SORBENTS FOR THE OXIDATION AND REMOVAL OF MERCURY

Abstract

A promoted carbon and/or non-carbon base sorbent are described that are highly effective for the removal of mercury from flue gas streams. The promoted sorbent comprises a carbon and/or non-carbon base sorbent that has reacted with and contains forms of halogen and halides. Optional components may be added to increase and/or preserve reactivity and mercury capacity. These may be added directly with the base sorbent, or in-flight within a gas stream (air, flue gas, etc.), to enhance base sorbent performance and/or mercury capture. Mercury removal efficiencies obtained exceed conventional methods. The promoted sorbent can be regenerated and reused. Base sorbent treatment and preparation methods are also described. New methods for in-flight preparation, introduction, and control of the active base sorbent into the mercury contaminated gas stream are described.

Claims

1-21. (canceled)

22. A method for separating mercury from a mercury and ash containing gas comprising: (a) reacting elemental mercury in the mercury and ash containing gas with a promoted halogenated carbon sorbent and with a promoted halogenated non-carbon sorbent to form a mercury/sorbent composition; and (b) separating the mercury/sorbent composition form the mercury and ash containing gas.

23. The method of claim 22 wherein: (a) the promoted halogenated carbon sorbent is formed by reacting at least a portion of a carbon sorbent material with a halogen promoter or a halide promoter to form a promoted halogenated carbon sorbent.

24. The method of claim 23 wherein: (a) the carbon sorbent material comprises powdered activated carbon, granular activated carbon, carbon black, unburned carbon, carbon fiber, carbon honeycomb structure, carbon plate structure, aerogel carbon film, pyrolysis char, or regenerated activated carbon from product-promoted carbon sorbent.

25. The method of claim 23 wherein: (a) the carbon sorbent material comprises activated carbon.

26. The method of claim 23 wherein: (a) the carbon sorbent material has a mass mean particle size greater than the ash.

27. The method of claim 23 wherein: (a) the carbon sorbent material has a mass mean particle diameter greater than 40 micrometers.

28. The method of claim 23 wherein: (a) the carbon sorbent material has a mass mean particle diameter greater than 60 micrometers.

29. The method of claim 23 wherein: (a) the carbon sorbent material has a particle-sized distribution greater than the ash.

30. The method of claim 25 wherein: (a) the halogen promoter or the halide promoter reacted with the activated carbon comprises Br.sub.2 or HBr.

31. The method of claim 23 wherein: (a) the halogen promoter or the halide promoter comprises a molecular halogen in vapor or gaseous form, a molecular halogen in an organic solvent, a Group V or Group VI halide in vapor, or a Group V or Group VI halide in liquid.

32. The method of claim 22 wherein: (a) the carbon sorbent material comprises graphene sheets

33. The method of claim 22 wherein: (a) the halogenated non-carbon sorbent is formed by reacting at least a portion of a non-carbon sorbent material with a halogen promoter or a halide promoter to form a promoted halogenated non-carbon sorbent.

34. The method of claim 29 wherein: (a) the non-carbon sorbent material comprises a metal-oxygen-metal structure.

35. The method of claim 34 wherein: (a) the halogenated non-carbon sorbent comprises a metastable complex.

36. The method of claim 35 wherein: (a) the metastable complex comprises a dihalogengroup complexed with a metal-oxygen-metal structure.

37. The method of claim 35 wherein: (a) the metastable complex forms between a halogen promoter and an inorganic species comprising sodium, calcium, magnesium, aluminum, iron compounds, and combinations thereof.

38. The method of claim 24 wherein: (a) the promoted halogenated carbon sorbent is form by injecting the carbon sorbent material and the halogen promoter or the halide promoter into the mercury and ash containing gas.

39. The method of claim 38 wherein: (a) the carbon sorbent material and the halogen promoter or the halide promoter are injected into the mercury and ash containing gas at different locations.

40. The method of claim 33 wherein: (a) the promoted halogenated non-carbon sorbent is form by injecting the non-carbon sorbent material and the halogen promoter or the halide promoter into the mercury and ash containing gas.

41. The method of claim 40 wherein: (a) the non-carbon sorbent material and the halogen promoter or the halide promoter are injected into the mercury and ash containing gas at different locations.

42. A method for separating mercury from a mercury and ash containing gas comprising: (a) reacting elemental mercury in the mercury and ash containing gas with a promoted halogenated carbon sorbent and with a promoted halogenated non-carbon sorbent to form a mercury/sorbent composition; (i) the promoted halogenated carbon sorbent is formed by reacting at least a portion of a carbon sorbent material with a halogen promoter or a halide promoter to form a promoted halogenated carbon sorbent; and the carbon sorbent material comprises powdered activated carbon, granular activated carbon, carbon black, unburned carbon, carbon fiber, carbon honeycomb structure, carbon plate structure, aerogel carbon film, pyrolysis char, or regenerated activated carbon from product-promoted carbon sorbent; and (ii) the halogenated non-carbon sorbent is formed by reacting at least a portion of a non-carbon sorbent material with a halogen promoter or a halide promoter to form a promoted halogenated non-carbon sorbent; and the non-carbon sorbent material comprises a metal-oxygen-metal structure; and (b) separating the mercury/sorbent composition form the mercury and ash containing gas.

43. The method of claim 42 wherein: (a) the carbon sorbent material comprises activated carbon.

44. The method of claim 43 wherein: (a) the carbon sorbent material has a mass mean particle size greater than the ash.

45. The method of claim 42 wherein: (a) the carbon sorbent material has a mass mean particle diameter greater than 40 micrometers.

46. The method of claim 42 wherein: (a) the carbon sorbent material has a mass mean particle diameter greater than 60 micrometers.

