IMPROVED TERMITE MONITORING AND CONTROL APPARATUS AND METHODS OF USING SAME

Abstract

An improved termite monitoring and detection system which in the preferred form utilises a first bulk attractant and a second smaller portion of attractant, whereupon consumption of the smaller portion activates a short travel biased trigger mechanism to create a detection signal without disturbing the termites as they continue to consume the bulk attractant. A variety of electronic and electrical features are optionally included which facilitate remote monitoring, optional remote application of termiticide and multi-party interfacing. The system also enables third party bulk collection of termite activity data and provides a system which ensures compliance with agreed monitoring and treatment protocols.

Claims

1. A termite detection apparatus including a housing defining: a first chamber for receiving a first bulk portion of termite attractant and a second smaller portion of attractant; a small movement trigger and a first switch operable by the trigger, the trigger including means to bias it into an activated position whereby it operates the first switch; anchor means disposed within the second smaller portion of attractant and connected with the trigger via a tensile tie to hold the trigger against the biasing force into a deactivated position; at least one gate opening via which termites can enter and leave the housing to initially access only the second portion of attractant; wherein the materials of the second attractant are selected so as to be consumed in the presence of termites to cause disconnection of the tensile tie between the anchor means in the second portion of attractant and the trigger to thereby operate the switch while facilitating ongoing consumption of the first bulk portion of attractant.

2. A termite detection apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the second portion of attractant is manufactured from a mouldable particulate matter as a plug element into which the anchor means is embedded.

3. (canceled)

4. The termite detection apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the second portion of attractant is formed as a separate plug that is secured to the first chamber and the gate opening leads to this separate plug.

5. The termite detection apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the housing includes a second inspection chamber co-extending at least in part with the first chamber, the second chamber including an openable second chamber lid and generally inperforate walls, wherein at least one wall portion of the second chamber is defined by a transparent section of a wall common with the first chamber to provide a viewing window.

6. (canceled)

7. The termite detection apparatus according to claim 1 including a power source and means associated with the switch to provide a detection signal.

8. The termite detection apparatus according to claim 7 including a wireless transceiver.

9. The termite detection apparatus according to claim 8 including a processor for performing various local functions including at least one of outgoing and incoming signal encoding and decoding or buffering of incoming wireless signals.

10. The termite detection apparatus according to claim 8 or claim 9 including a local memory module.

11.-12. (canceled)

13. The termite detection apparatus according to claim 1 further including means to store bait or termiticide and release this into the first chamber when, or at a predetermined time after, termites have been detected and the first switch actuated.

14. The termite detection apparatus according to claim 13 wherein bait is stored in or adjacent the first chamber in a pelletised flowable form and and means are provided to release this remotely on demand into the first chamber.

15. The termite detection apparatus according to claim 13 including water storage means, termiticide concentrate and means to mix the water and concentrate on demand and deliver into the first chamber.

16. (canceled)

17. The termite detection apparatus according to claim 1 including a unique identification marker.

18. (canceled)

19. The termite detection system including a plurality of termite detection apparatuses according to claim 1, each apparatus including a unique electronic marker, a power source, a first switch and means associated with the switch to provide a detection signal, and a wireless communication means to issue alerts to an external device.

20. The termite detection system according to claim 19 wherein the external device includes at least one local hub for receiving wireless transmissions from each apparatus and issuing alerts to one or more other external devices or parties.

21. The termite detection system according to claim 19 wherein the wireless communication means is performed by a low power wireless communication protocol.

22. The termite detection system according to claim 19 further including a network device including a modem to communicate data from the hub to a remote server.

23. The termite detection system according to claim 19 wherein the hub is fitted with mobile network protocols to communicate with a remote server.

24. The termite detection system according to claim 19 wherein the central hub includes two or more wireless transceiver modules for situation at different locations on a property to optimise reception.

25. The termite detection system according to claim 19 wherein the hub communicates with external parties by way of a web server and associated web-based interface.

26.-32. (canceled)

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0113] Preferred embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the following drawings in which:

[0114] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a first embodiment termite detection apparatus according to a first aspect of the invention with the lid elements removed;

[0115] FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the apparatus of FIG. 1 with lids installed illustrating use of a suitable inspection tool;

[0116] FIG. 3 is a cross sectional view of a removable domed cap for use optional use with the apparatus shown in FIGS. 1 and 2;

[0117] FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a first embodiment detection apparatus according to a second aspect of the invention incorporating an automatic termite detection mechanism illustrated in the initial installation mode;

[0118] FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the apparatus of FIG. 4 shown in the activated position after the likely presence of termites has been detected;

[0119] FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional part view of a second embodiment apparatus according to the second aspect of the invention having an alternative trigger and indicator arrangement which also incorporates a system for automatically releasing a termiticide when the presence of termites is detected, shown in the deactivated position at installation;

[0120] FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional part view of the apparatus of FIG. 6 shown in the activated position after the likely presence of termites has been detected;

[0121] FIG. 8 is a partly sectioned perspective view of a wall section incorporating a third embodiment apparatus according to the second aspect configured for internal use; and

[0122] FIG. 9 is a partly sectioned perspective view of a wall section incorporating a second embodiment apparatus according to the first aspect configured for internal use;

[0123] FIG. 10 is a perspective view of an alternative embodiment to that shown in FIGS. 4-7 wherein the counterweight is replaced by a trigger that is anchored to the housing remote from the bulk attractant;

[0124] FIG. 11 is a perspective view of the partion element of FIG. 10 illustrating further detail of the anchor and trigger arrangement;

[0125] FIG. 12 is a perspective view of the attractant plug for use in the embodiments of FIGS. 10 and 11;

[0126] FIG. 13 is a perspective view of a further embodiment with a termiticide tank and mixing and/dispensing mechanism;

[0127] FIG. 14 is a part view of the gate mechanism at the base of the tank of FIG. 13;

[0128] FIG. 15 is a perspective view showing an example that utilises a gas cartridge to dispense termiticide;

[0129] FIG. 16 is a perspective view of a further embodiment that detects termites by weight variation utilising attractant attached to a weigh chip;

[0130] FIG. 17 is a plan view of one suggested layout for the smart controls in the lid of various embodiments;

[0131] FIG. 18 is an exploded view of a sample circuit board shown in FIG. 17;

[0132] FIG. 19 is a schematic illustration of a system for facilitating pest monitoring and pest control;

[0133] FIG. 20 is a schematic system-level overview of the system of FIG. 19;

[0134] FIG. 21 is a process flow diagram illustrating the primary steps in an exemplary method of facilitating pest monitoring and control;

[0135] FIG. 22 is an information flow diagram showing exemplary information transfer between the various parties who use the system of FIGS. 19 and 20;

[0136] FIG. 23 is a process flow diagram outlining the primary steps in a method of recording and certifying adhesion to a pest control protocol;

[0137] FIG. 24 is a sketch of an embodiment based on the principle of an unstable weight moving to an equilibrium position after system is altered by termite activity; and

[0138] FIG. 25 is shows an example of a fluted bait stick configured for use in the inspection chamber of a dual chamber apparatus according to various aspects of the invention.

PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

[0139] Referring firstly to FIGS. 1 and 2 there is shown a first embodiment termite detection apparatus 1 according to a first aspect of the invention. The apparatus includes a housing shown generally at 2 which defines, in this particular example, a single generally centrally disposed first chamber 3 for receiving a quantity of termite attractant represented by the block shown at item 4. As can be seen, the housing 2 includes a series of perforations 5 aligned with the first chamber 3, to enable access of the termites to the attractant 4. Similar such perforations may be provided in the base 6.

[0140] Flanking either side of the first chamber 3 are two second inspection chambers 7. The inspection chambers 7 are delineated from the first chamber 3 by means of the partition walls 8. These partition walls are at least partially transparent, particularly in a region adjacent the attractant 4. In the illustrated embodiment, the entire partition wall panels are transparent.

[0141] Ideally, the portions of the housing 2 defining the external sides of the inspection chambers 7 are imperforate to prevent ingress of dirt and the like to keep the inspection portions of the partition walls 8 clean for viewing. Additionally, in the preferred forms, the partition walls 8 may include protruding block support elements 9 which operate to hold and space the attractant 4 from the base 6.

[0142] In the illustrated embodiment, the apparatus includes a first lid 10 which covers the opening to the first chamber 3. This lid can be secured in any suitable manner and could be a push fit, or hinged as required. The function of this lid primarily is to protect the attractant and prevent ingressive water and dirt to the first chamber from above.

[0143] Each of the inspection chambers 7 also include independently operable lids 11. These lids serve to close and protect the inspection chambers 7 and provide access when required. In one preferred form they are hingedly connected with the housing via the partition walls 8 so they can be readily opened during the inspection process while still being retained to the apparatus to reduce the chance of becoming lost.

[0144] Optionally, a protective cap 12 as shown in FIG. 3 or similar may also be provided which extends over the underlying lids (10 and 11) to prevent water and dirt entering via the hinge arrangements and the like. If this cap is opaque it may be desirable to have some or all of the underlying lids 10 and 11 transparent to enable a first line of inspection without moving any element of the main apparatus.

[0145] Also illustrated in FIG. 2 is an example of a basic inspection tool 12 which includes an extension arm 13 incorporating a primary mirror element 14, ideally angled at approximately 45 degrees to the longitudinal extent of the extension arm 13, with an associated light source 15 or 16. Optionally, an additional angled mirror 17 is provided toward a handle end of the inspection arm as shown, although this is unlikely to be needed in most in ground applications unless there are obstacles obstructing direct downward viewing in to the device.

[0146] In one particularly preferred form, the various components of the housing are manufactured from polymeric materials that are provided in sheet form, which can then be punched out and formed into the product as shown. This enables flat pack packaging, which is highly desirable for optimising costs associated with assembly, transport, packaging costs and retail and warehousing shelf space etc.

[0147] In one currently preferred embodiment the diameter of the assembled station is approximately 90 mm in diameter. The length is preferably approximately 200 mm, and ideally configured for on-site shortening if needed in shallow soil and rocky ground types. Preferably the length of the attractant is approximately 100 mm although this is not important as long as ideally still works when device is shortened and provides an adequate quantity determined by the design.

[0148] In use, the apparatus is fully assembled and primed with an appropriate block of attractant 4. This attractant may be in the form of a particular wood, or a combination of different woods and/or various manufactured attractants as are readily available on the market.

[0149] Using an appropriate hole digging tool such as an auger, an appropriately sized hole is made in the grounds of the area to be monitored, which is usually in a garden surrounding a dwelling, and the assembled device is inserted such that the lid and cap region is installed to be approximately flush with the surface of the ground.

[0150] As with existing stations of a similar basic structure, the installed stations as they are known are then periodically inspected to determine if any termites are present.

[0151] Depending on the nature of the material selected for the lids 10 and 11 and the optional protection cap 12, inspection can be achieved in a variety of ways. Firstly, if a transparent lid 10 is used on the first chamber 3, it is possible that a first visual inspection will in fact identify termites within that chamber. If no termites are immediately observed, the next step is to conduct an inspection through the inspection chambers 7. This involves raising the lid on a first of the inspection chambers and looking into that chamber, most likely with the assistance of a suitable inspection tool 12 such as that shown in FIG. 2.

[0152] While the termites can enter chamber 3 via perforations 5 in either the housing side walls or the base 6, the fact that the attractant 4, in a preferred embodiment, is positioned a spaced distance from the base 6, makes it more likely to spot termites entering from the region of the base. Further, if the spacer elements 9 have some degree of resilience, such that the attractant is not rigidly located or sitting on a firm base, there is a good chance that the termites will first shore up the attractant with mud trails prior to consuming the attractant, again increasing the evidence of termite presence.

[0153] Referring next to FIG. 4, there is shown a cross-sectional view of a first embodiment of a termite detection apparatus 1 in accordance with the second aspect of the invention. As there are many elements of the second aspect that are common with that of the previously described embodiment of the first aspect of the invention, like reference numerals will be used to denote corresponding features.

[0154] The housing 2 shown in FIG. 4 may be cylindrical as in FIG. 1, which is useful for ease of installation for in-ground applications, or could be a rectilinear prism or any other suitable shape as may be more appropriate for internal use where the device may need to sit against building elements such as timber bottom plates, studs and architraves and the like, as will be discussed in more details at a later stage.

[0155] In the illustrated embodiment, it can be seen that the housing 2 incorporates the novel and inventive coextending inspection chambers 7 that flank the main chamber 3 in which the attractant 4 is based. However, while useful, it should be noted that this is not essential to the second aspect of the invention which operates on the principal of incorporating a termite sensitive mechanism that has a moveable trigger element that includes means to bias it into an activated position, which is then held during initial set up in a deactivated position by means of a counter weight connected with the trigger via a tensile tie. The aim being that when the connection between a trigger and the counter weight fails, the trigger is biased into its activated position thereby signalling a likely presence of termites.

[0156] In the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 4 and 5, the counter weight 20 comprises a first bulk portion block of attractant 4, which in one preferred form as shown comprises a softwood element 21 and a hardwood element 22 ideally having a passage 23 into which the tensile tie element 24 can extend.

