Electrolyte for lithium secondary battery, and lithium secondary battery containing same

Abstract

The present invention relates to an electrolyte for a lithium secondary battery, comprising an organic solvent, a lithium salt and a compound of Chemical Formula 1, wherein the compound of Chemical Formula 1 is contained in an amount of 0.001 wt % or more and less than 0.1 wt %. ##STR00001## In Chemical Formula 1, n is one of the integers 3 to 10.

Claims

1. An electrolyte for a lithium secondary battery, wherein a positive active material of the lithium secondary battery includes lithium and cobalt, the electrolyte comprising: an organic solvent, a lithium salt, and a compound of Chemical Formula 1, wherein the organic solvent comprises a combination of a carbonate based solvent and an ester based solvent, wherein the compound of Chemical Formula 1 is contained in an amount of 0.001 wt % or more and less than 0.03 wt %: ##STR00004## wherein, in Chemical Formula 1 n is one of the integers 3 to 10.

2. The electrolyte for a lithium secondary battery of claim 1, wherein in Chemical Formula 1, n is an integer of 3 to 5.

3. The electrolyte for a lithium secondary battery of claim 1, wherein the lithium salt comprises LiPF.sub.6, LiBF.sub.4, LiSbF.sub.6, LiAsF.sub.6, LiN(SO.sub.2CF.sub.3).sub.2, LiN(SO.sub.3C.sub.2F.sub.5).sub.2, LiC.sub.4F.sub.9SO.sub.3, LiClO.sub.4, LiAlO.sub.2, LiAlCl.sub.4, LiN(C.sub.xF.sub.2x+1SO.sub.2)(C.sub.yF.sub.2y+1SO.sub.2)(x and y are natural numbers), LiC1, LiI, LiB(C.sub.2O.sub.4).sub.2, or a combination thereof.

4. The electrolyte for a lithium secondary battery of claim 1, wherein a concentration of the lithium salt is 0.1 M to 2.0 M.

5. A lithium secondary battery, comprising: a negative electrode including a negative active material, a positive electrode including a positive active material, the positive active material including lithium and cobalt, and the electrolyte for a lithium secondary battery of claim 1.

6. The lithium secondary battery of claim 5, wherein the lithium secondary battery is operated at a high voltage of 4.4 V or greater.

7. The electrolyte for a lithium secondary battery of claim 1, wherein n is an integer of 4 to 10.

8. An electrolyte for a lithium secondary battery, wherein a positive active material of the lithium secondary battery includes lithium and cobalt, the electrolyte comprising: an organic solvent, a lithium salt, and a compound of Chemical Formula 1, wherein the organic solvent comprises a combination of a carbonate based solvent and an ester based solvent, wherein the compound of Chemical Formula 1 is contained in an amount of 0.001 wt % or more and less than 0.08 wt %: ##STR00005## wherein, in Chemical Formula 1, n is an integer of 4 to 10.

Description

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing the structure of a lithium secondary battery according to an embodiment.

(2) FIG. 2 is a graph showing linear sweep voltammetry with respect to electrolytes according to Examples and Comparative Examples.

(3) FIG. 3 is a graph showing impedance of battery cells according to Examples and Comparative Examples.

(4) FIG. 4 is a graph showing a thickness change of the battery cells according to Examples and Comparative Examples when stored at 60° C.

(5) FIG. 5 is a graph showing capacity retention, a capacity recovery rate, and a cell thickness variation ratio of the battery cells according to Examples and Comparative Examples when stored at 60° C.

(6) FIG. 6 is a graph showing room temperature cycle-life characteristics of the battery cells according to Examples and Comparative Examples.

(7) FIG. 7 is a graph showing high temperature cycle-life characteristics of the battery cells according to Examples and Comparative Examples.

MODE FOR INVENTION

(8) Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention are described in detail. However, these embodiments are exemplary, the present invention is not limited thereto and the present invention is defined by the scope of claims.

(9) In an embodiment of the present invention, an electrolyte for a lithium secondary battery includes an organic solvent, a lithium salt and a compound of Chemical Formula 1, wherein the compound of Chemical Formula 1 is contained in an amount of 0.001 wt % or more and less than 0.1 wt %.

