Method for preparing metal nanostructure based on biomolecules

Abstract

The present invention relates to a method for preparing metal nanostructures using DNA, and more particularly, to a method for preparing metal nanostructures, in which a self-assembling DNA is used as a frame, and thus the orientation, shape and size of the nanostructures are easily controlled compared to conventional bottom-up methods. Metal nanostructures prepared by the method show excellent localized surface plasmon resonance properties, and thus can be used as fluorescent substances in drug delivery, biomedical imaging, and supersensitive biosensors.

Claims

1. A method for preparing a biomolecule-based metal nanostructure, the method comprising the steps of: (a) forming a self-assembled monomolecular layer of a biomolecule on the surface of a metal nanoseed, thereby forming a metal nanoseed-biomolecule complex; and (b) growing a metal ion on the surface of the complex while reducing the metal ion with a reducing agent, wherein the metal nanoseed-biomolecule complex is prepared by the steps of: (i) binding a desthiobiotin-modified DNA to a streptavidin-modified magnetic particle to form a magnetic particle-DNA complex; (ii) binding the metal nanoseed to the DNA of the complex to form a magnetic particle-DNA-metal nanoseed complex; and (iii) adding a biotin solution to the magnetic particle-DNA-metal nanoseed complex to separate the bond between the magnetic particle and the DNA and remove the magnetic particle from the complex, thereby obtaining a metal nanoseed-DNA complex, wherein steps (i) to (iii) are repeatedly performed.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein step (i) further comprises, after forming the magnetic particle-DNA complex, a step of adding the magnetic particle-DNA complex to a mixture solution of EDC and NHS to activate the DNA.

3. A method for preparing a biomolecule-based metal nanostructure, the method comprising the steps of: (a) forming a self-assembled monomolecular layer of a biomolecule on the surface of a metal nanoseed, thereby forming a metal nanoseed-biomolecule complex; and (b) growing a metal ion on the surface of the complex while reducing the metal ion with a reducing agent, wherein the metal nanoseed-biomolecule complex is prepared by the steps of: (i) treating the metal nanoseed surface with a dATP having a terminal disulfide group and an oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG-OH) having a hydroxyl group to form a self-assembled monomolecular layer, thereby modifying the metal nanoseed surface; (ii) adding a thiol-terminated DNA to the metal nanoseed, and separating and removing the dATP from the metal nanoseed by a ligand exchange reaction, thereby preparing a metal nanoseed-DNA complex; and (iii) recovering the metal nanoseed-DNA complex by electrophoresis.

4. A method for preparing a biomolecule-based metal nanostructure, the method comprising the steps of: (a) forming a self-assembled monomolecular layer of a biomolecule on the surface of a metal nanoseed, thereby forming a metal nanoseed-biomolecule complex; and (b) growing a metal ion on the surface of the complex while reducing the metal ion with a reducing agent, wherein the metal nanoseed-biomolecule complex is prepared by the steps of: (i) inserting a DNA intercalating molecule into a plasmid DNA, followed by desalting to obtain a plasmid DNA solution; (ii) adding a metal nanoseed aqueous solution to the plasmid DNA solution to form a metal nanoseed-plasmid DNA complex; and (iii) treating the metal nanoseed- plasmid DNA complex with a buffer (pH 10-14).

5. The method of claim 4, wherein the DNA intercalating molecule is 1-pyrenebutyric acid (PBA) or S-(2-[[4-(2-phenanthryl)butyl]amino]ethyl)hydrogen sulfurothioate).

6. The method of any one of claims 1, 3, and 4, wherein the source of the metal ion is one selected from the group consisting of hydrogen tetrachloroaurate(III) (HAuCl.sub.4), sodium tetrachloroaurate(III) (NaAuCl.sub.4), gold(III) chloride (AuCl.sub.3), and potassium gold(III) chloride (KAuCl.sub.4).

7. The method of any one of claims 1, 3, and 4, wherein the reducing agent is one selected from the group consisting of hydroxylamine (NH.sub.2OH), sodium diphenylamine sulfonate, ascorbic acid, and poly(allylamine) hydrochloride.

8. The method of any one of claims 1, 3, and 4, wherein the method further comprises, after step (b), a step of adding mercaptopropionic acid to the complex to terminate the growth.

9. The method of any one of claims 1, 3, and 4, wherein the metal nanoseed is any one selected from the group consisting of nanospheres, nanorods, nanoprisms and nanosheets, and has a size of 1-100 nm.