[0157] The tie element 24 can be connected to the counter weight 20 in a number of different ways but ideally by one which is frangible in the presence of termites.

[0158] In this particular embodiment, a smaller second portion of attractant is used in the form of an adhesive plug 25 is used to connect the tie 24 to the block 4 that ideally also includes preferential attractants likely to encourage the termites to consume the adhesive when, or preferably in advance of, consuming the attractant provided in the counter weight. Another means by which to improve the chances of reasonably early failure in the presence of termites, is to also use a tie that includes attractant. It will be appreciated that a non attractant counter weight could be used with an attractant based tie 24 and/or adhesive, or a simple wire tie with an attractant based counterweight or any other combination where the termites will be attracted into the chamber and cause the connection between the pre-loaded tie 24 and counter weight to fail as a result of their presence.

[0159] The other end of the tie element 24 is secured to the trigger mechanism shown generally at 26 which in this particular instance comprises the lid 10 which is biased into an open position, as shown in FIG. 5, by means of a torsion spring 27. The tie 24 is connected via a simple hook element 28, but numerous other types of connection could be used.

[0160] In this particular embodiment the torsion spring 27, which for stability is preferably a double paired torsion spring, also acts as a hinge for the lid 10. As it is desirable to configure the device to minimise movement of the lid 10 so an not to unduly disturb the termites (2-4 millimetres may be ideal), it may be preferable to have the lid configured to slide onto the spring arms, so that when it needs to be fully opened it can easily be removed and reattached. Alternatively, a separate hinge can be provided and the lid 10 configured to simply sit on the torsion spring 27. Once again a protective cap 12 may also be included of the kind illustrated in FIG. 3.

[0161] In use, the station is set up as shown in FIG. 4 with the counterweight applied to hold down the lid 10 against the biasing upward force of the torsion spring 27. Depending on the materials used, the entry of termites into chamber 3 will cause the connection of the tie element 24 with the counterweight to fail. This can happen by moisture from the termites affecting the adhesive element or the structural integrity of the tie element if appropriate materials are used, or by degradation via consumption of the adhesive 25, strap 24 and/or attractant 4 in the region of the connection 25.

[0162] In the illustrated embodiment, it can be seen from FIG. 5 that in this instance the connection has between the tie element 24 and counter weight 20 failed by deterioration of the adhesive plug 25 after consumption by the termites. This in turn has released the end of the tie 24, causing the lid 10 to pivot open as shown under the action of the torsion spring 27. The visual effect of this small movement could be enhanced, by, for example, having the peripheral edges of the lid 10 in a bright colour such as red which is easily seen once exposed.

[0163] Referring next to FIGS. 6 and 7 there is illustrated sectional part views of an alternative trigger and indicator arrangement which also incorporates a system for automatically releasing a termiticide when the presence of termites is detected, shown firstly in the deactivated initial state and the activated state after the presence of termites has been detected. It will be appreciated that this dosing system is an optional feature, as a termitide could be included in the original attractant or added manually after detection. The termiticide dosing system illustrated could also be used with or without an automatic detection alarm indicator system such as that shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. Similarly, while inspection chambers are not illustrated so as to simply to drawing, it will of course be appreciated that these could be included if desirable.

[0164] As can be seen, the lid 10 this time is configured to remain stationary during activation of alarm trigger mechanism and the termiticide dosing system. Instead the resultant actions are caused directly by a trigger arm 29 that is connected to, or forms part of the resilient biasing means, which once again is a torsion spring 27. When set, this arm remains clear of the mechanisms associated with the lid as shown. However, once the tension in the tie 24 is broken, the trigger arm 29 springs upwardly toward the lid simultaneously pushing up a switch, which in this form is biased into an inoperative condition, which then works to operate a battery pack 31 and signal circuit 32 as shown in FIG. 7, setting off, in this instance, a flashing LED 33.

[0165] At the same time, the distal end of the trigger arm includes a piercing point 33 also moves upwardly to puncture a capsule or pod of termiticde 34 housed under the lid 10. Depending on the positioning of the capsule and the tie 24, the termiticide will then drop onto the counterweight and attractant ideally using the tie 24 to assist in directing the termiticide towards the base of the attractant to accelerate delivery to the termites likely to be in the base portion of the chamber. Accordingly, while for clarity the termiticide capsule 34 is shown located toward an edge of the chamber 3, in currently preferred forms it is preferable that the capsule is located generally centrally over the counter weight 4 where the tie 24 passes through.

[0166] It will of course be appreciated that in alternative configurations separate mechanisms can be used to trigger release of the termiticide and activate the detection signal. Furthermore, the signal circuit need not be limited to switching on an LED, but could also activate local or remote buzzers or markers or other indicators via low power wireless technologies such as Bluetooth, ANT, ZigBee or other suitable systems as may currently exist or be developed in the future. Further, adjustments may need to be made to the configuration of the apparatus according to the signal system deployed. For example, if the cap is used to house a transducer to transmit radio waves for example, a line of sight orientation may be required, so the caps may be configured to slope in one direction accordingly. Further, the cap itself may be independently sealed to house and protect the batteries and associated mechanisms.

[0167] Further details of example lid configurations and control arrangements are described here after with reference to FIGS. 17 and 18.

[0168] Turning next to FIG. 8 there is shown a partly sectioned perspective view of a wall section incorporating a third embodiment apparatus according to the second aspect configured for internal use. The device in this instance is positioned on top of bottom plate 35 up against a stud 36 adjacent the intersection with the door jamb and architrave 37 and skirting 38. Locations such as this which is where multiple layers of different timber types interface, are often favoured paths by termites.

[0169] The detection apparatus 1 is substantially the same as that shown in FIGS. 4-7 incorporating a counter weight 20 and attractant which is attached via a tie element to an electrical indicator system identified in general terms as item 39 which may be of a kind such as that exemplified in FIGS. 6 and 7. While the device could provide a wireless signal of an appropriate kind, in this particular example a physical lead 40 connects to a flashing LED disposed within the wall to protrude through the plasterboard or other cladding for easy viewing from within the room. In an alternative form, instead of having a visual indicator, the device could send an alarm signal to a buzzer or even send a message via text, email, internet, wireless device or other mechanism to a phone, tablet or computer, as required. An access panel may also be provided in the wall structure adjacent the device for servicing, installation and/or replacement and recharging with attractant, as may be required.

[0170] An alternative system that avoids the need for electronics of any kind is illustrated in FIG. 9. In this particular embodiment, a viewing portal 42 with openable window/lid formation 43 connects with an inspection chamber of the apparatus for manual visual inspection with a simple light or a special tool such as that shown in FIG. 2.

