ELECTROCHEMICAL REDUCTANT GENERATION WHILE DOSING DEF

Abstract

A diesel exhaust fluid (DEF) doser includes a DEF inlet configured to receive DEF, a DEF outlet configured to spray DEF out of the DEF doser, and an electrochemical cell. The electrochemical cell is located between the DEF inlet and the DEF outlet and couplable to a power source. The electrochemical cell is configured such that, when DEF is flowing from the DEF inlet to the DEF outlet and when the electrochemical cell is coupled to the power source, the electrochemical cell causes an electrolytic reaction in the DEF flowing from the DEF inlet to the DEF outlet to produce gaseous products in the DEF flowing from the DEF inlet to the DEF outlet, and wherein the gaseous products comprise one or more of H.sub.2 or NH.sub.3.

Claims

1. A diesel exhaust fluid (DEF) doser, comprising: a DEF inlet configured to receive DEF; a DEF outlet configured to spray DEF out of the DEF doser; and an electrochemical cell located between the DEF inlet and the DEF outlet and couplable to a power source, wherein the electrochemical cell is configured such that, when DEF is flowing from the DEF inlet to the DEF outlet and when the electrochemical cell is coupled to the power source, the electrochemical cell causes an electrolytic reaction in the DEF flowing from the DEF inlet to the DEF outlet to produce gaseous products in the DEF flowing from the DEF inlet to the DEF outlet, and wherein the gaseous products comprise one or more of H.sub.2 or NH.sub.3.

2. The DEF doser of claim 1, wherein the power source is coupled to a wave form generator configured to vary electrical power from the power source.

3. The DEF doser of claim 1, wherein the electrochemical cell comprises two electrodes configured to be couplable to the power source, wherein the two electrodes form portions of an anode compartment and a cathode compartment between the DEF inlet and the DEF outlet.

4. The DEF doser of claim 3, wherein at least one of the two electrodes comprises at least one of platinum, palladium, nickel, rhodium, ruthenium, tungsten, or titanium.

5. The DEF doser of claim 3, wherein at least one of the two electrodes comprises a metal material of a porous sintered construction, the DEF doser further comprising: a solid ionically conducting material located between portions of the two electrodes.

6. The DEF doser of claim 5, wherein the ionically conducting material comprises a proton conducting material configured to be impregnated with hydrophilic mineral particles.

7. The DEF doser of claim 1, wherein the power source is configured to activate the electrochemical cell with an applied voltage up to about 10V.

8. The DEF doser of claim 1, wherein the power source is configured to activate the electrochemical cell with a pulsed voltage in a range from about 10V to about 10V at a time interval between about 1 s and about 1 ms.

9. The DEF doser of claim 8, wherein a current density of the electrolytic reaction in the DEF flowing from the DEF inlet to the DEF outlet caused by the pulsed voltage is in a range from about 1 A and about 1 mA.

10. The DEF doser of claim 1, wherein the power source is configured to drive the electrochemical cell with a pulsed voltage that is timed based on a pulsed flow pattern of DEF spray out of the DEF outlet.

11. The DEF doser of claim 1, wherein a droplet size of DEF spray out of the DEF outlet is controlled based on an applied voltage from the power source.

12. The DEF doser of claim 1, wherein the electrochemical cell is configured such that a droplet size of DEF spray out of the DEF outlet when the electrolytic reaction occurs in the DEF flowing from the DEF inlet to the DEF outlet is smaller than a droplet size of DEF spray out of the DEF outlet when the electrolytic reaction does not occur.

13. The DEF doser of claim 1, wherein the electrolytic reaction comprises electro-active vaporization, wherein the electro-active vaporization comprises water electrolysis in the DEF flowing from the DEF inlet to the DEF outlet and accelerated production of the gaseous products in the DEF flowing from the DEF inlet to the DEF outlet.

14. The DEF doser of claim 1, wherein the electrochemical cell is configured such that an applied voltage to the electrochemical cell causes discharge of one or more DEF deposits at the DEF outlet.

15. A diesel exhaust system, comprising: a flow channel configured to direct diesel exhaust into a mixing chamber; a diesel exhaust fluid (DEF) doser configured to spray DEF into the diesel exhaust in the mixing chamber; and a power source coupled to the DEF doser and configured to provide an applied voltage to the DEF doser; wherein the DEF doser comprises an electrochemical cell configured such that, when the applied voltage is provided by the power source, the electrochemical cell causes an electrolytic reaction in the DEF to produce gaseous products in the DEF before the DEF is sprayed into the mixing chamber, and wherein the gaseous products comprise one or more of H.sub.2 or NH.sub.3.

16. The diesel exhaust system of claim 15, wherein the gaseous products produced in the electrolytic reaction cause the sprayed DEF to mix with the diesel exhaust in the mixing chamber more rapidly than sprayed DEF without the gaseous products mixed with the diesel exhaust in the mixing chamber.

17. The diesel exhaust system of claim 15, wherein the power source comprises a wave form generator configured to vary electrical power in the applied voltage from the power source to the DEF doser.

18. The diesel exhaust system of claim 15, wherein the electrochemical cell comprises two electrodes configured to be couplable to the power source, wherein the two electrodes form portions of an anode compartment and a cathode compartment between the DEF inlet and the DEF outlet.