10. The method of any one of claims 1, 3, and 4, wherein the metal nanoseed is made of any one selected from the group consisting of gold (Au), silver (Ag), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), copper (Cu), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), aluminum (Al), and metal oxides.

11. The method of any one of claims 1, 3, and 4, wherein the biomolecule is any one selected from the group consisting of single-stranded DNAs, double-stranded DNAs, DNA oligomers, RNA oligomers, plasmid DNAs, polypeptides, and proteins, in which the single-stranded DNAs, the double-stranded DNAs, the DNA oligomers and the RNA oligomers are 5-5,000 bp in length, and the plasmid DNAs are 800-10,000 bp in length.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing a process of forming a metal nanoseed-DNA complex by a one-after-another approach.

(2) FIG. 2 is a schematic view showing metal ions deposited on a metal nanoseed-DNA complex.

(3) FIG. 3 is a schematic view showing bands obtained from the agarose gel electrophoresis of a metal nanoseed-DNA complex.

(4) FIG. 4A is an HR-TEM image showing metal ions deposited on surface of metal nanoseed-DNA complex.

(5) FIG. 4B is a photograph showing the change in color of growth solution by the deposition of metal ions on the surface of metal nanoseed-DNA.

(6) FIG. 5 is an HR-TEM image showing the binding between metal ions and MPA as a function of time.

(7) FIG. 6 depicts an HR-TEM image and schematic view of metal nanostructures according to an embodiment of the present invention.

(8) FIG. 7 is the X-ray diffraction spectrum of nanostructures according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 7A is an HR-TEM image; and FIG. 7B is an FFT image.

(9) FIG. 8 is the energy dispersive X-ray spectrum of nanostructures according to an embodiment of the present invention.

(10) FIG. 9 is a schematic view of nanostructures according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 9A is a TEM image of metal nanoseeds, and FIGS. 9B and 9C are TEM images of nanostructures according to an embodiment of the present invention.

(11) FIG. 10 depicts a graph showing the sedimentation coefficient of plasmid DNA as a function of pH, and a schematic view showing a change in the state of super-helices.

(12) FIG. 11A is an HR-TEM image of nanocoils according to an embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 11B is an HR-TEM image of nanodisks according to an embodiment of the present invention.

(13) FIG. 12 is a graph showing the intensities of the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of metal nanoseeds and the metal nanostructures prepared in Examples 1 and 2.

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

(14) Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail.

(15) The present invention relates to a method for preparing biomolecule-based metal nanostructures, and is characterized in that metal nanostructures having a desired size and shape can be prepared from the initial stage of the preparation process by forming a metal nanoseed-biomolecule complex using a certain selected biomolecule and allowing the complex to act as a flame on which a metal ion grows. The present inventors have found the optimum method of forming a metal nanoseed-biomolecule complex by modifying the metal nanoseed surface with a selected biomolecule, and have also observed the presence of metal nanostructures prepared by the method. In addition, it was found that the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) properties of metal nanostructures formed using each biomolecule was significantly improved compared to those of metal nanoseeds.

(16) Methods for controlling the size and shape of the metal nanostructures include the control of the shape of a biomolecule, the control of the number of biomolecules bound to metal nanoseeds, the control of the size of metal nanoseeds, the control of reaction time, the control of the amount of gold ions, the addition of a reaction terminating agent, etc.

(17) (1) Control Based on the Shape of Biomolecule

(18) According to the present invention, a prepared biomolecule is anchored on metal nanoseeds to form a metal nanoseed-biomolecule complex frame, and a gold ions are reduced and the gold atoms crystallize on the frame, thereby preparing metal nanostructures. Herein, the biomolecule may be any one selected from the group consisting of single-stranded DNAs, double-stranded DNAs, DNA oligomers, RNA oligomers, plasmid DNAs, polypeptides, and proteins, and the shape and size of metal nanostructures can be controlled depending on the kind of selected biomolecule.

(19) (2) Control Based on the Number of Biomolecules Bound to Metal Nanoseeds

(20) The shape of metal nanostructures can also be determined according to the number of biomolecules bound to metal nanoseeds. If the biomolecule is a double-stranded DNA, the number of DNA molecules that can bind to one metal nanoseed may be 1-7. Methods of separating a metal nanoseed-DNA complex include various methods depending on the number of DNA molecules bound. First, if double-stranded DNA is 50-5,000 by in length, the metal nanoseed-DNA complex can be separated by electrophoresis. In this case, as the number of DNA molecules bound to the metal nanoseed increases, the distance of movement in electrophoresis decreases (FIG. 3). Second, if the double-stranded DNA is 50 by or less in length, the metal nanoseed-DNA complex can be separated by a one-after-another approach.

