MEMBRANE COMPRISING BIOPOLYMERS AND CARBON NANOMATERIALS FOR REMOVING HEAVY METALS IN POLLUTED WATERS

Abstract

The present invention relates to a membrane for removing heavy metals present in water or other solutions contaminated with said heavy metals, wherein said membrane comprises carbon nanomaterials and a mixture of natural biopolymers, preferably nanocellulose, carbon nanotubes and diatom biomass. The present invention also comprises a method for obtaining said membrane, and a method for removing heavy metals in water or other solutions comprising the use of said membrane.

Claims

1. A membrane for removing heavy metals present in contaminated water or solutions, CHARACTERIZED in that it comprises nanocellulose, carbon nanotubes and diatom biomass.

2. The membrane according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED in that the nanocellulose is nanofibrillated cellulose.

3. The membrane according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED in that the carbon nanotubes are selected from the group consisting of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), and carbon nanotubes, whose wall structure is indefinite.

4. The membrane according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED in that the diatom biomass is one or a mixture of species of the diatom Didymosphenia.

5. The membrane according to claim 4, CHARACTERIZED in that the diatom biomass is Didymosphenia geminata.

6. The membrane according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED in that the diatom biomass is diatom stems.

7. The membrane according to claim 6, CHARACTERIZED in that the stems are of the Didymosphenia geminata diatom.

8. The membrane according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED in that the carbon nanotubes are in a concentration of 0.5-3% w/w of the total weight of the membrane.

9. The membrane according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED in that the nanocellulose is in a suspension of 2-4% w/v in water.

10. The membrane according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED in that the diatom biomass is in a ratio of between 1:1 to 4:1 with respect to nanocellulose.

11. A method for obtaining a membrane for removing heavy metals present in contaminated water or solutions, CHARACTERIZED in that it comprises the steps of: a. providing a diatom biomass, carbon nanotubes, and nanocellulose; b. mixing diatom biomass with carbon nanotubes; c. adding said mixture of diatom biomass and carbon nanotubes into the nanocellulose and mixing until a paste is formed; and d. drying the paste to obtain a membrane.

12. The method according to claim 11, CHARACTERIZED in that the nanocellulose is nanofibrillated cellulose.

13. The method according to claim 11, CHARACTERIZED in that the carbon nanotubes used are selected from the group consisting of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), and carbon nanotubes, whose wall structure is indefinite.

14. The method according to claim 11, CHARACTERIZED in that the diatom biomass is one or a mixture of species of the Didymosphenia diatom.

15. The method according to claim 14, CHARACTERIZED in that the diatom biomass is Didymosphenia geminata.

16. The method according to claim 11, CHARACTERIZED in that diatom stems are obtained from the diatom biomass.

17. The method according to claim 16, CHARACTERIZED in that the stems are of the Didymosphenia geminata diatom.

18. The method according to claim 11, CHARACTERIZED in that the mixing to form a nanocellulose paste with diatom biomass and carbon nanotubes is performed at a speed of 15,000-18,000 rpm for 5 to 30 minutes.

19. The method according to claim 11, CHARACTERIZED in that the paste is dried at a temperature of 20-25 C. for 12 to 18 hours.

20. The method according to claim 13, CHARACTERIZED in that the carbon nanotubes are synthesized using a chemical vapor deposition method to provide the carbon nanotubes.

21. The method according to claim 20, CHARACTERIZED in that the chemical vapor deposition method uses a catalyst, wherein said catalyst comprises Al.sub.2O.sub.3 and hydrated salts of Fe and Co.

22. The method according to claim 21, CHARACTERIZED in that the catalyst is synthesized by a method comprising the steps of: a. mixing Al.sub.2O.sub.3, Fe.sub.2(C.sub.2O.sub.4).sub.5H.sub.2O and Co(C.sub.2H.sub.3O.sub.2).sub.2+4H.sub.2O in a ratio of 1:1:10 and 2:5:10 with respect to the weight of Al.sub.2O.sub.3 and the hydrated salts of Fe and Co; and b. calcining this mixture at a temperature of 600-750 C. until the catalyst is obtained.