19. The diesel exhaust system of claim 18, wherein at least one of the two electrodes comprises a metal material of a porous sintered construction, and wherein the DEF doser further comprises a solid ionically conducting material located between portions of the two electrodes.

20. The diesel exhaust system of claim 19, wherein the ionically conducting material comprises a proton conducting material configured to be impregnated with hydrophilic mineral particles.

Description

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0013] The foregoing aspects and many of the attendant advantages of this invention will become more readily appreciated as the same become better understood by reference to the following detailed description, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:

[0014] FIG. 1 depicts an embodiment of a system for sidewall injection of DEF into an exhaust stream, in accordance with the embodiments described herein;

[0015] FIG. 2 depicts an embodiment of a system for central injection of DEF into an exhaust stream, in accordance with the embodiments described herein;

[0016] FIG. 3 depicts an embodiment of a system for central, non-disruptive injection of DEF into an exhaust stream, in accordance with the embodiments described herein;

[0017] FIG. 4 depicts a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of an electro-activated DEF doser, in accordance with the embodiments described herein;

[0018] FIG. 5 depicts an embodiment of a system with the DEF doser depicted in FIG. 4 used with the exhaust pipe depicted in FIG. 3, in accordance with the embodiments described herein;

[0019] FIG. 6 depicts an embodiment of a system with the DEF doser depicted in FIG. 4 used with the exhaust pipe depicted in FIG. 3 and coupled to a power source, in accordance with the embodiments described herein; and

[0020] FIG. 7 depicts an embodiment of a test setup to test electrolytic reactions in DEF, in accordance with the embodiments described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0021] The detailed description set forth below in connection with the appended drawings is intended as a description of various embodiments of the disclosed subject matter and is not intended to represent the only embodiments. Each embodiment described in this disclosure is provided merely as an example or illustration and should not be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments. The illustrative examples provided herein are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Similarly, any steps described herein may be interchangeable with other steps, or combinations of steps, in order to achieve the same or substantially similar result.

[0022] Emissions control for engine exhaust systems is predicated upon the use of a reductant, most typically NH.sub.3, reacting with diesel exhaust to neutralize potential pollutants, such as NOx. In some embodiments, the method for routine delivery of this reductant to the site of reaction in the SCR system is via thermolysis of diesel exhaust fluid (DEF), such as a 32.5% urea solution, into the engine aftertreatment system. The DEF is typically introduced in the form of a spray (e.g., dosing) into a decomposition pipe or equivalent chamber, in order to facilitate water evaporation, thermolysis into NH.sub.3 and HNCO, and hydrolysis of HNCO to produce additional NH.sub.3 and CO.sub.2. There are many problems that arise from this process for engine aftertreatment system (EAS) design for heavy duty diesel (HDD).

[0023] Some of the challenges associated with the use of DEF in an EAS include the following. In one example, frequent internal plugging of a DEF doser tip results from DEF byproduct formation upon standing (e.g., overnight standing) due to high temperatures when the truck is abruptly turned off after route use. Cleaning such clogged DEF dosers is very challenging. In another example, complex DEF byproducts can be formed and deposit at various undesirable locations in the EAS. In another example, over-dosing occurs due to slow thermal decomposition kinetics, which can cause NH.sub.3 to slip through the tailpipe and derating of the vehicle (down to only 5 miles per hour, when on-board diagnostic fault codes are activated). In another example, large concentrations of HNCO gas is produced along with NH.sub.3 by thermal decomposition, resulting in undesirable deposits (or crystals) forming in the pipes and on the SCR catalyst surfaces and/or HNCO slipping through the tailpipe. In another example, the formation of deposits from DEF dosing causes mass imbalance of the mass of DEF delivered and the mass of NH.sub.3 made available for NOx reduction, resulting in higher DEF consumption costs. In another example, in relatively low temperature engine operating conditions (e.g., pick-up and delivery drive cycles of diesel trucks), DEF deposit accumulation in the EAS is most pronounced. Thus, at SCR temperatures below 190 C., DEF dosing is currently not practiced in spite of the engine out NOx produced under such conditions (including cold start conditions). Many other consequences of DEF deposit formation are numerous and varied, resulting in product failures that increase warranty costs and erode consumer confidence in the brand. In another example, at high engine out NOx operating conditions, considerable amounts of DEF deposit formation can be seen to accumulate in the SCR catalyst and prolonged operation with DEF deposits on the SCR catalyst has been shown to result in physical damage of both the catalyst and the cordierite substrate monolith material.

[0024] One proposed solution has been the use of TiO.sub.2-based urea hydrolysis catalyst. However, the use of TiO.sub.2-based urea hydrolysis catalyst has met with limited success. This limited success is primarily due to poor thermal stability of TiO.sub.2, the fact that TiO.sub.2 only catalyzes the hydrolysis of HNCO (which requires water to first evaporate from the droplets in the spray followed by thermal decomposition of DEF to NH.sub.3 and HNCO in order to be effective), and the need for thermolysis to occur before such a catalyst may become effective (i.e., effective dosing can only occur above certain temperatures). Hence, the emerging need for relatively low temperature SCR operation cannot employ this technology.

