Medical device, apparatus, and surgical method

Abstract

A pedicle anchor device is equipped for being used like a pedicle screw, i.e. for being implanted in the vertebra from dorsal direction (but generally at an angle to the sagittal plane, slightly inward towards the sagittal plane) through the pedicle so that a distal portion of the device protrudes into the vertebral body. The pedicle anchor device includes a pedicle anchor device body with a head portion, a shaft portion and a longitudinal bore that extends from a proximal end of the pedicle anchor device body and has a hole or a plurality of holes from the longitudinal bore outward, for example radially outward.

Claims

1. An anchor device for being implanted in a human or animal hard tissue, the anchor device comprising: a device body with a proximal head portion, and with a distal shaft portion extending from the head portion to a distal end of the device, the shaft portion being capable of being anchored in the hard tissue, the device body further comprising a longitudinal bore extending distally from a proximal end and at least two holes from the longitudinal bore outward, the anchor device further comprising a liquefiable element that is insertable or inserted in the longitudinal bore and at least partly liquefiable by the impact of energy impinging from the proximal side so that liquefied material flows through the at least two holes and out of the longitudinal bore into structures of the hard tissue and/or hard tissue replacement material, wherein the shaft portion is not threaded and has a non-circular cross section, wherein at least a portion of the shaft portion is flat defining two flat sides, wherein the shaft portion is helically twisted with a twist of between 10 and 270 over an entire length of the shaft portion, and wherein one of the holes is arranged in each flat side.

2. The anchor device according to claim 1, wherein the twist of the shaft portion corresponds to between 80 and 120.

3. The anchor device according to claim 1, wherein the head portion comprises an inner thread.

4. The anchor device according to claim 1, wherein the longitudinal bore is a through bore extending from the proximal end of the device body to a distal end thereof, the anchor device further comprising an insert element insertable from the proximal end by a movement into the distal direction until the insert element is stopped by a stop structure, the insert element after insertion forming a distal end face against which the liquefiable element may be pressed while energy impinges.

5. The anchor device according to claim 1, wherein the device body forms a distal end face of the bore against which the liquefiable element may be pressed while energy impinges.

6. The anchor device according claim 1 and comprising an additional axially extending distal hole from the longitudinal bore to the distal end, the distal hole having a diameter smaller than a diameter of the longitudinal bore.

7. The anchor device according to claim 1, wherein a distal end face is angularly structured to direct different portions of the liquefiable material to different ones of the holes.

8. The anchor device according to claim 1 being an anchor for the treatment of fractures.

9. The anchor device according to claim 1, wherein the anchor body is made of Titanium.

10. The anchor device according to claim 1, wherein the liquefiable element comprises a thermoplastic polymer.

11. The anchor device according to claim 10, wherein the thermoplastic polymer is not resorbable.

12. The anchor device according to claim 10, wherein the thermoplastic polymer is resorbable.

13. The anchor device according to claim 1, wherein the head portion is flattened, whereby the head portion comprises two prongs opposed to each other.

14. The anchor device according to claim 13, wherein the prongs comprise an inner thread.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) In the following, ways to carry out the invention and embodiments are described referring to drawings. The drawings mostly are schematical. In the drawings, same reference numerals refer to same or analogouos elements. The drawings show:

(2) FIGS. 1 and 2 a pedicle screw being an embodiment of a pedicle anchor device;

(3) FIGS. 3-5 a further pedicle screw being an embodiment of a pedicle anchor device;

(4) FIGS. 6-12 steps of a method of implanting a pedicle screw as depicted in FIGS. 3-5;

(5) FIG. 13 an other embodiment of a pedicle anchor device;

(6) FIG. 14 a section through the embodiment of FIG. 13;

(7) FIGS. 15-17 an embodiment of a sheath element of an implant or augmentation device;

(8) FIG. 18 a detail of a further embodiment of an implant or augmentation device;

(9) FIG. 19 a view of an insert element of the implant or augmentation device of FIG. 18;