47. The method of claim 42 wherein: (a) the carbon sorbent material has a particle-sized distribution greater than the ash.

48. The method of claim 42 wherein: (a) the halogen promoter or the halide promoter reacted with the activated carbon comprises Br.sub.2 or HBr.

49. The method of claim 42 wherein: (a) the halogen promoter or the halide promoter comprises a molecular halogen in vapor or gaseous form, a molecular halogen in an organic solvent, a Group V or Group VI halide in vapor, or a Group V or Group VI halide in liquid.

50. The method of claim 42 wherein: (a) the carbon sorbent material comprises graphene sheets

51. The method of claim 42 wherein: (a) the halogenated non-carbon sorbent comprises a metastable complex.

52. The method of claim 51 wherein: (a) the metastable complex comprises a dihalogengroup complexed with a metal-oxygen-metal structure.

53. The method of claim 51 wherein: (a) the metastable complex forms between a halogen promoter and an inorganic species comprising sodium, calcium, magnesium, aluminum, iron compounds, and combinations thereof.

54. The method of claim 42 wherein: (a) the promoted halogenated carbon sorbent is form by injecting the carbon sorbent material and the halogen promoter or the halide promoter into the mercury and ash containing gas.

55. The method of claim 54 wherein: (a) the carbon sorbent material and the halogen promoter or the halide promoter are injected into the mercury and ash containing gas at different locations.

56. The method of claim 42 wherein: (a) the promoted halogenated non-carbon sorbent is form by injecting the non-carbon sorbent material and the halogen promoter or the halide promoter into the mercury and ash containing gas.

57. The method of claim 42 wherein: (a) the non-carbon sorbent material and the halogen promoter or the halide promoter are injected into the mercury and ash containing gas at different locations.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0041] For a more detailed description of the preferred embodiments of the present invention, reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings.

[0042] FIG. 1 schematically illustrates methods for preparation of promoted carbon and/or non-carbon sorbents in accordance with the present invention.

[0043] FIG. 2 illustrates a proposed mechanistic model of the chemical reactions resulting in the oxidation and capture of mercury.

[0044] FIG. 3 schematically illustrates preparation of promoted carbon and/or non-carbon sorbents and processes for flue gas mercury reduction in flue gases and/or product gases from a gasification system in accordance with the present invention, including in-flight preparation of promoted carbon and/or non-carbon sorbent.

[0045] FIG. 4 illustrates a mechanism for promotion of metal oxide base sorbent via formation of a reactive halogen complex sorbent and subsequent capture of elemental mercury on the promoted sorbent.

[0046] FIG. 5A schematically illustrates an exemplary process flow diagram for in-flight preparation of a promoted carbon and/or non-carbon sorbent.

[0047] FIG. 5B schematically illustrates an exemplary process flow diagram for in-flight preparation of a promoted carbon and/or non-carbon sorbent.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0048] Herein will be described in detail specific preferred embodiments of the present invention, with the understanding that the present disclosure is to be considered an exemplification of the principles of the invention and is not intended to limit the invention to that illustrated and described herein. The present invention is susceptible to preferred embodiments of different forms or order and should not be interpreted to be limited to the specifically expressed methods or compositions contained herein. In particular, various preferred embodiments of the present invention provide a number of different configurations and applications of the inventive method, compositions, and their uses.

[0049] The present invention provides a cost-effective way to capture pollutants by utilizing exceptionally reactive halogen/halide-promoted sorbents using a bromide (or other halogen/halide) treatment of the promoted sorbent, that capture mercury via mercurysorbent surface reactions, at very short contact times of seconds or less. The reactivity of the promoted sorbent toward the pollutants (i.e., mercury) is greatly enhanced, and the sorption capacity can be regenerated; i.e., the promoted sorbent may be regenerated, recycled and/or reused.

[0050] The treated base sorbents (carbon, non-carbon, or their combination), treatment techniques, and optional additives discussed herein have applicability to mercury control from the product or effluent gas or gases from gasification systems, syngas generators, and other mercury-containing gas streams, in addition to the flue gas from combustion systems. Thus it should be understood that the terms combustion system and flue gas as used throughout this description may apply equally to gasification systems and syngas or fuel gas, as will be understood by those skilled in the art.

[0051] Hereinafter the disclosure may at times discuss the use of carbon base sorbents in further details; however the use of non-carbon base sorbents and a combination of carbon and non-carbon base sorbents is also contemplated to at least the same degree as carbon base sorbents.

[0052] Referring now to FIG. 1, there is shown a block flow diagram illustrating some preferred embodiments of the process of the present invention to prepare promoted sorbents useful for mercury capture in a mercury containing gas, such as a flue gas and/or product gas from gasification system streams. In a preferred embodiment illustrated by path 10-20, block 10 illustrates providing a base sorbent while block 20 illustrates adding a halogen or halide promoter that reacts with the base sorbent to produce a product-promoted sorbent. In embodiments where the halogen or halide is added, for example, as a vapor, no further steps may be necessary. In embodiments where the halogen or halide is added in, for example, a solvent, it may be desirable to employ solvent removal as illustrated by block 20A to produce a product-promoted sorbent suitable for injection.

[0053] Referring still to FIG. 1, another preferred embodiment of the process of the present invention is illustrated by path 10-20-30, comprising providing a base sorbent as shown by block 10, adding a halogen or halide promoter that reacts with the base sorbent, illustrated at block 20, and adding a secondary component illustrated at block 30 that reacts with the result of block 20 to produce a product-promoted sorbent. In embodiments where both the halogen or halide promoter and the secondary component are added, for example, as a vapor, no further steps may be necessary. In embodiments where the halogen or halide promoter and/or secondary component are added in, for example, a solvent, it may be desirable to employ solvent removal as illustrated by block 30A to produce a product-promoted sorbent suitable for injection.

