COMPOSITION FOR GAS SENSOR, GAS SENSOR INCLUDING THE COMPOSITION, AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING THE SAME

Abstract

Disclosed is a composition for a hydrogen sulfide gas sensor containing copper, lithium and NiWO.sub.4, wherein the NiWO.sub.4 is co-doped with the copper and the lithium. Also disclosed is a method for preparing a composition for a hydrogen sulfide gas sensor, the method including steps of: (1) mixing NiO, Li.sub.2CO.sub.3, CuO and WO.sub.3 powders together at a molar ratio of 0.720 to 0.725:1.0 to 1.05:0.0120 to 0.0125:0.25 to 0.255, followed by calcination, thus preparing a powder mixture; (2) applying pressure to the powder mixture by a cold isostatic pressing process, thus preparing a green body; and (3) subjecting the green body to normal-pressure sintering.

Claims

1. A composition for a hydrogen sulfide gas sensor containing copper, lithium, and NiWO.sub.4, wherein the NiWO.sub.4 is co-doped with the copper and the lithium.

2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is represented by the following Formula 1:
Cu.sub.xLi.sub.yNi.sub.1-x-yWO.sub.4,  [Formula 1] wherein X and Y are 0≤x<1 and 0≤y<1, respectively.

3. The composition of claim 2, wherein the composition is Cu.sub.0.25Li.sub.0.025Ni.sub.0.725WO.sub.4.

4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition detects hydrogen sulfide through electronic energy structure control via band alignment design.

5. A method for preparing a composition for a hydrogen sulfide gas sensor, the method comprising steps of: (1) mixing NiO, Li.sub.2CO.sub.3, CuO and WO.sub.3 powders together at a molar ratio of 0.720 to 0.725:1.0 to 1.05:0.0120 to 0.0125:0.25 to 0.255, followed by calcination, thus preparing a powder mixture; (2) applying pressure to the powder mixture by a cold isostatic pressing process, thus preparing a green body; and (3) subjecting the green body to normal-pressure sintering.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein the calcination in step (1) is performed at a temperature of 850° C. to 900° C. for 12 to 16 hours in an atmospheric atmosphere.

7. The method of claim 5, wherein the cold isotropic pressing in step (2) comprises applying a pressure of 100 to 150 MPa.

8. The method of claim 5, wherein the sintering in step (3) is performed at a temperature of 900 to 1,100° C. in an atmospheric atmosphere.

9. A hydrogen sulfide gas sensor comprising: a substrate; an electrode; and a sensing layer formed on an upper, lower or side surface of the electrode and comprising the composition for a hydrogen sulfide gas sensor according to claim 1.

10. The hydrogen sulfide gas sensor of claim 9, wherein the electrode is a silver (Ag) electrode.

11. The hydrogen sulfide gas sensor of claim 9, wherein the substrate is a ceramic and/or alumina substrate.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0032] FIG. 1 schematically shows a hydrogen sulfide gas sensor for detecting a bulk resistance change according to the present invention;

[0033] FIG. 2 schematically shows a method for preparing a Cu.sub.xLi.sub.yNi.sub.1-x-yWO.sub.4 (where X and Y are 0≤x<1 and 0≤y<1, respectively) composition and a process of performing a gas sensing test for a prepared gas sensor;

[0034] FIG. 3 shows XRD crystalline phase patterns of bulk samples of four prepared compositions (NiWO.sub.4, Li.sub.0.025Ni.sub.0.975WO.sub.4, Cu.sub.0.25Ni.sub.0.75WO.sub.4, and Cu.sub.0.25Ni.sub.0.025Ni.sub.0.725WO.sub.4) The left XRD patterns are those obtained by enlarging the 14.5° to 25.5° angle section in each whole pattern to confirm the presence of secondary phase;

[0035] FIGS. 4(a) to 4(h) show actual photographs and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) morphologies of the four prepared composition powder samples, and FIGS. 4(i) to 4(p) show actual photographs and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) morphologies of the four composition samples prepared through normal-pressure sintering;

[0036] FIG. 5 depicts response vs. time graphs obtained by injecting a total of 11 different gases (NO.sub.2, H.sub.2S, H.sub.2, C.sub.6H.sub.6, CO, C.sub.2H.sub.5OH, SO.sub.2, NH.sub.3, C.sub.3H.sub.6O, C.sub.7H.sub.8, and p-xylene) at concentrations of 10 ppm into gas sensors including the four compositions, respectively, placed in a gas sensing system (FIG. 2) at 300° C. in a general atmospheric atmosphere, measuring changes in surface resistance resulting from changes in the compositions, and then calculating the ratio of the resistance after injection of the gases to the resistance before injection of the gases as a response value. In addition, FIG. 5 shows a total of 44 gas sensing test results;