[0171] Turning next to FIGS. 10 to 12 there is shown a particularly preferred variation to the embodiment described in FIGS. 4 to 7. This further embodiment utilises the same principle of a tensile tie 24 holding down a trigger mechanism 26 biased into an activated state by a suitable biasing means such as a spring 27. However, in this instance, instead of holding the trigger in a deactivated position by applying a load to the tensile tie via a hanging counterweight, the tensile tie 24 is directly or indirectly restrained at one end by a part of the housing.

[0172] In the illustrated example, the restraint is by means of a plug 50 of readily consumable attractant similar to item 25 in FIGS. 4 and 5, which itself is constrained within the housing by any suitable means, which in this instance is via a plug tube 51. This tube is open at the lower end to allow the termites to enter, but shaped or otherwise configured with pins or the like to restrain the plug from moving upwards under the force of spring 27. The tie itself ideally has a loop or hook formation 52 which is embedded in the plug of attractant material 50 so that it is retained until the point that the attractant at that location is consumed and the connection is then compromised. Preferably, additional attractant is included within the housing, but the housing is ideally configured such that all the attractant can only be accessed via the opening 53 which leads to the attractant plug 50. This means that in this embodiment the attractant can only be accessed after the plug has been consumed and the trigger activated. In the example shown the base of the chamber which holds the bulk attractant has only small perforations which allow the termites to detect the attractant but not to enter directly into that part of the chamber.

[0173] Preferably, the plug 50 is located against a transparent observation window of the kind shown in the earlier embodiments. In this manner, the presence and progress of termites through the plug 50 is readily observed via the viewing chamber 7.

[0174] In the preferred form illustrated, an opening is also provided in the partition wall with a replaceable window 54. This enables addition of materials such as further bait or termiticide in to the first chamber where the attractant is, without the need to remove the main lid and more directly disturb the termites.

[0175] In some embodiments, a PIR (passive infra-red) sensor 49 is provided at or adjacent the attractant plug 50, preferably on the clean side of the plug tube 51 within the inspection chamber 7. This works as an adjunct to the trigger means in the main chamber that confirms the presence of termites before and after the trigger has been activated. PIR sensors of this kind could also be used in other embodiments as the primary detection means.

[0176] Moving next to FIGS. 13 and 14 there is shown another variation which includes a sealed tank portion 55 that is preferably part of the housing lid 56. The tank may include water for mixing with a satchel 57 of concentrated termiticide or flowable bait such as balls of bait 58. Connected with the tank is a motor 59, which is either water proof or positioned outside the tank, from which extends appropriate means to any of an impeller for mixing, and/or drive mechanisms to tear open the satchel 57 and/or open a gate from the tank or elsewhere to dispense the bait balls or mixed termiticide. An example of a gate mechanism operable via the motor 59 for opening the base of the tank 55 is shown in FIG. 14. In this embodiment a tie 60 is connected to a cog connected to the shaft of the motor 59 and operates to pull open the dome valve 61 against biasing spring 62. The cog mechanism can be any suitable arrangement and different functions could be achieved by reversing the motor direction as required. Alternatively, multiple motors could be used.

[0177] FIG. 15 shows an example of yet another way of delivering termiticide to the monitoring station in response to proven detection of termites within the housing. In this embodiment a cartridge 63 containing concentrated termiticide in liquid, gas or powder form is embedded in the attractant 4. When termites are present, a message can be sent either directly, or via a remote control system of the kind described here after, to activate the release mechanism shown generally at 64 to open the cartridge and release its contents.

[0178] The illustrated release mechanism 64 includes a spring 65 which is contracted into an activated position by means of it being wrapped by a heat sensitive string 66 which has a resistor 67 disposed beneath it. A firing pin 68 is provided between the end of the spring and a frangible end 69 on the cartridge such that when an electrified wire activates and heats the resistor 67, the heat burns through the heat sensitive string 66 so the spring is released and the tensile point 68 is driven into the frangible end of the cartridge to release the termiticide contents.

[0179] In one form the termiticide is in powder form and is flowable for release by gravity when the end 69 is pierced. In other embodiments the termiticide powder or liquid may be stored within the cartridge along with pressurised gas, such that on activation the gas drives the termiticide into the attractant.

[0180] FIG. 16 illustrates another form of detection based on weight variation. In this embodiment the attractant 4 is suspended from a weigh chip that is included in the system controls. The chip can be programmed to take action in response to predetermined variations in weight over time indicative of termite presence. A detailed example is as follows:

[0181] The attractant can be timber, other celullosic material or bait. In a preferred form the chamber is sealed at the base by the attractant's dimensions w. The termites can only enter the attractant by a small hole usually in the centre of its base so as to reduce the ingress of other pests and to reduce maintenance labour who would normally have to remove fauna that would stop the progress of termites into the monitoring station.

[0182] The attractant which is not in direct contact with the surrounding soil is weighed, for example, every 8 hours, and if the weight has not changed from the previous reading no message is sent to the central server. There is a need to keep messages to those that do not provide essential information. For two reasons a) it is redundant information b) there is also no reason to store redundant data on the central server, c) it uses battery energy to send a redundant message.

[0183] An initial increase in the weight can be caused by a number of circumstances: [0184] insects attaching themselves to the bottom of the attractant, [0185] Moisture absorption either by part emersion in ground water or from surrounding moisture.

[0186] An initial decrease in weight will normally be associated with termite feeding. There is however, other lower probability causes like removal of damaged wood by a variety of ants and bacteria and fungi. The later two may consume wood or timber but they generally replace it with their own weight. In general, well maintained wood does not have substantial eaters except termites.

[0187] After a period of time once termites reach the top of the attractant there is scope again for the attractants weight to increase as they build their mud trails to protect their environment. This can also be monitored by calculating the overall weight of the attractant plus any other structures or flora or fauna attached to it.

[0188] The rate of decrease in the weight of the attractant is considered a reasonably reliable indicator for the presence of termites.

[0189] A rapid increase in the weight of the attractant can also be a cause to investigate whether the attractant needs replacing. Water can damage wood and make it unpalatable or unattractive as a food source for termites. Such indicia supports a ability to remotely seek confirmation and so reduce the cost of maintaining termite monitoring stations.

[0190] The mechanism to weigh the attractant may comprise a weight chip like the MSP430F42x Single Chip Weigh Scale from Texas Instruments.