[0054] Referring still to FIG. 1, another preferred embodiment of the process of the present invention is illustrated by path 10-40, comprising providing a base sorbent as illustrated at block 10 and adding a halogen or halide promoter and a secondary component to the base sorbent together, with which they react to produce a product-promoted sorbent as illustrated by block 40. As above, in embodiments where vapor additions are made to the base sorbent, no further steps may be desired. In embodiments where one or more components are added in solvent, a solvent removal step may be provided as illustrated by block 40A to produce a product-promoted sorbent suitable for injection.

[0055] Referring still to FIG. 1, another preferred embodiment of the process of the present invention is illustrated by path 10-50 in combination with path 20-50. In this embodiment, a base sorbent as illustrated by block 10 is introduced to the mercury containing gas as illustrated by block 50 while a halogen or halide promoter as illustrated by block 20 is introduced to the mercury containing gas stream. Thus the base sorbent and promoter react at block 50 to produce a product-promoted sorbent. In a similar manner, a secondary component as illustrated by block 30 may be added to the halogen or halide promoter as illustrated by block 20 and introduced into the mercury containing gas as illustrated by block 50. In embodiments where both the halogen or halide promoter and secondary component are added, for example, by vapor, no further steps may be taken. In embodiments where the halogen or halide and/or secondary component are added in, for example, a solvent, it may be desirable to employ solvent removal as illustrated by block 20A and/or block 30A.

[0056] Referring still to FIG. 1, also illustrated are preferred embodiments in which, as illustrated by block 50, a mercury containing gas stream is treated with product-promoted carbon sorbent prepared as described above.

[0057] In some preferred embodiments, the carbon base sorbent provided may preferably be any of several types, as understood by those skilled in the art. For example, the carbon base sorbent may include powdered activated carbon, granular activated carbon, carbon black, unburned carbon, carbon fiber, carbon honeycomb or plate structure, aerogel carbon film, pyrolysis char, regenerated activated carbon from product-promoted carbon sorbent, or other types as known in the art.

[0058] In some preferred embodiments, the carbon base sorbent provided may preferably have a mass mean particle size greater than the fly ash in a mercury containing gas, such as a flue gas stream, to be treated.

[0059] In some preferred embodiments, the carbon base sorbent provided may preferably have a mass mean particle diameter preferably greater than 40 micrometers, more preferably greater than 60 micrometers, or a particle-size distribution greater than that of the fly ash or entrained ash in a flue gas stream, or other mercury containing gas, to be treated, such that the activated carbon and ash can be separated by physical means.

[0060] In some preferred embodiments, the halogen or halide promoter that is added to, and reacts with, the carbon base sorbent may preferably comprise, by way of illustration and not limitation, a molecular halogen in vapor or gaseous form, a molecular halogen in an organic solvent, a Group V or Group VI halide, such as PBr.sub.3 or SCl.sub.2, respectively, in vapor, liquid, or solution form (though not in an aqueous solvent).

[0061] Embodiments are also provided in which the organic solvent may preferably comprise a chlorinated hydrocarbon, such as dichloromethane, a hydrocarbon solvent, including for example, petroleum ether, ligroin, pentane, hexane, toluene, and benzene, carbon disulfide, a waste solvent, an ether, a recycled solvent, a supercritical solvent, such as supercritical CO.sub.2, water (though not in the case of a Group V or Group VI halide), and others as will be apparent to those of skill in the art.

[0062] Referring now to FIG. 4, a theory is illustrated developed from scientific evidence to explain the nature of the promoting compounds. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 4, a molecular bromine molecule forms a complex with the surface of the base sorbent comprising a high surface area form of a metal oxide. Complexing with bromine can occur at surface and defect sites on the surface of the glassy amorphous tectosilicates by association with the Lewis basic oxygen lining the interstitial cavities and the alkali actions on the surface. Molecular hydrogen bromide or an electrophilic or Lewis acid bromine compound react to form a similar structure. The precedence for this promotion of a metal oxide surface complex with an acidic species is described in a paper by Stark and Klabunde (Klabunde, K. J. Chem. Mater. 1996, 8, 1913-1918) who showed addition of acids, HCl, SO.sub.3, and NO, to a MgO surface to form a surface complex. In U.S. Pat. No. 6,517,423 to Koper et al. the described surface complexes were active for destroying biological agents and toxins. As shown in FIG. 4, addition of halogens to a metal oxide surface (A) can form a complex that could be described as a bromide-oxybromide species (B), in which electrophilic reactivity is maintained, owing to the formation of positive charges on the surface. The electrophilic complex formed on the metal oxide base sorbent comprises an active site for oxidation of elemental mercury. Addition of mercury to the complex results in formation of a mercury oxygen bond and, simultaneously, a mercury bromine bond as shown in complex C in FIG. 4. Thus the final structure is a stable oxidized Hg form (D) described as a metaloxymercuric bromide.

[0063] In summary, it has now been found that the formation of the new bromide complex with the metal oxide surface increases the surface reactivity toward mercury and other pollutants. Additionally, the resulting bromide compound is uniquely suited to facilitate oxidation of the mercury. The effectiveness of the oxidation apparently results from the promotion effect of the halide, exerted on the developing positive charge on the mercury during the oxidation, known in the chemical art as a specific catalytic effect. Thus as the mercury electrons are drawn toward the positive surface oxygen, the halide anion electrons are pushing in from the other side, stabilizing the positive charge developing on the mercury and lowering the energy requirement for the oxidation process. Bromide is especially reactive, owing to the highly polarizable electrons in the outer 4p orbitals of the ion. Thus adding HBr or Br.sub.2 to the appropriate metal oxide forms a similar surface bromide complex, in which the positive oxygen oxidizes the mercury with the assistance of the bromide ion.