(21) However, in the case of single-stranded DNAs or plasmid DNAs, there is little or no difference in the number of DNA molecules bound to a metal nanoseed. Thus, in this case, it is not required to separate the metal nanoseed-biomolecule complex depending on the number of biomolecules bound to the nanoseed.

(22) (3) In addition to the above methods, the size of metal nanostructures can be controlled depending on the size and shape of a metal nanoseed, the amount of gold ions, the time for growth of gold ions, or the use of a reaction terminating agent. Herein, the metal nanoseed may be any one selected from the group consisting of nanospheres, nanorods, nanoprisms and nanosheets, and may have a size of 1-100 nm. As the reaction terminating agent, mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) may be used.

(23) The metal nanoseed-biomolecule complex is prepared by a self-assembled monomolecular layer on a metal nanoseed using different methods depending on the kind of biomolecule.

(24) A complex of a gold nanoseed and a double-stranded DNA having a short nucleotide sequence can be prepared by a one-after-another approach. Specifically, a first DNA is bound to a gold nanoseed, and second and third DNAs are sequentially bound thereto, thereby controlling the number of DNA molecules forming a self-assembled monomolecular layer on the gold nanoseed.

(25) Furthermore, to prepare a complex of a gold nanoseed and a double-stranded DNA having a short nucleotide sequence, a complex is formed by a ligand exchange reaction with a mononucleotide, and the complex is separated by electrophoresis depending on the number of DNA molecules formed on the gold nanoseed.

(26) In the case of a gold nanoseed-plasmid DNA complex, the plasmid DNA has different twisted shapes depending on pH. Thus, gold nanoseed-plasmid DNA complexes having various twisted shapes can be prepared using buffer.

(27) To prepare a gold nanoseed-polypeptide complex, a magnetic particle is bound to a previously prepared polypeptide. The resulting magnetic particle-polypeptide complex is isolated by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). A gold nanoseed aqueous solution is added to the complex, followed by incubation. The cysteine thiol group of the polypeptide binds to the gold nanoseed to form a magnetic particle-polypeptide-gold nanoseed complex. FIG. 2 is a schematic view showing gold ions deposited on the surface of the nanoseed-polypeptide complex.

EXAMPLES

(28) Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in further detail with reference to examples. It will be obvious to a person having ordinary skill in the art that these examples are illustrative purposes only and are not to be construed to limit the scope of the present invention. Thus, the substantial scope of the present invention will be defined by the appended claims and equivalents thereof.

(29) (1) Oligonucleotides used in the present invention were purchased from Integrated DNA Technologies. Unless otherwise stated, other reagents were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. All chemical solutions and buffers were prepared in ultrapure water (18.2 mQ/cm).

(30) (2) Gold nanostructures were observed using atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). The elementary analysis of nanostructures was performed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Crystal patterns were determined by X-ray crystallography (XRD). Growth thermodynamics was analyzed by UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy. In addition, gold nanocluster growth processes were investigated by localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR).

Preparation Example 1

Preparation of Aqueous Solution of Gold Nanoseeds

(31) An aqueous solution of gold nanoseeds was synthesized by reducing HAuCl.sub.4 with sodium citrate. Under intensive stirring, 20 mL of 0.25 mM HAuCl.sub.4 solution was heated until boiling. Then, 2.0 mL of 5.0 mM sodium citrate solution was quickly added thereto, and a continuous color change from colorless to red was observed. When stirring was continued for 10 minutes, the color change was stopped. Next, the heating source was removed, and stirring was continued again for 15 minutes. When the solution was cooled to room temperature, distilled water was added to replace evaporated water. The final solution was filtered through a 0.2 m membrane filter and stored at 4 C.

(32) To introduce a carboxyl group onto the surface of pure gold, a self-assembled monomolecular layer terminated with oligo(ethylene glycol) was formed.