[0191] The chip with on-board strain gauge is suspended in a waterproof enclosure by a stainless steel wire whose other end it attached to the attractant. Readings and calculations are made by the on board micro control unit (MCU). They are then relayed by bluetooth communications chip to the line of site Communications hub. That hub converts bluetooth communication to the protocol and messaging standards of Wi-Fi. These communications are directed via the premises Wi-Fi network at centralised severs connected on the internet. Should the premises not have Wi-Fi access then an appropriate communications channel will be installed. For example, a WCDMA or GSM modem or ethernet cable.

[0192] Locations that have low temperatures during winter and autumn (fall), the operation of weighing the attractant can be suspended until ambient temperatures reach 20 degrees celsius. To do this there is the ability to programme the MCU to not wake up until a certain time of the year approximating this temperature. This increases battery life reducing the cycle when batteries need to be replaced.

[0193] In further embodiments (not illustrated) release mechanism 64 includes other types of electrically controlled actuators positioned and configured to selectively release termiticide, including piezoelectric actuators, stepper motors, thermal or magnetically induced actuators and hydraulic actuators.

[0194] Referring next to FIGS. 17 and 18 there are shown schematic views of a possible layout of the control elements within a device. In this form, the control electronics are preferably housed in a removable lid element 70. The lid may define two chambers, a first 71 which is sealed and houses and protects the electronic circuitry 72 and other weather sensitive components, and the second 73 which may be openable to allow access to replace batteries 74 and the like.

[0195] The form and design of the circuit board will depend on the desired functionality. However, an example is shown in FIG. 18 which could be used to operate the embodiment shown in FIG. 13 which includes switches 75 indicative of lid various opening movements, switch 76 triggered by the detection mechanism in the housing, connections 77 to motor, connections 78 to batteries, and blue tooth device 79.

[0196] In all embodiments of all aspects, each device 1 preferably includes some form of unique identification marker shown generally in the Figures as item 45. This can take any suitable form including simple indicia like alphanumeric codes, bar codes or Q codes etc, or RFIDs, or indeed any means of applying a preferably unique identification, that for the more complex systems can ideally be read automatically using an appropriate visual or non visual scanning or reading device.

[0197] Preferably, these markers are used in accordance with a third aspect of the invention which provides systems and associated methods for facilitating pest monitoring, pest control, and recording and certifying adhesion to a pest control protocol for a particular installation. An exemplary system 80 is illustrated in FIGS. 19 and 20.

[0198] Referring initially to FIG. 19, such a system is based on the steps of firstly installing a plurality of termite monitoring stations 82a to 82e, preferably, but not essentially, in the form of stations in accordance with various aspects of the invention as described herein, with each station having a unique identification marker. In particular, although system 80 will be described with specific reference to the detection, monitoring and control of termites, it will be appreciated that system 80 could be used in the detection, monitoring and control of other types of pests provided the stations 82 are adapted for detecting those pests. In some embodiments, different subsets of stations 82 may be directed to detecting different types of pests.

[0199] Stations 82 are installed at known locations around a designated property and each communicates wirelessly with a central hub 84 which, in turn, is in wired or wireless communication with a network device such as a modem 86 to communicate data to a remote server 88. In an exemplary embodiment, central hub 84 includes two wireless transceiver modules situated at different locations within a house or building that is located on or adjacent to the property being monitored for pests. In some embodiments, two or more remote servers are utilised for redundancy when one server may be offline or unavailable.

[0200] As illustrated in FIG. 19, the basic requirements of each station 82 include a power source in the form of a battery 90, an electronic termite detection means 92 for detecting the presence of termites (or other pests) and generating a detection signal, and a wireless transceiver 94 for wirelessly transmitting the detection signal to a central hub 84. Each station 82 also includes a memory module 96 for local storage of data and signal buffering and a processor 98 for performing various local functions such as signal encoding. In embodiments where stations also receive data and/or instructions from hub 84, processor 98 and memory module 96 perform advanced functions such as decoding and buffering of the incoming wireless signal. The various electronic components are preferably mounted on a substrate (not shown) such as an integrated circuit and contained in a protective housing.

[0201] In some embodiments the stations include additional hardware such as: [0202] Battery change level sensor; [0203] Temperature sensors to monitor the conditions of each station; [0204] Attractant mass sensor; [0205] Vibration sensors; [0206] Passive IR sensors; and [0207] Cameras for capturing pictures of the chamber upon detection of termites.

[0208] Communication between stations 82 and hub 84 is performed by one or more low power wireless communication protocols such as Bluetooth Bluetooth Smart (Bluetooth low energy). As each station is battery operated, power conservation is important. Accordingly, in preferred embodiments each station is maintained in a low power or sleep state until a trigger activates the station into an active state. Such triggers may be the detection of termite by a termite detector (detection means 92), an external instruction signal from hub 84 or the expiration of a predetermined time period.

[0209] Communication between hub 84 and modem 86 can be performed through a wired network connection such as Ethernet or by one or more wireless communication protocols such as Wi-Fi. In some embodiments, hub 84 is fitted with a GSM or other mobile network protocols and is able to bypass modem 86 to communicate wirelessly with server 88. In various embodiments, server 88 is accessed through the internet, local area network or other network protocols.

[0210] Referring now to FIG. 20, there is illustrated schematically a broader system level overview of system 80 showing how various interested parties connect through a centralised web interface 100. Interested parties typically include an owner or administrator of the overall system, pest control managers such as pest control businesses and system participants such as property owners or property managers. In some embodiments, a pest manager and a system owner may be the same entity. System 80 allows the communication of data between these parties to provide a comprehensive pest management service.

[0211] Web interface 100 is accessed by the parties by way of client terminals 102. In overview, users access interface 100 over the Internet by way of client terminals 102, which in various embodiments include the likes of personal computers, tablet computers, PDAs, cellular telephones such as Smartphones, gaming consoles, and other Internet enabled devices.

[0212] Server 88 includes a processor 104 coupled to a memory module 106 and a communications interface 108, such as an Internet connection, modem, Ethernet port, wireless network card, serial port, or the like. In other embodiments distributed resources are used. For example, in one embodiment server 88 includes a plurality of distributed servers having respective storage, processing and communications resources. Memory module 106 includes software instructions 110, which are executable on processor 104.

[0213] Server 88 is coupled to a database 112. In further embodiments the database leverages memory module 106.

[0214] In some embodiments web interface 100 includes a website. The term website should be read broadly to cover substantially any source of information accessible over the Internet or another communications network (such as WAN, LAN or WLAN) via a browser application running on a client terminal. In some embodiments, a website is a source of information made available by a server and accessible over the Internet by a web-browser application running on a client terminal. The web-browser application downloads code, such as HTML code, from the server. This code is executable through the web-browser on the client terminal for providing a graphical and often interactive representation of the website on the client terminal. By way of the web-browser application, a user of the client terminal is able to navigate between and throughout various web pages provided by the website, and access various functionalities that are provided.

