Abstract
An optical speckle receiver for receiving a speckle signal from a sample, the optical speckle receiver comprising an optical detector and an aperture and/or lens array. The aperture and array respectively comprise a plurality of apertures or lenses and is located between the sample and the optical detector such that the received speckle pattern is obtained from multiple discrete sample locations.
Claims
1. An optical speckle receiver for receiving a speckle signal from a sample, the optical speckle receiver comprising an optical detector and an aperture array and/or a lens array, wherein, the aperture array and/or lens array respectively comprise a plurality of apertures or lenses and is located between the sample and the optical detector such that the received speckle pattern is obtained from multiple discrete sample locations.
2. The optical speckle receiver of claim 1, wherein the sample is tissue.
3. The optical speckle receiver of claim 1, wherein the aperture array is a plate, the plate defining or including within a plurality of holes, each hole corresponding to an aperture of the aperture array.
4. The optical speckle receiver of claim 1, wherein the aperture array includes an array of single mode or multi-mode fibers, each single mode or multi-mode fiber corresponding to an aperture of the aperture array.
5. The optical speckle receiver of claim 1, wherein the lens array includes a plurality of microlenses.
6. The optical speckle receiver of claim 1, wherein the lens array comprises individual lenses or a monolithic block of lenses.
7. The optical speckle receiver of claim 1, wherein the relationship between a ratio f.sub.#between lens focal distance and the effective aperture of the lens, magnification M, and distance between the tissue or surface and the optical detector Z, is governed by: S≈1.2(1+M)λf.sub.#, and the parameters are chosen such that Z has a value of less than 5 cm, less than 2 cm, less than 1 cm, less than 0.5 cm, or less than 0.1 cm.
8. The optical speckle receiver of claim 1, wherein the lenses in the lens array are spherical, aspherical, or cylindrical.
9. The optical speckle receiver of claim 1, wherein the optical detector is a photodiode or a pixel array.
10. The optical speckle receiver of claim 1, wherein the relationship between aperture diameter (D) and the distance z between the tissue or surface and the optical detector is governed by S=λZID where S is the speckle diameter and 2 L is the wavelength of light; and wherein the parameters are chosen such that z has a value of less than 5 cm, less than 2 cm, less than 1 cm, less than 0.5 cm, or less than 0.1 cm.
11. An optical transceiver comprising the optical speckle receiver of claim 1 and a coherent light source.
12. The optical transceiver of claim 11, wherein the coherent light source operates at one or more ultraviolet to infrared (IR) wavelengths.
13. The optical transceiver of claim 11, wherein the coherent light source includes a coherent light source operating at one or more visible wavelengths.
14. The optical transceiver of claim 11, wherein the optical transceiver is arranged in a reflection mode such that light from the coherent light source produces speckle at the tissue, the aperture array and/or lens array is placed to receive speckle from the tissue and to pass this light, through its apertures to the optical detector.
15. The optical transceiver of claim 11, wherein the optical transceiver is arranged in a transmission mode, such that light from the coherent light source produces speckle through the tissue, the aperture array and/or lens array being positioned to receive light transmitted through the tissue and to pass this, through its apertures, to the optical detector.
16. A wearable device comprising the optical receiver of claim 1.
17. The wearable device of claim 16, wherein the aperture array and/or lens array forms a portion of an outer casing of the wearable device.
18. An aperture or lens array respectively comprising a plurality of apertures or lenses, the aperture array or lens array configured to be located in-between tissue and an optical detector such that a speckle pattern at the tissue can be acquired by the optical detector through the plurality of apertures or lenses.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0028] Embodiments of the invention will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
[0029] FIGS. 1A and 1B show an aperture array from a perspective and front-on view respectively;
[0030] FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 2C show the aperture array in various configurations as used during testing;
[0031] FIG. 3 shows an experimental setup used for testing the aperture array;
[0032] FIG. 4 shows plots of intensity (upper) and contrast (lower) against frame number for the one, two, and four aperture configurations;
[0033] FIGS. 5A, 5B, and 5C show respective sample frames for each of the one, two, and four aperture configurations;
[0034] FIG. 6A shows a schematic setup of an aperture array, provided on a plate, and FIG. 6B shows how light passes through the system;
[0035] FIG. 7A shows a schematic setup of a lens array and FIG. 7B shows how light passes through the system;
[0036] FIG. 8 shows a wearable device including an aperture array;
[0037] FIG. 9 shows a raw speckle image as acquired by the optical receiver through the aperture array;
[0038] FIG. 10 shows plots of 1 over contrast against time where the optical receiver is located on the back of a person's wrist (upper) and over their radial artery (lower);
[0039] FIG. 11A-11C show CAD images for a wearable from a sensor top side, sensor bottom side, and sensor top side (angle) respectively;
[0040] FIG. 12 shows an alternative arrangement for a wearable including an optical receiver and aperture array; and
[0041] FIG. 13 shows a plot of 1/contrast (upper) and -log(intensity) (lower) against time for data collected from the arrangement in FIG. 12.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION AND FURTHER OPTIONAL FEATURES
[0042] Aspects and embodiments of the present invention will now be discussed with reference to the accompanying figures. Further aspects and embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art. All documents mentioned in this text are incorporated herein by reference
[0043] FIGS. 1A and 1B show an aperture array 100 from a perspective and front-on view respectively. The aperture array in this example includes a plurality of apertures 102. In this example the apertures are located on a flange or protrusion 104 spaced from a base 106 via a neck 108. As can be seen in FIG. 1B, the apertures have an outer diameter of 1 mm. The flange or protrusion has a diameter of around 15 mm. The apertures are arranged in an array, in this example being formed of 23 apertures. Apertures within a row are spaced by 2 mm (centre to centre). An input aperture 110 is provided, offset both vertically and horizontally from the aperture array, and through which a sample is illuminated.