[0025] Technologies that deliver NH.sub.3 reductant more efficiently are gaining more interest in the industry. These include the use of conventional (TiO.sub.2) hydrolysis catalysts coated onto electrically heated metallic mixers and solid state NH.sub.3 storage devices. With conventional (TiO.sub.2) hydrolysis catalysts coated onto electrically heated metallic mixers, DEF is sprayed in order to ensure the thermolysis proceeds in spite of relatively low system temperatures. However, this technology is still intrinsically limited by the aforementioned shortcomings of TiO.sub.2-based catalysts. Solid state NH.sub.3 storage devices are able to release gaseous NH.sub.3 onboard the truck without the use of DEF.

[0026] Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to electro-activatable diesel exhaust fluid (DEF) dosers. Such DEF dosers inject DEF, such as a nitrogen-oxides reductant solution (e.g., urea), into exhaust gas before the exhaust gas reaches a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system. In embodiments of DEF dosers disclosed herein, DEF passes from a DEF inlet to a DEF outlet. An electrochemical cell is located between the DEF inlet and the DEF outlet and couplable to a power source. The electrochemical cell is configured such that, when DEF is flowing from the DEF inlet to the DEF outlet and when the electrochemical cell is coupled to the power source, the electrochemical cell causes an electrolytic reaction in the DEF flowing from the DEF inlet to the DEF outlet to produce gaseous products in the DEF flowing from the DEF inlet to the DEF outlet. The gaseous products include one or more of H.sub.2 or NH.sub.3. Among other benefits, the production of the gaseous products in the DEF doser reduces the droplet size of the DEF that is sprayed out of the DEF outlet into the exhaust gas and decreases the amount of crystallized DEF buildup near the DEF outlet.

[0027] In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. It will be apparent to one skilled in the art, however, that many embodiments of the present disclosure may be practiced without some or all of the specific details. In some instances, well known aspects have not been described in detail in order to not unnecessarily obscure various aspects of the present disclosure. Further, it will be appreciated that embodiments of the present disclosure may employ any combination of features described herein.

[0028] While urea is presently a preferred DEF used in the automotive industry for reducing nitrogen oxides in diesel exhaust, the present disclosure is not limited to apparatus for use in injecting a urea solution. Other forms of DEF, such as nitrogen-oxides reductant solutions (e.g., ammonia), will benefit from injection using the provided examples of DEF dosers. Furthermore, the provided examples are not limited to the injection of a nitrogen oxides reductant solution, but are useful for injection of any liquid into a gaseous flow.

[0029] The SCR systems typically include an SCR catalyst configured to facilitate hydrolysis of a portion of the thermolysis decomposition product from DEF. In some embodiments, chemical processes that occur during the DEF atomization and SCR process include:

H.sub.2O evaporation . . . (endothermic)(1)

DEF.fwdarw.NH.sub.3+HNCO . . . (endothermic)(2)

HNCO+H.sub.2O.fwdarw.NH.sub.3+CO.sub.2 . . . (hydrolysis)(3)

[0030] Both reactions (1) and (2) are thermal processes and, as such, they are directly dependent upon engine exhaust flow conditions. However, at or above 300 C., these reactions typically proceed rapidly. Reaction (3) is a limiting step, as it proceeds slowly in the gas phase and requires contact with a catalyst surface to achieve reasonable reaction rates. An SCR catalyst can serve this purpose under these circumstances. This is one reason for inclusion of metal oxides of titanium, tungsten and zirconium in SCR catalyst formulations. At low temperatures, the SCR catalyst can play a crucial role in hydrolyzing HNCO and providing more NH.sub.3 for the SCR reaction to proceed. Also, HNCO hydrolysis helps to prevent significant localized accumulation of HNCO that may result in deposit formation. The primary function of the SCR is NOx reduction reaction. Any hydrolysis of DEF (e.g., urea) or DEF byproduct carried out by the SCR is undesirable and only necessitated by a failure to obtain rapid and more complete decomposition and mixing of the DEF. SCR catalyst size can be reduced significantly if a method can be found to efficiently perform reaction (3) and/or directly hydrolyze DEF, such as urea, as shown in reaction (4):

H.sub.2NCONH.sub.2+H.sub.2O.fwdarw.2NH.sub.3+CO.sub.2 . . . (urea hydrolysis)(4)

[0031] When atomized DEF solution comes into contact with surfaces (i.e., impinges on the surfaces) due to mal-distribution of DEF, the spray will have a cooling effect. With lower temperatures, the rate of the thermally driven reactions (1) and (2) are negatively impacted. Ultimately, this can lead to deposit formation. This presents a major challenge for achieving efficient mixing in compact EAS. Impingement is directly linked with both DEF deposit formation and mal-distribution of flow and NH.sub.3 uniformity. Static mixers are routinely used in EASs to achieve mixing of atomized DEF solution droplets and engine exhaust. Despite the common occurrence of DEF deposits at or in the vicinity of the mixer, and even a foot or more downstream of the mixer, the EAS can be operated to meet emission standards.