23. The method according to claim 22, CHARACTERIZED in that Al.sub.2O.sub.3, Fe.sub.2(C.sub.2O.sub.4)5H.sub.2O and Co(C.sub.2H.sub.3O.sub.2).sub.2+4H.sub.2O are mixed in a ratio of 2:2:10 and 2:4:10 with respect to the weight of Al.sub.2O.sub.3 and the hydrated salts of Fe and Co.

24. The method according to claim 20, CHARACTERIZED in that the chemical vapor deposition method uses ethylene and argon at flow rates of 100 and 500 sccm.

25. The method according to claim 20, CHARACTERIZED in that the chemical vapor deposition method is performed at a temperature of 700-800 C.

26. The method according to claim 16, CHARACTERIZED in that for obtaining the diatom stems from the diatom biomass, the method further comprising the steps of: a. extracting diatom biomass from an environment where it is found; b. mixing said diatom biomass with an ethanol solution and stirring; and c. filtering this mixture to obtain a solid phase and a liquid phase, where the solid phase is the diatom stems.

27. The method according to claim 26, CHARACTERIZED in that said environment is selected from the group consisting of a marine environment and a freshwater environment.

28. The method according to claim 27, CHARACTERIZED in that said freshwater environment is selected from the group consisting of a river and a lake.

29. The method according to claim 26, CHARACTERIZED in that it comprises the repetition of steps (b) and (c) 2 to 8 times.

30. The method according to claim 26, CHARACTERIZED in that the ethanol solution is of 50% to 70% v/v.

31. The method according to claim 26, CHARACTERIZED in that the stirring is performed by means of ultrasound between 30 and 50 KHz for 10 to 30 minutes.

32. The method according to claim 26, CHARACTERIZED in that it further comprises the steps of: a. drying the diatom stems; b. grinding these dried stems; c. sieving these ground stems to obtain particles of a size of 100 to 1000 m.

33. The method according to claim 32, CHARACTERIZED in that the diatom stems are dried at a temperature of 20-70 C. for 12 to 18 hours.

34. The method according to claim 32, CHARACTERIZED in that the dried diatom stems are ground for 5 to 30 minutes.

35. The method according to claim 32, CHARACTERIZED in that the particles obtained have a size of 300 m.

36. A method for removing heavy metals present in contaminated water or solutions, CHARACTERIZED in that it comprises the steps of: a. providing a membrane comprising nanocellulose, carbon nanotubes and diatom biomass; b. contacting the membrane with the contaminated water; and c. removing the membrane with the adsorbed heavy metals from the water.

37. The method according to claim 36, CHARACTERIZED in that the membrane nanocellulose is nanofibrillated cellulose.

38. The method according to claim 36, CHARACTERIZED in that the carbon nanotubes are selected from the group consisting of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), and carbon nanotubes, whose wall structure is indefinite.

39. The method according to claim 36, CHARACTERIZED in that the diatom biomass is one or a mixture of species of the Didymosphenia diatom.

40. The method according to claim 39, CHARACTERIZED in that the diatom biomass is Didymosphenia geminata.

41. The method according to claim 36, CHARACTERIZED in that the diatom biomass is diatom stems.

42. The method according to claim 41, CHARACTERIZED in that the stems are of the Didymosphenia geminata diatom.

43. The method according to claim 36, CHARACTERIZED in that the membrane adsorbs heavy metals that are selected from the group consisting of lead, arsenic, copper, mercury, chromium, cadmium, cobalt, magnesium, manganese, calcium, nickel, and molybdenum.

44. The method according to claim 36, CHARACTERIZED in that said method additionally comprises a desorption step of the adsorbed metals.

45. The method according to claim 44, CHARACTERIZED in that said desorption method comprises exposing the membrane to an acidic solution.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0049] FIG. 1 shows optical microscopy images of Didymosphenia geminata stems.

