METHODS, SYSTEMS, AND APPARATUS FOR ASSESSING AN EFFECT OF A MEDICAL TREATMENT ON ORGAN FUNCTION

Abstract

An effect of a treatment on an organ, e.g., a lung, is assessed by acquiring a first measurement for each of a plurality of regions of the organ, and then acquiring a second measurement for each of the plurality of regions of the organ, after acquisition of the first measurements. A regional change measurement is obtained for each of the plurality of regions of the organ based on the first measurement and the second measurement of the region. A treatment effect is then determined based the plurality of regional change measurements and treatment information of the treatment delivered to the organ.

Claims

1. A method of assessing an effect of a treatment on an organ comprising: acquiring a first measurement for each of a plurality of regions of the organ; acquiring, after acquisition of the first measurements, a second measurement for each of the plurality of regions of the organ; obtaining a regional change measurement for each of the plurality of regions of the organ based on the first measurement and the second measurement of the region; and determining a treatment effect based on the plurality of regional change measurements and regional treatment information of the treatment delivered to the organ.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein acquiring either of a first measurement for each of a plurality of regions of the organ or a second measurement for each of a plurality of regions of the organ comprises: obtaining a time series of two-dimensional (2D) images of the organ; and processing the time series of 2D images to obtain a motion measurement for each of the plurality of regions.

3. (canceled)

4. The method of claim 2, wherein obtaining a time series of 2D images of the organ comprises capturing a plurality of time series of 2D images of the organ, each from a different angle relative to the organ.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein the plurality of time series of 2D images of the organ are captured from no more than ten different angles.

6. The method of claim 4, wherein the plurality of time series of 2D images are captured simultaneously.

7. (canceled)

8. The method of claim 2, wherein processing the time series of 2D images comprises reconstructing motion measurements for each of the plurality of regions of the organ from the time series of 2D images of the organ.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein the plurality of regions of the organ comprise tissue of the organ and the motion measurements represent motion of the tissue.

10. (canceled)

11. (canceled)

12. The method of claim 1, wherein: each of the plurality of first measurements is acquired before the treatment, and each of the plurality of second measurements is acquired either during the treatment or after the treatment, or each of the plurality of first measurements is acquired during the treatment, and each of the plurality of second measurements is acquired after the treatment.

13. The method of claim 1, wherein the first measurement and the second measurement are one of: displacement measurements, velocity measurements, ventilation measurements, perfusion measurements, ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) ratio measurements, or any measurements that may be derived from any of the foregoing measurements.

14. (canceled)

15. The method of claim 1, wherein determining a treatment effect comprises: mapping each of the plurality of regional change measurements with a corresponding regional treatment information of the treatment delivered to the organ; and deriving the treatment effect from the mapping.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein deriving the treatment effect from the mapping comprises fitting a line through a plot of regional change measurements as a function of regional treatment information.

17. (canceled)

18. (canceled)

19. The method of claim 15, wherein the treatment effect is indicative of one of: a) no change in organ function; b) change in organ function linked to treatment; or c) change in organ function not linked to treatment.

20. (canceled)

21. (canceled)

22. The method of claim 1, wherein the treatment is a radiation therapy treatment, and the regional treatment information is a dose map comprising a radiation level for each of the plurality of regions of the organ.

23. The method of claim 1, further comprising either of: prior to obtaining a regional change measurement for each of the plurality of regions of the organ, associating the plurality of first measurements and the plurality of second measurements with a fluid flow structure of the organ; or prior to determining a treatment effect, associating the plurality of regional change measurements with a fluid flow structure of the organ.

24. (canceled)

25. A system for assessing an effect of a treatment on an organ comprising: a measurement acquisition module configured to: acquire a first measurement for each of a plurality of regions of the organ, and acquire, after acquisition of the first measurements, a second measurement for each of the plurality of regions of the organ; a measurement change module configured to obtain a regional change measurement for each of the plurality of regions of the organ based on the first measurement and the second measurement of the region; and a treatment effect module configured to determine a treatment effect based the plurality of regional change measurements and regional treatment information of the treatment delivered to the organ.

26.-37. (canceled)

38. The system of claim 25, wherein the treatment effect module determines a treatment effect by being configured to: map each of the plurality of regional change measurements with a corresponding regional treatment information of the treatment delivered to the organ to generate a mapping; and derive the treatment effect from the mapping.

39. The system of claim 38, wherein the treatment effect module derives the treatment effect from the mapping by being configured to fit a line through a plot of regional change measurements as a function of regional treatment information.

40.-47. (canceled)

48. An apparatus for assessing an effect of a treatment on an organ comprising: an interface; a memory; and a processor coupled to the interface and the memory and configured to execute instructions in the memory to cause the apparatus to: acquire a first measurement for each of a plurality of regions of the organ; acquire, after acquisition of the first measurements, a second measurement for each of the plurality of regions of the organ; obtain a regional change measurement for each of the plurality of regions of the organ based on the first measurement and the second measurement of the region; and determine a treatment effect based the plurality of regional change measurements and regional treatment information of the treatment delivered to the organ.

49.-55. (canceled)

56. The apparatus of claim 48, wherein the processor causes the apparatus to determine a treatment effect by being configured to execute instructions in the memory to cause the apparatus to: receive regional treatment information from a treatment apparatus or treatment information source; map each of the plurality of regional change measurements with a corresponding regional treatment information of the treatment delivered to the organ to generate a mapping; and derive the treatment effect from the mapping.

57.-65. (canceled)

66. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium having a computer program stored therein, that when executed by a processor of a computer, causes the computer to execute steps directed to assessing an effect of a treatment on an organ, the steps comprising: acquiring a first measurement for each of a plurality of regions of an organ; acquiring, after acquisition of the first measurements, a second measurement for each of the plurality of regions of the organ; obtaining a regional change measurement for each of the plurality of regions of the organ based on the first measurement and the second measurement of the region; and determining a treatment effect based the plurality of regional change measurements and regional treatment information of the treatment delivered to the organ.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0041] Various aspects of systems and methods will now be presented in the detailed description by way of example, and not by way of limitation, with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:

[0042] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a system for assessing an effect of a medical treatment on an organ based on regional change measurements of the organ and regional treatment information associated with the medical treatment.

[0043] FIG. 2 is a representation of regional treatment information associated with a medical treatment in the form of radiation therapy on a lung.

[0044] FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C are schematic illustrations of motion reconstruction for a region of an organ.

[0045] FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a computed tomographic X-ray velocimetry (CTXV) system that captures medical images for use by the system, and may include one or more components of the system of FIG. 1.

[0046] FIG. 5A is a visual representation of a treatment effect determined by the system of FIG. 1 in the form of a plot of regional change measurements, e.g., a comparison of specific ventilation before treatment and specific ventilation after treatment, against regional treatment information, e.g., radiation dose.

[0047] FIG. 5B is a depiction of a two-dimensional (2D) slice of first measurements, e.g., the before-treatment specific ventilation measurements of FIG. 5A, overlaid onto an image of a computed tomographic (CT) slice for visualization.

[0048] FIG. 5C is a depiction of a 2D slice of second measurements, e.g., the after-treatment specific ventilation measurements of FIG. 5A, overlaid onto an image of a CT slice for visualization.

[0049] FIG. 6A is a visual representation of another treatment effect determined by the system of FIG. 1 in the form of a plot of regional change measurements, e.g., a comparison of specific ventilation before treatment and specific ventilation after treatment, against regional treatment information, e.g., radiation dose.