(10) FIG. 20 a profile body for a process according to the fourth aspect of the invention;

(11) FIG. 21 the profile body of FIG. 20 during the augmentation process;

(12) FIG. 22 the resulting augmented tissue with a molded augmented region;

(13) FIG. 23 an implant to be implanted after augmentation;

(14) FIG. 24 an illustration showing the effects of a pedicle anchor device that does not have a circular cross section and of a pedicle anchor device with a twist, and

(15) FIG. 25 a further embodiment of a pedicle anchor device and method.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

(16) The device shown in FIG. 1 is a first example of a pedicle screw 11 being a pedicle anchor device body of a pedicle anchor device. The device body 11 is formed as a sheath element with a proximal wall portion 11.1 that surrounds a longitudinal bore 13 open to the proximal side of the sheath element. A distal end portion 11.2 terminates the longitudinal bore distally. A collar portion 11.3 serves as proximal head to which further elements can be fastened.

(17) In the depicted configuration, the distal end portion (meaning that it forms the distal end of the longitudinal bore) is also at the distal end of the pedicle anchor device body; in other embodiments, the device body may comprise a portion distally of the The distal end portion may optionally form a directing structure as illustrated in more detail further below. The wall portion of the sheath element has at least one hole, namely four holes 14 equally distributed around the circumference of the sheath element in the depicted embodiment.

(18) The pedicle anchor device further comprises a liquefiable element 21, for example a polymer pin 21 that is adapted to the sheath element to be inserted in the longitudinal bore 13 from the proximal side, as illustrated for example in FIG. 10.

(19) For the anchoring process, the liquefiable element 21 is inserted and brought into a position where it abuts against the distal end portion. While the sheath element is in contact with hard tissue and/or hard tissue replacement material, the liquefiable element is pressed against the distal end portion while energy impinges from the proximal side. Under the additional effect of the pressing force, the liquefied material of the liquefiable element is pressed out through the holes 14 and into structures, like pores, surface unevenness, inhomogeneities etc. of the hard tissue and/or hard tissue replacement material.

(20) An advantageous way of causing energy to impinge is by way of a sonotrode 35 (see for example FIG. 10) that is pressed against a proximal end face of the liquefiable element while mechanical vibrations are coupled into the sonotrode. The mechanical vibrations are coupled into the liquefiable element 21, and the vibration energy is at least partly absorbed at the interface to the distal end portion causing the polymer material of the liquefiable element to at least locally liquefy at this interface.

(21) FIG. 2 depicts a section along the plane II-II in FIG. 1 illustrating optional features that may be realized in any embodiment, either alone or in combination. While most embodiments feature radial holes, the holes 14 of the embodiment of FIGS. 1 and 2 are not strictly radial, but axes of the holes do not go intersect the proximodistal axis. This brings about an asymmetry of the holes with respect to clockwise vs. anticlockwise rotational movements of the device. This in turn produces sharp edges marked by X in FIG. 2. If the device, after the anchoring or augmentation process, is turned in a direction that corresponds to a clockwise rotation in FIG. 2, the liquefied and re-solidified material remaining in the hole is subject to both, a shearing force and a cutting action by the sharp edges X. This will favor a separation between liquefiable material portions outside of the sheath element and interpenetrating the hard tissue and/or hard tissue replacement material on the one hand and liquefiable material portions remaining in the sheath element on the other hand. A configuration where an unscrewing corresponds to a clockwise rotation in FIG. 2 is thus advantageous in cases where the device is an augmentation device, where the sheath element is to be retracted. If, on the other hand, the device after anchoring is turned in a counter-clockwise direction, the force acting on the liquefied and re-solidified material in the holes 14 will have a radial and an axial component, with reduced shearing forces, and no cutting occurs. In such a situation, there will be a strong resistance to a rotational movement. A configuration where an unscrewing corresponds to a counterclockwise rotation in FIG. 2 is thus advantageous in cases where the device is designed to remain anchored in the body of the patient. The holes 14 are not at equal axial positions. Rather, the positions may follow the thread. This feature may be advantageous if the sheath element comprises a thread, although an interruption of the threadif the holes are at equal axial positions or have an other axial position distributionis in most cases not a problem.

