NANOCOMPOSITE LAYER, METHOD OF FORMING NANOCOMPOSITE LAYER AND BATTERY

Abstract

A nanocomposite layer includes a carbon nanotube composite material and a lithium salt polymer composite. The carbon nanotube composite material includes a surface modified carbon nanotube with a positively charged group and a plurality of nanoparticles with a negatively charged group. The plurality of nanoparticles are attached to the surface modified carbon nanotube. The lithium salt polymer composite wraps the carbon nanotube composite material, and includes a first polymer, a second polymer, and a lithium salt.

Claims

1. A nanocomposite layer for battery, comprising: a carbon nanotube composite material comprising a surface-modified carbon nanotube with a positively charged group and a plurality of nanoparticles with a negatively charged group, wherein the plurality of nanoparticles are attached to the surface-modified carbon nanotube; and a lithium salt polymer composite wrapping the carbon nanotube composite material, wherein the lithium salt polymer composite comprises a first polymer, a second polymer, and a lithium salt, wherein the first polymer is a piezoelectric polymer, the second polymer is a doping molecule that is miscible with the first polymer, and the second polymer is configured to change a crystal structure of the first polymer.

2. The nanocomposite layer of claim 1, wherein a surface of the surface-modified carbon nanotube has an amido group.

3. The nanocomposite layer of claim 1, wherein the plurality of nanoparticles comprises silver nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, aluminum nanoparticles, aluminum oxide nanoparticles, or combinations thereof.

4. The nanocomposite layer of claim 1, wherein the plurality of nanoparticles has an average particle size of about 10 to 120 nm.

5. The nanocomposite layer of claim 1, wherein the piezoelectric polymer comprises polyvinylidene difluoride, polydimethylsiloxane, polyimide, polyvinyl acetate, or combinations thereof, and the doping molecule comprises poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), poly(γ-benzyl-L-glutamate), 4,4-oxydiphthalic anhydride, or a ceramic perovskite material in combination with any of the above material.

6. A battery, comprising: a negative electrode current collector; a negative electrode disposed on the negative electrode current collector; the nanocomposite layer of claim 1 disposed on the negative electrode; a solid-state electrolyte disposed on the nanocomposite layer; a positive electrode disposed on the solid-state electrolyte; and a positive electrode current collector disposed on the positive electrode.

7. The battery of claim 6, wherein the nanocomposite layer has a thickness of about 25 microns to about 50 microns.

8. A battery, comprising: a negative electrode current collector; a negative electrode disposed on the negative electrode current collector; the nanocomposite layer of claim 2 disposed on the negative electrode; a solid-state electrolyte disposed on the nanocomposite layer; a positive electrode disposed on the solid-state electrolyte; and a positive electrode current collector disposed on the positive electrode.

9. A battery, comprising: a negative electrode current collector; a negative electrode disposed on the negative electrode current collector; the nanocomposite layer of claim 3 disposed on the negative electrode; a solid-state electrolyte disposed on the nanocomposite layer; a positive electrode disposed on the solid-state electrolyte; and a positive electrode current collector disposed on the positive electrode.

10. A battery, comprising: a negative electrode current collector; a negative electrode disposed on the negative electrode current collector; the nanocomposite layer of claim 4 disposed on the negative electrode; a solid-state electrolyte disposed on the nanocomposite layer; a positive electrode disposed on the solid-state electrolyte; and a positive electrode current collector disposed on the positive electrode.

11. A battery, comprising: a negative electrode current collector; a negative electrode disposed on the negative electrode current collector; the nanocomposite layer of claim 5 disposed on the negative electrode; a solidstate electrolyte disposed on the nanocomposite layer; a positive electrode disposed on the solidstate electrolyte; and a positive electrode current collector disposed on the positive electrode.

12. An anode-free battery, comprising: a negative electrode current collector; the nanocomposite layer of claim 1 disposed on the negative electrode current collector; a solid-state electrolyte disposed on the nanocomposite layer; a positive electrode disposed on the solid-state electrolyte; and a positive electrode current collector disposed on the positive electrode.

13. An anode-free battery, comprising: a negative electrode current collector; the nanocomposite layer of claim 2 disposed on the negative electrode current collector; a solid-state electrolyte disposed on the nanocomposite layer; a positive electrode disposed on the solid-state electrolyte; and a positive electrode current collector disposed on the positive electrode.

14. An anode-free battery, comprising: a negative electrode current collector; the nanocomposite layer of claim 3 disposed on the negative electrode current collector; a solid-state electrolyte disposed on the nanocomposite layer; a positive electrode disposed on the solid-state electrolyte; and a positive electrode current collector disposed on the positive electrode.

15. An anode-free battery, comprising: a negative electrode current collector; the nanocomposite layer of claim 4 disposed on the negative electrode current collector; a solid-state electrolyte disposed on the nanocomposite layer; a positive electrode disposed on the solid-state electrolyte; and a positive electrode current collector disposed on the positive electrode.

16. An anode-free battery, comprising: a negative electrode current collector; the nanocomposite layer of claim 5 disposed on the negative electrode current collector; a solid-state electrolyte disposed on the nanocomposite layer; a positive electrode disposed on the solid-state electrolyte; and a positive electrode current collector disposed on the positive electrode.

17. A method of forming a nanocomposite layer, comprising: mixing a carbon nanotube composite material with an organic solvent, a first polymer, a second polymer, and a lithium salt to form a nanocomposite gel, wherein the carbon nanotube composite material comprises a surface-modified carbon nanotube with a positively charged group and a plurality of nanoparticles with a negatively charged group, and the plurality of nanoparticles are attached to the surface-modified carbon nanotube, wherein the first polymer is a piezoelectric polymer, the second polymer is a doping molecule that is miscible with the first polymer, and the second polymer is configured to change a crystal structure of the first polymer; and baking the nanocomposite gel.