[0037] FIG. 6 shows a comparison of the maximum response value between the compositions depending on the type of gas based on the results of the 44 gas sensing test results shown in FIG. 5;

[0038] FIG. 7 shows the results of examining the response of Cu.sub.0.25Li.sub.0.025Ni.sub.0.725WO.sub.4 (confirmed in FIG. 6) to each type of gas at a temperature of 300° C., and shows that Cu.sub.0.25Ni.sub.0.025Ni.sub.0.725WO.sub.4 exhibits a highly selective response to hydrogen sulfide;

[0039] FIG. 8 shows that the electron exchange between NiWO.sub.4 having p-type conductivity and surface oxygen species with high electronegativity occurs when the temperature is changed from room temperature to 300° C., and also schematically shows a principle in which a hole accumulation layer (HAL) is formed on the surface by the electron exchange;

[0040] FIG. 9 shows a change in the resistance of the NiWO.sub.4 composition with p-type conductivity (shown in FIG. 8) between an oxidizing atmosphere and a reducing atmosphere, and also shows the changes in resistance and surface conduction type by doping with lithium, doping with copper, or co-doping with lithium and copper;

[0041] FIG. 10 shows the results of observing the response value during testing of the hydrogen sulfide sensitivity of the Cu.sub.0.25Ni.sub.0.025Ni.sub.0.725WO.sub.4 composition at varying concentrations at a temperature of 300° C. In addition, the results in FIG. 10 are used to calculate the limit of detection of hydrogen sulfide gas through Equation 1, Equation 2 and Equation 3;

[0042] FIG. 11 shows the results obtained by averaging and plotting the resistance after gas injection versus the resistance before gas injection, at any point of time in the hydrogen sulfide sensitivity test performed in FIG. 10, and then performing fifth-order polynomial fitting. In addition, the results in FIG. 11 are used to calculate the limit of detection of hydrogen sulfide gas through Equation 1, Equation 2 and Equation 3;

[0043] FIG. 12 shows XPS analysis results for bulk samples including the four compositions, respectively, which are results scanned in Ni 2p mode;

[0044] FIG. 13 shows XPS analysis results for bulk samples including the four compositions, respectively, which are results scanned in W 4f mode;

[0045] FIG. 14 shows XPS analysis results for bulk samples including the four compositions, respectively, which are results scanned in O 1s mode;

[0046] FIG. 15 shows XPS analysis results for bulk samples including the Cu.sub.0.25Ni.sub.0.75WO.sub.4 composition and the Cu.sub.0.25Ni.sub.0.025Ni.sub.0.725WO.sub.4 composition, respectively, which are results scanned in Cu 2p mode;

[0047] FIG. 16 shows Tauc plots of the UV-Vis absorption spectra of bulk samples including the four compositions, respectively, and indicates indirect optical band gap energy for each of the compositions;

[0048] FIG. 17 shows UPS analysis results for bulk samples including the four compositions, respectively, and indicates the work function and cut-off energy between valence band maximum (VBM) and fermi level of each of the compositions;

[0049] FIG. 18 shows the energy band structure for each composition based on the results obtained in FIGS. 16 and 17;

[0050] FIG. 19 shows a hole accumulation layer (HAL) (electron depletion layer (EDL)) on the surface of a bulk sample including each composition, which is to be generated at a temperature of 300° C., based on the results shown in FIGS. 9 and 18; and

[0051] FIG. 20 schematically shows the principle of the hydrogen sulfide-selective resistance change found in the Cu.sub.0.25Ni.sub.0.025Ni.sub.0.725WO.sub.4 composition according to the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0052] The present invention will be described in detail below. In the following description of the present invention, detailed descriptions of related known configurations or functions may be omitted.

[0053] The terms or words used in the specifications and claims should not be interpreted as being limited to typical meanings or dictionary definitions, but should be interpreted as having meanings and concepts relevant to the technical spirit of the present invention.

[0054] It should be understood that the embodiments described in the specification and the configurations shown in the drawings are merely preferred examples of the present invention and do not represent all of the technical spirits of the present invention and thus various modifications and variations to the present invention and equivalents thereto may be made at the time when the present invention was filed.

[0055] Unless otherwise defined, technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the present invention pertain. In the following description and the accompanying drawings, detailed description of known functions and configurations will be omitted when it may obscure the subject matter of the present invention.

[0056] In addition, as used herein, each singular form is intended to include a plural form as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

[0057] In addition, % used indistinctly herein means % by weight, unless specifically indicated.

[0058] The present invention provides a Mott-insulator-based composition, which is chemically stable in a high-temperature oxidizing or reducing atmosphere and recovers after selectively reacting with hydrogen sulfide, which is generated in fuel refining processes, wastewater treatment processes, etc., is harmful to the human body, causes environmental pollution, and is known as a major biomarker gas of the human body.