(10) ##STR00003##

(11) In Chemical Formula 1, n is one of integers of 3 to 10.

(12) The compound of Chemical Formula 1 is a thiophene polymer of trimer or more as a conductive material forming an oxide film on a positive active material. The thiophene polymer has higher HOMO than a thiophene monomer or a thiophene dimer and thus may form a stable oxide film on the positive active material at a relatively low potential during the charge and much facilitate movement of lithium ions. The electrolyte may realize excellent performance of suppressing swelling when being placed at a high voltage and a high temperature without deteriorating discharge capacity, a cycle-life, and the like compared with a conventional electrolyte using a nitrile-based additive.

(13) In Chemical Formula 1, n may be one integer of 3 to 10, for example, one integer of 3 to 9, one integer of 3 to 8, one integer of 3 to 7, one integer of 3 to 6, or one integer of 3 to 5.

(14) The compound of Chemical Formula 1 may be included in an amount of greater than or equal to 0.001 wt % and less than 0.1 wt %, for example, greater than or equal to 0.001 wt % and less than or equal to 0.09 wt %, greater than or equal to 0.001 wt % and less than or equal to 0.08 wt %, greater than or equal to 0.001 wt % and less than or equal to 0.07 wt %, greater than or equal to 0.001 wt % and less than or equal to 0.06 wt %, greater than or equal to 0.001 wt % and less than or equal to 0.05 wt %, greater than or equal to 0.005 wt % and less than 0.1 wt %, or greater than or equal to 0.005 wt % and less than or equal to 0.09 wt % based on a total amount of the electrolyte for a lithium secondary battery. Herein, the compound of Chemical Formula 1 may form a very stable oxide film on a positive electrode, facilitate movement of lithium ions, and improve cycle-life characteristics, capacity characteristics at a high voltage and a high temperature, swelling-suppression characteristics, gas generation suppression characteristics, and the like. When the compound of Chemical Formula 1 is included in an amount of greater than or equal to 0.1 wt %, there may be a problem of deteriorating capacity, a cycle life, and the like due to an interface resistance increase.

(15) The organic solvent may be a non-aqueous organic solvent and may include a carbonate based solvent, an ester based solvent, an ether based solvent, a ketone based solvent, an alcohol based solvent, or an aprotic solvent.

(16) The carbonate based solvent may be dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), dipropyl carbonate (DPC), methylpropyl carbonate (MPC), ethylpropyl carbonate (EPC), methylethyl carbonate (MEC), ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), butylene carbonate (BC), and the like.

(17) The ester based solvent may be methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, n-propyl acetate, dimethylacetate, methylpropionate, ethylpropionate, decanolide, mevalonolactone, caprolactone, and the like.

(18) The ether based solvent may be dibutyl ether, tetraglyme, diglyme, dimethoxyethane, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, tetrahydrofuran, and the like. The ketone based solvent may be cyclohexanone, and the like. In addition, the alcohol based solvent may be ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, and the like and the aprotic solvent may be nitriles, amides such as dimethyl formamide and the like, dioxolanes such as 1,3-dioxolane, and the like, sulfolanes, and the like.

(19) The organic solvent may be used alone or in a mixture of two or more, and when the organic solvent is used in a mixture of two or more, the mixture ratio may be controlled in accordance with a desirable battery performance.

(20) The carbonate-based solvent is prepared by mixing a cyclic carbonate and a linear (chain) carbonate. In this case, the cyclic carbonate and the linear carbonate may be mixed in a volume ratio of 1:1 to 1:9.