[0064] In embodiments, a non-carbon base sorbent with Lewis basic sites/groups comprising metal-oxygen-metal structures is activated by a promoter of this disclosure, forming a promoted sorbent. The promoter and the metal-oxygen-metal structures of the non-carbon base sorbent form metastable complexes, which are responsible for mercury capture via chemisorption. For example, metastable complexes may form between a halogen promoter and inorganic species on a non-carbon base sorbent, wherein inorganic species include sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), iron (Fe) compounds, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the metastable complexes comprise a dihalogen group, such as BrCl, BrBr, complexed with metal-oxygen-metal structures of the base sorbent. In some embodiments, the metastable complexes comprise a halogen atom, complexed with metal-oxygen-metal structures of the base sorbent. In some embodiments, the metastable complexes comprise a hydrohalogen group, complexed with metal-oxygen-metal structures of the base sorbent. In some embodiments, the metastable complexes comprise a Group V or Group VI halide, complexed with metal-oxygen-metal structures of the base sorbent. In some embodiments, the metal-oxygen-metal structures of the base sorbent are complexed with combinations of the functional groups disclosed herein. Without wishing to be limited by a theory, it is believed that mercury capture via chemisorption takes place through the action of mercury oxidation provided by these metastable complexes.

[0065] In embodiments, a carbon base sorbent with Lewis acid sites/groups comprising graphene sheets is activated by a promoter of this disclosure, forming a promoted sorbent. The promoter and the grapheme sheets of the carbon base sorbent form stable compounds, which are responsible for mercury capture via chemisorption. Without being limited by a theory, it is believed that mercury capture via chemisorption takes place through the action of mercury oxidation provided by these stable compounds. As one skilled in the art would appreciate, the versatility of chemistry associated with the base sorbent (carbon, non-carbon, or combination thereof) and the promoter of this disclosure enables versatile applications of the promoted sorbent system for mercury capture. This is especially advantageous because mercury content in flue gases varies from facility to facility, from operation to operation, and from day to day.

[0066] Examples of non-carbon base sorbents are amorphous forms of tectosilicates that comprise nanoscale cavities lined with Lewis basic oxygen associated with Group I alkali metals and Group II alkaline-earth metals. Such tectosilicates can be found in naturally occurring minerals, including, but not limited to, perlite and pumacite. Examples of non-carbon base sorbents also include amorphous forms of phyllosilicates. It is appreciated that other minerals may be used and also treated chemically and thermally to increase the activity of the base sorbent materials, such as phyllosilicates in the amorphous forms.

[0067] In some embodiments, bentonites are used as non-carbon base sorbents, including sodium bentonite and calcium bentonite. The use of other types of bentonites is contemplated as is known to one skilled in the art. The application of bentonite base sorbents is by introducing them into the flue gas at a location of the mercury capture system wherein the temperature of that location is below 800 C.

[0068] In some embodiments, the base sorbents are treated chemically and/or thermally to increase their activity. For example, perlite as a base sorbent may go through vacuum treatment and then thermal treatment so as to reduce the moisture contained therein, increase its activity, and potentially alter its morphology. Other treatment processes include chemical treatment, such acid treatment and alkaline treatment. These treatment methods may be combined to achieve desired effects as known to one skilled in the art. One of the desired effects is to increase the number of available Lewis acid sites/groups in the carbon base sorbent and/or the number of available Lewis basic sites/groups in the non-carbon base sorbent for subsequent activation via reaction with a promoter disclosed herein.

[0069] Referring now to FIG. 3, a schematic flow diagram is provided of mercury control system 100 comprising preparation of promoted base sorbents and flue gas mercury reduction in accordance with preferred embodiments of the present invention. In the exemplary embodiment shown, there is provided a base sorbent reservoir 110, a halogen/halide promoter reservoir 120, a secondary component reservoir 130, and an alkali component reservoir 180, each of which with corresponding flow control device(s) 201, 202, 203, and 208/209, respectively. In conjunction with the alkali component reservoir 180, flow control devices 208 and 209 can be used independently, together, or not at all. Further, reservoirs 110, 120, 130 and 180 are optional and can be used in any combination, or not at all, whereby the otherwise stored components can be introduced into the system by other means either together or independently. Further, the alkali and secondary components may not be used at all within the system, if so desired.

[0070] As shown, reservoirs 110, 120, 130, and 180 connect through their respective flow control devices and via associated piping, to transport line 115. Alkali component reservoir 180 may also connect, through respective flow control devices and via associated piping, to transport line 118. A source of air, nitrogen, or other transport gas(es) is provided by gas source 170 to transport line 115 for the purpose of entraining materials discharged from reservoirs 110, 120, 130, and 180 and injecting such materials, via injection point 116, into contaminated flue gas stream 15. A source of air, nitrogen, or other transport gas(es) may be provided by gas source 171 to transport line 118 for the purpose of entraining materials discharged from reservoirs 180 and injecting such materials, via injection point 119, into flue gas stream 15. Gas sources 170 and 171 may be the same or different, as desired. Alternatively, transport gas(es) may be provided to both transport lines 115 and 118 by gas source 170 (connection from source 170 to line 118 not shown). Although gas sources 170 and 171 are shown in FIG. 3 as compressors or blowers, any source of transport energy known in the art may be acceptable, as will be appreciated by those of skill in the art.

[0071] For clarity, single injection points 116 or 119 are shown in FIG. 3, although one skilled in the art will understand that multiple injection points and/or locations are within the scope of the present invention. In the embodiment shown, transport line 15 comprises multiple lines allowing for multiple injections and separate and/or combined injections of base sorbent 110 and promoter 120 and/or 130. One mode of operation, by example, comprises providing base sorbent 110 in a common line which is promoted inline in-flight using promoter 120 and/or 130 and injected at point 116. Another mode of operation, by example, comprises transport and injection of a base sorbent 110 in a separate line to a point downstream of the injection of promoter 120 and/or 130 in a line at point 116 which is upstream of injection of base sorbent 110, resulting in in-flight preparation at a promoted sorbent within stream 15.