(22) The principle of the outflow holes being asymmetrical with respect to a radial direction may be implemented independent of the first aspect of the invention and possibly independent of any aspect of the invention. It may be used for medical devices comprising a sheath element suitable of being brought into contact, during a surgical operation, with live hard tissue and/or with hard tissue replacement material, which is based on the liquefiable material being inserted (pre-assembled or inserted in situ) in a longitudinal bore of the sheath element and where the sheath element comprises at least one hole in the sheath element wall, through which the liquefied material is pressed from the longitudinal bore into the structures (pores or cavities or other structures) of the bone tissue or other hard tissue or hard tissue replacement material in which anchoring is desired.

(23) The possibility to remove an implant after implantation is a requirement of most surgical operations. If the above-described approach of shearing off polymer material that has flown out of the sheath element (with or without the asymmetric configuration of FIG. 2) is not possible or not sufficient, other approaches may be used, either alone or in combination with each other and/or in combination with shearing off: removing liquefiable material by drilling into the longitudinal bore and subsequent pulling or rotating heating liquefiable (thermoplastic) material to a temperature at which it is again liquid or at least less stiff.

(24) Referring to FIGS. 3, 4, and 5, a bone screw, namely a further pedicle screw 41 is depicted. The pedicle screw is, together with a thermoplastic element not shown in FIGS. 3-5, an embodiment of a pedicle anchor device according to the first aspect of the invention. Further, a pedicle screw of the kind depicted in FIGS. 3-5 may be an embodiment of an anchoring device body of an anchoring device according to the third aspect.

(25) The pedicle screw 41 comprises a screw head 42, a threaded section 43, and a distal end portion 44. The pedicle screw further comprises a longitudinal through bore 13 that, towards the distal end, comprises a narrowed portion so that a shoulder 11.5 for stopping an insert element (not shown in FIG. 5) acting, during the liquefaction, as the distal end of the longitudinal bore 13 and inserted from the proximal side is formed.

(26) The thread has a constant outer diameter (major diameter), whereas a core diameter (minor diameter) is larger at the proximal side than at the distal side. More concretely, in the depicted embodiment, in a central portion of the threaded section the core diameter gradually reduces, whereas in peripheral portions the core diameter is constant. In other, alternative embodiments, the core diameter is constant, is gradually reduced along the entire length of the threaded section, or the core diameter has a stepped characteristics as taught in WO 90/02526, or has any other characteristics. Also, the outer diameter of the threaded section need not be constant. Generally, the approach according to the first aspect of the invention may be combined with any suitable outer thread. Compared to prior art pedicle screws with a longitudinal bore, the bore diameter is comparably large to make insertion of the liquefiable elementthat may be a polymer pinpossible. In the depicted embodiment, the bore diameter at the more proximal portion of the threaded section is 3.1 mm and at the distal portion of the threaded section is 2.9 mm, whereas the major diameter is 6.6 mm and the minor diameter is between 4.4 mm and 5.3 mm. The resulting wall strength has proven to be sufficient.

(27) The screw head is flattened and comprises an inner thread that can be used for coupling to an apparatus for automated implantation, as described in U.S. patent application No. 61/259,383 incorporated herein by reference.