[0050] FIG. 1A shows an image of such stems obtained by reflection optical microscopy and FIG. 1B shows an image of such stems obtained by transmission optical microscopy.

[0051] FIG. 2 shows photographs of the membrane preparation process. FIG. 2A shows a photograph of D. geminata stem powder. FIG. 2B shows a photograph of a dispersion of carbon nanotubes (left) and nanofibrillated cellulose (right). FIG. 2C shows a photograph of the homogenized mixture of D. geminata stem powder, nanocellulose and carbon nanotubes. FIG. 2D shows a photograph of a membrane of D. geminata and nanofibrillated cellulose. FIG. 2E shows a photograph of a membrane of D. geminata, nanofibrillated cellulose, and carbon nanotubes.

[0052] FIG. 3 shows SEM electron microscopy images of the membrane comprising D. geminata, nanofibrillated cellulose and carbon nanotubes at different scales. FIG. 3A shows a 10 m scale image with arrows pointing to stems of D. geminata. FIG. 3B shows a 5 m scale image with arrows pointing to nanofibrillated cellulose fibers.

[0053] FIG. 3C shows a 2 m-scale image with arrows pointing to carbon nanotubes.

[0054] FIG. 4 shows the results of the Pb.sup.+2 adsorption assay over time. FIG. 4A shows a graph with a Pb.sup.+2 adsorption kinetic curve over time comprising comparison with the Pb.sup.+2 adsorption kinetic curve over time of: nanofibrillated cellulose membrane (NFC), nanofibrillated cellulose membrane and D. geminate (NFC+Didymo), nanofibrillated cellulose membrane and carbon nanotubes (NFC+CNTs) and nanofibrillated cellulose membrane, D. geminata and carbon nanotubes (NFC+Didymo+CNTs). FIG. 4B shows photographs of these membranes immersed in a solution containing Pb.sup.+2.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0055] The present invention refers to a membrane comprising carbon nanomaterials and a matrix including a mixture of natural polymers (biopolymers), which presents a high adsorption efficiency of heavy metals present in contaminated waters or solutions. This membrane is simple, easy to use and environmentally friendly.

[0056] The present invention also refers to a method of manufacturing or obtaining said membrane and a method for removing heavy metals present in contaminated waters or solutions comprising the use of said membrane. One of the main advantages of this method is that no residual sludge containing heavy metals is generated, as other purification techniques currently employed do.

[0057] All technical and scientific terms used to describe the present invention have the same meaning a person with basic knowledge in the technical field in question will understand. However, in order to define the following scope of the invention more clearly, a list of the terminology used in this description and the meaning thereof is included.

[0058] The term contaminated water or contaminated solutions should be understood indistinctly as water or solutions containing one or more heavy metals, which is the reason why they are contaminated.

[0059] The term carbon nanomaterials refers to materials made up of carbon atoms, whose sizes are in the nanometer scale. Some examples of these nanomaterials are graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), nanodiamonds, carbon nanofibers, carbon dots, fullerenes, among others.

[0060] The term carbon nanotubes or CNTs should be understood as tubular or cylindrical carbon structures with diameters in the nanometer scale, typically less than 100 nm. These carbon nanotubes can be single-layered or single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs), multi-layered or multi-walled nanotubes (MWNTs), or nanotubes, whose wall structure is indefinite.

[0061] Biomass should be understood as biological mass or organic matter of eukaryotic or prokaryotic origin.

[0062] The term nanocellulose should be understood as nanostructured cellulose, which can be cellulose nanocrystals or nanofibrillated cellulose. By the terms nanofibrillated cellulose, CNF, NCF or cellulose nanofibrils used interchangeably, cellulose fibers, whose thicknesses are in the nanometer scale, typically between 1-50 nm, and with broad length sizes, typically in the micrometer scale, are to be understood.

[0063] A first subject matter of the present invention relates to a membrane comprising carbon nanomaterials and a mixture of natural polymers or biopolymers.