[0072] In the exemplary embodiment shown, an optional optical density measuring device(s) 204 is connected to transport line 115 and/or 118 to provide signals representative of the optical density inside transport line 115 and/or 118 as a function of time.

[0073] Downstream from injection point 116 and 119 is provided particulate separator 140. By way of illustration and not limitation, particulate separator 140 may comprise one or more fabric filters, one or more ESPs, or other particulate removal devices as are known in the art. It should be further noted that more than one particulate separator 140 may exist, sequentially or in parallel, and that injection point 116 and 119 may be at multiple locations upstream and/or downstream of 140 when parallel, sequential, or combinations thereof exist. Particulate separator 140 produces at least a predominantly gaseous (clean) stream 142 and a stream 141 comprising separated solid materials. A sorbent/ash separator 150 separates stream 141 into a largely ash stream 152 and a largely sorbent stream 151. Stream 151 may then preferably be passed to an optional sorbent regenerator 160, which yields a regenerated sorbent stream 161 and a waste stream 162.

[0074] An optional continuous emission monitor (hereinafter CEM) 205 for mercury is provided in exhaust gas stream 35 to provide electrical signals representative of the mercury concentration in exhaust stream 35 as a function of time. The optional mercury CEM 205 and flow controllers 201, 202, 203, 208, and 209 are electrically connected via optional lines 207 (or wirelessly) to an optional digital computer (or controller) 206, which receives and processes signals and preferably controls the preparation and injection of promoted carbon sorbent into contaminated flue gas stream 15.

[0075] In operation, as example, promoted sorbent and/or an optional alkali component is injected into contaminated flue gas stream 15. After contacting the injected material with the contaminated flue gas stream 15, the injected material reduces the mercury concentration, transforming contaminated flue gas into reduced mercury flue gas, 25. The injected material is removed from the flue gas 25 by separator 140, disposed of or further separated by optional separator 150, and disposed of or regenerated by an optional regenerator 160, respectively. The reduced mercury clean flue gas stream 142 is then monitored for mercury content by an optional CEM 205, which provides corresponding signals to an optional computer/controller 206. Logic and optimization signals from 206 then adjust flow controllers 201, 202, 203, 208, and 209 to maintain the mercury concentration in exhaust stream 35 within desired limits, according to control algorithms well known in the art. Flow controllers 201, 202, 203, 208, and 209 can also be adjusted manually or by some other automated means to maintain the mercury concentration in exhaust stream 35 within desired limits, according to control algorithms well known in the art.

[0076] Referring still to FIG. 3, several embodiments are illustrated for preparation and injection of promoted sorbents and/or alkali components in accordance with the present invention. Stream 111 provides for introduction of base sorbent from reservoir 110, as metered by flow controller 201 manually or under the direction of computer 206. The halogen/halide may be combined and react with the base sorbent according to any of several provided methods. The halogen/halide may preferably be combined via line 121 directly into transport line 115, within which it contacts and reacts with the base sorbent prior to injection point 116 or downstream at point 116. This results in in-flight preparation of a promoted sorbent in accordance with the invention. Further, the halogen/halide may be combined via line 121b with the base sorbent prior to entering transport line 115. Still further, the halogen/halide may be contacted and react with the base sorbent by introduction via line 121c into reservoir 110. This option is preferably employed when, for example, reservoir 110 comprises an ebulliated or flueidized bed of base sorbent, through which halogen/halide flows in gaseous form or as a vapor. Of course, the halogen/halide may also preferably be contacted with the base sorbent in liquid form or in a solvent, as discussed previously, and solvent removal (not shown in FIG. 3) may then be provided if necessary as mentioned with respect to embodiments discussed with reference to FIG. 1.

[0077] Similarly, the optional secondary component may be contacted and react directly in transport line 115 via line 131, or optionally as described above with respect to the halogen/halide, via lines 131b and 131c.

[0078] Similarly, the optional alkali component from 180 may either be added in transport line 115 directly, or may be injected separately by transport line 118, combining downstream in flue gas 15 for synergistic effects with the base sorbent, promoted sorbent, or optional secondary components. Being able to vary on-site the amount of the optional alkali component relative to base sorbent, promoted sorbent, or optional secondary components is a key feature to overcome and optimize for site-specific operating and flue gas conditions.

[0079] In some preferred embodiments wherein contacting between components and reaction is performed in a liquid or solvent phase, stirring of such liquid and/or slurry mixtures may be provided. In other embodiments, the halogen/halide promoter and optional secondary component(s) may preferably be sprayed in solution form into or on the base sorbent. In some such embodiments, drying, filtering, centrifugation, settling, decantation, or other solvent removal methods as are known in the art may then be provided.

[0080] In embodiments wherein the halogen/halide promoter is in gaseous or vapor form, it may be diluted in air, nitrogen, or other gas as appropriate. The halide/halogen gas, for example, gaseous HBr or Br.sub.2, may be passed through an ebulliated or flueidized bed of granular or fibrous base sorbent, with the promoted sorbent so produced removed from the top of the bed via gas entrainment for injection.

[0081] In some embodiments, the secondary component(s) may preferably comprise iodine or other halogens, hydrohalides, including without limitation HI, HBr, HCl, a Group V or Group VI element with a molecular halogen, such as SCl.sub.2 and others. In some preferred embodiments, the promoted sorbent may comprise from about 1 to about 30 g of halogen/halide per 100 g of base sorbent. In some preferred embodiments, the promoted sorbent may comprise a secondary component in concentration of from about 1 to about 15 wt % of the concentration of the halogen/halide component.