[0044] FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 2C show the aperture array in various configurations as used during testing. In the first configuration, shown in FIG. 2A and referred to as the ‘one aperture’ configuration, all apertures bar one are blocked off so that light can only pass through the single aperture. In the second configuration, show in FIG. 2B and referred to as the ‘two aperture’ configuration, all apertures bar two are blocked off. In this example, the two unblocked apertures are symmetrically disposed in the array with respect to a line passing horizontally through the aperture array. In the third configuration, show in FIG. 2B and referred to as the ‘four aperture’ configuration, all apertures bar four are blocked off. In this example, the four unblocked apertures are symmetrically disposed in the array with respect to a line passing horizontally through the aperture array.
[0045] FIG. 3 shows an experimental setup used for testing the aperture array in each of the three configurations. A Keysight power supply was used to drive a Q-Photonics DFB laser with an operating wavelength 1300 nm and operating power of 10 mW. Data was acquired through a National Instruments DAQ. The optical receiver was an WiDy SEnS 640V-STEP gated mode camera, and the aperture array was connected to it such that light from the laser passed through a gelatine phantom and back through the aperture array to the camera. The camera's pixels had an active area of around 15 μm, and the apertures in the aperture array had a diameter of 1 mm. The camera sensor was positioned 2.5 cm from the gelatine phantom, and as discussed the operating wavelength of the laser was 1300 nm. The size of the speckles can therefore be calculated as:
((1300×10.sup.−9m).Math.(2.5×10.sup.−2m))/(1×10.sup.−3 m)=32.5μm
[0046] The speckles therefore had a size which was approximately twice the active area of the pixels. A 7×7 sliding window was used to calculate speckle contrast (using the MATLAB function colfilt). The contrast, K, was calculated as
[00001]
The average speckle contrast was determined from the whole frame, and the average intensity was calculated by averaging the pixel intensities from the whole frame.
[0047] During the experiments, the camera mode was set to linear with gain set as high. For the one aperture configuration a 20 ms exposure time was used. For the two aperture configuration a 10 ms exposure time was used. For the four aperture configuration a 5 ms exposure time was used. The data was acquired as a 16-bit TIFF image via Snapshot.
[0048] FIG. 4 shows plots of intensity (upper) and contrast (lower) against frame number for the one, two, and four aperture configurations as processed through the experimental setup discussed above. Of note is that the average intensity is similar for the different configurations with different exposure times, and increasing the number of apertures does not result in a reduction of contrast. Therefore, it can be understood that the aperture provides more light to the optical receiver and can also reduce the distance needed from the sample (e.g. skin) to the detector. FIGS. 5A, 5B, and 5C show respective sample frames for each of the one, two, and four aperture configurations. A second experiment was then performed, using the same setup as discussed above but where the gelatine phantom had been replaced with a human finger. 200 images were acquired at 50 frames per second. To derive a spatial speckle contrast, a 7×7 sliding window was applied and then averaged for each image across all of the images. To derive a temporal speckle contrast, the standard deviation was divided by the mean of each pixel over the 200 images and then averaged. Table 1 below shows the results of this:
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Mean Spatial SC Temporal SC Sample Apertures Intensity (K.sub.S) (K.sub.t) CSD Gelatine 1 3201 0.2569 0.0732 0.4433 Gelatine 4 3230 0.2429 0.0561 0.3755 Finger 1 2002 0.1421 0.1477 1.0194 Finger 4 3167 0.1916 0.2004 1.0225
[0049] CSD is the coefficient of Speckle Dynamics, and is calculated using the equation
[00002]
[0050] The results in Table 1 suggest that the benefit of multiple apertures extend not only to enhancing the spatial speckle contrast, but also the temporal speckle contrast.
[0051] FIG. 6A shows a schematic setup of an optical transceiver using an optical speckle receiver with aperture array and FIG. 6B shows how light passes through the system. Coherent light with a wavelength of around 820 nm illuminates the tissue. The light traverses an ensemble of paths, creating speckle at the output of the tissue surface. An aperture plate comprised of 150 micron diameter holes collects light from different regions of the tissue. The aperture array here is provided as a plurality of holes (which are voids (e.g. unfilled), or holes filled with a light-transmitting material) in a material, but could also be provided as an array of fibres (e.g. an array of fibre optic cables). The light from the aperture array mixes, creating a new speckle pattern on the image sensor, but with the same contrast as would arise from a single aperture. With this aperture size, the image sensor may be placed in close proximity to tissue, for example only 1.1 mm from the aperture plate. For such a system, the speckle size can be calculated using the equation S=AZ/D, and using the values: λ=820 nm; D=150 μm; and Z=1.1 mm a speckle size of 6 μm can be obtained, which is sufficiently large for a sensor with 3 micron pixels.