[0064] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the carbon materials are carbon nanotubes, preferably selected from the group consisting of single-layered or single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs), multi-layered or multi-walled nanotubes (MWNTs), and nanotubes, whose wall structure is indefinite. In an even more preferred embodiment of the invention, the carbon materials are multi-walled type carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), without being limited to this one mentioned.

[0065] Said biopolymers are preferably nanocellulose, which may be cellulose nanocrystals or nanofibrillated cellulose, even more preferably, nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC), and a biomass.

[0066] Said biomass is preferably a microorganism belonging to the group of microalgae, more preferably to the class of diatoms (also called Diatomea, Diatomeae, Diatomophyceae, Bacillariae, Bacillariophyta or Bacillariophyceae). In a preferred embodiment, the biomass is one or a mixture of species of the Didymosphenia diatom such as, for example, D. clavaherculis, D. curvata, D. curvirostrum, D. dentata, D. geminata, D. lineata, D. neocaledonica, D. pumila, D. siberic a, D. tatrensis, D. fossilis, etc. Preferably, the biomass used in the present invention is biomass of Didymosphenia geminata (previously known as Echinella geminata or Gomphonema geminatum or by its common name Didymo).

[0067] In a preferred embodiment, the membrane of the present invention comprises stems that are obtained from the biomass of any diatom, more preferably from any of the previously mentioned Didymosphenia species, even more preferably it comprises the stems of Didymosphenia geminata.

[0068] It is interesting to note that diatom biomass, particularly the Didymosphenia diatom has a high propagation capability, seriously degrading aquatic ecosystems especially in rivers and lakes in different parts of the world. Therefore, the use of diatom biomass in the membrane of the present invention also provides an added value to this environmentally polluting biomass.

[0069] In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the carbon nanotubes are in a concentration of 0.5 and 3% w/w of the total weight of the membrane, more preferably between 1 and 2% w/w of the total weight of the membrane. In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the nanocellulose is in a suspension of 2 and 4% w/v in water, more preferably in a suspension of 3% w/v. In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the diatom biomass is in a ratio of 1:1 and 4:1 with respect to the nanocellulose, more preferably in a ratio of 2:1 and 3:1 with respect to the nanocellulose.

[0070] A second subject matter of the present invention is a method for obtaining a membrane for removing heavy metals present in contaminated waters or solutions comprising the steps of: [0071] a. providing a diatom biomass, carbon nanotubes, and nanocellulose; [0072] b. mixing the diatom biomass with the carbon nanotubes; [0073] c. adding said mixture of diatomaceous biomass and carbon nanotubes into the nanocellulose and mixing until a paste is formed; and [0074] d. drying the paste to obtain a membrane.

[0075] The nanocellulose used in the present method functions as a support matrix for the membrane. In a preferred embodiment, the nanocellulose provided may be cellulose nanocrystals or nanofibrillated cellulose, preferably, nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC).

[0076] The diatom biomass (as previously mentioned) is preferably one or a mixture of species of the Didymosphenia diatom such as, for example, D. clavaherculis, D. curvata, D. curvirostrum, D. dentata, D. geminata, D. lineata, D. neocaledonica, D. pumila, D. siberica, D. tatrensis, D. fossilis, etc. Preferably, the biopolymers used in the present invention are obtained from the biomass of Didymosphenia geminata, commonly called rock snot or Didymo. Even more preferably, the biopolymers used are derived from the stems of any diatom, more preferably from any of the previously mentioned species of Didymosphenia, even more preferably from the stems of Didymosphenia geminata.

[0077] Due to the fact that stems obtained from diatom biomass are preferably used, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention a number of additional steps are performed to provide said diatom stems. Thus, the method further comprises the steps of: [0078] a. extracting diatom biomass from an environment where it is found; [0079] b. mixing said diatom biomass with an ethanol solution and stirring; and [0080] c. filtering this mixture so as to obtain a solid phase and a liquid phase, where the solid phase is the diatom stems.