[0082] In still other embodiments, the product-promoted sorbent may be applied to a substrate. In other embodiments, such prepared substrate(s) may be caused to contact a contaminated flue gas or gasification system product gas stream for mercury reduction purposes. Such substrates may be monolithic, rotating, or exposed to the gas stream in any number of ways known to those skilled in the art.

[0083] In some embodiments, a method is provided whereby a mercury stabilizing reagent is added to a promoted sorbent to produce a bifunctional sorbent. Such stabilizing reagent(s) may be sequentially added, either before or after the addition and reaction of the halogen/halide. In some preferred embodiments, the halogen/halide preferably comprises Br or HBr, and the mercury-stabilizing reagent may comprise S, Se, H.sub.2S, SO.sub.2, H.sub.2Se, SeO.sub.2, CS.sub.2, P.sub.2S.sub.5, and combinations thereof.

Halogens in Mercury Capture

[0084] Methodologies for using halogens for the treatment of flue gas have been problematic, owing to their reactivity with other gases and metals, resulting in corrosion and health issues. A halogen is defined as a member of the very active elements comprising Group VIIA (CAS nomenclature is used throughout; Group VIIA (CAS) corresponds to Group VIIB (IUPAC)) of the periodic table. In the molecular elemental form of the halogens, including F.sub.2, Cl.sub.2, Br.sub.2, and I.sub.2, the reaction with hot flue gas components leaves little to react with elemental mercury. The atomic elemental halogen form, which includes the flueorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine atoms, is about a million times more reactive to mercury, but the concentration of the atomic forms is typically extremely low. In a large portion of electric utility coal combustion facilities, the concentrations are generally not sufficient to oxidize a significant amount of mercury.

[0085] The term halide as used herein is defined as a compound formed from the reaction of a halogen with another element or radical. In general, halide compounds are much less reactive than the molecular halogens, having a low chemical potential. Halides are considered reduced forms that do not, alone, oxidize other compounds. In the conventional view, therefore, a halide salt-treated sorbent will not effectively oxidize elemental mercury and capture elemental mercury.

Halogen-Promoted Sorbent Characteristics

[0086] The promoted sorbent described here has a very high initial reactivity for oxidizing mercury and therefore, can be used in very small amounts to achieve very high capture efficiencies, thus lowering operation costs and lessening waste disposal problems. In addition, further disposal reductions are obtainable by regenerating and reusing the promoted sorbents produced using the inventive technology. The time interval required for the mercury and the promoted sorbents of the present invention to successfully interact in a flue gas duct, with subsequent collection of the mercury on the promoted sorbent and ash, is very shortless than seconds. Clearly, such collection times require the promoted sorbent to have both high capacity and high reactivity toward mercury. The promoted sorbent can be utilized in a very finely powdered form to minimize mass-transfer limitations. However, again, the reactivity should be very high to capture all of the mercury encountered by the fine particles. Additionally, use of these enhancement technologies allows capture to be effective for larger sorbent particles which also allows separation of the promoted sorbent from the ash to enable subsequent regeneration as well as ash utilization. One feature of this invention is the process to prepare a promoted sorbent containing a halide component formed on and/or within the base sorbent structure that provides a sorbent that is highly active on initial contact with the mercury-contaminated gas stream, which allows for very effective capture of the mercury.

[0087] The inventive sorbents chemically combine bromine species with Lewis acid/basic sites on the base sorbent. For example, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy has established that the addition of bromine, chlorine, HBr, or HCl formed a chemical compound in the carbon structure. Thus the promoted sorbent produced from halogen and base sorbent does not represent a molecular halogen form, but rather a new chemically modified structure. This phenomenon may not occur with the less reactive iodine, where an I.sub.2 molecular complex can exist on the carbon basal plane. In the case of bromine, modified cationic carbon has a high chemical potential for oxidation of mercury. Thus an entirely new model is presented for the reactivity of the bromine-treated carbon with mercury shown in FIG. 2. The reactive carbon form can preferably be generated by the addition of bromine, hydrogen bromide, or combinations of bromine and other elements, as described herein. Halogen treatment resulted in higher-activity carbons because the halide anions (especially bromide and iodide) were effective in promoting oxidation by stabilizing the developing positive charge on the mercury in the transition state for oxidation. Based on this model, several innovative, inexpensive, activity-enhancing features have been developed.

Optional Second Component

[0088] It has been demonstrated that addition of an optional second component, in addition to the bromine, results in improved reactivity and capacity for the promoted sorbent, typically exceeding that of both the untreated base sorbent and the brominated carbon. The second compound comprises either a second halogen or a compound derived from a second halogen, such as HI. Thus in addition to having a reactive carbon form present, the second component generates a Lewis base with greater ability to stabilize the developing positive charge on the mercury. Thus the second component is an element with more polarized electrons (4p and 5p).

Optional Alkali Component

[0089] It has been demonstrated that addition of an optional alkali component with a base or promoted activated carbon results in improved mercury capture, typically exceeding that of both the untreated carbon and the promoted carbon. Test data indicate that flue gas contaminants, flue gas constituents (SO.sub.2, NO.sub.x, HCl, etc), operating temperature, mercury form, and mercury concentration may impact the effectiveness of the alkali addition. This suggests the need to be able to adjust and tailor the alkali-to-activated-carbon ratio on-site in order to overcome and optimize for a given set of site conditions.