[0050] FIG. 6B is a depiction of a slice of first measurements, e.g., the before-treatment specific ventilation measurements of FIG. 6A, overlaid onto an image of a CT slice for visualization.

[0051] FIG. 6C is a depiction of a slice of second measurements, e.g., the after-treatment specific ventilation measurements of FIG. 6A, overlaid onto an image of a CT slice for visualization.

[0052] FIG. 7 is a flow chart of a method of determining an effect of a medical treatment on an organ.

[0053] FIG. 8 is a block diagram of an apparatus configured to implement the method of FIG. 7.

[0054] FIG. 9A is an example of regional treatment information in the form of a 2D slice of a three-dimensional dose map showing a spatial distribution of radiation dose administered during a medical treatment.

[0055] FIG. 9B is a visual representation of the treatment effect of the radiation dose of FIG. 9A four months after treatment, in the form a boxplot of regional change measurements, e.g., a comparison of specific ventilation before treatment and specific ventilation after treatment, against regional treatment information, e.g., radiation dose.

[0056] FIG. 10A is an example of regional treatment information in the form of a 2D slice of a three-dimensional dose map showing a spatial distribution of radiation dose administered during a medical treatment.

[0057] FIG. 10B is a visual representation of the treatment effect of the radiation dose of FIG. 10A four months after treatment, in the form a boxplot of regional change measurements, e.g., a comparison of specific ventilation before treatment and specific ventilation after treatment, against regional treatment information, e.g., radiation dose.

[0058] FIG. 10C is a visual representation of the treatment effect of the radiation dose of FIG. 10A twelve months after treatment, in the form a boxplot of regional change measurements, e.g., a comparison of specific ventilation before treatment and specific ventilation after treatment, against regional treatment information, e.g., radiation dose.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0059] The methods, systems, and apparatus disclosed herein assess the effect of medical treatments on the lungs and other organs at a granular level. To this end, the methods and systems provide the capacity to measure organ function on a regional basis, and to compare or correlate regional organ function with regional treatment information, on a region by region basis. This enables a much richer and more complete understanding of an extremely complex treatment circumstances. The methods, systems, and apparatus enable the assessment of organs that are being treated, as well as other organs in the vicinity of the treated organ.

[0060] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a system 100 for assessing an effect 116 of a medical treatment 124 on an organ 122 of a patient based on changes in regional measurements 112 of the organ and regional treatment information 114 of the medical treatment. While a patient as used herein is a human, the system 100 may be used on animal subjects, or modeled living organs for use in an ex vivo or in vitro experiment. The organ 122 being assessed may be any anatomical structure that has motion associated with it, or blood or fluid flowing through it. For example, the organ 122 may be a lung, a heart, a gastrointestinal tract, a lymphatic system, a vascular system, a respiratory system. Furthermore, the organ 122 being assessed is not necessarily the entire organ. The system 100 may focus its assessment to structures or components of organs, such as the airways of the respiratory system, or arteries of the heart or vessels of the vascular system.

[0061] The effect 116, referred to herein as a “treatment effect,” may correspond to an assessment of the overall function or a regional function of an organ 122 that has been subjected to a treatment 124, or an assessment of the function of an organ that is adjacent to or near an area of the body that has be subjected to treatment. The treatment effect 116 may correspond to a determination that a medical treatment 124 has either positively altered or affected, negatively altered, or affected, or had no effect on organ function.

[0062] In general terms, the treatment effect 116 is derived based on an association between changes in regional measurements 112 of an organ 122 due to the treatment 124, and corresponding regional treatment information 114 of the treatment. “Regional measurements” as used herein refers to measurements 108, 110 that are obtained for each of a number of individual regions 120 of an organ 122, as opposed to a single global measurement for the entirety of the organ. “Regional treatment information” as used herein refers to treatment information 114 for each of a number of individual regions 120 of the organ. “Region” as used herein corresponds to a part or portion of the organ less than its entirety, and generally a significantly small portion. A region 120 may be characterized in terms of system technology. For example, a region 120 may correspond to a physical part of an organ 122 equivalent in size to a two-dimensional (2D) display window (e.g. 16×16 pixels, or even a single pixel), or to a three-dimensional (3D) display window (e.g. 8×8×8 voxels, or even a single voxel), or to a vector node.

[0063] Regarding “regional measurements,” these measurements 108, 110 may be any type of measurement that results from the movement of fluid, e.g., air, blood, etc., through an organ. For example, in the case of the lung, the regional measurements 108, 110 may be ventilation measurements derived from volume or expansion measurements of 3D regions or voxels of tissue associated with an airway tree of the lung, which volume and expansion measurements are derived from motion measurements of tissue of the lung. In other words, motion measurements of regions of tissue are obtained first, and from these tissue motion measurements, relevant physiological measurements related to air flow, e.g., ventilation, may be derived. Ventilation measurement is intended to include both lung volume and the change in lung volume (e.g. specific ventilation, which is “change in volume” divided by “initial volume”), and can be measured at any point in a respiration cycle, including one or more points in an inspiration phase or portion of a respiration cycle and/or one or more points in an expiration phase or portion of a respiration cycle. For example, ventilation measurements may be made between start inspiration and end inspiration (i.e. peak inspiration), so that the measurements cover a full breath in. Ventilation measurements may be made during natural tidal breathing or at times corresponding to a desired period of the respiration cycle.

[0064] Regional measurements 108, 110 for the lung may also be perfusion or blood flow measurements, or a combination of ventilation and perfusion measurements (e.g. the ratio of ventilation and perfusion). Perfusion measurements in the lung may be derived from 3D images of the vascular structure of the lung or expansion measurements of 3D regions or voxels associated with the vascular structure of the lung in combination with further calculations and/or modelling.

[0065] In the case of other organs, such as the heart, the regional measurements 108, 110 may be blood flow measurements. For example, blood flow measurements may be derived from volume or expansion measurements of 3D regions or voxels associated with the various chambers of the heart or other vascular structures of the heart.

[0066] As described further below, the regional measurements 108, 110 may be acquired from a time series or sequence of medical images 126. In one embodiment, a sufficient number of medical images 126 of a patient are obtained and processed using a technique that measures the motion of the organ, such as a cross-correlation technique, to determine the regional measurements 108, 110. In other embodiments, fewer medical images may be obtained and the regional measurements may be determined through calculation or estimation or modelling (e.g. the field of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) provides for methods of calculating the flow of air through airways or blood through vasculature).

[0067] Regarding “medical treatments,” these treatments 124 may involve one or more treatment types, modalities, or therapies, either non-invasive or invasive in nature. For example, the treatment 124 may be non-invasive radiation therapy, proton therapy, or drug therapy (including targeted drug therapies such as theragnostics), each delivered in accordance with a treatment regimen comprised of individual doses of treatment that are periodically, e.g., daily, weekly, monthly, etc., delivered to an organ over a period of time. Alternatively, the treatment 124 may be invasive and involve organ modifications or enhancements in the form of surgical dissection, tissue ablation, stent placement, valve placement, and glue application.