(21) The organic solvent may further include an aromatic hydrocarbon-based organic solvent in addition to the carbonate based solvent. Herein, the carbonate based solvent and the aromatic hydrocarbon-based organic solvent may be mixed in a volume ratio of 1:1 to 30:1. Specific examples of the aromatic hydrocarbon-based organic solvent may be benzene, fluorobenzene, 1,2-difluorobenzene, 1,3-difluorobenzene, 1,4-difluorobenzene, 1,2,3-trifluorobenzene, 1,2,4-trifluorobenzene, chlorobenzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1,3-dichlorobenzene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, iodobenzene, 1,2-diiodobenzene, 1,3-diiodobenzene, 1,4-diiodobenzene, 1,2,3-triiodobenzene, 1,2,4-triiodobenzene, toluene, fluorotoluene, 2,3-difluorotoluene, 2,4-difluorotoluene, 2,5-difluorotoluene, 2,3,4-trifluorotoluene, 2,3,5-trifluorotoluene, chlorotoluene, 2,3-dichlorotoluene, 2,4-dichlorotoluene, 2,5-dichlorotoluene, 2,3,4-trichlorotoluene, 2,3,5-trichlorotoluene, iodotoluene, 2,3-diiodotoluene, 2,4-diiodotoluene, 2,5-diiodotoluene, 2,3,4-triiodotoluene, 2,3,5-triiodotoluene, xylene, and the like.

(22) The electrolyte for a lithium secondary battery may further include vinylene carbonate or an ethylene-based carbonate compound in order to improve cycle life of a battery. Examples of the ethylene-based carbonate compound may be difluoro ethylenecarbonate, chloroethylene carbonate, dichloroethylene carbonate, bromoethylene carbonate, dibromoethylene carbonate, nitroethylene carbonate, cyanoethylene carbonate, or fluoroethylene carbonate.

(23) The lithium salt is dissolved in an organic solvent, supplies a battery with lithium ions, basically operates the rechargeable lithium battery, and improves transportation of the lithium ions between positive and negative electrodes.

(24) Examples of the lithium salt may be one or more selected from LiPF.sub.6, LiBF.sub.4, LiSbF.sub.6, LiAsF.sub.6, LiN(SO.sub.2C.sub.2F.sub.5).sub.2, Li(CF.sub.3SO.sub.2).sub.2N, LiN(SO.sub.3C.sub.2F.sub.5).sub.2, LiC.sub.4F.sub.9SO.sub.3, LiClO.sub.4, LiAlO.sub.2, LiAlCl.sub.4, LiN(C.sub.xF.sub.2x+1SO.sub.2)(C.sub.yF.sub.2y+1SO.sub.2) wherein, x and y are natural numbers, for example an integer ranging from 1 to 20), LiCl, LiI, and LiB(C.sub.2O.sub.4).sub.2 (lithium bis(oxalato) borate: LiBOB).

(25) A concentration of the lithium salt may desirably be within a range of 0.1 M to 2.0 M. When the lithium salt is included at the above concentration range, an electrolyte may have excellent performance and lithium ion mobility due to optimal electrolyte conductivity and viscosity.

(26) The electrolyte according to an embodiment may be used in a battery operated at a high voltage of greater than or equal to 4.35 V, particularly 4.4V. In general, as for a battery of a high voltage of greater than or equal to 4.35 V, gas is in general more actively generated by a reaction of an active material with an electrolyte, but the electrolyte according to an embodiment may effectively suppress the gas generation even in a high-voltage battery and may improve cycle-life characteristics of a battery.

(27) Another embodiment provides a lithium secondary battery including a positive electrode including a positive active material, a negative electrode including a negative active material, and the electrolyte.

(28) The lithium secondary battery may be classified into a lithium ion battery, a lithium ion polymer battery, and a lithium polymer battery depending on kinds of a separator and an electrolyte. The lithium secondary battery may be classified to be cylindrical, prismatic, coin-type, pouch-type, and the like depending on its shape and may have any type such as a bulk type and a thin film type.

(29) FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view of a prismatic lithium secondary battery according to an embodiment. Referring to FIG. 1, a lithium secondary battery 100 includes an electrode assembly 40 formed by placing a separator 30 between a positive electrode 10 and a negative electrode 20 and winding the same, and the electrode assembly 40 housed in a case 50. The electrolyte solution (not shown) is impregnated in the positive electrode 10, the negative electrode 20, and the separator 30.

(30) The positive electrode 10 includes a current collector and a positive active material layer formed on the current collector. The positive active material layer includes a positive active material, a binder, and optionally a conductive material.

