 30, a processor 31, a storage media 32, and/or other sensors, electrodes, electronic components, etc., as referenced herein) and/or a power source (a battery or energy source connected through wires to all sensors, transducers and transmitter 10 (and potentially other elements/components), for example. Such a pellet 1, for example, would therefore be able to obtain data/information in connection with pressure at the relative front of the pellet 1 (using pressure sensor 8.sub.F), positioning data/information at the relative front of the pellet 1 (using sensor 9.sub.F), data/information in connection with pressure at the relative rear of the pellet 1 (using pressure sensor 8.sub.R), positioning data/information at the relative rear of the pellet 1 (using sensor 9.sub.R), and/or impedance/conductance data/information within the balloon or bag 12 (using electrodes for impedance planimetric measurement 14), to process the same as desired using computer element 150, transmit said raw and/or unprocessed data/information using transmitter 18, receive data/information using wireless receiver 142, and power various components of said pellet 1 using battery 10, for example.

[0185] Means/mechanisms other than gyroscopes and/or accelerometers (referred to herein as gyroscopic sensors 132) for determination of device or capsule 100 position with the large bowel are also disclosed herein, such as, for example, magnetic tracking (such as by way of use of one or more magnets or magnetically-attractive elements 33 of device or capsule 100) and/or the use of ultrasound, sound or radiofrequency (RF) signals (obtained from one or more sound or other radiofrequency transducers 355) where the various transducers or sensors can be built into the device or capsule 100 and tracked from outside the body, as referenced herein.

[0186] While various embodiments of devices and methods for using the same have been described in considerable detail herein, the embodiments are merely offered as non-limiting examples of the disclosure described herein. It will therefore be understood that various changes and modifications may be made, and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof, without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. The present disclosure is not intended to be exhaustive or limiting with respect to the content thereof.

[0187] Further, in describing representative embodiments, the present disclosure may have presented a method and/or a process as a particular sequence of steps. However, to the extent that the method or process does not rely on the particular order of steps set forth therein, the method or process should not be limited to the particular sequence of steps described, as other sequences of steps may be possible. Therefore, the particular order of the steps disclosed herein should not be construed as limitations of the present disclosure. In addition, disclosure directed to a method and/or process should not be limited to the performance of their steps in the order written. Such sequences may be varied and still remain within the scope of the present disclosure.