[0059] The composition for a gas sensor according to the present invention contains: a cationic dual-transition-metal oxide (NiWO.sub.4) composed of nickel and tungsten; lithium; and copper. The composition containing the cationic dual-transition-metal oxide (NiWO.sub.4), copper, and lithium is preferably one in which the nickel site is co-doped with copper and lithium, and may be represented by Cu.sub.xLi.sub.yNi.sub.1-x-yWO.sub.4 (where X and Y are 0≤x<1 and 0≤y<1, respectively).

[0060] In this case, the reason why copper and lithium are selected as dopants in the preparation of the co-doped composition (Cu.sub.xLi.sub.yNi.sub.1-x-yWO.sub.4 (where X and Y are 0≤x<1 and 0≤y<1, respectively) is as follows.

[0061] In the case of copper, when the nickel site having 3d orbital valence electrons is substituted with copper containing 3d orbital valence electrons, valence band dispersion may be induced, thereby weakening the strength of interaction between valence electrons. Meanwhile, in the case of lithium which is a metal having the lowest ionization energy, when a cation site in the NiWO.sub.4 composition is substituted with lithium, tungsten with a high reduction potential may be partially reduced by lithium to induce pentavalent tungsten (W5+) active sites, from which a small polaron may be derived. In addition, it is believed that the derived small polaron will be involved in polaron-electron coupling of reducing gas molecules, making chemical adsorption more advantageous only for the reducing gas molecules.

[0062] Accordingly, to synthesize the co-doping composition (Cu.sub.xLi.sub.yNi.sub.1-x-yWO.sub.4) (where X and Y are 0≤x<1 and 0≤y<1, respectively), NiO, CuO, Li.sub.2CO.sub.3 and WO.sub.3 powders are mixed together at a stoichiometric ratio or a suitable cation ratio and subjected to solid-state-reaction, thus preparing powder and a bulk sample.

[0063] In this case, to evaluate the effect of doping on the synthesized composition, compositions composed of NiWO.sub.4, Li.sub.0.025Ni.sub.0.975WO.sub.4, Cu.sub.0.25Ni.sub.0.75WO.sub.4 and Cu.sub.0.25Li.sub.0.025Ni.sub.0.725WO.sub.4, respectively, were prepared.

[0064] The term “solid-state-reaction” refers to a reaction between solid reactants occurring in a specific high-temperature atmospheric atmosphere, and includes cation diffusion and grain densification and coarsening. In addition, the solid-state reaction may be called a “solid-phase method”.

[0065] A composition for a hydrogen sulfide gas sensor 100 according to the present invention may be prepared by a two-step solid-state process, and the composition according to the present invention and a comparative composition were prepared separately.

[0066] In this case, a powder form is prepared by a first-step solid-state process, and a bulk sample is prepared from the prepared powder sample by a second-step solid-state process.

[0067] In this case, a pore-free bulk structure is formed so that the possibility of chemical adsorption by pores is excluded, and then the effect of doping on hydrogen sulfide sensing is compared between compositions.

[0068] A bulk sample with minimized pores has very low surface energy compared to a nanostructure, and thus exists in a very stable structure.

[0069] The above-described solid phase method consists of preparing single-phase powder by calcination and preparing a bulk sample by normal-pressure sintering. The calcination may be performed at a temperature of 850° C. to 900° C. for 12 to 16 hours in an atmospheric atmosphere, most preferably at a temperature of 900° C. for 12 hours. The normal-pressure sintering may be performed by applying a pressure of 100 MPa to 150 MPa, most preferably 150 MPa, to the prepared powder by a cold isostatic pressing process, thus preparing a green body, and then sintering (heat-treating) the green body at a temperature of 900 to 1,100° C., most preferably 1,100° C., for 12 hours in an atmospheric atmosphere (FIG. 2).

[0070] In this case, if the calcination temperature is lower than the lower limit of the above-described range, calcination temperature, a problem may arise in that less crystallization of the compounds constituting the sample composition occurs, and thus the sample is not synthesized. If the calcination temperature is higher than the upper limit of the above-described range, a problem may arise in that very large grain growth occurs, resulting in a significant increase in the difficulty in reducing large pores existing between large grains in the subsequent sintering process.

[0071] In addition, if the pressure is lower than the lower limit of the above-described range, a problem may arise in that the desired shape is not easily obtained because the pressure for making the green body is insufficient. If the pressure is higher than the upper limit of the above-described pressure, a problem may arise in that water enters the inside of the sample during the pressure application process, causing the sample to become wet or contaminated by the cutting oil/water mixture.