(31) The positive active material may be a compound being capable of intercalating and intercalating lithium. Specifically, it may include at least one composite oxide or composite phosphate of a metal of cobalt, manganese, nickel, aluminum, iron, or a combination thereof, and lithium. More specifically, it may be lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide, lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide, lithium iron phosphate, or a combination thereof.

(32) The binder improves binding properties of positive active material particles with one another and with a current collector. Examples of the binder may be for example polyvinyl alcohol, carboxylmethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, diacetyl cellulose, polyvinylchloride, carboxylated polyvinylchloride, polyvinylfluoride, an ethylene oxide-containing polymer, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyurethane, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene, polypropylene, a styrene-butadiene rubber, an acrylated styrene-butadiene rubber, an epoxy resin, nylon, and the like, but are not limited thereto.

(33) The conductive material is included to provide electrode conductivity and any electrically conductive material may be used as a conductive material unless it causes a chemical change. Examples of the conductive material may for example include a carbon-based material such as natural graphite, artificial graphite, carbon black, acetylene black, ketjen black, a carbon fiber, and the like, a metal-based material such as copper, nickel, aluminum, silver, and the like, a conductive polymer such as a polyphenylene derivative and the like, or a combination thereof.

(34) The current collector may use aluminum, but is not limited thereto.

(35) The negative electrode 20 includes a current collector and a negative active material layer disposed on the current collector, and the negative active material layer includes a negative active material, a binder, and optionally a conductive material.

(36) The negative active material may be a material that reversibly intercalates/deintercalates lithium ions, a lithium metal, a lithium metal alloy, a material being capable of doping/dedoping lithium, or a transition metal oxide.

(37) The material that reversibly intercalates/deintercalates lithium ions may be a carbon-based material and may be crystalline carbon, amorphous carbon or a mixture thereof. The crystalline carbon may be non-shaped, or sheet, flake, spherical, or fiber shaped graphite and may be natural graphite or artificial graphite. Examples of the amorphous carbon may be soft carbon or hard carbon, a mesophase pitch carbonized product, fired coke, and the like.

(38) The lithium metal alloy includes an alloy of lithium and a metal selected from Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Si, Sb, Pb, In, Zn, Ba, Ra, Ge, Al, and Sn.

(39) The material being capable of doping/dedoping lithium may be Si, a Si—C composite, SiO.sub.x (0<x<2), a Si-Q alloy (wherein Q is an element selected from an alkali metal, an alkaline-earth metal, a Group 13 element, a Group 14 element, a Group 15 element, a Group 16 element, a transition metal, a rare earth element, and a combination thereof, and not Si), Sn, SnO.sub.2, Sn—R (wherein R is an element selected from an alkali metal, an alkaline-earth metal, a Group 13 element, a Group 14 element, a Group 15 element, a Group 16 element, a transition metal, a rare earth element, and a combination thereof, and not Sn), and the like, and at least one of these materials may be mixed with SiO.sub.2. The elements Q and R may be selected from Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra, Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, Rf, V, Nb, Ta, Db, Cr, Mo, W, Sg, Tc, Re, Bh, Fe, Pb, Ru, Os, Hs, Rh, Ir, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd, B, Al, Ga, Sn, In, TI, Ge, P, As, Sb, Bi, S, Se, Te, Po, and a combination thereof.

(40) The transition metal oxide includes vanadium oxide, lithium vanadium oxide, or lithium titanium oxide.

(41) The binder improves binding properties of negative active material particles with one another and with a current collector. The binder includes a non-water-soluble binder, a water-soluble binder, or a combination thereof.

(42) The non-water-soluble binder may be selected from polyvinylchloride, carboxylated polyvinylchloride, polyvinylfluoride, an ethylene oxide-containing polymer, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyurethane, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyamideimide, polyimide, or a combination thereof.

(43) The water-soluble binder may be a rubber-based binder or a polymer resin binder. The rubber-based binder may be selected from a styrene-butadiene rubber, an acrylated styrene-butadiene rubber, an acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, an acrylic rubber, a butyl rubber, a fluorine rubber, and a combination thereof. The polymer resin binder may be selected from polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, an ethylene propylene copolymer, polyethyleneoxide, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyepichlorohydrine, polyphosphazene, polyacrylonitrile, polystyrene, an ethylenepropylenediene copolymer, polyvinylpyridine, chlorosulfonated polyethylene, latex, a polyester resin, an acrylic resin, a phenolic resin, an epoxy resin, polyvinyl alcohol, and a combination thereof.