[0081] Diatoms are commonly found in any type of aquatic ecosystem, including surface waters such as puddles or wet surfaces. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the diatom biomass is extracted from an environment, which may be a marine (saltwater) environment or a freshwater environment. Marine environments include oceans, seas and marshes (salt marshes or wetlands), mangroves, intertidal zone, among others. Within freshwater environments include lakes, rivers, ponds, streams, brooks, creeks, watercourses, springs, fountains, marshes, swamps, wetlands, among others. In a preferred embodiment, the diatom biomass is extracted from a river or lake.

[0082] After obtaining the diatom biomass, it is cleaned and processed to obtain the diatom stems. The cleaning is performed by mixing said biomass with an ethanol solution. Preferably, said ethanol solution is of 50% and 70% v/v.

[0083] The mixture of the biomass with the ethanol solution is stirred (step b) and then filtered to obtain a liquid phase and a solid phase, where said solid phase corresponds to the stems of said diatoms (step c). Said liquid phase is discarded. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the stirring is performed by low frequency ultrasound (between 30 and 50 kHz) for a period between 10 to 30 minutes. This procedure is performed to clean and separate the stems from the diatom biomass cells.

[0084] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, stages (b) and (c) are repeated between 2 to 8 times. That is, the solid phase obtained from stage (c) is mixed with a new ethanol solution and stirred (stage b), and then filtered to obtain a second solid phase and a second liquid phase (stage c), and so on, between 2 to 8 times.

[0085] In another embodiment of the method of the present invention, after obtaining the diatom stems the following steps can be carried out: [0086] a. drying the stems of diatoms; [0087] b. grinding these dried stems; [0088] c. sieving these ground stems to obtain particles of a size of 100 to 1000 m.

[0089] Preferably, the diatom stems are dried in an oven at a temperature of 20-70 C., still more preferably at a temperature of approximately 40 C. After the diatom stems are dried, the diatom stems are preferably ground for 5 to 30 minutes until a fine powder is obtained. The grinding can be done by any conventional method known in the state of the art. This fine powder (ground stems) is sieved to preferably obtain particles of a size of 300 m.

[0090] Preferably, the carbon nanotubes used in the method for obtaining the membrane of the present invention are selected from the group consisting of single-walled or single-layered nanotubes (SWNTs), multi-layered or multi-walled nanotubes (MWNTs), and nanotubes, whose wall structure is indefinite. In an even more preferred embodiment of the invention, the carbon materials are multi-walled type carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), without being limited to the one mentioned.

[0091] To provide the carbon nanotubes, these can be purchased commercially or synthesized by any method known in the state of the art. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the carbon nanotubes are synthesized by the chemical vapor deposition or CVD method. To carry out this method, it is required to obtain a catalyst. This catalyst necessary for the growth of carbon nanotubes comprises, preferably, Al.sub.2O.sub.3 and hydrated salts of Co and Fe.

[0092] Said catalyst can be obtained commercially or can be synthesized by any method known in the state of the art. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the catalyst is synthesized by a method comprising the steps of: [0093] a. mixing Al.sub.2O.sub.3, Fe.sub.2(C.sub.2O.sub.4)5H.sub.2O and Co(C.sub.2H.sub.3O.sub.2).sub.2+4H.sub.2O in a ratio of 1:1:10 and 2:5:10 with respect to the weight of Al.sub.2O.sub.3 and the hydrated salts of Fe and Co; and [0094] b. calcining this mixture at a temperature of 600-750 C. until the catalyst is obtained.

[0095] Preferably, the compounds Al.sub.2O.sub.3, Fe.sub.2(C.sub.2O.sub.4)5H.sub.2O and Co(C.sub.2H.sub.3O.sub.2).sub.2+4H.sub.2O are mixed in a 2:2:10 and 2:4:10 ratio with respect to the weight of Al.sub.2O.sub.3 and the hydrated salts of Fe and Co.