(33) 1.0 mL of an anhydrous ethanol solution containing HS (CH.sub.2).sub.11(OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2).sub.6OCH.sub.2COOH (OEG.sub.6-COOH, ProChimia) and HS(CH.sub.2).sub.11(OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2).sub.3OH (OEG.sub.3-OH, ProChimia) at a molar ratio of 1:9 was added to 9.0 mL of a gold nanoparticle solution to a final concentration of 0.5 mM. The mixture was incubated overnight at room temperature with gentle stirring to form mixed SAM on the gold surface. Then, the mixture was centrifuged (14000 rpm, 30 min, 4 C.), and the supernatant was decanted, after which the pellets were washed with PBS buffer (0.01 M, pH 6.0). This centrifugation/resuspension procedure was repeated three times or more to remove ethanol and unattached OEG molecules, thereby preparing an aqueous solution of carboxyl-stabilized gold nanoseeds.

Example 1

(34) (1) Preparation of Gold Nanoseed-DNA Complex

(35) A complex of a gold nanoseed and a double-stranded DNA having 50 or less nucleotides was prepared by a one-after-another approach. A first DNA was bound to a gold nanoseed, and then second and third DNAs were sequentially bound thereto.

(36) FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing a process of forming the gold nanoseed-DNA complex.

(37) 0.6 mL of para-streptavidin-modified magnetic particles (PMPs) were mixed with 1.0 nmol of desthiobiotin-modified DNA, and the mixture was incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes with gentle shaking. To prevent non-specific binding, 0.5 mL of a blocking solution (0.01 M PBS buffer; 2%BSA and 5% PEG) was added. Then, the mixture was incubated again for 30 minutes and washed, and 0.1 M of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) and 0.1 M of N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) were added thereto. Next, the gold nanoseed aqueous solution was added to the mixture, followed by incubation at room temperature for 4 hours with gentle shaking. Next, the solution was washed three times to removed unreacted gold nanoseeds.

(38) Next, the solution was suspended in 1 mL of 1 uM biotin solution (pH 7.4). The suspension was incubated at room temperature for 3 hours with gentle shaking. DNA-bound gold nanoseeds and PMPs were magnetically separated from each other to obtain a gold nanoseed-DNA complex which was then stored at 4 C.

(39) (2) Growth of Gold Ions on Surface of Gold Nanoseed-DNA Complex

(40) The growth of gold ions was performed by the reduction of gold ions and the deposition of gold ions on the gold nanoseed-DNA complex. A growth solution was prepared using HAuCl.sub.4 (hydrogen tetrachloroaurate(III)) as a gold ion source and hydroxylamine (NH.sub.2OH) as a reducing agent.

(41) The growth solution was loaded with the gold nanoseed-DNA complex. As gold ions were deposited on the surface of the gold nanoseed-DNA complex, a visible change in the color of the growth solution occurred. FIG. 4A is an HR-TEM image showing gold ions deposited on the gold nanoseed-DNA complex, and FIG. 4B is a photograph showing the change in color of the growth solution during the deposition of gold ions on the gold nanoseed-DNA complex as a function of time.

(42) (3) Termination of Gold Particle Growth

(43) Mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) as a reaction terminating agent was added to inhibit further deposition. As can be seen in FIG. 4, as gold ions did bind to MPA, the fold ions were no longer deposited on the gold nanoseed-DNA complex, indicating that the growth of the gold ions was terminated.

(44) FIG. 6 shows an HR-TEM image and schematic view of the nanostructures (nanostars) prepared in Example 1.

(45) FIG. 7 is the X-ray diffraction spectrum of the gold nanostructures prepared in the Example; FIG. 7A is an HR-TEM image; and FIG. 7B is an FFT image.

(46) FIG. 8 shows the energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrum of the prepared gold nanostructures. In FIG. 8, peaks at around 2 keV (M line) and 10 keV (L line) indicates gold nanostructures, and other peaks correspond copper, DNA and residue. Thus, it was confirmed that gold nanostructures were prepared according to the Example of the present invention.

Example 2

(47) (1) Preparation of Gold Nanoseed-DNA Complex

(48) A complex of a gold nanoseed and a double-stranded DNA having 50 or more nucleotides was prepared by a ligand exchange reaction between a mononucleotide and a DNA having a terminal disulfide group, followed by electrophoresis. As the mononucleotide, dATP was used, because dATP strongly bind to gold nanoparticles compared to other mononucleotides (dCTP, dGTP and dTTP) and shows strong salt resistance.