(44) The conductive material is the same as described above.

(45) The current collector may be selected from a copper foil, a nickel foil, stainless steel foil, a titanium foil, a nickel foam, a copper foam, a polymer substrate coated with a conductive metal, and a combination thereof.

(46) The lithium secondary battery may further include a separator between the positive electrode 10 and the negative electrode 20. The separator includes polyethylene, polypropylene, or polyvinylidene fluoride, and multi-layers thereof such as a polyethylene/polypropylene double-layered separator, a polyethylene/polypropylene/polyethylene triple-layered separator, and a polypropylene/polyethylene/polypropylene triple-layered separator.

(47) Hereinafter, preferable examples of the present invention are described in order to help understanding of the present invention. However, the following examples are provided for easy understanding of the present invention but do not limit the disclosure of the present invention.

Example 1

(48) A 4.4V cell was manufactured by using LiCoO.sub.2 as a positive electrode, artificial graphite as a negative electrode, and an electrolyte prepared by mixing ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, and ethylpropionate in a volume ratio of 3:5:2 and adding 0.01 wt % of terthiophene and 1.15 M LiPF.sub.6 of a lithium salt to the mixed solvent.

Example 2

(49) A cell was manufactured according to the same method as Example 1 except for using 0.02 wt % of terthiophene in the electrolyte.

Example 3

(50) A cell was manufactured according to the same method as Example 1 except for using 0.08 wt % of terthiophene in the electrolyte.

Comparative Example 1

(51) A cell was manufactured according to the same method as Example 1 except for not using terthiophene in the electrolyte.

Comparative Example 2

(52) A cell was manufactured according to the same method as Example 1 except for using 1 wt % of adiponitrile (AN) instead of the terthiophene in the electrolyte.

Comparative Example 3

(53) A cell was manufactured according to the same method as Example 1 except for using 0.10 wt % of terthiophene in the electrolyte.

Comparative Example 4

(54) A cell was manufactured according to the same method as Example 1 except for using 0.01 wt % of bithiophene (thiophene dimer) instead of the terthiophene in the electrolyte.

(55) Evaluation 1: Evaluation of Linear Sweep Voltammetry (LSV)

(56) LSV of the electrolytes according to Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4 was measured by using a Pt electrode, and the results are shown in FIG. 2. Herein, a rate was 1 mV/sec, and a voltage range was 3 V to 7 V.

(57) Referring to FIG. 2, the cells according to Examples 1 to 3 showed an oxidization decomposition around 4.2 V but were rather suppressed from the oxidization decomposition at a high voltage of greater than or equal to 6.5 V. The terthiophene was stably formed into a decomposition passivation film on the surface of an electrode and suppressed a decomposition reaction of an electrolyte solution thereon. On the contrary, the cell according to Comparative Example 3 a lot produced an oxidation current at a high voltage due to an oxidation decomposition of terthiophene itself.

(58) On the other hand, as for the cell according to Comparative Example 4, bithiophene could be insufficiently decomposed but remained during the cell assembly process and thus decomposed during the storage at a high temperature or a cycle process and resultantly, had a negative influence on cell performance.

(59) Evaluation 2: Evaluation of Interface Resistance

(60) AC-impedance of each 4.4 V prismatic cell according to Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4 was measured in an initial full charge state, and the results are shown in FIG. 3. The impedance was measured at room temperature by setting a frequency domain in a range of 0.01 to 100,000 Hz and an AC-amplitude at 5 mV.

(61) Referring to FIG. 3, the cell including no high temperature additive according to Comparative Example 1 showed the lowest interface resistance, and the cell using a general nitrile-based additive according to Comparative Example 2 showed greater than or equal to 10% increased interface resistance. On the contrary, the cells including in a predetermined amount of terthiophene according to Examples 1 to 3 showed no large interface resistance change. The cell using terthiophene in an excessive amount according to Comparative Example 3 and the cell using bithiophene according to Comparative Example 4 showed much increased interface resistance and accordingly, may show a problem of deteriorating high rate capacity, a cycle life, and the like.