[0215] In addition to use of a website/browser-based implementation, interface 100 also includes a mobile compatible version that is particularly adapted for use with mobile devices utilising proprietary software (Apps). For example, client terminals such as Smartphones include software instructions for a computer program product that essentially provides access to a portal version of interface 100 via which server 88 is accessed (for instance via an iPhone app or the like).

[0216] In general terms, each terminal 102 includes a processor 114 coupled to a memory module 116 and a communications interface 118, such as an internet connection, modem, Ethernet port, serial port, or the like. Memory module 116 includes software instructions 120, which are executable on processor 114. These software instructions allow terminal 102 to execute a software application, such as a proprietary application or web browser application and thereby render on-screen a user interface and allow communication with server 88. Each terminal 102 also includes an interface 122 such as a touchscreen interface for presenting information to a user and allowing input from the user. This user interface allows for the creation, viewing and administration of profiles, access to the internal communications interface, and various other functionalities.

[0217] Hubs (e.g. 84a and 84b) from various properties are also able to be accessed through interface 100 by the system owner and optionally by the other parties. The various parties will have different levels of access to server and the hubs with the system owner having the highest level of access. Access levels to pest managers and system participants may be provided on a paid subscription basis with greater functionality and visibility being available at a higher subscription fee (paid monthly, yearly or the like).

[0218] In an alternative embodiment (not illustrated), system 80 includes no central hub and the individual monitoring stations 82 communicate directly with server 88 through a wireless communication such as mobile GSM protocols or even through a wired network. These embodiments would inherently have higher power usage so high capacity batteries and power management would be even more important.

[0219] In a first embodiment of the third aspect, the system framework described above and illustrated in FIGS. 19 and 20 provide for implementing a system and associated method of facilitating pest monitoring and control. Referring to FIG. 21 there is illustrated a process flow diagram illustrating the primary steps in an exemplary method 200 of facilitating pest monitoring and control. Dashed boxes in the drawing indicate optional steps in the procedure.

[0220] At step 201 pest monitoring stations, such as those described above, are installed on a property to be monitored. Installation is typically performed by a professional installer or a trained pest control professional but the stations may be installed by the untrained property owner/manager under suitable instruction. The installation process includes the installing of the central hub on or adjacent a house or building on the property and within wireless communication range of the installed monitoring stations.

[0221] Data from the completed installation is recorded in database 112 with individual records for each separately identifiable station. This database could be administered by the station manufacturer, or a pest control company, or even an unrelated third party acting as a certifying body. Depending on the sophistication of the stations installed, key data recorded would include things like date of installation, location of the property (including boundaries) and individual installed stations, dates of replacement of consumables and dates of application of termiticide, dates of detection of termites and changes in detection status etc.

[0222] The data from the installation is allocated or added to a specific user account for the system participant and a pest control manager is associated with the account. To access the account, the participant is able to download a suitable computer program in the form of a mobile proprietary software based App or similar onto mobile devices and enters relevant account login details. Similarly, the participant can access their user account through a web browser by accessing a specific website and entering relevant account login details. In either case, the user is provided with access to server 88 and database 112 through web interface 100. Access to the user account by the participant is contingent upon the participant paying the system owner/administrator a subscription fee on a monthly, yearly or other agreed upon timeframe.

[0223] Pest control managers have their own accounts which are linked to associated user accounts for properties in which they are contracted to monitor. Access to the pest control manager accounts is also performed by a mobile App or through a specific website.

[0224] At step 202, once installed, the monitoring stations are configured to issue routine pest monitoring notifications including the detection of termites, station battery level, attractant amount remaining, termiticide amount remaining and optionally other internal station conditions. The notifications are sent to server 88, stored in database 112 and are typically only received by the system owner/administrator. However, depending on the particular configuration of the system and user account, these notifications may be sent directly to the participant and/or pest control manager in addition to the system owner/administrator.

[0225] In response to the notifications received from the monitoring stations, server 88 is configured to generate a specified program of reminders and notifications regarding inspections, battery replacements, attractant replacements, electronic signalling equipment testing etc. The program will then operate to notify the key stakeholder, which, depending on the nature of the reminder, may be the system participant, pest control company, system owner/administrator or another party, when actions need to be taken regarding inspections, battery and attractant replacements etc. The number, type and frequency of reminders and notifications is established through settings associated with the user account. Depending on the type of user subscription, the participant may have authority to change one or more of the number, type or frequency of the reminders and notifications. Some changes may only be made by the system owner/administrator.

[0226] In the event of a reminder being triggered to carry out routine maintenance of a monitoring station, at optional step 203 the pest control manager or participant is prompted to carry out the maintenance. Such maintenance may be, for example, to replace a battery, replace attractant or install or replace termiticide.

[0227] At decision 204, if during routine monitoring the installed stations detect no termites, the monitoring continues and the procedure returns to step 202. If, however, termites are detected (say, by the triggering of a main switch within the device), at step 205, a notification is sent to the pest manager and optionally to the participant. The notification is also stored in database 112 and logged as an event in the participant's account. The detection of termites is recorded as a detection event and the location and time of the detection is stored in database 112 for subsequent historical analysis and planning. Optionally, at step 206, a pest control person may be prompted to carry out a personal pest inspection of the property.

[0228] Next, decision 207 is made whether to administer termiticide. This decision may be based on a professional opinion by the pest control manager. If the decision is to not administer termiticide, the process returns to step 202 and normal pest monitoring continues. If the decision is to administer termiticide the pest control manager updates a field to provide their response. A further decision 208 is made as to whether participant authorisation is required. If the participant has been requested to be notified to consent to the administering of termiticide on their property, at step 209 the appropriate authorisation is sought. This can be obtained through electronic means such as an electronic notification and request for consent or through more manual means such as a text message or email to the participant, a phone call or even a personal visit. The participant is able to provide their consent electronically through the web interface.

[0229] Once authorisation is provided, or if no authorisation is needed, at step 210 the termiticide is administered through one or more stations or otherwise in an attempt to eradicate the termites. The termiticide may be applied manually by the pest control manager or may occur automatically through the issuance of an instruction to an actuator within the monitoring station such as in the embodiments described in FIGS. 13 and 14.

[0230] After administering of the termiticide, the procedure returns to step 202 and normal monitoring resumes. In some embodiments, the frequency of monitoring by one or more of the stations may increase after initial detection of termites.

[0231] As such, by implementing the above method, the system provides comprehensive automated pest monitoring system. FIG. 22 illustrates schematically exemplary information flow that occurs between the various parties using the system.