(28) Referring to FIGS. 6-12 yet a process of anchoring a pedicle screw of the kind illustrated in FIGS. 3-5 is illustrated. FIG. 6 depicts a vertebra 121. As shown in FIG. 7, in a first step, the access is prepared by pre-drilling a bore 122 at the appropriate position in a region near the transverse process. The bore 122 may merely go through the cortical bone, or it may reach through the pedicle into the vertebral body and over an entire length of the pedicle screw to be introduced later, or a substantial portion thereof. In order to enhance the bone density, the pre-drilled hole may be drilled to have an undersize. After the preparation of the bore 122, the pedicle screw 41 is inserted conventionally by screwing. (FIG. 8, FIG. 9). The orientational stability, due to the limited strength of the cancellous bone in the vertebral body, may be limited as illustrated by the double arrow in FIG. 9. Thereafter, the liquefiable element 21 being a pin of a thermoplastic polymer is inserted. If the screw is of the type having a separate insert element for the directing structure, prior to or together with the liquefiable element 21 also the insert element 18 is inserted. Then, as shown in FIG. 10, the sonotrode 35 acts to press the liquefiable element against the stop face while coupling mechanical vibrations into the liquefiable element. The resulting liquefaction, followed by a re-solidification is illustrated in FIG. 11. FIG. 11 illustrates the situation during the anchoring process. Liquefied and re-solidifying material portions 22 pressed into the surrounding bone tissue of the vertebra and interpenetrating structures of the latter strengthen the cancellous bone tissue. In addition, together with portions of the liquefiable material that remain, after re-solidifying, in the device body, the connection provides a solid anchoring. FIG. 12 illustrates, in partial section, the two pedicle screws 41 inserted by this method.

(29) The pedicle anchor device 101 shown in FIGS. 13 and 14 is a further example of a device according to the first aspect of the invention. In particular, it is an embodiment of a device according to the second group of embodiments. The head portion 102 is similar to the head portion of the pedicle screw described referring to FIGS. 3-5. Its inner thread may not only be used for coupling to an apparatus for automated implantation but also for the fixation of a spine stabilizing rod.

(30) Instead of the depicted head portion, other head geometries of existing or new spine stabilizing configurations may be used.

(31) The shaft portion 103 does not have a circular cross section (such as for example a shape that corresponds essentially to a circular cylinder or to a cone) and does therefore not have an outer thread. Rather, the shaft portion is flat and is helically twisted. In the depicted configuration, the total angular twist amounts to about 90, so that a distal end portion of the shaft is approximately perpendicular to a proximal portion intended to be located in the pedicle after implantation. By this, the pedicle anchor device may have a vertical orientation at the proximal end, an inclined orientation following the direction of longest extension of the pedicle cross section within the pedicle and a horizontal orientation within the vertebral body.

(32) The pedicle anchor device comprises a longitudinal bore 13 for a thermoplastic element (not shown) to be inserted. Two radial holes 14 reach from the longitudinal bore to an outside. They are arranged near to the distal end of the shaft portion at the two flat sides. Like in the previously described embodiments, a thermoplastic element is inserted in the longitudinal bore and then for anchoring mechanical energy is coupled into the thermoplastic element to liquefy portions thereof and to press the liquefied portions out of the radial holes into structures of the surrounding tissue.

(33) In the depicted embodiment, the pedicle anchor devicelike other embodimentshas an additional distal (axial) hole 19 that may for example serve as guiding hole together with a Kirschner wire and/or may serve for pressing out further portions of liquefied material into tissue at the distal end of the device. Such an additional distal (axial) hole may especially be advantageous in embodiments, in which like in the embodiment of FIGS. 13 and 14 the distal end portion of the longitudinal bore against which the liquefiable material is pressed during liquefaction is not formed by a separate insert but by the device body itself.

(34) A device of the kind shown in FIGS. 13 and 14 may further optionally comprise a directing structure that is structured angularly with respect to a longitudinal axis of the longitudinal bore to direct different portions of liquefiable material from a liquefiable element to different ones of the holes 14, as described hereinafter.

(35) The effects of the flat, not circular cross section and of the twist are schematically illustrated referring to FIG. 24. In FIG. 24, the extension of bone tissue within the pedicle in which an pedicle anchor device may be anchored is schematically shown by the ellipse 134. The axes 131, 132 are parallel to the sagittal plane and the transversal plane, respectively. Prior art pedicle anchor devices are restricted to a circular cross section. The maximal possible cross section thus corresponds to the dashed line 135 in FIG. 24. This sets an upper limit of the effective anchoring cross section d.sub.prior art. A pedicle anchor device according to aspects of the invention does not need to be circular, due to the new anchoring technique with liquefiable material pressed out of the longitudinal bore. Thus, the entire available cross section of the pedicle may be used if an anchoring device with a for example elliptical cross section is used, leading to an enhanced effective anchoring cross section d.sub.1. By a twist as for example in the embodiments of FIGS. 13 and 14, the orientation of the more distal implant sections may be different from the orientation within the pedicle, leading to an even more enhanced effective anchoring cross section d.sub.2. This brings an improved anchoring strength.