[0032] The SCR system components (e.g., a mixer, connecting pipes, etc.) can be coated with a catalyst. In one embodiment, the DEF hydrolysis catalyst is coated on a wire mesh of a tortuous path static mixer to achieve efficient hydrolysis of DEF into NH.sub.3 (see equation (4)). The coating can also minimize or eliminate HNCO or deposit formation. In one embodiment, the catalyst enables dosing of DEF in the mixing chamber at relatively low temperatures (i.e., down as low as about 150 C.). In one embodiment, at least a portion of the internal wall surfaces, up to the entire portion of the internal wall surfaces, of the mixing chamber and connecting pipes can be coated with a catalyst to enhance conversion of DEF to gaseous ammonia and to minimize DEF deposit formation.

[0033] In one embodiment, the SCR catalyst is an 8 mol % yttria-stabilized zirconia. The catalyst is formed into a wash coat formulation that comprises 3.0 g catalyst, 4.4 g polyethylene oxide binder, 0.5 g polyethylene oxide/polypropylene oxide surfactant, 2.2 g water suspension medium. The wash coat formulation is stirred vigorously by hand, allowed to degas for 30 minutes, employed in dip coating pieces of wire mesh, and retrieved from a sample wire mesh mixer. The coated wire is air dried in a fume hood for 15 minutes, then transferred to an oven for drying and sintering of the catalyst particle to form a coherent coating, as follows: 15 minutes at 105 C. and 60 minutes at 500 C. Results from scanning electron microscope and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis of the resulting wash coat was analyzed to confirm the effectiveness of the wash coat application of portions of a wire mesh mixer. The same wash coat formulation was used to coat an alumina thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) pan. The catalyst-coated pan produced similar TGA results for DEF hydrolysis as using pristine catalyst powder added to 50% DEF solution in catalyst screening studies. Other examples of catalysts and reactors are described, for example, in Example 5 of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/486,858, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0034] Systems for reducing wall wetting during DEF injection have been developed. Examples of DEF dosers (sometimes called ports or injectors) are depicted in FIGS. 1 to 3. FIG. 1 depicts an embodiment of a system 100 for sidewall injection of DEF into an exhaust stream. The system 100 includes an exhaust pipe 102 through which a stream of exhaust gas 104 flows. A chamber 106 is formed in a sidewall of the exhaust pipe 102. A doser 108 is located in the chamber 106 in the sidewall of the exhaust pipe 102. The doser 108 is configured to inject DEF 110 through the chamber 106 into the exhaust gas 104. In this way, the DEF 110 is injected into the exhaust gas 104 before the exhaust gas 104 reaches an SCR system 112. A mixture of the DEF 110 and the exhaust gas 104 undergoes the SCR process in the SCR system 112.

[0035] The system 100 depicted in FIG. 1 does not eliminate the wall-wetting effect. For example, the flow of the exhaust gas 104 causes the gases in the system 100 to move at high velocities. In turn, these high gas velocities push droplets of the DEF 110 (e.g., urea) into the walls that define the chamber 106. A droplet that impacts a wall typically sticks to the wall and forms a liquid film of DEF. Under certain temperature conditions, the wall film will then form undesirable DEF crystals.

[0036] FIG. 2 depicts an embodiment of a system 200 for central injection of DEF into an exhaust stream. The system 200 includes an exhaust pipe 202 through which a stream of exhaust gas 204 flows. A doser 208 is located in the exhaust pipe 202 such that the doser 208 is configured to inject DEF 210 into the exhaust gas 204 at a central location of the exhaust pipe 202. In this way, the DEF 210 is injected into the exhaust gas 204 before the exhaust gas 204 reaches an SCR system 212. A mixture of the DEF 210 and the exhaust gas 204 undergoes the SCR process in the SCR system 212.

[0037] The system 200 shown in FIG. 2 injects DEF 210 into the exhaust gas 204 at a location that is separated from the inner surface of the exhaust pipe 202, but has been reported to have limited success due to inconsistent results. In particular, the system 200 can allow relatively high HNCO concentrations to accumulate, making the system 200 susceptible to deposit formation and/or DEF crystallization that requires further SCR catalyst involvement to achieve full hydrolysis. One issue with the design shown in FIG. 2 is the portion of the DEF doser 208 that protrudes from the exhaust pipe 202 to the point at which the DEF 210 is sprayed out of the doser 208. While this arrangement allows the DEF 210 to be injected at a location that is separated from the inner surface of the exhaust pipe 202, the protrusion of the DEF doser 208 from the exhaust pipe 202 can disrupt the flow patterns of exhaust gas 204 through the exhaust pipe 202 as it passes the DEF doser 208. The disrupted flow patterns reduce the efficiency of the mixing of the DEF 210 with the exhaust gas 204, resulting is more DEF 210 wetting the walls of the exhaust pipe 202, accumulating within the system 200, and/or crystallizing within the system 200.