[0072] Regarding the sintering temperature, considering that the melting point of NiWO.sub.4 is 1,400° C., the theoretically suitable sintering temperature according to the Temman Temperature principle is 900° C., which corresponds to 70% of the absolute melting point (1673K). It was confirmed that the most preferred sintering temperature was found to be 1,100° C.

[0073] In particular, it was confirmed that, as the sintering temperature increases, the pores between condensed grains are reduced by grain coarsening and densification, which is advantageous in increasing the relative density. Thus, if the sintering temperature is lower than the lower limit of the above-described range, a problem may arise in that the desired reaction does not proceed, and if the sintering temperature is higher than the upper limit of the above range, a problem may arise in that a part of the sample is melted and flows down without being synthesized according to the shape of the green body.

[0074] The prepared bulk sample for each composition is synthesized in the form of a cylinder with a diameter of 10 mm, and in order to fabricate a gas sensor from the bulk sample, the bulk sample is polished to obtain a 1 mm-thick coin-shaped bulk sample 10. The lower surface of the fabricated bulk coin 10 is supported by a 1-mm-thick alumina substrate 30, and a silver paste is applied to the upper surface of the coin 10, thereby preparing a metal electrode. Thereby, a bulk-based hydrogen sulfide gas sensor 100 is fabricated (FIG. 2).

[0075] The present invention will be described in more detail below with reference to examples. These examples are only for explaining the present invention in more detail, and it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that the scope of the present invention according to the subject matter of the present invention is not limited by these examples.

Example: Gas Sensor Fabrication

[0076] As transition metal oxides according to the present invention, nickel oxide [NiO, Kojundo, 99.97%], lithium carbonate [Li.sub.2CO.sub.3, Kojundo, 99.99%], copper oxide [CuO, Kojundo, 99.9%], and tungsten oxide [W03, Kojundo, 99.9%] were prepared per 50 g of each composition to be prepared, as shown in Table 1 below, and then mixed together. Each of the mixtures was calcined in a box furnace at a temperature of 900° C. in an atmospheric atmosphere, thereby preparing powders composed of NiWO.sub.4, Li.sub.0.025Ni.sub.0.975WO.sub.4, Cu.sub.0.25Ni.sub.0.75WO.sub.4, and Cu.sub.0.25Li.sub.0.025Ni.sub.0.725WO.sub.4 compositions, respectively (FIG. 1).

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Sample NiO WO.sub.3 CuO Li.sub.2CO.sub.3 S1 12.183 g 37.817 g 0 0 S2 11.937 g 38.002 g 0 0.151 g S3  9.101 g 37.668 g 3.231 g 0 S4  8.841 g 37.851 g 3.247 g 0.151 g

Sample Preparation Per 50 g

[0077] A pressure of 150 MPa was applied to each of the prepared powder compositions by a cold isostatic pressing process to obtain pellet-shaped green bodies. The green body including each of the compositions was subjected to normal-pressure sintering in a box furnace at a temperature of 1,100° C. in an atmospheric atmosphere to induce grain coarsening and densification, thereby preparing bulk samples with few pores (FIG. 2).

[0078] Each of the prepared bulk samples was polished to obtain 1-mm-thick coins 10, and a silver paste was applied to the upper surface of each coin to form a metal electrode 20. Next, the lower surface of each coin 10 was supported by a ceramic substrate 30 made of alumina, thereby fabricating bulk-based gas sensors 100 (FIG. 1). See FIG. 2.

Evaluation Example 1: Structural Analysis

[0079] For structural analysis of the bulk sample including each of the prepared compositions (NiWO.sub.4, Li.sub.0.025Ni.sub.0.975WO.sub.4, Cu.sub.0.25Ni.sub.0.75WO.sub.4, and Cu.sub.0.25Li.sub.0.025Ni.sub.0.725WO.sub.4), the bulk sample was powdered, and then powder XRD analysis was performed to examine whether a single phase was synthesized (see FIG. 3). As shown in XRD spectra obtained by enlarging the 14.5° to 25.5° angle section in the right of FIG. 3, it can be confirmed that, when the nickel site was co-doped with 2.5 at % Li and 25 at % Cu, secondary peaks in addition to the main peak or separation of the main peak appeared, suggesting that Li.sub.0.025Ni.sub.0.975WO.sub.4 and Cu.sub.0.25Ni.sub.0.75WO.sub.4 were not synthesized well as single phases. However, it can be confirmed that the Cu.sub.0.25Li.sub.0.025Ni.sub.0.725WO.sub.4 composition obtained by co-doping with equal amounts of lithium and copper was synthesized well as a single phase, suggesting that, when the nickel site is co-doped with copper and lithium, the copper and lithium components can synergistically increase the solid solution limit for the nickel site (FIG. 3).