(36) If the quality of the bone tissue of the patient does not require such an enhanced effective anchoring cross section, then a pedicle anchor device with a reduced cross section may be used, so that the overall cross sectional area is smaller than the cross sectional area of prior art pedicle screws (as illustrated by the dashed line), so that the implantation causes less impact on the tissue.

(37) A further embodiment of a pedicle anchor device and of an according method is very schematically illustrated in FIG. 25. FIG. 25 shows a cross section through a portion of a vertebra along the vertical plane parallel to the pedicle anchoring device insertion axis. In contrast to the prior art pedicle screws and to the embodiments described hereinbefore, the pedicle anchoring device's 151 length is adapted to the size of the patient's vertebra so that the anchoring device ends where the pedicle adjoins the vertebral body. This has the following advantages: compared to prior art pedicle screws, (the approximate extension of which is sketched by the dotted line in FIG. 25), less bone tissue is affected by the insertion of the device the material 152 flown out through the holes is at a position where the bone quality is often better. Also, the cortical bone 153 may cause an additional stability in that the material 152 may find direct mechanical support by the cortical bone 153. Also a kind of rivet effect may be achieved in that the material occupies a region around the implant that is larger in cross section than the region encompassed by the cortical bone immediately proximally of the material 152.

(38) The latter effect may also be used in case the pedicle anchor device extends further into the vertebral body but the position of the holes to which the material flows out corresponds to the one of the device of FIG. 25.

(39) Whereas in the illustrated embodiments, the head portion and the shaft portion are illustrated to be one-piece, this is not necessary. Rather, they may be separate pieces somehow attached to each other. Especially, the connection between the shaft portion and the head may be so that the orientation of the head portion relative to the shaft portion may be adjustable. The head portion may be rotatable about an axis, or the adjustability may be multi-axial.

(40) The hereinbefore described embodiments may, in addition or as an alternative to the mentioned optional features, be provided in the following variants: Multi-tiered anchoring or augmentation with a plurality of insert elements sequentially inserted, the second, more proximal insert element inserted after anchoring or augmentation with the first, more distal insert element, or with a distal directing structure of the sheath element and with at least one insert element to be placed proximally of the distal directing structure after anchoring with the latter. In this, the sheath element comprises one or more holes for each of the different insert elements or for the distal directing structure and the at least one insert element. The sheath element may comprise a plurality if inner shoulders so have a stepwise reduced cross section towards the distal side, or may comprise different guiding grooves reaching to different distal positions for the different insert elements. The number of holes 14 attributed to a particular directing structure does not need to be four as in the illustrated embodiments but may be two (like in FIGS. 13 and 14), three, five, six, etc. Also, the angular (azimuthal) spacing does not need to be equal between all holes but may be adapted to a particular situation. For example, for introduction of an implant in a gap of a joint, the sheath element may comprise two pairs of neighboring, relatively close holes at opposite sides. In the case of multi-tiered anchoring, each tear may have an individual number and distribution of holes. The holes may have different shapes and/or different sizes.

(41) The multi-tiered anchoring or augmentation as described herein with a first liquefaction process taking place with a first directing structureof the sheath element or of an initially separate insert elementthe subsequent (after an at least partial re-solidification of the liquefied material) addition of a further directing structure of a (second) insert element and then a second liquefaction may be applied independent of the aspects of the invention.