[0096] In a preferred embodiment, for the chemical vapor deposition method, ethylene is used as the carbon precursor gas. Preferably, for the synthesis of the carbon nanotubes, ethylene and argon are used at flow rates between 100 and 500 standard cubic centimeters per minute (sccm), even more preferably at 300 sccm. The temperature at which this method is carried out is preferably of 700-800 C., even more preferably at 800 C.

[0097] A critical aspect in the method for obtaining the membrane is to achieve a good dispersion of the carbon nanotubes. Therefore, the carbon nanotubes are first mixed with the diatom biomass, and then the nanocellulose is added into the mixture. If all these components are mixed at the same time, the degree of dispersion of the carbon nanotubes will not be optimal.

[0098] After adding the nanocellulose into the mixture of diatom biomass and carbon nanotubes, these components are mixed into a paste. This mixing is preferably carried out at a speed of 15,000-18,000 rpm for 5 to 30 minutes. Subsequently, the paste is subjected to a drying step at room temperature or at 20-25 C.

[0099] To form a membrane, the paste can optionally be placed in molds of any shape and size. After the drying step, the membrane is of 0.3 and 5.0 mm thick.

[0100] A third subject matter of the present invention is a method for removing heavy metals present in contaminated waters or solutions comprising the steps of: [0101] a. providing a membrane comprising nanocellulose, carbon nanotubes and diatom biomass; [0102] b. contacting the membrane with the contaminated water until the membrane adsorbs the heavy metals; and [0103] c. removing the membrane with the adsorbed heavy metals from the water.

[0104] In a preferred embodiment, the membrane used for removing heavy metals corresponds to the one described previously in the first subject matter of the present invention. Said membrane is capable of adsorbing heavy metals such as lead, arsenic, copper, mercury, chromium, cadmium, cobalt, magnesium, manganese, calcium, nickel, and molybdenum, without being limited to these ones.

[0105] The contact time of the membrane with the contaminated water depends on operational variables such as pH, temperature, metal concentration, stirring, among other factors, which in turn depend on the type of metal to be adsorbed to find the optimum operating variables. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the membrane is capable of adsorbing about 95% in a period of less than 10 hours.

[0106] After removing the membrane from the water, a metal desorption step can optionally be carried out, which can have a double function: to have the option of reusing the membrane and, in addition, to recover the metal for subsequent valorization. The desorption process comprises a stage of exposing the membrane to an acid solution. The type of acid and pH used depends on the type of metal that the membrane adsorbs. For example, in the case of lead, a 0.03M acetic acid solution at pH 1.5 is used.

[0107] The following are examples of embodiments of the invention, which have been included for the purpose of illustrating the invention, the preferred embodiments, and comparative examples thereof, but in no case should they be considered to restrict the scope of the patent application, which is only delimited by the contents of the attached claims.

EXECUTION EXAMPLES

Example 1. Obtaining the Membrane for Removing Heavy Metal

[0108] To prepare the membrane, it was first necessary to obtain the diatom biomass, nanocellulose and carbon nanotubes.

[0109] For this test, the biomass from Didymosphenia geminata diatom was chosen. This was collected from the Blanco river in Tierra del Fuego, Chile, and stored in a 95% v/v ethanol solution. The collected biomass was then cleaned by adding 600 mL of a 50% v/v ethanol solution to 400 mL of biomass. This mixture was subjected to ultrasound at low frequency (30 kHz) for 15 minutes. A solid phase and a liquid phase were obtained, which were separated by cloth filters. The liquid phase was discarded. To the solid phase a 50% v/v ethanol solution was added again, it was subjected to ultrasound at low frequency (30 kHz) for 15 minutes and again the solid and liquid phases obtained were separated. This procedure was repeated 4 times. This cleaning allowed separating the stems from the cells of D. geminata, where the solid phase obtained corresponds to the stems, as shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B. Then, these stems were dried in an oven at a temperature of 40 C. for approximately 18 hours. Once dried, the stems were ground with a food processor for 20 min until a fine powder was obtained. This powder was sieved to obtain a homogeneous particle size of less than 300 m (FIG. 2A).