[0038] FIG. 3 depicts an embodiment of a system 300 for central, non-disruptive injection of DEF into an exhaust stream. The system 300 includes an exhaust pipe 302 through which a stream of exhaust gas 304 flows. The exhaust pipe 302 includes insertion pipes 302a and a mixing pipe 302b. A DEF doser 308 is located in the exhaust pipe 302 such that the doser 308 is configured to inject DEF 310 into the exhaust gas 304 in the mixing pipe 302b after the exhaust gas 304 passes out of the insertion pipes 302a into the mixing pipe 302b. The DEF 310 is injected into the exhaust gas 304 before the exhaust gas 304 reaches a tortuous path static mixer 312 in a compact configuration. A mixture of the DEF 310 and the exhaust gas 304 undergoes mixing in the tortuous path static mixer. The doser 308 is fed with DEF by a supply line 314. The DEF 310 and exhaust gas 304 mixture proceeds from the tortuous path static mixer 312 to undergo the SCR process in the SCR (not shown).

[0039] Neither the DEF doser 308 nor the supply line 314 is located within the exhaust pipe 302. In this arrangement, the DEF doser 308 and the supply line 314 do not affect the flow patterns of the exhaust gas 304 through the exhaust pipe 302. This improves the efficiency of mixing of the exhaust gas 304 with the DEF 310. In some embodiments, the system 300 includes one or more of baffles, wall texturing, or other features to increase turbulence in the flow of exhaust gas 304 to increase efficiency of the mixing of the exhaust gas 304 with the DEF 310. Such features are described in U.S. application Ser. No. 14/486,217, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. While the system 300 may be an improvement over the systems 100 and 200 in the mixing of DEF with exhaust gas and in reducing DEF wall wetting, the system 300 may still be susceptible to DEF accumulation and/or DEF crystallization, especially at points where the DEF doser 308 sprays the DEF 310.

[0040] Depicted in FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of an electro-activated DEF doser 400. The DEF doser 400 includes a housing 402 that includes a DEF inlet 404 and a DEF outlet 406. In some embodiments, the housing 402 is made from a material that is electrically-insulating and chemically-inert to DEF. The DEF inlet 404 is configured to receive DEF 408. The housing 402 is arranged to direct the DEF 408 received by the DEF inlet 404 to the DEF outlet 406. The DEF outlet 406 is configured to spray DEF 408 out of the DEF doser 400. In some embodiments, the DEF outlet 406 includes a plurality of outlet orifices (as depicted in FIG. 4) or a single outlet orifice.

[0041] The DEF doser 400 also includes an electrochemical cell 410. The electrochemical cell 410 is located between the DEF inlet 404 and the DEF outlet 406. The electrochemical cell 410 is couplable to a power source (not shown). When the electrochemical cell 410 is coupled to the power source, the electrochemical cell 410 causes an electrolytic reaction in the DEF 408 flowing from the DEF inlet 404 to the DEF outlet 406 to produce gaseous products in the DEF 408 flowing from the DEF inlet 404 to the DEF outlet 406. In some embodiments, the gaseous products include H.sub.2 and/or NH.sub.3. In some embodiments, the gaseous products include one or more of H.sub.2, NH.sub.3, CO.sub.2, any other gaseous product, or any combination thereof.

[0042] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4, the electrochemical cell 410 includes a first electrode 412, a second electrode 414, a solid ionically conducting material 416, and an insulating layer 418. In some embodiments, the first and second electrodes 412 and 414 are couplable to the power source such that an electrical energy applied to the first and second electrodes 412 and 414 by the power source results in the electrolytic reaction in the DEF 408 flowing from the DEF inlet 404 to the DEF outlet 406 to produce the gaseous products. In some embodiments, one or both of the first and second electrodes 412 and 414 includes a metal material of a porous sintered construction. In some embodiments, one or both of the first and second electrodes 412 and 414 includes platinum, palladium, nickel, rhodium, ruthenium, tungsten, titanium, or any combination thereof.

[0043] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4, the first electrode 412 is an anode that forms a portion of an anode compartment 420 and the second electrode 414 is a cathode that forms a portion of a cathode compartment 422. In one example, when the electrochemical cell 410 is powered by the power source, the first electrode 412 (anode) is positively charged and causes an electrolytic reaction in the anode compartment 420 that generates NH.sub.3. In some embodiments, the electrolytic reaction in the anode compartment 420 also generates CO.sub.2. In one example, NH.sub.3 and CO.sub.2 are generated through electrochemical oxidation of urea in dilute electrolyte solution:

H.sub.2NCONH.sub.2+H.sub.2O.fwdarw.2NH.sub.3+CO.sub.2(5)

In another example, NH.sub.3 and CO.sub.2 are generated through electrochemical oxidation of urea in concentrated electrolyte solution:

H.sub.2NCONH.sub.2+H.sub.2O.fwdarw.N.sub.2+CO.sub.2+3H.sub.2(6)

In another example, when the electrochemical cell 410 is powered by the power source, the second electrode 414 (cathode) is negatively charged and causes an electrolytic reaction in the cathode compartment 422 that generates H.sub.2. In one example, the H.sub.2 is generated through electrolysis of water in dilute electrolyte solution:

2H.sub.2O.fwdarw.2H.sub.2+O.sub.2(7)

[0044] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4, the electrochemical cell 410 also includes the solid ionically conducting material 416 and the insulating layer 418. The solid ionically conducting material 416 is located between portions of the first and second electrode 412 and 414. In some embodiments, the ionically conducting material includes a proton conducting material configured to be impregnated with hydrophilic mineral particles, such as a solid polymer electrolyte (e.g., NAFION). The insulating layer 418 is also located between portions of the first and second electrode 412 and 414.