(42) In FIGS. 15-19 yet further embodiments of the anchoring device or details thereof are illustrated. These further embodiments/details comprise a directing structure that is structured angularly with respect to a longitudinal axis of the longitudinal bore to direct different portions of the liquefiable material to different ones of the holes.

(43) FIGS. 15-17 show a first such embodiment. The directing structure comprises a ramp portion 12 sloping away from a center around the longitudinal axis. The ramp portion 12 is conical, thus its section with a plane going through the longitudinal axis is a straight line. In alternative embodiments, it could be spherical and concave. At the radially outer side of the ramp portion, the wall portion of the sheath element has four holes 14 equally distributed around the circumference of the sheath element. At angular positions between the holes, the directing structure further comprises walls 15 angularly sub-dividing a portion of the longitudinal bore volume communicating with the holes 14. In the depicted embodiment, the walls have a constant thickness and comprise a proximal edge 15.1 that in the depicted embodiment slope towards the center

(44) The angular structuring of the directing structure with the walls between the holes firstly has the function to separate portions of the liquefiable element during liquefaction. Due to this, approximately equal amounts of liquefied material is pressed out of every one of the four holes 14, even if the liquefied material while being pressed out of the different holes 14 encounters different resistance. A second function of the walls 15 that protrude distally from the directing structure body and the stop face is that of energy directors. The liquefiable material will have a tendency to start liquefying, under the impact of mechanical vibrations, at edges or other pronounced structures either of the sheath element or of the liquefiable element itself. The energy directing function of the walls 15 is a means for causing the liquefaction to start and take place in vicinity of the holes 14 and not, for example, at the proximal interface to the sonotrode where too early an onset of liquefaction would be undesired.

(45) FIGS. 18 and 19 show a detail of a pedicle anchor device, for example as illustrated in FIGS. 3-5. Compared to the embodiment of FIGS. 15-17, the embodiment of FIGS. 18 and 19 incorporates the following features: The outer side of the sheath element comprises an outer thread 11.4. The longitudinal bore 13 is a through bore, making the device suitable for being guided by a wire in minimally invasive surgery. The through bore is narrowed towards the distal side so that a shoulder 11.5 is built. The shoulder serves as a stop structure for an insert element 18 that terminates the longitudinal opening for the liquefiable element towards the distal side and that comprises the directing structure including the walls 15 and the ramp portions 12. The insert element comprises a distal tapered portion 19 that together with the shoulder 11.5 co-operates to form a force fit. The walls 15 protrude proximally further than the holes 14. By this, the effect of a controlled distribution of liquefied material between the different holes is effective even if the resistance encountered for liquefied material pressed out of the holes differs strongly between the holes because the interface between liquefied material and still solid material may be expected to be proximal of the upper (most proximal) end of the holes 14.

(46) Other stop structures would be possible. For example the sheath element may comprise at least one interior axial groove that reaches from the proximal end of the sheath element to a distal stop and in which a corresponding number of ridges or tongues of the insert element is guided. Such an embodiment features the additional advantage that the angular relative orientation of the sheath element and the insert element is well-defined during insertion. As an even further variant of a stop structure, the insert element may comprise a spring deflected, during insertion in the sheath element, radially inward against a spring force and forcing a stop flange portion into an annular stop groove of the sheath element at the appropriate axial position. Various other stop structures are possible.

(47) In different embodiments, an insert element 18 may comprise an isotropic stop face instead of an angularly structured stop face.

(48) In further variants, a different number of holes may be present, for example one, two, three, five, . . . holes. The directing structure, if any, is shaped accordingly. The holes may have any appropriate shape, such as circular, elongate, . . . .

(49) All of these features may be present alone, in combination or in any sub-combination Referring to FIGS. 20-23, a method for augmenting hard tissue and/or hard tissue replacement material and for implanting a bone screw is described.