[0080] The XRD spectra shown FIG. 3 were subjected to Rietveld refinement to obtain the crystal system, space group, lattice constant, lattice angle, and unit cell volume of each composition as shown in Table 2 below. It can be confirmed that all the compositions follow the Monoclinic system and have a space group of P 2/c. In addition, it can be confirmed that the lattice constants “a” and “b” contracted and increased upon co-doping with lithium and copper and were consistent well with the middle values between the lattice constants shown upon doping with each of lithium and copper, suggesting that the changes in lattice constants by doping follow Vegard's Lattice Law well. This is a base on which the fact that the nickel site was properly substituted with each dopant can be macroscopically confirmed.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Powder XRD-RietveId Refinement Analysis Sample Crystal Space Cell Composition System Group a b c β Volume NiWO.sub.4 Monoclinic P12/c 1 4.6007 5.6658 4.9106 90.01 128.003 Å Å Å ° Å.sup.3 Li.sub.0.025Ni.sub.0.975WO.sub.4 Monoclinic P 12/c 1 4.5992 5.6714 4.9154 90.02 128.216 Å Å Å ° Å.sup.3 Cu.sub.0.25Ni.sub.0.75WO.sub.4 Monoclinic P 12/c 1 4.6095 5.6748 4.9150 90.00 128.565 Å Å Å ° Å.sup.3 Cu.sub.0.25Li.sub.0.025Ni.sub.0.725WO.sub.4 Monoclinic P 12/c 1 4.6091 5.6822 4.9053 90.02 128.469 Å Å Å ° Å.sup.3

Evaluation Example 2: Analysis of Morphology

[0081] FIG. 4 shows images of the actual appearances of as-calcined powders including the compositions (NiWO.sub.4, Li.sub.0.025Ni.sub.0.975WO.sub.4, Cu.sub.0.25Ni.sub.0.75WO.sub.4, and Cu.sub.0.25Li.sub.0.025Ni.sub.0.725WO.sub.4), respectively, and bulk samples obtained immediately after sintering of the powders, and shows scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showing the morphologies of each powder and bulk sample. In particular, it can be confirmed that the number of pores on the surface morphology image (FIG. 4(p)) of the bulk sample including the Cu.sub.0.25Li.sub.0.025Ni.sub.0.725WO.sub.4 composition is small. This makes it possible to analyze the factors of selective response to hydrogen sulfide as shown in FIGS. 5, 6, 7, 9 and 10 while excluding the possibility of adsorption by pores. In addition, the surface morphology of the bulk sample having few pores, unlike a porous structure, can be confirmed, thereby ensuring the structural stability of the sample due to its low surface energy.

Evaluation Example 3: Gas Sensing Analysis

[0082] To analyze the gas sensitivity of the gas sensor 100 including each of the prepared compositions (NiWO.sub.4, Li.sub.0.025Ni.sub.0.975WO.sub.4, Cu.sub.0.25Ni.sub.0.75WO.sub.4, Cu.sub.0.25Li.sub.0.025Ni.sub.0.725WO.sub.4), a total of 11 different gases (FIG. 5) at concentrations of 10 ppm were injected into the chamber of a gas sensing system (FIG. 2) under an atmospheric atmosphere at a temperature of 300° C., and detection of changes in the surface resistance of each sensor material by the gases was performed. In addition, based on data about the resistance changes, the maximum response value for each gas was calculated (FIG. 5), and the results are summarized in FIG. 6.

[0083] From the results in FIG. 6, it can be confirmed that only the bulk-based gas sensor including the Cu.sub.0.25Li.sub.0.025Ni.sub.0.725WO.sub.4 composition obtained by co-doping the nickel site with lithium and copper shows a selective change in resistance in response to hydrogen sulfide. FIG. 7 roughly summarizes the degree of response of the Cu.sub.0.25Li.sub.0.025Ni.sub.0.725WO.sub.4 composition to each gas based on the results shown in FIG. 6, and emphasizes the excellent selective response of the Cu.sub.0.25Li.sub.0.025Ni.sub.0.725WO.sub.4 composition to hydrogen sulfide.

[0084] Meanwhile, in order to examine surface conduction type by checking the change in resistance of each sample by exposure to a gas atmosphere, observation was made for changes in the resistance of the gas sensors including the prepared compositions (NiWO.sub.4, Li.sub.0.025Ni.sub.0.975WO.sub.4, Cu.sub.0.25Ni.sub.0.75WO.sub.4, and Cu.sub.0.25Li.sub.0.025Ni.sub.0.725WO.sub.4), respectively, in each of an oxidizing atmosphere formed by the oxidizing gas NO.sub.2 (10 ppm, 300° C.) and a reducing atmosphere formed by the reducing gas H.sub.2S (10 ppm, 300° C.) (FIG. 9).