[0045] The gaseous products produced by the electrolytic reaction in the DEF 408 flowing from the DEF inlet 404 to the DEF outlet 406 form gas bubbles in the DEF 408 before the DEF 408 is sprayed out of the DEF outlet 406. The formation and size of gas bubbles in the DEF 408 affects the properties of the DEF 408 sprayed out of the DEF outlet 406. In some examples, the affected properties of the DEF 408 sprayed out of the DEF outlet 406 include one or more of a droplet size of the sprayed DEF 408, a DEF concentration in the droplets of the sprayed DEF 408, an amount of the sprayed DEF 408 that has been decomposed into effective reductants (e.g., H.sub.2 and/or NH.sub.3), and a uniformity of mixing of the sprayed DEF 408 with exhaust gas. In one example, the electrochemical cell 410 is configured such that a droplet size of DEF 408 sprayed out of the DEF outlet 408 when the electrolytic reaction occurs in the DEF 408 flowing from the DEF inlet 404 to the DEF outlet 406 is smaller than a droplet size of DEF 408 sprayed out of the DEF outlet 406 when the electrolytic reaction does not occur.

[0046] In some embodiments, a power source coupled to the DEF doser 400 is controlled to control one or more of the properties of the DEF 408 sprayed out of the DEF outlet 406. The formation and size of gas bubbles in the DEF 408 can also be used to accomplish other purposes, such as the clearing of buildup (e.g., DEF crystallization) from the DEF outlet 406. In some embodiments, the electrochemical cell is configured such that an applied voltage to the electrochemical cell 410 causes discharge of one or more DEF deposits at the DEF outlet 406. In some embodiments, the electrolytic reaction includes electro-active vaporization that includes water electrolysis in the DEF 408 flowing from the DEF inlet 404 to the DEF outlet 406 and accelerated production of the gaseous products in the DEF 408 flowing from the DEF inlet 404 to the DEF outlet 406.

[0047] The DEF doser 400 depicted in FIG. 4 can be used in place of DEF dosers in any other situations, such as the DEF doser 108 in system 100, the DEF doser 208 in system 200, and the DEF doser 308 depicted in system 300. An embodiment of a system 500 with the DEF doser 400 used with the exhaust pipe 302 is shown in FIG. 5. In system 500, the DEF doser 400 is arrange to spray DEF 408 out of the DEF outlet 406 into the mixing pipe 302b to mix with the exhaust gas 304 before the exhaust gas 304 reaches the tortuous path static mixer. The DEF inlet 404 is coupled to the supply line 314 and the DEF inlet 404 is configured to receive DEF from the supply line 314.

[0048] The DEF doser 400 is also coupled to an electrical connection 502 that is couplable to a power source. The power source is configured to provide electrical power of the DEF doser 400 via the electrical connection. In some embodiments, the electrical connection 502 is a wired connection. In other embodiments, the electrical connection 502 is a wireless connection, such as an induction connection configured to provide electrical power via induction.

[0049] The electrochemical cell in the DEF doser 400, when coupled to the power source, causes an electrolytic reaction in the DEF flowing from the DEF inlet 404 to the DEF outlet 406 to produce gaseous products in the DEF flowing from the DEF inlet 404 to the DEF outlet 406. In some embodiments, the gaseous products produced in the electrolytic reaction in the DEF doser 400 cause the sprayed DEF 408 to mix with the diesel exhaust 304 in the mixing pipe 302b more rapidly than sprayed DEF 408 without the gaseous products mixed with the diesel exhaust 304 in the mixing chamber 302b.

[0050] While the system 500 depicted in FIG. 5 depicts the DEF doser 400 used with the exhaust pipe 302, the DEF doser 400 is capable of being used in any other system that doses DEF. For example, the DEF doser 400 is capable of being used in the system 100, in the system 200, or in any other DEF dosing system.

[0051] An embodiment of a system 600 with the DEF doser 400 used with the exhaust pipe 302 and coupled to a power source is shown in FIG. 6. In the system 600, the DEF doser 400 is arrange to spray DEF 408 out of the DEF outlet 406 into the mixing pipe 302b to mix with the exhaust gas 304 before the exhaust gas 304 reaches the tortuous path static mixer 312. The DEF inlet 404 is coupled to the supply line 314 and the DEF inlet 404 is configured to receive DEF from the supply line 314.

[0052] The DEF doser 400 is also coupled to an electrical connection 602 that is coupled to a power source 604. In some embodiments, the electrical connection 602 is a wired electrical connection or a wireless electrical connection. In some embodiments, the DEF doser 400 and the exhaust pipe 302 are installed on a vehicle and the power source 604 is located on board the vehicle.