[0090] The synergy that can be gained when coinjecting the two materials can be explained as follows. First, testing shows that binding sites on activated carbon (hereinafter AC) can be consumed by chlorine species, sulfur species (i.e., sulfates), and other flue gas contaminants (arsenates, selenates, etc). The addition of optional alkali material will interact and react with these species/contaminants, thus minimizing their consumption of AC mercury binding sites. Second, testing also shows that standard AC will continue to oxidize mercury, even though the binding sites are fully consumed. This oxidized mercury can then react with alkali material and subsequently be captured by particulate control devices. Consequently, the addition of the optional alkali component acts to protect mercury-binding sites and capture oxidized mercury, thereby resulting in improved mercury reduction at lower cost. Alkali is generally much lower in cost an order of magnitude less) than AC; thus more of it can be used, still resulting in overall lower costs.

In-Flight Sorbent Preparation

[0091] As stated previously, the halogen promoted sorbent can be readily produced in-flight. This is accomplished by, for example, contacting the vapors of any combination of halogens and, optionally, a second component, in-flight, with base sorbent particles. The particles may be dispersed in a stream of transport air (or other gas, such as the flue gas itself), which also conveys the halogen/halide-promoted sorbent particles to the flue gas duct, or other contaminated gas stream, from which mercury is to then be removed. There is no particular temperature requirement for this contact. This technology is obviously very simple to implement, and results in a great cost savings to facilities using this technology for mercury capture.

[0092] Referring to FIGS. 5A and 5B, process flow diagrams are shown as examples of the process for mercury removal from a mercury containing gas, such as a flue gas. In an embodiment shown at FIG. 5A, gas inlet stream 501 passes through chamber 301 and enters air heater 302 as stream 502; then it exits air heater 302 as stream 503 and passes through particulate control device 303 and enters scrubber 304 as stream 504; finally it exits scrubber 304 as stream 505. As shown, chamber 301 is a boiler, however, one skilled in the art will appreciate that chamber 301 can also be the combustion chamber of a coal fired boiler, a stand alone combustion chamber or any other chamber in which mercury containing gas is either generated or passed through. Injection streams 401, 402, 403 and 404, in addition to stream 501, are multiple locations wherein promoter, base sorbent, or a combination of promoter and base sorbent may be introduced.

[0093] FIG. 5B shows an embodiment similar to that of FIG. A, but with the position of the scrubber and particulate control device switched. Specifically, gas inlet stream 501 passes through chamber 301 and enters air heater 302 as stream 502; then it exits air heater 302 as stream 503 and passes through scrubber 304 and enters particulate control device 303 as stream 504; finally it exits particulate control device 303 as stream 505. As shown, chamber 301 is a boiler, however, one skilled in the art will appreciate that chamber 301 can also be the combustion chamber of a coal fired boiler, a stand alone combustion chamber or any other chamber in which mercury containing gas is either generated or passed through. Injection stream locations 401, 402, 403 and 404, in addition to stream 501, represent multiple locations wherein promoter, base sorbent, or a combination of promoter and base sorbent may be introduced.

[0094] At each of the aforementioned injection stream locations 401, 401, 402, 402, 403, 403, 404 and 404, 501, 501 multiple injection points are contemplated so that promoter and base sorbent may be injected as a single injection stream or as separate injection streams, as further illustrated in the following exemplary embodiments.

[0095] In an embodiment, a promoter is introduced to chamber 301 at location 401. A base sorbent (carbon, non-carbon, or their combination) is introduced at location 402 upstream of air heater 302. In a further embodiment, a promoter is introduced to at location 402 upstream of air heater 302. A base sorbent (carbon, non-carbon, or their combination) is also introduced at location 402 either as a separate stream or as a mixed single stream with the promoter. In another embodiment, a promoter is introduced at locations 401 and 402. A base sorbent (carbon, non-carbon, or their combination) is introduced at location 402 either as a separate stream or as a mixed single stream with the promoter.

[0096] With the aid of this disclosure, one of ordinary skill in the art will be able to configure the process in many different fashions for mercury removal using the promoted sorbent. All these configurations are considered equivalents of the disclosed process and therefore are within the scope of the claimed invention.

Advantages of On-Site Preparation

[0097] In-flight preparation of the halogen/halide-promoted sorbent on location produces certain advantages. For example, the treatment system can be combined with the base sorbent injection system at the end-use site. With this technique, the halogen/halide is introduced to the base sorbent air (or other gas, including to the flue gas or other mercury containing gas) mixture in a transport line (or flue gas duct part of the base sorbent storage and injection system). This provides the following benefits over current conventional concepts for treating sorbents off-site: [0098] Capital equipment costs at a treatment facility are eliminated. [0099] Costs to operate the treatment facility are eliminated. [0100] There are no costs for transporting carbon and additive to a treatment facility. [0101] The inventive process uses existing hardware and operation procedures. [0102] The inventive technology ensures that the sorbent is always fresh and, thus, more reactive. [0103] No new handling concerns are introduced. [0104] There are no costs for removing carbon from treatment system. [0105] The inventive process allows rapid on-site tailoring of additive-sorbent ratios in order to match the requirements of flue gas changes, such as may be needed when fuels are changed or loads are reduced, thus further optimizing the economics. [0106] The inventive technology reduces the amount of spent sorbents that are disposed.

[0107] With the foregoing and other features in view, there is provided, in accordance with the present invention, embodiments including a process for preparing and regenerating halogen/halide-promoted sorbents, whose activity for mercury capture is enhanced by the addition of halogen (e.g., bromine) to the base sorbent structure.