[0085] The NiWO.sub.4 composition has p-type conductivity. Thus, as shown in FIG. 8, electrons on the surface of the sample move to surface oxygen species with high electronegativity in an atmospheric atmosphere at 300° C., and then holes are confined to the sample surface site, and the resulting layer may be referred to as a hole accumulation layer (HAL). When NiWO.sub.4 with P-type conductivity is exposed to an oxidizing atmosphere, it loses surface electrons and the HAL thickness increases due to hole accumulation, which leads to a decrease in resistance. Conversely, when NiWO.sub.4 is exposed to a reducing atmosphere, the sample gains electrons from the reducing atmosphere, and thus the thickness of the HAL decreases, which leads to an increase in resistance. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 9, when NiWO.sub.4 having p-type conductivity is exposed to an oxidizing NO.sub.2 atmosphere, the resistance thereof decreases, and when NiWO.sub.4 is exposed to a reducing H.sub.2S atmosphere, the resistance thereof increases.

[0086] Meanwhile, as shown in FIG. 9, it could be confirmed that, as the resistance of the compositions other than NiWO.sub.4 changed depending on each atmosphere, the surface conduction type of the compositions changed. It was confirmed that the Li.sub.0.025Ni.sub.0.725WO.sub.4 composition obtained by lithium doping showed n-type conductivity only in the reducing atmosphere, and the gas sensors including the Cu.sub.0.25Ni.sub.0.725WO.sub.4 and Cu.sub.0.25Li.sub.0.025Ni.sub.0.725WO.sub.4 compositions, respectively, showed n-type conductivity in both the oxidizing atmosphere and the reducing atmosphere.

[0087] As a result of examining the response behavior of the Cu.sub.0.25Li.sub.0.025Ni.sub.0.725WO.sub.4 composition sensor while changing hydrogen sulfide concentration at the same temperature condition (300° C.), it was confirmed that the Cu.sub.0.25Li.sub.0.025Ni.sub.0.725WO.sub.4 composition sensor showed a linear response behavior proportional to the hydrogen sulfide concentration as shown in FIG. 10. In addition, the slope of the linear function of the trend line in FIG. 10 is calculated as 14.7075 ppm.sup.−1, and the calculated slope value is used to calculate the limit of detection of the Cu.sub.0.25Li.sub.0.025Ni.sub.0.725WO.sub.4 composition sensor for hydrogen sulfide gas at 300° C. according to Equation 2 (see Table 4 below).

[0088] FIG. 11 depicts graphs showing the average response value, which is the ratio of the resistance after gas injection to the resistance before gas injection, which occurs in the Cu.sub.0.25Li.sub.0.025Ni.sub.0.725WO.sub.4 composition sensor in the hydrogen sulfide sensitivity test performed with respect to FIG. 10 (hydrogen sulfide gas injection occurred at 1,500 sec). In other words, FIG. 11 shows the mean of the samples selected at any time point relative to the baseline of the response curve before gas injection. The results in Table 3 were obtained by calculating the deviation between the fifth-order polynomial fitting curves and its variance. Based on the linear function slope shown in FIG. 10 and Equations 1, 2 and 3, the limit of detection of the Cu.sub.0.25Li.sub.0.025Ni.sub.0.725WO.sub.4 composition sensor for hydrogen sulfide at a temperature of 300° C. could be calculated as 0.149 ppb to 0.158 ppb.

[00001]$\begin{array}{cc}{S}_{\mathrm{Noise}}\left({\mathrm{ppm}}^{-1}\right)=\sqrt{\text{?}/\left(N-1\right)}\mathrm{where}{V}_x^2=.Math.\left(Y_i-\stackrel{\_}{Y}\right)& \left[\mathrm{Equation}1\right]\end{array}$$\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{Limit}\mathrm{of}\mathrm{detection}\left({\mathrm{ppm}}^{-1}\right)=3\times S_{\mathrm{Noise}}/\mathrm{Slope}& \left[\mathrm{Equation}2\right]\end{array}$$\begin{array}{cc}{\mathrm{LOD}}_{\mathrm{variation}}=3\times \left(\frac{S_{\mathrm{Noise}}}{\text{?}}-\frac{S_{\mathrm{Noise}}}{\text{?}}\right)& \left[\mathrm{Equation}3\right]\end{array}$$\text{?}\text{indicates text missing or illegible when filed}$

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Cu.sub.0.25Li.sub.0.025Ni.sub.0.725WO.sub.4 Time (s) Y Y  − Y (Y  − Y ) 1403 1.0468 0.00029  8.41E−8 1411 1.04379 −0.00013  1.69E−8 1419 1.03946 −0.00095 9.025E−7 1429 1.03585 0.00048 2.304E−7 1442 1.02999 0.00132 1.1742E−6  1456 1.02098 −0.00106 1.124E−6 1465 1.0175 −0.0008   6.4E−7 1474 1.01541 0.00071 5.041E−7 1488 1.00919 0.00049 2.401E−7 1494 1.00527 −0.00023  5.29E−8 1497 1.00351 −0.00015  2.25E−8 indicates data missing or illegible when filed