(49) Deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP) and OEG-OH (HS(CH.sub.2).sub.11(OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2).sub.3OH (ProChimia) were added to an aqueous solution of gold nanoparticles and incubated at room temperature. Thiol-terminated DNA was added to the incubated solution and stirred for 2 hours. 10 vol % ( equivalents) of glycerol was added to the solution which was then loaded on 2% agarose gel. The gel was electrophoresed in 0.5 Tris-borate-EDTA buffer at a rate of 7 V/cm to remove unreacted material and dATP and separate a gold nanostructure-DNA complex. As can be seen in FIG. 3, the gold nanoseed-DNA complex formed a band on agarose gel depending on the number of DNAs bound to the gold nanoseed, indicating that it could be separated.

(50) Steps (2) and (3) were performed in the same manner as described in Example 1.

(51) FIG. 9 is a TEM image showing nanoflowers prepared according to Example 2.

Examples 3 to 5

(52) (1) Preparation of Gold Nanoseed-DNA Complex

(53) A gold nanoseed-DNA complex comprising a plasmid DNA was prepared using 1-pyrenebutyric acid (PBA) that is a DNA intercalating molecule.

(54) A plasmid DNA (pUCI9) was isolated from E. coli and purified by cesium chloride gradient centrifugation in the presence of ethidium bromide.

(55) The plasmid DNA was mixed with 10 nM PBA and stirred for 1 hour. The stirred mixture was desalted on an NAP column (GE Healthcare) to prepare 1 nM plasmid DNA solution. The plasmid DNA solution was activated by adding 0.1 M of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) and 0.1 M of N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) thereto.

(56) 1.0 mL of an anhydrous ethanol solution containing OEG-OH and OEG-NH.sub.2 ((HS(CH.sub.2).sub.11(OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2).sub.6OCH.sub.2NH.sub.2) at a molar ratio of 10:1 was added to 9.0 mL of a gold nanoseed aqueous solution to a final concentration of 0.5 mM. The mixture solution was gently shaken at room temperature for 6 hours to form pellets, followed by washing to remove unreacted material. The pellets were suspended in 10 mM PBS buffer (pH 7.4) and mixed with the activated plasmid solution. The mixture was stirred for 3 hours, and then centrifuged at 4 C. and 14000 rpm for 30 minutes for 30 minutes. The supernatant was removed, and the remaining material was washed with Tris buffer (0.01 M, pH 11, 12 or 13).

(57) Steps (2) and (3) were performed in the same manner as described in Example 1.

(58) FIG. 11A is an HR-TEM image of nanocoils prepared using the plasmid DNA, and FIG. 11B is an HR-TEM image of nanodisks prepared using the plasmid DNA.

Measurement Example 1

(59) The intensities of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of gold nanoseeds and the gold nanostructures prepared in Examples 1 and 2 were measured from Rayleigh scattering spectra using a dark-field microscope. To obtain Rayleigh scattering spectra, the dark-field microscope was collected with a spectrophotometer (Microspec 2300i, Roper Scientifics) and a high-sensitivity CCD camera (PIXIS: 400B, Princeton Instruments). First, gold nanorods were attached to a thiol-coated glass slide. Then, the glass slide was placed in a closed bath imaging chamber (RC-30, Warner Instruments, USA). The chamber was mounted on the sample holder of a dark-field microscope and connected with a syringe pump (Harvard Apparatus). An LSPR system was assembled, and then solutions containing distilled water and 20, 40, 60 and 80% glycerol were sequentially injected onto running cells, and Rayleigh scattering spectra from the gold nanorods were recorded. The Lorentzian algorithm was applied to fit the spectra, and OriginPro 7.5 software was used to provide accurate peaks and remove noise. The LSPR sensitivity of the nanosensors by the refractive index (RI) change of the nanoparticle medium was determined by the refractive index (RI) change versus the LSPR maximum shift (unit: nm/RIU, RIU: refractive index).

(60) The measurement results are shown in FIG. 12. As can be seen in FIG. 12, the intensity of localized surface plasmon resonance of the gold nanostructures according to the present invention was higher than that of gold nanoseeds. This indicates that the gold nanostructures according to the present invention can be advantageously used for fluorescent sensors and the like.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

(61) As described above, the method for preparing metal nanostructures according to the present invention is based on the self-assembly of biomolecules without using a surfactant, and enables the shape and size of the nanostructures to be easily controlled from the initial stage of the preparation process.

(62) In addition, the metal nanostructures prepared by the method of the present invention can be widely used along with PDA liposomes in drug carriers, fluorescent sensing, drug delivery, biomedical imaging, supersensitive biosensors, etc.