[0232] As system 80 allows for the recording of termite detections events, the stored data can be used to generate a termite profile of the property indicating statistics such as historical termite attack locations and frequencies. These profiles may be generated automatically or upon request by an interested party such as the property owner. Furthermore, if a number of nearby properties have monitoring systems installed, the system owner/administrator is able to combine the data from multiple installations to generate a larger scale termite profile. This data could have significant economic value in terms of promoting the need for termite control in a particular area, property valuations, land prices and future town planning etc.

[0233] In a second embodiment of the third aspect, the system framework described above and illustrated in FIGS. 19 and 20 provide for implementing a system and associated method of recording and certifying adhesion to a pest control protocol for a particular installation. Referring to FIG. 23, there is illustrated a process flow diagram outlining the primary steps in a method 300 of recording and certifying adhesion to a pest control protocol.

[0234] At step 301 a plurality of termite monitoring stations are installed, each having a unique identification marker. The installation procedure is preferably performed in a manner similar to that described above. At step 302 data associated with each unique station within the installation is recorded into database 112. At step 303 the data is associated with a pre-determined policing program also stored in database 112. At step 304 server 88 generates policing reminders from the program which specify actions to be taken by the various parties in relation to each unique station and the feedback required. The reminders are sent via interface 100 and are retrievable on the various electronic client terminals though a web page or mobile software App. Finally, at step 305 feedback from actions taken by the parties in response to the reminders is recorded in database 112.

[0235] Ideally, means will also be provided for the person responsible for adherence to the agreed monitoring protocol, to feedback appropriate update information regarding each of the stations within the installation.

[0236] The system may further include means within, or separate to, the policing program, to compare the recorded feedback against a pre-set protocol of actions and outcomes and generate a report of compliance with or against the protocol.

[0237] Depending on the types of monitoring stations used, the system may record date of installation, replacement of attractant and/or batteries within set time frames, inspection frequency, proof of inspection including date of inspection, outcome of inspection, date of application of termiticide, etc.

[0238] The transfer of data to and from database 112, and to and from server 88 may be configured to utilise existing and future capabilities of fixed or mobile devices such as smart phones and the like.

[0239] An example illustrating the kind of information that could be monitored, the monitoring protocol and the optional use of internet based servers is set out below.

[0240] Each communication (data packet sent) from a monitoring station may have the following content of data: [0241] a unique address of each station (normally the MAC address of the Bluetooth based motherboard); [0242] battery status current battery capacity and voltage; [0243] date and time compromised by termites (main switch pressed); [0244] date and time last accepted transmission; [0245] date and time inspection lid lifted (hub shows red light) (also used for initial install to check connectivity with hub); [0246] date/time inspection lid lowered; [0247] date/time main chamber lid lifted; and [0248] date/time main chamber lid lowered.

[0249] In an exemplary embodiment, the maximum packet size of the above data excluding protocol data is approximately 150 Bytes.

[0250] To preserve battery life, processor 96 remains in a low power sleep state and waits to send the information which is sent at preferred times such as: [0251] When other data is required to be sent from the station, such as when the main switch is engaged to indicate the presence of termites; [0252] Monthly, at a predetermined time; and [0253] When the observation lid is lowered before sending off data. (The first data received indicates the installation date).

[0254] When data is not able to be sent the data is stored in memory module 96 of hub 84. When sending messages the hub checks whether there are any previous messages that haven't been sent and forwards these as well.

[0255] In one embodiment, each data packet is preferably sent to two different servers with different internet protocol addresses. This is to cater for the prospect of one of the servers being unavailable for any reason. When one of the servers is not able to be reached then the server who has accepted this data packet is notified of this event.

[0256] When main switch in any monitoring station is activated, also turn on flashing LED on lid of monitoring station. Indicates visually when termites are present.

[0257] When the observation lid is lifted the monitoring hub also has an associated LED blink 3 times (used to confirm connectivity to monitoring station).

[0258] Using a central internet based server as described above provides the following functionality.

[0259] A) Determining failure of any component of the system: [0260] If the required monthly messages are not received from a location to the central server; [0261] If not all monitoring stations (at a particular property location) have reported during that monthly monitoring period; or [0262] If not all the lids are lifted during an inspection then a report will be sent to the designated Inspector upon enquiry (normally before leaving a site) of those monitoring stations that have not been lifted.

[0263] B) The central Server 88 receives input from a participant's computer or mobile device. This input can be messages detailing any activity that cannot be automatically recorded by each monitoring station, such as: [0264] Release termiticide or bait; [0265] Replace battery; [0266] Replace attractant; [0267] Add bait or termiticide; [0268] Clean monitoring station; [0269] Replace lid; [0270] Replace internal container; [0271] Replace monitoring station itself; or [0272] Lodge a status of completion of work at a location.

[0273] These messages are sent by mobile application directly to the central server.

[0274] C) Messages are sent to designated participants from the central server based on, for example, the following: [0275] Main switch of a monitoring station is engaged (indicating the presence of termites) for a particular monitoring station; [0276] A photograph or video lodged to the central server by an inspector that is to be passed to all interested parties; [0277] A visit report is prepared and sent by the central server at completion of a visit by an inspector; [0278] The release of termiticide or bait instruction has been effected for a particular monitoring station.

[0279] Systems according to the invention can be further enhanced to include and enable localised Wi-Fi network extension and security monitoring with security cameras, at minimal additional costs.

[0280] Termiticide loaded bait elements may also be added to any embodiment of the system as needed. In one form, bait sticks specifically configured for sliding into the inspection chamber via the top inspection lid opening have been proposed. Ideally these bait sticks have longitudinally extending flutes or corrugations to maximise surface area for a given volume to maximise termiticide transfer to the termites. Preferably the flutes are sized to provide pathways for the termites to/from a portion of the bait stick. An example of a suitable bait stick 99 configured for use in the inspection chamber 7 is shown in FIG. 25.

[0281] In another embodiment (not illustrated) advantage can be taken of a termite fear reaction where the termites hit their bodies against other objects when they are in fear or are reacting to noise or vibration events. This creates a noticeable noise that can be successfully recorded by a microphone. Their reaction to the noise and vibration is almost instantaneous. Simulating this vibration by using a vibration motor and concurrently a mid pitched sound recorded from previously tested successful reactions from termites creates the availability of the almost certain and natural termite reaction. The computer initiating the vibration motor and the loud speaker at the same time turns on the microphone to see if a reaction from termites is forthcoming. This recorded noise in the same frequency range a normal termite reactions indicates the presence of termites. Such positive reaction is then forwarded to the messaging system previously detailed above to report that termites have a high probability of being present in this particular monitoring station.