[0068] Some treatments 124 may be characterized as non-uniform in their delivery to the body in that the treatment targeted to a specific area of the body also effects surrounding areas of the body. For example, in the case of radiation therapy for cancer, a treatment plan may prescribe the delivery of a dose of radiation to a tumor at a target location in the body. Radiation delivery, however, is not perfectly delivered to the target. Accordingly, radiation exposure during treatment 124 is not limited to the target location. Areas surrounding or otherwise in the vicinity of the target are also exposed to radiation, although typically at a lower dose. As such, techniques such as radiation therapy tend to have a regional effect on organ function, meaning the therapy may have a positive effect on some regions of the organ 122, while having a negative effect on other regions of the organ. For example, cancerous tissue may be shrunk or killed in one or more regions of a lung, potentially increasing lung function in those regions. Conversely, non-cancerous tissue on other regions of the lung may be negatively affected by radiation dose. These effects, both positive and negative, are likely correlated to the dose of radiation delivered to the effected regions. Radiation therapy may also affect surrounding organs. For example, during radiation therapy treatment for breast cancer the heart may be inadvertently exposed to radiation. As such, the system 100 may be used to acquire regional blood flow measurements of the heart before and after the treatment to obtain a regional change measurement for each of a plurality of regions of the heart.

[0069] As another example of a non-uniform treatment, a stent implanted in a lung to open a narrow or blocked bronchi of the lung positively affects the regions of the lung at the implant site by increasing lung function in those regions. The stent, however, may negatively affect surrounding regions of the lung, for example, by causing a wall of an adjacent bronchi to partially collapse, and thereby decreasing lung function in the regions of the adjacent bronchi. Likewise, a stent implanted in a coronary artery of the heart positively affects the regions of the artery at the implant site by increasing blood flow in those regions and improving cardiac function. The stent, however, may negatively affect surrounding regions of the heart, for example, by causing a wall of an adjacent artery to partially collapse, and thereby decreasing blood flow in the regions of the adjacent artery. Other examples include the delivery of treatment through carriers that can either be directly placed in the region of interest. Examples include the placement of radioactive beads within blood vessels that feed a liver cancer, or theranostics (whereby treatment and diagnostic imaging substances are combined with a substance which is attracted to or binds with certain targets within the body).

[0070] Regarding “regional treatment information,” this information 114 may be created by or result from a targeted treatment of a region of an organ 122. For example, a medical treatment 124 in the form of radiation therapy attempts to deliver a specified dose of radiation to the diseased area in accordance with a radiation therapy treatment plan. The radiation therapy treatment plan provides a detailed knowledge of the dose planned to be delivered to each region 120 of the lung 122 during a treatment 124. The radiation treatment plan is determined in advance of the treatment, using known techniques. Alternatively, radiation (or other treatments) delivered through a theranostics approach can be estimated or measured using for example PET imaging, or soon after such treatment, using for example molecular nuclear imaging. In either case, the regional treatment information 114 associated with a treatment 124 may be represented by a dose map.

[0071] Regional treatment information 114 may also be created through a separate process remote from the diseased area. For example, lung valves or lung stents are typically implanted in the airway tree at a location upstream from the diseased or unhealthy area. Thus, in these types of interventions, treatment in one region of the organ affects other regions of the organ. Regional treatment information 114 showing the regions of the organ where the device is implanted may be known with certainty by the surgeon or medical practitioner, or acquired from medical imaging of the device after implant. Devices that release treatment substances (e.g. drugs) or radiation, may also require additional steps of calculating the resultant delivery (e.g. radiation typically reduces with the square of the distance from the device delivering the radiation).

[0072] In accordance with embodiments disclosed herein, regional treatment information 114 on a particular treatment may be available in the form of a treatment map that associates a treatment parameter with each of a number of regions 120 of an organ, e.g., a lung 122. For example, in the case of radiation therapy for a lung 122, the treatment map may be in the form of a data set that lists each region 120 of the lung by, for example, 3D coordinates, and a corresponding radiation dose either delivered to or expected to be delivered to that region. Generally, the doses listed in a treatment map will be higher for those regions of the lung 122 that are at or immediately around the target tumor, and will progressively reduce in value for other regions as a function of distance from the target tumor.

[0073] FIG. 2 provides a visual representation of a dose map 202 for a radiation treatment delivered to a lung 122 having a tumor 204. A grid of treatment regions 206 overlays a visual representation of the lung 122. Each treatment region 206 corresponds to a region 120 of the lung 122. The number 1-5 in each treatment region 206 represents the dose of radiation delivered to that region 120 of the lung 122, with the greater number corresponding to a higher dose of radiation. While the visual representation of the dose map 202 is two-dimensional, the dose map 202 is three-dimensional in nature, with the treatment regions 206 corresponding to cubes or voxels that extend depth-wise into the lung 122. It is noted that doses delivered to treatment regions 206 near the tumor 204 are greatest, with the doses progressively reduce as a function of distance from the tumor.

[0074] Returning to FIG. 1, the continuing description of the system 100 is in terms of an organ corresponding to a lung and treatment in the form of radiation for purposes of treating lung cancer. Radiation treatment of a lung may involve a delivery of a prescribed dose of radiation to a target location of a lung. As previously mentioned, a “dose” refers to a specified amount of treatment, e.g., radiation level/rate, delivered during one treatment session, and a “dosage” refers to a specified number of doses to be delivered at a specified frequency over a specified period of time. For example, in treating lung cancer, the prescribed dose may be delivered to a target tumor at daily treatment sessions that occur over a six week period.

[0075] The system 100 for assessing an effect of a medical treatment on an organ includes a measurement acquisition module 102, a measurement change module 104, and a treatment effect module 106. The system 100 may interface with an imaging apparatus 128 for purposes of acquiring images 126 of the organ, and a treatment apparatus 142, or other treatment information source, for purposes of acquiring regional treatment information 114. To these ends, the system 100 may be configured to acquire images 126 and treatment information 114 directly from an imaging apparatus 128 or treatment apparatus 142, or from another image source or treatment information source such as a cloud based server/database, or other computer network structure that stores images and treatment information. Alternatively, one or more of modules of the system 100 may comprise one or more of an imaging apparatus and a treatment apparatus. For example, the measurement acquisition module 102 may include an imaging apparatus.

[0076] The measurement acquisition module 102 is configured to acquire a first measurement 108 and a second measurement 110 for each of a plurality of regions 120 of a lung 122 based on images 126 of the lung acquired by the measurement acquisition module 102 from the imaging apparatus 128. The plurality of regions 120 could be as few as two regions, but would typically be more than 20 regions, more than 50 regions, more than 100 regions, more than 200 regions, more than 500 regions, or more than 1000 regions. In one embodiment, the images 126 are 2D images. In other embodiments, the images 126 may be 3D images.

[0077] The timing of acquisition of the first measurements 108 and the second measurements 110 relative to a treatment 124 may take on various scenarios. For example, the first measurements 108 may be acquired prior to a first delivery of a treatment, i.e., before the organ has ever been treated, or after the organ has been subjected to a treatment—but before the organ has been subjected to another treatment. The first measurements 108 may be acquired on the same day of a treatment 124, or even during a delivery of a treatment 124. The second measurements 110 are acquired after acquisition of the first measurements 108 and after or possibly during a delivery of a treatment 124 to the lung 122 by the treatment apparatus 142. For example, the second measurements 110 may be acquired immediately after delivery of a treatment 124, or a time after the treatment delivery sufficient to allow the effect of the treatment to manifest in the organ. Alternatively, the second measurements 110 may be acquired during delivery of a treatment 124. Acquisition during a treatment 124 preferably occurs for treatments whose effects on organs are expected to be immediate.