(62) Evaluation 3: Evaluation of Cell Thickness Variations and Capacity Variations after Storage at 60° C.

(63) A thickness change and recovery capacity of the cells according to Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4 were measured, while allowed to stand at 60° C. for 21 days, and the results are shown in Table 1 and FIGS. 4 and 5. FIG. 4 is a graph showing a thickness variation ratio of each cell depending on time, and FIG. 5 is a graph showing capacity retention, a capacity recovery rate, and a thickness variation ratio of each cell.

(64) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Thickness after being Thickness Capacity Initial Initial allowed to variation Storage Capacity Recovery recovery capacity thickness stand ratio capacitance retention capacity rate Example1 2915 5.17 6.75 30% 1757 60.3% 2034 69.8% Example2 2911 5.18 6.61 28% 1842 63.3% 2163 74.3% Example3 2905 5.19 6.50 25% 1898 65.3% 2188 75.3% Comparative 2911 5.18 6.91 34% 1700 58.4% 1977 67.9% Example1 Comparative 2907 5.19 6.80 31% 1847 63.5% 2168 74.6% Example2 Comparative 2905 5.19 7.35 42% 1506 51.8% 1796 61.8% Example3 Comparative 2910 5.25 7.42 41% 1502 51.6% 1790 61.5% Example4

(65) Referring to Table 1 and FIGS. 4 and 5, Examples 1 to 3 showed a thickness variation ratio of less than or equal to 30% and thus were effectively suppressed from a thickness increase compared with Comparative Examples 1 to 4. In addition, Examples 1 to 3 showed capacity retention of greater than or equal to 60% and a capacity recovery rate of greater than or equal to 69% and thus improved capacity retention and capacity recovery rate compared with Comparative Examples 1 to 4.

(66) Evaluation 4: Evaluation of Room Temperature Cycle-Life Characteristics

(67) A capacity retention change of the 4.4 V prismatic cells according to Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4 was measured at room temperature for 200 cycles, and the results are shown in Table 2 and FIG. 6.

(68) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Room temperature cycle-life Initial 200 Capacity capacity cy capacity retention Example1 2937 2598 88.4% Example2 2918 2595 88.9% Example3 2917 2902 89.2% Comparative Example1 2917 2573 88.2% Comparative Example2 2883 2516 87.3% Comparative Example3 2900 2250 77.6% Comparative Example4 2918 2351 80.6%

(69) Referring to Table 2 and FIG. 6, Examples 1 to 3 showed capacity retention of greater than or equal to 88% at room temperature after 200 cycles and thus much excellent cycle-life characteristics at room temperature compared with Comparative Examples 1 to 4.

(70) Evaluation 5: Evaluation of High Temperature Cycle-Life Characteristics

(71) A capacity retention change of the 4.4 V prismatic cells according to Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4 was measured at 45° C. for 200 cycles, and the results are shown in Table 3 and FIG. 7.

(72) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 High-temperature cycle life Initial 200 Capacity capacity cy capacity retention Example1 2910 2337 80.3% Example2 2911 2378 81.7% Example3 2910 2404 82.6% Comparative Example1 2940 2395 81.5% Comparative Example2 2911 2284 78.5% Comparative Example3 2909 2231 76.7% Comparative Example4 2901 2302 79.3%

(73) Referring to Table 3 and FIG. 7, Examples 1 to 3 showed capacity retention of greater than or equal to 80% at 45° C. after 200 cycles and thus much excellent high temperature cycle-life characteristics compared with Comparative Example 2 including a high temperature nitrile-based additive, Comparative Example 3 using terthiophene in an excessive amount, Comparative Example 4 using bithiophene, or the like.

(74) While this invention has been described in connection with what is presently considered to be practical example embodiments, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments, but, on the contrary, is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. Therefore, the aforementioned embodiments should be understood to be exemplary but not limiting the present invention in any way.