[0282] In yet another range of embodiments, the presence of the termites can be triggered by movement of an element within the housing from an inherently unstable position to a stable position by action of the termites.

[0283] In one form, the bulk attractant may be configured to rest on a pivot point where the attractant is initially held in an inactivated position by weight balance, or assisted by light springs etc. The weight and shape can be configured such that the termites are directed to a particular region of the attractant, whereby once the weight of the attractant is reduced at that location, the balance is upset and the attractant tips to the stable position, at the same time activating some form of switch or alarm triggered directly or indirectly by the movement of the attractant mass or elements connected thereto.

[0284] One possible configuration is illustrated in FIG. 25. The principle in this embodiment is that as the attractant reduces in weight a spring attached under tension to the heavier side of the attractant gradually moves to an equilibrium point. The spring is attached at the top of the chamber. The bottom of the attractant may have plastic attached so that termites can only enter at a predetermined point on the heavy side such as via an 8 mm hole. Any movement at the top of the attractant is magnified such that a protrusion or a longitudinal piece of plastic attached on the top of the attractant (near the point of attachment of the spring) makes contact with a switch. The attractant may be sloped up ways from the bottom so that a pivot point is created, or secured to a pivot mechanism. The pivot point is not seen by the termites as the plastic base looks to be entirely flat from underneath. But there is then room to be able to pivot. Also to create the weight differential of the attractant on the top the attractant has a wedge cut out of it, where the attractant will naturally fall when the attractant become lighter. A further light spring holds the attractant at the top left as shown so that the attractant doesn't initially move.

[0285] In another variation (not illustrated), the unstable bulk attractant may be held in the initial inactivated position by a plug of preferentially enticing attractant which acts as a compromise point, such that once this bracing element is consumed it ceases to support the mass attractant which then tips to the stable position as above.

[0286] In both these embodiments the switch is activated by the moving weight, as opposed to the earlier embodiments where the switch is biased into an activated position and then held away from that position until the tension against the biasing means is removed, either by the counter weight being released or the anchor being released.

[0287] It will be appreciated that the first aspect of the invention provides considerable advantages over the prior art in terms of being better able to visually detect the presence of termites in the stations by providing a debris free inspection chamber, and facilitate that visual inspection without disturbing the atmospheric conditions in the chamber in which the attractant is present. This significantly enhances the likelihood of the termites establishing a feeding pattern at a station prior to termiticide being added, which further increases the likelihood of effective eradication of the colony.

[0288] It will also be understood that the second aspect of the invention provides means for automatically detecting the likely presence of termites without external interference in a manner that again is unlikely to frighten the termites away from the food source, such that a feeding pattern once again is more likely to be established and maintained, increasing the chances of effective post detection treatment and eradication. Furthermore, the design of the apparatus can be fine tuned to adjust the likely point of frangibility of the tie element to try to control how much time is allowed in establishing a feeding pattern prior to setting the alarm and/or activating or applying the termiticide.

[0289] It will also be understood that any reference to specific means of control and communication is not intended to be limiting, and that the advantages of the invention can be achieved using other control and monitoring media including those yet to be developed.

[0290] In addition, while the preferred embodiments are described as being made from polymeric materials, various forms of the embodiments of the inventive aspects could be made from one or more suitable materials including timber and could be made is a range of shapes other than those described.

[0291] Further, various enhancements to both aspects, coupled with the proposed systems and methods of the third aspect of the invention, readily enables compliance with, and recording of compliance with, predetermined pest monitoring and control protocols. This in turn can provide improved assurance to home buyers and home owners of residences where the system has been implemented, and enhance the value proposition of services offered by pest control companies.

[0292] Finally, it will be appreciated that while reference has been made to specific examples, numerous variations can be made, and any suitable features of one embodiment may be combined with some or all of the features of another embodiment, all without departing from the general scope of each aspect of the invention.

[0293] The term processor may refer to any device or portion of a device that processes electronic data, e.g., from registers and/or memory to transform that electronic data into other electronic data that, e.g., may be stored in registers and/or memory. A computer or a computing machine or a computing platform may include one or more processors.

[0294] In various embodiments, the one or more processors operate as a standalone device or may be connected, e.g., networked to other processor(s), in a networked deployment, the one or more processors may operate in the capacity of a server or a user machine in server-user network environment, or as a peer machine in a peer-to-peer or distributed network environment. The one or more processors may form a personal computer (PC), a tablet PC, a set-top box (STB), a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), a cellular telephone, a web appliance, a network router, switch or bridge, or any machine capable of executing a set of instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that machine.

[0295] Note that while the diagrams only show a single processor and a single memory that carries the computer-readable code, those in the art will understand that many of the components described above are included, but not explicitly shown or described in order not to obscure the inventive aspect. For example, while only a single server is illustrated, the term server shall also be taken to include any collection of server machines that individually or jointly execute a set (or multiple sets) of instructions to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein.

[0296] It should be appreciated that in the above description of exemplary embodiments of the invention, various features of the invention are sometimes grouped together in a single embodiment, figure, or description thereof for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure and aiding in the understanding of one or more of the various inventive aspects. This method of disclosure, however, is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed invention requires more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive aspects lie in less than all features of a single foregoing disclosed embodiment. Thus, the claims following the description are hereby expressly incorporated into this description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment of this invention.

[0297] Furthermore, while some embodiments described herein include some but not other features included in other embodiments, combinations of features of different embodiments are meant to be within the scope of the invention, and form different embodiments, as would be understood by those skilled in the art. For example, in the following claims, any of the claimed embodiments can be used in any combination.

[0298] Similarly, it is to be noticed that the term coupled, when used in the claims or description, should not be interpreted as being limited to direct connections only. The terms coupled and connected, along with their derivatives, may be used. It should be understood that these terms are not intended as synonyms for each other. Thus, the scope of the expression a device A coupled to a device B should not be limited to devices or systems wherein an output of device A is directly connected to an input of device B. It means that there exists a path between an output of A and an input of B which may be a path including other devices or means. Coupled may mean that two or more elements are either in direct physical or electrical contact, or that two or more elements are not in direct contact with each other but yet still co-operate or interact with each other.

[0299] Thus, while there has been described what are believed to be the preferred embodiments of the invention, those skilled in the art will recognize that other and further modifications may be made thereto without departing from the spirit of the invention, and it is intended to claim all such changes and modifications as falling within the scope of the invention. For example, any formulas given above are merely representative of procedures that may be used. Functionality may be added or deleted from the block diagrams and operations may be interchanged among functional blocks. Steps may be added or deleted to methods described within the scope of the present invention.