[0078] What is important is that the first measurements 108 are acquired before the effects of the treatment 124 manifest (in order to create a baseline of organ function) and the second measurements 110 are acquired some time after the first measurements 108 (e.g. after the effects of the treatment are expected to manifest). It will be understood that these timelines are different for different procedures. For example, in the case of radiation therapy on the lung (and monitoring for radiation induced pneumonitis, a side effect of unwanted radiation exposure in the lung), the first measurements 108 might be acquired on the same day of treatment, before the pneumonitis sets in, while the second measurements 110 would be acquired substantially after treatment (e.g. 1 or more months later). In contrast, in the case of implanting a medical device during surgery, the first measurements 108 may be acquired some time before the operation (e.g. 1 week) in order to establish a baseline of organ function, and the second measurements 110 could be acquired immediately after implantation of the medical device (e.g. even while still in surgery), or alternatively some time after surgery (e.g. the next day).

[0079] The first measurements 108 and the second measurements 110 may be one of: regional lung displacement measurements, regional lung velocity measurements, lung ventilation measurements, lung perfusion measurements, lung ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) ratio measurements, lung compliance measurements, or any measurements that may be derived from any of the foregoing measurements. For example, in the field of pulmonology, airway flow, pulmonary compliance, time constants, pulmonary resistance or air trapping measurements may be derived from lung ventilation measurements. An example of a lung ventilation measurement is a specific ventilation measurement, which as explained further below, corresponds to a measure of volume expansion of a region of the lung relative to the volume of that lung region. The first measurements 108 across the plurality of regions of the lung may be referred to as a first-measurement dataset, while the second measurements 110 across the plurality of regions of the lung may be referred to as a second-measurement dataset.

[0080] Continuing with FIG. 1, in one embodiment the measurement acquisition module 102 acquires each of the first measurements 108 and the second measurements 110 by obtaining a time series or sequence of 2D images 126 of the lung 122, and processing the time series of 2D images 126 to obtain a motion measurement for each of the plurality of regions 120 of the lung. The measurement acquisition module 102 may obtain the time series of 2D images by receiving the images from an imaging apparatus 128, which may be an apparatus that captures the images, or an image source, e.g., a picture archiving and communication system (PACS), that stores the images for download. The imaging apparatus 128 may be a separate physical structure or it may be included in the measurement acquisition module 102, or any other module of the system 100. In any case, images 126 as used herein may correspond to image data or image datasets from which a visual image may be created. While these image datasets can be converted to visual images, it is understood that the processing of the images by the system 100 is usually with respect to the datasets.

[0081] The time series of 2D images 126 of the lung 122 may include a single time series of 2D images of the lung captured from one angle or perspective relative to the lung during all or a portion of a respiration cycle. A single time series of 2D images 126 of the lung at a particular angle may include a series or sequence of 2D images, where each respective image in the sequence is captured at a respective different time during (or phase of) inspiration or expiration or during an entire breath (both inspiration and expiration). Additional description of the foregoing acquisition of a time series or a sequence of 2D images 126 is included in U.S. Pat. No. 10,674,987, titled “Method of Imaging Motion of an Organ.”

[0082] The time series of 2D images 126 of the lung 122 may include a plurality of time series of 2D images of the lung, where each of the plurality of time series of 2D images is captured from a different angle or perspective relative to the lung, and during all or a portion of a respiration cycle. In this case, each of the plurality of time series of 2D images 126 of the lung 122 include a series of 2D images captured at a unique angle and at spaced apart times during inspiration or expiration. In one configuration, each of the plurality of time series of 2D images 126 of the lung 122 are captured from at least three different angles (in order to create a spread of angles). For example, the 2D images 126 of the lung 122 may be acquired from four angles or five angles, but in any case, preferably no more than ten different angles. Each of the plurality of time series of 2D images 126 of the lung 122 can be captured asynchronously within the same breath, simultaneously, or during different breaths, or any combination thereof.

[0083] The time series of 2D images 126 of the lung 122 may be obtained by the measurement acquisition module 102 from an imaging apparatus 128 that relies on X-rays to capture the images. For example, the imaging apparatus 128 may be fluoroscopy device, capable of capturing a time-series of 2D x-ray images. Alternatively, the 2D images 126 may be obtained from other suitable types of 2D medical imaging apparatuses, such as a projection MRI imaging apparatus, a mm-wave imaging apparatus, an infrared imaging apparatus, a four-dimensional CT imaging apparatus, or a positron emission tomography (PET) imaging apparatus. Additional description of the foregoing capturing of a time series or a sequence of 2D images 126 is included in U.S. Pat. No. 10,674,987, titled “Method of Imaging Motion of an Organ”, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0084] After acquisition of the 2D images 126, the measurement acquisition module 102 analyzes the images to calculate a first measurement 108 or a second measurement 110, e.g., ventilation, of the lungs. The motion of a region 120 of a lung 122 can be calculated by the measurement acquisition module 102 using any suitable technique, however in one embodiment it is measured using Computer Tomographic X-ray Velocimetry (CTXV) and a cross-correlation technique, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,036,887 B2, titled “Particle Image Velocimetry Suitable for X-ray Projection Imaging”, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference. CTXV uses X-ray images taken from multiple projection angles in order to measure regional three-dimensional motion of the object, in this case the lungs. The motion tracking in CTXV is based on a well-known technique called particle image velocimetry (PIV), in which the displacement of a region is calculated by selecting a region in the first image of a time series and statistically correlating the selected region to the second image in the time series. The motion measurements can therefore be 2D or 3D measurements of displacement, velocity, expansion (or ventilation), or any other suitable motion measurement. The flow in the airways can also be calculated from the motion measurements.

[0085] Generally, using the cross-correlation technique, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,036,887, a first measurement 108 or a second measurement 110 for a region 120 of the lung 122 is calculated by reconstructing motion measurements for each of the plurality of regions of the lung from the plurality of time series of 2D images 126 of the lung, and then deriving a volume or expansion measurement from one or more motion measurements associated with that region for each of the plurality of regions of the lung. In one embodiment, the reconstructing of motion measurements includes reconstructing 3D motion measurements without first reconstructing a 3D image.

[0086] Further to the foregoing general description, and with reference to FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C, the measurement acquisition module 102 is configured to determine a 2D cross correlation for each of the plurality of time series of 2D images. To this end, the measurement acquisition module 102 splits a first image 304a in a time series 308 of 2D images into windows 306a, and then compares each window from the first image 304a to a corresponding window 306b of the second image 304b to determine where the window has moved to during the time between the first image and the second image, and how well the window 306a from the first image 304a correlates with the window 306b from the second image 304b. A 3D representation of the measured cross-correlation 310 of windows 306a and 306b is shown in FIG. 3B.

[0087] Based on the measured 2D cross-correlations, the measurement acquisition module 102 estimates what the 3D velocity flow field would have been for those measured 2D cross-correlations to have been produced. Next, the measurement acquisition module 102 determines modeled cross correlations 312 for the 3D estimate of the velocity flow field (a 2D representation 314 of an estimated cross-correlation of windows 306a and 306b is shown in FIG. 3C.). In other words, the measurement acquisition module 102 calculates the cross correlations 312 that would occur for the estimated 3D flow. Note these estimated cross correlations 312 are not the same as the measured 2D cross correlations 310. Next, the measurement acquisition module 102 compares the measured 2D cross correlations 310 to the estimated cross correlations 312, and minimizes the error between the two using an iterative method, such as the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm (which is a non-linear least-squares solver), to modify the estimated 3D velocity flow field (after which new estimated cross correlations are re-calculated).