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Standard Temperature Slope Error LOD Materials (° C.) (ppm.sup.−1) (ppm.sup.−1) V.sub.x.sup.2 RMS.sub.Noise (ppb) Cu.sub.0.25Li.sub.0.025Ni.sub.0.725WO.sub.4 300 14.7075 0.42224 5.64951 0.000751632 0.149~ E−6 0.158

Evaluation Example 4: Valence State Analysis

[0089] To compare the valance states of the prepared compositions (NiWO.sub.4, Li.sub.0.025Ni.sub.0.975WO.sub.4, Cu.sub.0.25Ni.sub.0.75WO.sub.4, and Cu.sub.0.25Li.sub.0.025Ni.sub.0.725WO.sub.4), XPS (FIGS. 12 to 15), UV-VIS spectrometry (FIG. 16) and UPS analysis (FIG. 17) were performed.

[0090] As a result of XPS analysis, as shown in FIG. 12, the valence state of nickel was maintained without significant changes in spite of the composition change. On the other hand, in the case of tungsten, the proportion of the W5+ active site increased as a result of doping, and in the case of the Cu.sub.0.25Li.sub.0.025Ni.sub.0.725WO.sub.4 composition obtained by co-doping with copper and lithium, the area showing the proportion of the W5+ active site was located between the value for the lithium-doped composition and the value for the copper-doped composition.

[0091] In FIG. 14, it can be seen that the valence state of oxygen changed, and lithium doping increased the proportion of oxygen vacancies increased, but the formation of oxygen vacancies was suppressed by copper doping.

[0092] FIG. 15 shows the results of Cu 2p scanning for two compositions (Li.sub.0.025Ni.sub.0.725WO.sub.4, and Cu.sub.0.25Li.sub.0.025Ni.sub.0.725WO.sub.4). As can be seen therein, co-doping with copper and lithium led to an increase in the proportion of monovalent cations (Cu+). This phenomenon functions to supplement a charge for the charge imbalance caused by lithium doping, and it can be confirmed that the transition metal copper is partially reduced and remains in an oxidation number state of 1, which acts as a major factor in the effect of increasing the solid solution limit as shown in FIG. 3.

[0093] FIG. 16 shows Tauc plots of the UV-Vis absorption spectra of the compositions (NiWO.sub.4, Li.sub.0.025Ni.sub.0.975WO.sub.4, Cu.sub.0.25Ni.sub.0.75WO.sub.4, and Cu.sub.0.25Li.sub.0.025Ni.sub.0.725WO.sub.4), and indicates indirect optical band gap energy for each of the compositions. As the heat treatment temperatures of the solid-state method performed to the samples were high at 900° C. and 1,100° C., the optical band gap energy of each composition was 4.5 eV or higher. It was confirmed that, for NiWO.sub.4, the bandgap energy was 4.66 eV, which increased 4.68 eV upon lithium doping and decreased to 4.56 eV upon copper doping, but for Cu.sub.0.25Li.sub.0.025Ni.sub.0.725WO.sub.4 composition obtained by co-doing with copper and lithium, the bandgap energy was located at the middle between the bandgap energy of Li.sub.0.025Ni.sub.0.975WO.sub.4 and the bandgap energy of Cu.sub.0.25Ni.sub.0.75WO.sub.4, suggesting that the change in band gap energy change by ion doping complied with Vegard's band gap law.

[0094] FIG. 17 shows the results of USP analysis of the bulk samples including the compositions (NiWO.sub.4, Li.sub.0.025Ni.sub.0.975WO.sub.4, Cu.sub.0.25Ni.sub.0.75WO.sub.4, and Cu.sub.0.25Li.sub.0.025Ni.sub.0.725WO.sub.4), respectively, and indicates the work function and cut-off energy between valence band maximum (VBM) and fermi level of each of the compositions. Based on the band energy structure of each composition shown in FIG. 17 together the optical bandgap energy data of each composition shown in FIG. 16, the results shown in FIG. 18 are obtained.

[0095] From the results in FIG. 18, it can be confirmed that in the Fermi level in the NiWO.sub.4 composition before doping is close to the VBM direction, suggesting that the NiWO.sub.4 composition before doping has p-type conductivity. On the other hand, it can be confirmed that the conductivity type of the NiWO.sub.4 composition changed to weak n-type when doped with lithium, and changed to strong n-type when doped with copper. On the other hand, it can be confirmed that the Cu.sub.0.25Li.sub.0.025Ni.sub.0.725WO.sub.4 obtained with co-doping with copper and lithium also had n-type conductivity, which was weaker than the copper-doped composition, suggesting that the relative behavior of the Fermi level, which appeared upon co-doping with the two ions, occurred quantitatively depending on doping.