Sorbent Injection Location

[0108] Some of the preferred embodiments contemplate the use of a halogen-promoted sorbent in a powdered form that has been injected into a flue gas stream before or after ash particulates have been removed. Other embodiments of the inventive composition of the halogen-promoted sorbent comprise a powdered modified AC prepared by adding Br.sub.2 or HBr plus a second optional component. Other embodiments allow the addition of the optional alkali component in conjunction with a base AC and/or with the use of a halogen-based sorbent and any other combinations of the sorbent technologies provided in this patent. Other embodiments allow for in-flight preparation of promoted sorbents by using and combining the promoters and base sorbents. Alternatively, embodiments include methods wherein the base sorbent is on a moving contactor consisting of particles or fibers containing one or more of the compositions listed above.

Sorbent Regeneration

[0109] Any of the above embodiments of the halogen/halide-promoted carbon and/or non-carbon sorbent can be easily regenerated; the poisoning contaminants from the flue gas are preferably removed, and an inexpensive promoting agent added, to restore mercury sorption activity. This process of promoting the activity of the carbon and/or non-carbon itself contrasts with the earlier, more expensive, conventional methods of adding a reagent (such as peroxide, gold, triiodide, etc.) to a base sorbent. The halogen/halide-promoted carbon sorbent of the present invention, treated with bromine and/or optional components, is noncorrosive. Detailed examples of sorbent regeneration techniques are described in copending, commonly owned PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US04/12828, titled PROCESS FOR REGENERATING A SPENT SORBENT, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Sorbent Injection Control Schemes

[0110] Another advantage of the present invention relates to the use of a feedback system to more efficiently utilize certain aspects of the invention. Where possible and desirable, the mercury control technology of the present invention may preferably utilize continuous measurement of mercury emissions as feedback to assist in control of the sorbent injection rate. Tighter control on the sorbent and optional component(s) levels can be achieved in this way, which will ensure mercury removal requirements are met with minimal material requirements, thus minimizing the associated costs. In an embodiment, the mercury emissions are continuously measured downstream of the injection location, preferably in the exhaust gas at the stack.

EXAMPLES

[0111] To more clearly illustrate the present invention, an example is presented below. This example is intended to be illustrative, and no limitations to the present invention should be drawn or inferred from the example presented herein.

Example 1

Non-Carbon-Promoted Sorbent Tests at Full-Scale Plants

[0112] Full-scale commercial tests were conducted at several coal-burning facilities equipped with ESPs wherein three types of pre-cursers were injected upstream of an ESP at 325 F. In all, more than thirty tests were performed with variations in base sorbent material, base sorbent material injection rates and promoter injection rates. Promoters were halogen-based materials. Base sorbents were clay-based materials such as perlite and pumacite, which are vesicular forms of tectosilicates comprising silicates and aluminate tetrahedra with alkali metals in the interstitual spaces. Each base sorbent was injected upstream from the ESP.

[0113] The flue gas flow rate for the test was approximately 23 million dsft.sup.3/hr with a corresponding mercury flow rate of 0.0097 lbs Hg/hr. Initial mercury concentration in the flue gas prior to the introduction of the base sorbent or promoted sorbent was approximately 0.000417 lbs Hg/million dsft.sup.3.

[0114] As shown in Table 1, each base sorbent was injected at three different test rates: about 100 lb/hr (Low), about 150 lb/hr (Ave.) and about 200 lb/hr (High). At each test rate, the mercury removal rate was measured both with and without the use of a promoter to show the relative benefit of introducing the promoter into the flue gas stream. For the tests where promoter was injected into the flue gas stream, promoter was injected at about 20 lb/hr for the Low tests, at about 25 lb/hr for the Ave. tests and from about 30 to about 50 lb/hr for the High tests. The percent mercury removal for each test was calculated based on measurements taken from the inlet flue gas and the outlet flue gas. The results as shown in Table 1 clearly show a significant improvement in mercury capture when a promoter and base sorbent are injected, as compared to the injection of a base sorbent alone.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Test Data for Non Carbon-Promoted Sorbents Base Sorbent Promoter Percent Removal Base Injection Rate Injection Rate of Mercury Sorbent (lb/hr) (lb/hr) (%) Material Low Ave. High Low Ave. High Low Ave. High Perlite 100 150 200 0 0 0 37 40 43 100 150 200 20 25 35 55 72 74 Pumacite 100 150 200 0 0 0 25 25 25 100 150 200 20 25 50 52 60 65 Clay- 100 150 200 0 0 0 50 52 54 Based Mix 100 150 200 20 25 30 58 65 74 of Silica and Alumina

[0115] While the preferred embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, modifications thereof can be made by one skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and teachings of the invention. The embodiments described herein are exemplary only and are not intended to be limiting. Many variations and modifications of the invention disclosed herein are possible and are within the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the scope of protection is not limited by the description set out above, but is only limited by the claims which follow, that scope including all equivalents of the subject matter of the claims.

[0116] The examples provided in the disclosure are presented for illustration and explanation purposes only and are not intended to limit the claims or embodiment of this invention. While the preferred embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, modifications thereof can be made by one skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and teachings of the invention. Process criteria, equipment, and the like for any given implementation of the invention will be readily ascertainable to one of skill in the art based upon the disclosure herein. The embodiments described herein are exemplary only and are not intended to be limiting. Many variations and modifications of the invention disclosed herein are possible and are within the scope of the invention. Use of the term optionally with respect to any element of the invention is intended to mean that the subject element is required, or alternatively, is not required. Both alternatives are intended to be within the scope of the invention.

[0117] The discussion of a reference in the Background is not an admission that it is prior art to the present invention, especially any reference that may have a publication date after the priority date of this application. The disclosures of all patents, patent applications, and publications cited herein are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety, to the extent that they provide exemplary, procedural, or other details supplementary to those set forth herein.

[0118] Although the invention is described herein as a promoted sorbent material and associated processes for its preparation and use, it is nevertheless not intended to be limited to the details described, since various modifications and structural changes may be made therein without departing from the spirit of the invention and within the scope and range of equivalents of the claims.