[0110] For the synthesis of multi-walled type carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), the catalyst was prepared with a mixture of Al.sub.2O.sub.3, Fe.sub.2(C.sub.2O.sub.4)5H.sub.2O and Co(C.sub.2H.sub.3O.sub.2).sub.2+4H.sub.2O in a ratio of the weights of Al.sub.2O.sub.3 and the hydrated salts of Fe and Co of 2:2:10. This mixture was calcined at a temperature of 650 C. Then, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique at a temperature of 800 C. was employed for nanotube synthesis using ethylene and argon at flow rates of 200 sccm. The carbon nanotube dispersion is shown in the image in FIG. 2B (left).

[0111] Cellulose nanofibers where chosen to be used, which were obtained from the University of Maine, USA. These were in a 3% w/v water suspension format (FIG. 2B, right).

[0112] First, the powder of D. geminata stems was mixed with the MWCNTs. Then, this mixture was added to the suspension of cellulose nanofibers and mixed at a speed of 15,000 rpm for 20 min, where a paste was formed (FIG. 2C). As a control for subsequent analyses, a mixture of D. geminata stem powder and cellulose nanofibers, without adding MWCNTs, and a control with only cellulose nanofibers were also prepared. After this, the pastes were poured into 3030 cm molds with a thickness of 2.5 cm and left to dry at room temperature for 48 hours. FIG. 2D shows the membrane of D. geminata stems and nanofibrillated cellulose, and FIG. 2E shows the membrane of D. geminata stems, nanofibrillated cellulose and MWCNTs.

[0113] SEM electron microscopy analyses of the membrane comprising D. geminate stems, nanofibrillated cellulose and MWCNTs were performed. FIG. 3A shows a 10 m-scale image with arrows pointing to D. geminata stems, FIG. 3B shows a 5 m-scale image with arrows pointing to nanofibrillated cellulose fibers, and FIG. 3C shows a 2 m-scale image with arrows pointing to MWCNTs.

Example 2. Membrane Evaluation for Removing Heavy Metal

[0114] The efficiency of this membrane to adsorb heavy metals was evaluated by means of a kinetic-type experiment. For this purpose, 128 flasks of solutions with known concentrations of lead ions (Pb.sup.+2) in the range of 50 to 200 mg/L were prepared. These solutions were prepared from the Pb(NO.sub.3).sub.2, salt. The volume of solution used depended on the size of the membrane. In this case, the 50 mL volume of solution that was in the flasks was maintained at a fixed temperature ranging from 30 to 40 C.

[0115] For this experiment, 4 types of membranes were prepared: nanofibrillated cellulose membrane (NFC), nanofibrillated cellulose membrane and D. geminata (NFC+Didymo), nanofibrillated cellulose membrane and carbon nanotubes (NFC+CNTs) and nanofibrillated cellulose membrane, D. geminata and carbon nanotubes (NFC+Didymo+CNTs). Each of these membranes was cut into 4 cm edge squares, which were left individually in the lead ion solutions previously prepared for periods of time of 5 minutes, 30 minutes, 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours. Each experiment was conducted in quadruplicate.

[0116] After that exposure period, the membranes were quickly removed from the lead solution and the solutions were stored for later measurement. The concentration of lead in each solution (an indicator of what was not absorbed on the membrane) was analyzed by atomic absorption (AAS).

[0117] As seen in FIGS. 4A and 4B, significant capture of lead ions occurred from the aqueous solution in contact with the membrane of the present invention. When compared with the control membranes, it was observed that the adsorption effect is caused by the presence of D. geminata stems and carbon nanotubes. Therefore, with the use of the membrane of the present invention a significant reduction in the amount of heavy metals present in contaminated aqueous media can be achieved. It was also observed that after 18 hours the membrane would still be effective in adsorbing heavy metals, since it has not reached its saturation level.