[0088] When the error between the measured cross-correlations 310 and the estimated cross-correlations 312 has been fully minimized, the measurement acquisition module 102 has reconstructed a 3D motion field (i.e. the final estimated 3D velocity filed), without ever reconstructing a 3D image. This technique is typically referred to as Computed Tomography X-ray Velocimetry (CTXV), which is an extension of Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). The measurement acquisition module 102 then calculates the (regional) expansion (also referred to as the ventilation, or specific ventilation) from the 3D motion field. This is done using a well known equation (du/dx+dv/dy+dw/dz).

[0089] With reference to FIG. 4, in one embodiment the measurement acquisition module 102 is included in a computed tomographic X-ray velocimetry (CTXV) system 400, along with an imaging apparatus 128. The CTXV system 400 includes imaging hardware, and image capture and analysis hardware and software. The imaging hardware includes a video speed or double shutter X-ray camera 402, a cone beam X-ray source 404, a source modulation system 406, basic source alignment and high-resolution camera alignment hardware 408, image capture and analysis hardware 410, and a user interface 412. The image capture and analysis hardware and software would typically consist of the following key components: high speed image capture hardware; high speed image processing hardware, image processing software and user interface for alignment, imaging, and analysis. Details of the CTXV system 400 are described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,036,887 B2, titled “Particle Image Velocimetry Suitable for X-ray Projection Imaging.”.

[0090] Returning to FIG. 1, the measurement change module 104 is configured to obtain a regional change measurement 112 for each of the plurality of regions 120 of the lung 122 based on the first measurement 108 and the second measurement 110 of the region. To this end, the measurement change module 104 may be configured to compare, on a region 120 by region basis, the first measurement 108 of the region to the second measurement 110 of the region. The comparison may be based on any one of various forms of mathematical or statistical analysis. For example, the comparison may be a difference between the first measurement 108 of the region to the second measurement 110 of the region obtained by subtracting the first measurement from the second measurement. Or the comparison may be a percentage change between the first measurement 108 of the region to the second measurement 110 of the region. Or the comparison may be the average of the first measurement 108 of the region and the second measurement 110 of the region. Also, if a number of additional second measurements are obtained overtime, e.g., one after each of a series of radiation treatments (as could be done for monitoring the effect of a treatment over time), the comparison may involve a mathematical or statistical analysis of all measurements overtime. The comparison may be, for example, a fitted curve that relates the series of measurements and represents a trend in the effect on that region. The regional change measurements 112 across the plurality of regions of the lung may be referred to as a change-measurement dataset.

[0091] These regional change measurements 112 provide information about the change in ventilation for each region 120, thereby allowing for changes in ventilation to be more readily identified. For example, a negative regional change measurement 112, e.g., a negative change in specific ventilation, indicates that the patient's ventilation (surrogate measurement for lung health, or lung capacity) has decreased or declined in the region corresponding to the regional change measurements 112. Conversely, a positive regional change measurement 112 e.g., a positive change in specific ventilation, indicates that the patient's ventilation has increased or improved in that region.

[0092] Continuing with FIG. 1, the treatment effect module 106 is configured to obtain a treatment effect 116 based the plurality of regional change measurements 112 and the regional treatment information 114 of the treatment 124 delivered to the lung 122. As previously mentioned, regional treatment information 114 of a treatment 124 may be obtained by the treatment effect module 106 directly from a treatment apparatus 142, or from other treatment information sources, such as a cloud based server/database, or other computer network structure that stores the relevant treatment information.

[0093] The treatment effect 116 may indicate whether the treatment 124 has affected overall lung function, or on a more granular level, whether the treatment has affected some regions 120 of the lung 122 more than other regions of the lung. The treatment effect 116 may also indicate whether a change in lung function is the result of treatment or not. For example, a treatment effect 116 may indicate a) no change in lung function, b) a change in lung function linked to treatment, or c) a change in lung function not linked to treatment.

[0094] More specifically, in terms of lung ventilation, a treatment effect 116 may indicate that there has been no ventilation change (e.g. the function of the lung 122 has not changed). This treatment effect 116 may arise, for example, when the regional change measurements 112 show no ventilation change. In this case a patient receiving treatment for lung cancer, and a doctor or the system 100 monitoring for a reduction in lung function due to unwanted additional radiation exposer in the lungs can be satisfied with the patient's lung health (as there has been no change in ventilation).

[0095] A treatment effect may indicate that there has been ventilation change and it is linked to treatment (e.g. ventilation change, either a reduction or an increase, has occurred in an area of the lung 122 that corresponds to the regional treatment information 114). This treatment effect 116 may arise, for example, when a patient has received a radiation dose to a particular region of the lung 122, and the regional change measurements 112 show a reduction in the ventilation. In this case, a physician, or the system 100 itself may deduce that the altered lung heath of the patient is due to the radiation therapy delivered to the lung 122.

[0096] A treatment effect may indicate that there has been ventilation change but that is not linked to treatment (e.g. ventilation change, either a reduction or an increase, has occurred in an area of the lung 122 that does not correspond to the regional treatment information 114). This treatment effect 116 may arise, for example, when a patient has a general reduction in ventilation throughout the lungs indicated by the regional change measurements 112, or a localized reduction in an area of the lung not associated with the regions of the lung to which the radiation was delivered. In this case, the physician, or the system 100 itself may deduce that the radiation therapy is not the cause of the reduction in lung function, and may look to other potential causes, such as pneumonia.

[0097] The ability to quickly identify the root cause of a change in lung function is critical for physicians, as different root causes require different treatments (and any delay in treatment can lead to progression of the disease). In other words, the system 100 is of particular use for determining whether a treatment has altered regional lung function. This alteration in lung health may be used to assess the effectiveness, or efficacy, of a treatment (e.g. an increase in lung function at the site of a treatment could indicate that the treatment is being successful), or to assess whether there have been any negative impacts of the treatment (e.g. a decrease in lung function at the site of a treatment could indicate that the treatment is has caused negative side effects).

[0098] Returning to FIG. 1, the treatment effect module 106 may include a mapping module 132 that is configured to map (e.g. register) each of the plurality of regional change measurements 112 with a corresponding regional treatment information 114 of the treatment delivered to the lung 122. In other words, for each region 120 of the lung 122, the regional treatment information 114, e.g., dose map information from a radiation therapy treatment as shown in FIG. 2, for a region is mapped to the regional change measurement 112 for that region.

[0099] The mapping may include registration processes such as transformation, deformation, rotation, interpolation etc. of the dataset of regional change measurement 112 and/or the dataset of regional treatment information 114 to ensure proper overlap of the regions. For example, in some instances the regional treatment information 114 provided in a dose map and the regional change measurements 112 may not be in the same physical position, e.g. the x, y, z position of the top of the left lung could be 0, 0, 0 in the dose map, but 12, 15, 28 in the regional change measurements. To address this, the mapping module 132 is configured to translate one or both of the regional change measurements 112 and the regional treatment information 114, e.g., dose map, until the respective physical positions overlap/correspond correctly.

[0100] The mapping module 132 may also be configured to deform or scale one or both of the regional change measurements 112 and the regional treatment information 114 in cases where the voxel sizes of the two datasets were different. The mapping module 132 may also be configured to rotate one or both of the regional change measurements 112 and the regional treatment information 114 to the same angle if they were acquired from different angles. The mapping module 132 may also be configured interpolate one or both of the regional change measurements 112 and the regional treatment information 114 if they were acquired at different resolutions.