Evaluation Example 5: Analysis of Sensing Mechanism

[0096] FIG. 19 schematically shows changes in a hole accumulation layer (HAL) on the surface of each the compositions (NiWO.sub.4, Li.sub.0.025Ni.sub.0.975WO.sub.4, Cu.sub.0.25Ni.sub.0.75WO.sub.4, and Cu.sub.0.25Li.sub.0.025Ni.sub.0.725WO.sub.4) depending on the surface conduction type of each composition as shown in FIGS. 9 and 18.

[0097] From the results of the above-described analyses, the principle of the hydrogen sulfide selective-response behavior of the gas sensor including the Cu.sub.0.25Li.sub.0.025Ni.sub.0.725WO.sub.4 composition can be schematically expressed as shown in FIG. 20.

[0098] Referring to FIG. 20, in the NiWO.sub.4 composition before doping, the activation energy of polaron hopping is high, and thus charge exchange between surface oxygen species, gas molecules, and materials does not easily occur. When the NiWO.sub.4 composition having no gas sensitivity is co-doped with lithium and copper, the conductivity type thereof changes to n-type conductivity, and when the NiWO.sub.4 composition is doped with lithium, the lithium increases the W5+ active sites, and the polaron formed thereon combines with the electrons of the reducing gas molecule to favor chemisorption. The doped copper reacts with hydrogen sulfide to generate CuS and water molecules, and then the CuS is decomposed into Cu and sulfur oxide (SO.sub.2).

[0099] In the case of NiWO.sub.4, the band gap energy is 4.66 eV. The band gap energy increases to 4.68 eV when NiWO.sub.4 is doped with copper, and decreases to 4.56 eV when NiWO.sub.4 is doped with lithium. In contrast, in the case of Cu.sub.0.25Li.sub.0.025Ni.sub.0725WO.sub.4 in which NiWO.sub.4 is co-doped with copper and lithium, the band gap energy is located between the band gap energy of Li.sub.0.025Ni.sub.0.975WO.sub.4 and the band gap energy of Cu.sub.0.25Ni.sub.0.75WO.sub.4. In addition, in NiWO.sub.4 before doping, the Fermi level is close in the VBM direction, so that the conduction type thereof is p-type. The conduction type changes to weak n-type when NiWO.sub.4 is doped with lithium, and changes to strong n-type when NiWO.sub.4 is doped with copper. In contrast, in the case of Cu.sub.0.25Li.sub.0.025Ni.sub.0725WO.sub.4 in which NiWO.sub.4 is co-doped with copper and lithium, the conduction type is n-type but is less strong than that obtained in the case of being doped with copper, so that the relative behavior of the Fermi level, which appears upon co-doping with the two ions, occurs quantitatively. It can be seen that improved chemical adsorption of and selective response to hydrogen sulfide can be achieved through electronic energy structure control via such band alignment design.

[0100] Thus, the doped copper acts as a major element contributing to selective resistance changes in response to hydrogen sulfide and to recovery, suggesting that the effects of the two dopants are complementary to each other, resulting in improved chemical adsorption of and selective response to hydrogen sulfide. Therefore, the composition Cu.sub.0.25Li.sub.0.025Ni.sub.0.725WO.sub.4 according to the present invention is highly useful as a hydrogen sulfide sensor, and ensures the above-described excellent selective detection ability and a limit of detection of 1 ppb or less.

[0101] In addition, the bulk-based gas sensor 100 including the Cu.sub.0.25Li.sub.0.025Ni.sub.0.725WO.sub.4 composition according to the present invention has few pores and low surface energy, and thus is structurally very stable, ensuring high reliability, long response life, and reproducibility.

[0102] In addition, as the hydrogen sulfide sensitivity provided by the Cu.sub.0.25Li.sub.0.025Ni.sub.0.725WO.sub.4 composition according to the present invention was demonstrated to be sufficiently excellent at the bulk level, when a porous nanostructure is synthesized using the composition of the present composition is synthesized, a gas sensor including the composition and the nanostructure will exhibit excellent hydrogen sulfide sensitivity and will be highly useful.

[0103] As described above, preferred embodiments of the present invention have been disclosed in the present specification and the accompanying drawings. Although specific terms have been used, these are only used in a general sense to easily explain the technical content of the present invention and aid in the understanding of the disclosure, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.

[0104] It will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art to which the present invention pertains that, in addition to the embodiments disclosed herein, other modifications based on the technical spirit of the present invention may be implemented.