[0052] FIG. 7A shows a schematic setup of an optical transceiver using an optical speckle receiver with lens array and FIG. 7B shows how light passes through the system. In this example, a microlens array collects light from different regions of the tissue. The microlens array may be comprised of individual lenses (i.e. physically discrete) or be a monolithic block. The material surrounding the lenses may be clear or opaque to reduce background light. Each microlens has a diameter of 150 microns and a focal length of 0.32 mm. The substrate thickness is such that the distance to the tissue surface is effectively 0.5 mm. From the lens equation, the image is formed at 0.9 mm with magnification of 1.8. For such a system, the speckle size can be calculated using the equation S 1.2(1+M)λf.sub.#where f.sub.#is the ratio between the lens focal distance and the effective aperture of the lens, and using the values: λ=850 nm; f.sub.#=0.3 mm/150 μm; M=1.8. The calculated speckle size is 6.1 microns, which is sufficiently large for a sensor with 3 micron pixels.
[0053] FIG. 8 shows a wearable device 800 including an aperture array 802. The aperture array is mounted on the rear of the wearable device, which in this example is a wristband including the main device housing and a wrist strap. In use, the aperture array will be pressed against the skin of the user with a gap between the coherent light source 804 and the skin of the user. That is, the aperture array 802 projects further from the wearable, in a direction towards the skin of the user, than the coherent light source 804.
[0054] FIG. 9 shows a raw speckle image as acquired by the optical receiver through the aperture array. FIG. 10 shows plots of 1 over contrast against time where the optical receiver is located on the back of a person's wrist (upper) and over their radial artery (lower). The data for the plots was arrived at after processing the raw speckle image. As can be seen, pulsating components are visible which indicates the speckle image is suitable to derive the heart rate of the user.
[0055] FIG. 11A-11C show CAD images for a wearable from a sensor top side, sensor bottom side, and sensor top side (angle) respectively. The light source and/or apertures for the sensor may be designed to protrude so that they make better contact with the skin. Improved contact may enhance the speckle measurements by reducing specular reflectance.
[0056] FIG. 12 shows an alternative arrangement for a wearable including an optical receiver and aperture array. This arrangement is referred to as a transmission arrangement or transmission mode (as opposed to the arrangement shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B which are reflection arrangements or reflection modes). For example, the wearable may be a ring or similar such that it at least partially encloses a portion of the user. In the transmission mode, the coherent light source is located across a testing region from the aperture array and detector. Tissue of interest, for example a patient's finger, is positioned in the testing region and so the coherent light passes through it to the multi-aperture array and on to the detector. In this example, the transmission arrangement is provided as a finger-clip type device where two generally planar elements are hingedly connected at one end to allow them to move towards and away from each other. The patient introduces their finger between the planar elements and spectrophotonic sampling is performed. FIG. 13 shows a plot of 1/contrast (upper) and -log(intensity) (lower) against time for data collected from the arrangement in FIG. 12. Again, as can be seen, pulsating components are visible which indicates the speckle image is suitable to derive the heart rate of the user.
[0057] Depending on the distance from the skin to the detector for speckle matching, increasing the number of holes or apertures in the aperture array may provide increased power as compared to the use of a single mode fiber. Further, as compared to a single mode fiber or waveguide, the aperture array disclosed herein may be more robust to dirt and hair. Additionally, the multi-aperture approach adopted in the aperture array can require less precise alignment between any given aperture and the optical receiver.
[0058] The features disclosed in the description, or in the following claims, or in the accompanying drawings, expressed in their specific forms or in terms of a means for performing the disclosed function, or a method or process for obtaining the disclosed results, as appropriate, may, separately, or in any combination of such features, be utilised for realising the invention in diverse forms thereof.
[0059] While the invention has been described in conjunction with the exemplary embodiments described above, many equivalent modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art when given this disclosure. Accordingly, the exemplary embodiments of the invention set forth above are considered to be illustrative and not limiting. Various changes to the described embodiments may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
[0060] For the avoidance of any doubt, any theoretical explanations provided herein are provided for the purposes of improving the understanding of a reader. The inventors do not wish to be bound by any of these theoretical explanations.
[0061] Any section headings used herein are for organizational purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting the subject matter described.
[0062] Throughout this specification, including the claims which follow, unless the context requires otherwise, the word “comprise” and “include”, and variations such as “comprises”, “comprising”, and “including” will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or step or group of integers or steps but not the exclusion of any other integer or step or group of integers or steps.
[0063] It must be noted that, as used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Ranges may be expressed herein as from “about” one particular value, and/or to “about” another particular value. When such a range is expressed, another embodiment includes from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by the use of the antecedent “about,” it will be understood that the particular value forms another embodiment. The term “about” in relation to a numerical value is optional and means for example+/−10%.
[0064] All references referred to above are hereby incorporated by reference.