[0053] In some embodiments, the power source 604 is configured to provide an applied voltage to the DEF doser 400. In some embodiments, the power source 604 is coupled to a wave form generator 606 configured to vary electrical power from the power source 604. As shown in the embodiment depicted in FIG. 6, the power source 604 includes the wave form generator 606; however, in other embodiments, the wave form generator 606 is external to the power source 604. In some embodiments, the applied voltage (e.g., a constant voltage) and/or the variance of the applied voltage (e.g., a pulsed voltage) between the first and second electrodes are controlled to affect one or more of (i) kinetics of chemical reactions in a range of about 0 V to about 5 V, (ii) fast reversal of polarity (i.e., in a range of about 1 s to about 1 ms) in a voltage range from about +5 V to about 5 V, (iii) control of gas bubble formation and size in the DEF flowing from the DEF inlet 404 to the DEF outlet 406, or (iv) synchronization of electro-activation with the pulsed flow dosing procedure (e.g., in accordance with current industry practices for DEF dosing). In some embodiments, these effects are controlled by controlling different frequencies and waveforms of the applied voltage.

[0054] In some embodiments, the voltage is applied voltage and/or the variance of the applied voltage between the first and second electrodes are controlled to affect multiple conditions. For example, a combination of effects (i) through (iii) in the precedent paragraph can be controlled occur over a spectrum of operating conditions, resulting in the production of a gas mixture enriched in H.sub.2, NH.sub.3, or other reductants from side reactions. The unreacted DEF in the spray is effectively concentrated by the water electrolysis process and highly dispersed by the simultaneous and sudden release of gas bubbles in the spray (sometimes called the air assist effect). This effect can facilitate one or more of: creation of a smaller droplet size in the spray than would otherwise be possible based upon the orifice size of the doser outlet alone, more efficient mixing of sprayed DEF with the exhaust gases, rapid water evaporation for the smaller and more concentrated DEF droplets to undergo decomposition by thermolysis, or potential for low temperature DEF dosing. In on embodiment, the potential for low temperature DEF dosing with an SCR system as low as 120 C. is possible in combination with a high efficiency urea hydrolysis catalyst, as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, entitled SURFACE-MODIFIED CATALYST PRECURSORS FOR DIESEL ENGINE AFTERTREATMENT APPLICATIONS (Attorney Docket No. PCCR154657), the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

[0055] The power source 604 is capable of being operated under a variety of different conditions. In one embodiment, the power source 604 is configured to activate the electrochemical cell of the DEF doser 400 with an applied voltage up to about 10V. Unless otherwise specified herein, the term about means within 5% of a target value. In other embodiments, the power source 604 is configured to activate the electrochemical cell of the DEF doser 400 with a pulsed voltage in a range from about 10V to about 10V at a time interval between about 1 s and about 1 ms. Under these conditions, a current density of the electrolytic reaction in the DEF flowing from the DEF inlet 404 to the DEF outlet 406 caused by the pulsed voltage is in a range from about 1 A and about 1 mA. In some embodiments, the power source 604 is configured to drive the electrochemical cell of the DEF doser 404 with a pulsed voltage that is timed based on a pulsed flow pattern of DEF spray out of the DEF outlet 406. In some examples, the wave form generator 606 generates the pulsed voltage. In some embodiments, a droplet size of DEF 408 sprayed out of the DEF outlet 406 is controlled based on an applied voltage from the power source 604. In certain circumstances, DEF contains limited amounts of electrolyte species, which may limit current densities of the electrolytic reaction to a range from about 1 A/cm.sup.2 to about 1 mA/cm.sup.2.

[0056] Among the benefits of the DEF doser 400 and other electro-active dosers described herein include one or more of the following: reduced DEF doser clogging by self-clearing, fewer SCR faults caused by DEF deposits serving as a form of NH.sub.3 storage, improved DEF spray pattern, decreased DEF spray droplet size, pre-concentration of DEF in the DEF spray droplets by water electrolysis and/or accelerated vaporization from the sparging effect (i.e., electro-active vaporization), faster DEF decomposition resulting in reduced DEF deposit formation, potential for lower temperature dosing for cold start, improved NOx reduction efficiency (NRE), reduced catalyst aging and damage resulting from DEF byproducts forming deposits which may accumulate in the SCR, informed catalyst selection both for DEF hydrolysis and SCR catalysts, reduced DEF usage and cost, reduced NH.sub.3 and HNCO slip, reduced warranty costs, possible design benefit (e.g., reduced size of decomposition pipe) to enable more compact engine aftertreatment system, enable new engine design and operation possibilities, or provide novel controls and on-board diagnostics (e.g., synchronized pulsed flow and electrochemical reductant generation, low temperature dosing protocol, etc.).

[0057] Experiments were conducted using a test setup 700 to test electrolytic reactions in DEF 702, as depicted in FIG. 7. The particular DEF 702 used in the experiments was a 32.5% urea solution. The DEF 702 was held in a container 704 (e.g., beaker) with a first electrode 706 and a second electrode 708 in the DEF 702. The materials of the first and second electrodes 706 and 708 were varied between a platinum screen configured in a cylindrical shape, a nickel wire, and a palladium wire. The first electrode 706 was electrically coupled to a multimeter 710 configured to operate in the mA range. The second electrode 708 was coupled to a power supply 712 configured to provide variable electrical power up to 30 V DC and up to 20 A. The multimeter 710 and the power supply 712 were electrically coupled to each other in series.