(50) The augmentation device comprises a profile body 81 as illustrated in FIG. 20. The profile body is a sheath element with a longitudinal bore 13 and a plurality of holes 14. The profile body further comprises a portion (that may correspond to the entire body or a part thereof) in which the outer profile essentially corresponds to the profile of an implant to be implanted in a later step. Especially, the profile is the profile of a shaft of a bone screw. To this end, the profile body 81 comprises an outer thread 82. The dimensions of the profile bodythe drawing illustrates the profile body minor diameter d.sub.tcorrespond to the dimensions of the implant or are slightly less than the dimensions of the implant. FIG. 20 shows the minor diameter d.sub.s of the thread of the screw. Features relating to relative quantities like the thread pitch are identical between the profile body and the implant.

(51) The augmentation device may be a device comprising an angularly structured directing structure to direct different portions of the liqufiable material to different ones of the holes 14. Alternatively, the profile body may be a sheath element in which a directing structure, against which the liquefiable material is pressed, is not angularly structured.

(52) The profile body's outer thread may be a self-tapping thread. Alternatively, a thread may be added by a different means, such as a separate tapper.

(53) In a first step, illustrated by FIG. 21, the profile body 81 is inserted in a pre-drilled bore in the hard tissue and/or hard tissue replacement material or in an other opening or gap in the hard tissue and/or hard tissue replacement material, such as a joint space. A liquefiable element that is at least partly liquefiable by the impact of energy is placed, before or after insertion of the profile body, in the longitudinal bore 13. A sonotrode 35 presses the liquefiable element against a directing structure 83 of the sheath element while mechanical vibrations are coupled into the liquefiable element by the sonotrode. This causes material to liquefy and to be pressed through the holes 14 into structures of the hard tissue and/or hard tissue replacement material 31.

(54) After all liquefiable material or a sufficient quantity thereof is liquefied, the mechanical vibrations are stopped, and the sonotrode is retracted. The profile body 81 having the outer thread is removed by a twisting movement. In a variant, it is possible to remove the profile body and the sonotrode together by the twisting movement.

(55) Whereas FIG. 21 illustrates the profile body with a longitudinal bore that is distally closed off by the directing structure 83. In alternative configurations, it is also possible to provide an additional, distal, approximately axial hole. By appropriately choosing the length and diameter of the hole, the amount of liquefied material pressed out through such axial hole (if any) compared to the amount of liquefied material pressed out through the other, radial holes may be engineered. As a general rule, the higher the ratio between the diameter and the depth of the hole, the larger the amount of material exiting. If the ratio is kept below a certain limit, no material will exit through the axial hole, but the material will freeze in the hole.

(56) FIG. 22 illustrates the hard tissue and/or hard tissue replacement material in section after the augmentation process. The opening 85 in the hard tissue and/or hard tissue replacement material comprises the thread, and the wall of the opening is at least in regions fortified by the liquefied and re-solidified material 22 that serves as augmentation material. Especially when the hard tissue and/or hard tissue replacement material has a low density and/or tends to be brittle, this fortification brings about a major improvement in the strength of the anchoring of the bone screw 88 (FIG. 20) inserted thereafter.

(57) The bone screw may be a bone screw based on anchoring according to the state of the art, namely based on anchoring by the thread and by friction forces. The augmentation process brings about an improved anchoring of such a bone screw both, in terms of resistance against pulling forces and in stability of the orientation.

(58) Alternatively, the bone screw may itself comprise a longitudinal bore and holes in the wall for pressing out liquefiable material. Such liquefiable material may be pressed out at positions where the hard tissue and/or hard tissue replacement material is fortified by liquefiable material, so that a welding process between the augmentation material and the newly introduced liquefiable material may take place. In addition or as an alternative, the liquefiable material may be pressed out at positions where the hard tissue and/or hard tissue replacement material is not fortified the augmentation material, so that an additional anchoring may result.

(59) This process is independent of the common shape of the implant and the profile body. Especially, any kind of thread may be used, and the diameter may be constant or not. Also, shapes with features different from a thread may be used, such as cylindrical or not-cylindrical shape with longitudinal ridges and/or indentations, implants with shapes adapted to the body part in which they are implanted (for example joint implants), etc. In all embodiments of this aspect, the profile body may be used as a trial implant.