[0101] In any case, this mapping by the mapping module 132 provides for each region 120 of the lung 122, a measurable comparison of the function of that region before treatment 124 relative to the function of that region after treatment, and further as a function of the regional treatment information 114 for that region. The mapping results in treatment effect data 118.

[0102] The treatment effect module 106 may then derive the treatment effect 116 from the treatment effect data 118 and output the treatment effect for observation by the system user, e.g., physician. The treatment effect module 106 may be further configured to provide the treatment effect data 118 to a display 130 to enable user interpretation of the data and user determine treatment effects.

[0103] With reference to FIGS. 5A and 6A, treatment effect data 118 may be represented by a plot 500, 600 of data points 502, 602, where each point represents a region 120 of the lung. The location of a regional data point 502, 602 is based on the regional change measurement 112 of the region 120 and the regional treatment information 114 of the region. In FIGS. 5A and 6A, the regional change measurements 112 are specific ventilation changes corresponding to a difference between a first specific ventilation measurement for a region 120 and a second specific ventilation measurement for the same region. The regional treatment information 114 are x-ray doses delivered to each region 120 of the lung 122, as provided for example by a does map like shown in FIG. 2. It is noted that the plotted regional change measurement dataset and the regional treatment information dataset are both 3D datasets, resulting in many separate data points 502, 602 to plot. The collection of data points 502, 602 may be referred to as a comparison dataset.

[0104] With continued reference to FIGS. 5A and 6A, in one configuration, the treatment effect module 106 is configured to fit the data points 502, 602 with a line 504, 604 and to analyze the line to arrive at a treatment effect 116. To this end, the treatment effect module 106 may determine the slope of the fitted line and evaluate it against a criterion to determine if a trend (correlation) exists in the data points 502, 602.

[0105] For example, the treatment effect module 106 may be configured to detect a fitted line having a slope or gradient in a specified direction, e.g., negative or positive, and to generate a treatment effect 116 accordingly. In the case of a positive slope, the treatment effect module 106 may be programmed to output a treatment effect 116 in the form of a message indicating that “treatment has not negatively affected lung function.” A case such as this is described further below with reference to Figure SA. In the case of a negative slope, the treatment effect module 106 may be programmed to output a message for display indicating that “treatment has negatively affected lung function.” A case such as this is described further below with reference to FIG. 6A.

[0106] In Figure SA, the treatment effect module 106 has fitted a linear line 504 to the data points 502, but any other suitable line could have been used to fit the data. As can be seen in Figure SA, the fitted line 504 has a very slight positive gradient, indicating that the radiation dose from the treatment 124 has not had a negative impact on the ventilation of the patient's lungs. In other words, while some regions 120 of the lung 122 exhibit significant changes in specific ventilation, e.g., >±0.1, the majority of the regions exhibit little to no change, e.g., <±0.1. Most significantly, and leading to a positive gradient of line 504, a majority of regions 120 of the lung 122 that were exposed to the higher dose of radiation, e.g., between 10-25 Gy, experienced an increase in specific ventilation—as represented by data points 502 above the zero line 506.

[0107] Referring to FIG. 6A, the fitted line 604 has a definite negative gradient, indicating that the radiation dose from the treatment 124 has had a negative impact on the ventilation of the patient's lungs. Most significantly, and leading to a negative gradient of line 604, a majority of regions 120 of the lung 122 that were exposed to radiation dose between 10-50 Gy, experienced a decrease in specific ventilation—as represented by data points 602 below zero line 606.

[0108] While the examples in FIGS. 5A and 6A describe the analysis of a fitted line 504, 604 to generate a treatment effect 116, it is understood that other types of data analyses of the regional change measurements 112 and regional treatment information 114 are possible. For example, as described later below with reference to FIGS. 9B, 10B, and 10C, an analysis of boxplots of regional change measurements 112 verses regional treatment information 114 may be used to generate a treatment effect 116. Alternatively, instead of representing the treatment effect data 118 as a 2D plot, the treatment effect module 106 may combine the regional change measurements 112 and the regional treatment information 114 into a single dataset by, for example, multiplying the change measurement 112 of each region with the treatment information 114 of the corresponding region. This would result in regions that have both a high change measurement value and a high treatment information value being more pronounced (i.e. if a region had a high radiation dose that resulted in a significant decrease in ventilation, the combined value of that region would be high). Such data could be displayed as a 2D slice of the three-dimensional data (for example, in the style shown in FIG. 5B).

[0109] As previously mentioned, the treatment effect module 106 may be configured to provide treatment effect data 118 to a display 130 to enable user interpretation of the data and the user to determine the treatment effects. The treatment effect data 118 may also be output in the form of a physical report. For example, the treatment effect module 106 may output the treatment effect data 118 to enable a display of the plots of FIGS. 5A and 6A on the display 130. In addition, the treatment effect module 106 may be configured to forward image data corresponding to the first measurements 108 and the second measurements 110 to the display 130 to facilitate a manual comparison by displaying before and after images that enable a side-by-side visual comparison in which the first measurements may be compared to the second measurements.

[0110] For example, in displayed lung images corresponding to FIGS. 5B and 5C it can be seen that there is no substantial difference between the first measurements 108 shown in FIG. 5B and the second measurements 110 shown in FIG. 5C. In other words, there is no substantial change in the regional change measurements 112. For displayed lung images corresponding to FIGS. 6B and 6C it can be seen that there is a substantial difference between the first measurements 108 shown in FIG. 6B and the second measurements 110 shown in FIG. 6C, in particular when comparing region 606a of the first measurements 108 to the same region 606b in the second measurements 110.

[0111] From the foregoing it is noted that treatment effects 116 automatically determined by the system 100 based on regional change measurements 112 and regional treatment information 114, and the provision of accompanying treatment effect data 118, provide information on the efficacy of a treatment. This information enables judgments to be made as to how a treatment has affected the lungs. These judgements, may be made by humans, e.g., doctor/physician, researcher, based on visual observations of treatment effect data 118, such as plots like those shown in FIGS. 5A and 6A. Alternatively, the judgements may be made automatically by the system 100 through its processing of regional change measurements 112 and regional treatment information 114.

[0112] As previously mentioned, treatments may often have an effect at a distance. For example, treatment of lung cancer may shrink a tumor occluding an airway. Alternatively, the placement of a lung valve may alter the flow in an airway. Similarly, the placement of a lung stent may alter an airway. These treatments will have their largest effect on the tissue distal to that airway/blood vessel. However, by associating the change in function with the airway tree/vascular tree etc. the changes can be compared at the airway/vasculature level, rather than at the tissue level, but still in a similar fashion to direct/local effects on tissue. To this end, additional embodiments of the system 100 focus on the processing and analysis of measurements associated with the airway trees of the lungs.

[0113] With reference to FIG. 1, in another embodiment of the system 100, the measurement acquisition module 102 includes an airway tree module 134. The airway tree module 134 is configured to further process the first measurements 108 and the second measurements 110 to associate them with a fluid flow structure, e.g., an airway tree 138, of the lung 122. In other words, the airway tree module 134 takes a first type, e.g., lung tissue motion measurements, of the first measurements 108 and the second measurements 110 and converts them into a second type, e.g., airway flow measurements, by associating each region 120 of lung tissue with a specific airway or branch 144 of the airway tree 138.