[0058] In a first example, the negative electrode (i.e., the cathode) was maintained as a palladium wire electrode, while the positive electrode (i.e., the anode) was either a platinum screen electrode or a nickel wire electrode. Therefore, H.sub.2 gas was produced at the negative palladium wire electrode, while NH.sub.3 gas was produced at the positive platinum screen or a nickel wire electrode. The effects of the applied constant voltage from this first example are shown in Table I.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE I Effect of Constant Voltage on Gas Bubble Formation Item Electrode Bubble Point Rate of # Voltage (V) Type Voltage (V) Size Bubbling 1 0.8-3.0 Pd.sup.() vs Pt.sup.(+) 1.2 Fine Slow (slow scan) 2 1.2-5.0 Pd.sup.() vs Pt.sup.(+) 5 Fine Very Fast (slow scan) 3 3 Pd.sup.() vs Ni.sup.(+) 3 Large Slow

[0059] Items 1 and 2 in Table I were carried out by ramping the voltage by about 50 mV intervals, allowing 3-5 minutes of equilibration time, and observing the voltage at which bubbles were observed with the naked eye. The size and relative rate of bubbling were also recorded empirically.

[0060] It is evident from the data in Table I that the voltages required to produce fine bubbles at controlled bubbling rates are much lower for a platinum screen anode than for a nickel wire anode. This is consistent with oxidative processes in electrochemical reactions generally being always rate limiting and platinum being known as an effective catalyst for this process.

[0061] In a second example, the power supply 712 was replaced with a sweep function generator with an output frequency range from 0.1 Hz to 10 MHz with a 200 Hz digital multimeter oscilloscope for measuring both pulse width (i.e., the time interval) and amplitude (i.e., peak voltage).

[0062] While platinum has proven to be superior to nickel as an electrode material for electro-oxidation, nickel is far less expensive. Thus, it is desirable to find ways of achieving results with a nickel anode that are similar to or better than the results with a platinum anode shown in Table I. The results obtained using a nickel anode are shown in Table II.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE II Effect of Pulsed Voltage on Gas Evolution Rate and Bubble Size for Nickle Anode Item Electrode Bubble Point Rate of # Voltage (V)* Type Voltage (V) Size Bubbling 1 (0/4 V) Pd.sup.() vs Ni.sup.(+) Instantaneous Fine Fast *Voltage pulse width + 10 ms

[0063] The results in Table II demonstrate that similar performance was accomplished for a nickel anode relative to a platinum anode (e.g., item 2 of Table I), at 1V lower bubble point vantage than that used with the platinum anode.

[0064] In a third example, palladium cathodes and nickel anodes were employed as a series of measurements were carried out with pulsed voltages to demonstrate self-cleaning, controlled gas bubble production for use in controlled electro-activated vaporization, and the like. The results of this example are shown in Table III.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE III Controlled Gas Bubbling Rate for Self-Cleaning and Controlled Electro-Active Vaporization Item Electrode Bubble Point Rate of # Voltage (V)* Type Voltage (V) Size Bubbling 1 (0/+5 V) Pd.sup.(+) vs Ni.sup.() PdO (black) Fine Fast 2 (0/5 V) Pd.sup.() vs Ni.sup.(+) Pd (shiny Fine Fast metal) 3 (4/+4 V) Pd.sup.() vs Ni.sup.(+) Pd (shiny Fine Fast metal) 4 (1.5/+1.5 V) Pd.sup.() vs Ni.sup.(+) Pd (shiny Fine Very Slow metal) 5 (2/+2 V) Pd.sup.() vs Ni.sup.(+) Pd (shiny Fine Very Slow metal) 6 (2/+3 V) Pd.sup.() vs Ni.sup.(+) Pd (shiny Fine Fast metal) *Voltage pulse width + 5 ms

[0065] As shown in the results of items 1 and 2 of Table III, the formation of palladium oxide (PdO black) occurred when used as the anode for oxidative reactions (item 1) and then reverted back to Pd metal within seconds upon reversing the polarity (item 2) under the same voltage regime. This dramatic visual demonstration illustrates that organic deposits which threaten to clog the doser outlet can be electro-actively removed.

[0066] As shown in the results of items 3-6 of Table III, pulsed voltage using relatively low voltages may be used to obtain effective bubbling size and rate results. Because these results can be obtained at low voltages, a DEF doser may be electro-activated with low electrical power to obtain such bubbling size and rate results. In addition, controlling electrical energy provided from the power source to an electro-activated DEF doser may result in control of gas bubble formation, gas bubble size, and/or gas bubbling rate. Such control over gas bubble creation in a DEF doser may be used to control one or more of electro-active evaporation, production of small particle size in DEF spray, uniform mixing of DEF spray with engine exhaust, acceleration of the rate of DEF decomposition, and the like.

[0067] The principles, representative embodiments, and modes of operation of the present disclosure have been described in the foregoing description. However, aspects of the present disclosure which are intended to be protected are not to be construed as limited to the particular embodiments disclosed. Further, the embodiments described herein are to be regarded as illustrative rather than restrictive. It will be appreciated that variations and changes may be made by others, and equivalents employed, without departing from the spirit of the present disclosure. Accordingly, it is expressly intended that all such variations, changes, and equivalents fall within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure, as claimed.