[0114] It will be understood that the airway tree module 134 could be any other type of module for associating, modifying or converting the first measurements 108 and the second measurements 110 to associate them with a fluid flow structure. For example, when measuring blood flow of the lung, the airway tree module 134 could instead be a vascular tree module for extracting vasculature flow measurements. Within the context of other organs, such as the heart, the airway tree module 134 could instead be a vascular structure module for associating, modifying or converting the first measurements 108 and the second measurements 110 to associate them with a fluid flow structure, e.g., a vascular structure, of the heart such as the cardiac chambers, coronary vessels, etc.

[0115] Returning to the airway tree module 134, the first measurements 108 are associated with an airway tree 138 to create a set of first measurements 108 referred to as first airway flow measurements. Similarly, the second measurements 110 are associated with the airway tree 138 to create a set of second measurements referred to as second airway flow measurements. The first airway flow measurements and second airway flow measurements are forwarded from the measurement acquisition module 102 to the measurement change module 104, and are processed by the measurement change module 104 in the same manner described above, to create regional change measurements 112 referred to as regional airway flow change measurements. For example, the second airway flow measurements in one branch 144 of the airway tree 138 can be subtracted from the first airway flow measurements in the same branch, thereby creating airway flow change measurements for that branch. This process can be repeated for all branches 144. The regional airway flow change measurements are forwarded from the measurement change module 104 to the treatment effect module 106, and are processed by the treatment effect module 106 in the same manner described above to determine a treatment effect 116.

[0116] The airway tree 138 can be created by segmenting and skeletonizing the airway from a CT image, or from any other suitable method. The first measurements 108 and the second measurements 110 can be associated with the airway tree 138 using any suitable method. For example, the skeletonized airway tree may be inspected/interrogated to locate the endpoints 140 of each branch 144 of each airway, and then each first measurement 108 and each second measurement 110 can be allocated to its nearest endpoint 140. Summation of the measurements back up the tree, e.g., from the endpoint 140 to the beginning of the airway, i.e. the mouth, provide the airway flow throughout the airways. Such segmenting and skeletonizing techniques are described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2020/0069197, titled “Method of Scanning and Assessing Lung and Vascular Health”, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0117] With reference to FIG. 1, in another embodiment of the system 100, the measurement change module 104 includes an airway tree module 136. The airway tree module 136 is configured to further process the regional change measurements 112 to associate them with an airway tree 138 of the lung 122. In other words, the airway tree module 136 takes a first type, e.g., regional lung tissue motion measurements, of regional change measurements 112 and converts them into a second type, e.g., regional airway flow change measurements, by associating each region 120 of the regional lung tissue change measurements 112 with a specific airway or branch 144 of the airway tree 138.

[0118] Again, it will be understood that the airway tree module 136 could be any other type of module for associating, modifying or converting the regional change measurements 112. For example, when measuring blood flow, the airway tree module 136 could instead be a vascular tree module for extracting regional vasculature flow change measurements.

[0119] Returning to the airway tree module 136, prior to being output to the treatment effect module 106, the regional change measurements 112 are associated with an airway tree 138 to create a set of regional change measurements referred to as regional airway flow change measurements. The regional change measurements 112 can be associated with the airway tree 138 in the same manner described above with respect to the first measurements 108 and the second measurements 110. The regional airway flow change measurements are then processed by the treatment effect module 106 in the same manner described above to determine a treatment effect 116.

[0120] FIG. 7 is a flowchart of a method of assessing an effect of a treatment 124 on an organ, e.g., a lung. The method may be performed by the system 100 of FIG. 1 or the apparatus of FIG. 8, described further below.

[0121] At block 702, a first measurement 108 for each of a plurality of regions 120 of a lung 122 is acquired. At block 704, a second measurement 110 for each of the plurality of regions 120 of the lung 122 is acquired, after acquisition of the first measurements and either after or during a delivery of the treatment 124 to the lung. In some embodiments, the second measurements 110 are acquired after delivery of the treatment 124 is complete. In other embodiments, the second measurements 110 may be acquired during delivery of the treatment 124 or partially during and partially after the treatment. The first measurements 108 and the second measurements 110 may be, for example, displacement measurements, velocity measurements, ventilation measurements, perfusion measurements, ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) ratio measurements, or any measurements that may be derived from any of the foregoing measurements.

[0122] The treatment 124 may be a non-uniform treatment characterized by varying levels of treatment delivery throughout the lung 122. The treatment 124 may be one or more of any therapy, including but not limited to radiation therapy, proton therapy, antibody therapy, surgery, valve placement, tissue ablation, or glue application. In one embodiment, the treatment 124 is a radiation therapy treatment that has associated regional treatment information 114 in the form of a dose map comprising a radiation level for each of the plurality of regions 120 of the lung 122.

[0123] The first measurement 108 for each of the plurality of regions 120 of the lung 122 and/or the second measurement 110 for each of a plurality of regions of the lung may be acquired by obtaining a time series or sequence of 2D images 126 of the lung, and processing the time series of 2D images to obtain a motion measurement for each of the plurality of regions. In one embodiment, obtaining a time series of 2D images 126 of the lung includes capturing a plurality of time series of 2D images of the lung, each from a different angle relative to the lung. The plurality of time series of 2D images 126 of the lung 122 may be captured from ten or fewer different angles. The plurality of time series of 2D images 126 may be captured asynchronously within the same breath, simultaneously, or during different breaths, or any combination thereof.

[0124] In one embodiment, processing the time series of 2D images 126 includes cross-correlating the 2D images of the lung 122. Processing the time series of 2D images 126 may also include reconstructing motion measurements for each of the plurality of regions 120 of the lung 122 from the time series of 2D images of the lung. To this end, reconstructing motion measurements may include reconstructing 3D motion measurements without first reconstructing a 3D image. Processing the time series of 2D images 126 may further include, for each of the plurality of regions 120 of the lung 122, deriving a volume measurement from one or more motion measurements associated with that region.

[0125] While the first measurements 108 and the second measurements 110 may be acquired in the same manner, it will be understood that these measurements may be acquired in different manners. For example, the first measurements 108 may be acquired using an x-ray imaging apparatus, while the second measurements 110 may be acquired using an MRI imaging apparatus. So long as the respective technique acquire the same type, e.g., ventilation, perfusion, etc., of first measurements 108 and the second measurements 110, the specific method of acquisition is not important.

[0126] At block 706, a regional change measurement 112 for each of the plurality of regions 120 of the lung 122 is obtained based on the first measurement 108 and the second measurement 110 of the region. A regional change measurement 112 for a region 120 may be obtained by comparing the first measurement 108 of the region to the second measurement 110 of the region. For example, a difference between the first measurement 108 of the region 120 and the second measurement 110 of the region may be determined.

[0127] At block 708, a treatment effect 116 is determined based the plurality of regional change measurements 112 and regional treatment information 114 of the treatment 124 delivered to the lung 122. A treatment effect 116 may be determined by mapping each of the plurality of regional change measurements 112 with a corresponding regional treatment information 114 of the treatment 124 delivered to the lung 122; and deriving the treatment effect from the mapping.

[0128] In one embodiment, the treatment effect 116 is derived from the mapping by fitting a line 504, 604 through a plot 500, 600 of regional change measurements 112 as a function of regional treatment information 114. Based on the treatment effect 116, it may be determined whether the treatment 124 has altered regional lung function. An assessment of lung function may also be made based on the treatment effect 116. The treatment effect 116 may be indicative of one of: a) no change in lung function; b) change in lung function linked to treatment; or c) change in lung function not linked to treatment.

[0129] In an optional embodiment, at block 710, prior to obtaining a regional change measurement 112 for each of the plurality of regions 120 of the lung 122 (block 706), the first measurements 108 and the second measurements 110 obtained in blocks 702 and 704 respectively, are associated with a fluid flow structure, e.g., an airway tree 138, of the lung 122. In other words, a first type, e.g., tissue motion, of the first measurements 108 and the second measurements 110 obtained in blocks 702 and 704 are associated with the airway tree 138 to create a second type, e.g., regional airway flow, of the first measurements 108 and the second measurements 110. Then in block 706, regional airway flow change measurements 112 are obtained based on the regional airway flow measurements.

[0130] In another optional embodiment, at block 712, prior to determining a treatment effect 116 (block 708), the plurality of regional change measurements 112 obtained in block 706 are associated with a fluid flow structure, e.g., an airway tree 138, of the lung 122. In other words, a first type, e.g., regional tissue motion change, of the regional change measurements 112 obtained in block 706 are associated with the airway tree 138 to create a second type, e.g., regional airway flow change, of the regional change measurements 112. Then in block 708, the regional airway flow change measurements are processed together with their corresponding regional treatment information 114 to determine a treatment effect.

[0131] FIG. 8 is a schematic block diagram of an apparatus 800 for assessing an effect of a treatment 124 on an organ. The apparatus 800 may include one or more processors 802 configured to access and execute computer-executable instructions stored in at least one memory 804. The processor 802 may be implemented as appropriate in hardware, software, firmware, or combinations thereof.

[0132] The processor 802, implemented in hardware may be a general-purpose processor. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. The processor 802 may include, without limitation, a central processing unit (CPU), a digital signal processor (DSP), a reduced instruction set computer (RISC) processor, a complex instruction set computer (CISC) processor, a microprocessor, a microcontroller, a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a System-on-a-Chip (SOC), or other programmable logic, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof, or any other suitable component designed to perform the functions described herein. The processor 802 may also include one or more application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) or application-specific standard products (ASSPs) for handling specific data processing functions or tasks. The processor 802 may also be implemented as a combination of computing components, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP, or any other such configuration.

[0133] Software or firmware implementations of the processor 802 may include computer-executable or machine-executable instructions written in any suitable programming language to perform the various functions described herein. Software shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software modules, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executables, threads of execution, procedures, functions, etc., whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise. The software may reside on a computer-readable medium. A computer-readable medium may include, by way of example, a smart card, a flash memory device (e.g., card, stick, key drive), random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), programmable ROM (PROM), erasable PROM (EPROM), electrically erasable PROM (EEPROM), a general register, or any other suitable non-transitory medium for storing software.

[0134] The memory 804 may include, but is not limited to, random access memory (RAM), flash RAM, magnetic media storage, optical media storage, and so forth. The memory 804 may include volatile memory configured to store information when supplied with power and/or non-volatile memory configured to store information even when not supplied with power. The memory 804 may store various program modules, application programs, and so forth that may include computer-executable instructions that upon execution by the processor 802 may cause various operations to be performed. The memory 804 may further store a variety of data manipulated and/or generated during execution of computer-executable instructions by the processor 802.

[0135] The apparatus 800 may further include one or more interfaces 806 that may facilitate communication between the apparatus 800 and one or more other apparatuses using any suitable communications standard. For example, the interface 806 may enable the receipt of image datasets from an imaging apparatus 128, where the image datasets represent images 126 captured by the imaging apparatus. The interface 806 may also enable the receipt of regional treatment information 114 from a treatment apparatus 142. The interface 806 may be a LAN interface that implements protocols and/or algorithms that comply with various communication standards of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), such as IEEE 802.11, while a cellular network interface implement protocols and/or algorithms that comply with various communication standards of the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) and 3GPP2, such as 3G and 4G (Long Term Evolution), and of the Next Generation Mobile Networks (NGMN) Alliance, such as 5G.

[0136] The memory 804 may store various program modules, application programs, and so forth that may include computer-executable instructions that upon execution by the processor 802 may cause various operations to be performed. For example, the memory 804 may include an operating system module (O/S) 808 that may be configured to manage hardware resources such as the network interface 806 and provide various services to applications executing on the apparatus 800.

[0137] The memory 804 stores additional program modules such as a measurement acquisition module 810, a measurement change module 812, a treatment effect module 814, a mapping module 816, and an airway tree module 818, each of which includes functions in the form of logic and rules that respectively support and enable the various functions described above with reference to FIGS. 1 and 7, including: a) the acquiring of first measurements 108 and second measurements 110, b) the obtaining of regional change measurements 112, c) the determining of treatment effects 116, d) the associating of first measurements and second measurements with a fluid flow structure, e.g., airway tree, vascular tree, etc., prior to the obtaining of regional change measurements, and e) the associating of first measurements and second measurements with a fluid flow structure e.g., airway tree, vascular tree, etc., prior to the determining of treatment effects. Although illustrated as separate modules in FIG. 8, one or more of the modules may be a part of or a submodule of another module. For example, the mapping module 816 may be a submodule of the treatment effect module 814.

[0138] The modules 810, 812, 814, 816, 818 disclosed herein may be implemented in hardware, or software and/or firmware implementations executed on a hardware platform. The hardware may be the same as described above with respect to the processor 802. Likewise, the software and/or firmware implementations may be the same as described above with respect to the processor 802.

[0139] Example Case Study 1—Assessment of Radiation Treatment

[0140] A relationship between radiation exposure and the change in regional ventilation was explored. A regional dose distribution used for treatment planning was co-registered (e.g. mapped) to the CT used during calculation of the regional ventilation data, producing a dose contour map (see FIG. 9A). This allowed direct comparison of ventilation measured at each location with the corresponding dose level. Furthermore, since XV ventilation fields at every time point were registered (e.g. mapped) to the same CT, the regional dose could also be compared to the regional change in normalized specific ventilation. In FIG. 9B, the relationship is presented as three separate box-plots corresponding to dose levels of D<0.1 Gy, 0.1<D<20 Gy, and D>20 Gy. A positive value of normalized specific ventilation difference represents an increase in normalized specific ventilation compared to pretreatment, while a negative value denotes a decrease in normalized specific ventilation compared to pre-treatment.

[0141] For this patient, it is evident from FIG. 9B that there is no clear relationship between dose and local changes in specific ventilation. This implies that this patient has not developed radiation pneumonitis.

[0142] Example Case Study 2—Assessment of Radiation Treatment

[0143] In this case, the change in normalized ventilation appears to be related to local dose (see FIG. 10A). The box-plots in FIGS. 10B and 10C show a large spread in normalized specific ventilation difference. While at 4 months there was no relationship between dose and ventilation (FIG. 10B), at 12 months there was a negative change in ventilation at 0.2<D<20 Gy and D>20 Gy and a positive change at D<0.1 Gy (FIG. 10C). This finding, combined with the region of low specific ventilation in the right lung, could indicate the development of a radiation-induced disease such as pneumonitis.

[0144] The various aspects of this disclosure are provided to enable one of ordinary skill in the art to practice the present invention. Various modifications to exemplary embodiments presented throughout this disclosure will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. Thus, the claims are not intended to be limited to the various aspects of this disclosure, but are to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language of the claims. All structural and functional equivalents to the various components of the exemplary embodiments described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the claims. No claim element is to be construed under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. § 112, sixth paragraph, unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for” or, in the case of a method claim, the element is recited using the phrase “step for.”