18. The method of claim 17, further comprising forming the carbon nanotube composite material, which comprises: performing a surface treatment to a carbon nanotube to form the surface-modified carbon nanotube with a positively charged group; mixing the surface-modified carbon nanotube with an aqueous solution of nanoparticles to form a mixture; and drying the mixture.

19. The method of claim 17, wherein the nanocomposite gel comprises from about 10 wt % to about 20 wt % of the first polymer, from about 1.5 wt % to about 3 wt % of the second polymer, and from about 5 wt % to about 20 wt % of the lithium salt.

20. The method of claim 18, wherein the nanocomposite gel comprises from about 10 wt % to about 20 wt % of the first polymer, from about 1.5 wt % to about 3 wt % of the second polymer, and from about 5 wt % to 20 about wt % of the lithium salt.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0017] Aspects of the present disclosure are best understood from the following detailed description when read with the accompanying figures. It is noted that, according to the standard practice in the industry, various features are not drawn to scale. In fact, the dimensions of the various features may be arbitrarily increased or reduced for clarity of discussion.

[0018] FIG. 1 is a flowchart illustrating a method of forming a nanocomposite layer according to some embodiments of this disclosure.

[0019] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating a carbon nanotube composite material according to some embodiments of this disclosure.

[0020] FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating the structure a nanocomposite layer according to some embodiments of this disclosure.

[0021] FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a battery according to some embodiments of this disclosure.

[0022] FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view illustrating an anode-free half-cell having a nanocomposite layer according to one of the examples of this disclosure.

[0023] FIG. 6 is a potential-time curve diagram of an anode-free half-cell having a nanocomposite layer according to one of the examples of this disclosure.

[0024] FIG. 7 is a potential-time curve diagram of an anode-free half-cell without a nanocomposite layer according to a comparative example of this disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0025] The following embodiments are disclosed with accompanying diagrams for detailed description. For illustration clarity, many details of practice are explained in the following descriptions. However, it should be understood that these details of practice do not intend to limit the present invention. That is, these details of practice are not necessary in parts of embodiments of the present invention. Furthermore, for simplifying the drawings, some of the conventional structures and elements are shown with schematic illustrations.

[0026] Further, spatially relative terms, such as “beneath,” “below,” “lower,” “above,” “upper” and the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe one element or feature's relationship to another element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures. The spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. For example, if the figure is turned 180 degrees, an element described as “below” or “beneath” another element would then be oriented “above” the other elements. In addition, the spatially relative descriptors used herein may likewise be interpreted accordingly.

[0027] Although below using a series of actions or steps described in this method disclosed, but the order of these actions or steps shown should not be construed to limit the present invention. For example, certain actions or steps may be performed in different orders and/or concurrently with other steps. Moreover, not all steps must be performed to achieve the depicted embodiment of the present invention. Furthermore, each operation or procedure described herein may contain several sub-steps or actions.

[0028] FIG. 1 is a flowchart illustrating a method of forming a nanocomposite layer according to some embodiments of this disclosure. As shown in FIG. 1, the method 10 includes operation 12, operation 14, and operation 16.

[0029] Referring to FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, in operation 12 of method 10, a carbon nanotube composite material 100 is formed. As shown in FIG. 2, the carbon nanotube composite material 100 includes a surface-modified carbon nanotube 102 with a positively charged group and a plurality of the nanoparticles 104 with a negatively charged group, and the plurality of the nanoparticles 104 are attached to the surface-modified carbon nanotube 102. Specifically, the surface-modified carbon nanotube 102 forms covalent bonds with the nanoparticles 104.

[0030] In some embodiments, forming the carbon nanotube composite material 100 may include following operations. First, the carbon nanotube (not shown) is surface-treated to form the surface-modified carbon nanotube 102. In some embodiments, the surface treatment includes a carboxylation, an acyl chlorination, and an amidation of the carbon nanotube. For example, after carboxylation, the carbon nanotube has a —COOH group on its surface after carboxylation. Then, after acyl chlorination, the —COOH group is replaced with —COCl group. Then, after the amidation, the —Cl group of the —COCl group of the surface of the nanotube is replaced with —NH(CH.sub.2).sub.2—NH.sub.3.sup.+ group. The nanotube may have a positively charged group on its surface after multi-step functionalization. In some embodiments, the surface of the surface-modified carbon nanotube 102 has an amido group. In some embodiments, the surface-modified carbon nanotube 102 may be directly generated by reacting the carboxylated carbon nanotube with ethylenediamine at high temperature (>350° C.) and high pressure (>6 MPa). In other embodiments, the carbon nanotube is plasma-treated, for example, with hydrogen-oxygen plasma to generate a —COOH group on the surface of the carbon nanotube, which are then treated with ammonia plasma to generate a positively charged NH.sub.3 group.

[0031] In some embodiments, the surface-modified carbon nanotube 102 includes a multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT), a double-walled carbon nanotube (DWCNT), a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT), or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the surface-modified carbon nanotube 102 has a length of about 5 microns to 15 microns. The carbon nanotube with a length greater than 15 μm is not readily available, while the carbon nanotube with a length less than 5 μm loses continuity and increase in impedance when the resulting nanocomposite layer is subsequently applied to a battery (the nanocomposite layer 200 as shown in FIG. 4).

[0032] Afterwards, the surface-modified carbon nanotube 102 may be mixed with the aqueous solution of nanoparticles 104 to form a mixture. In some embodiments, an ultrasonic oscillator may be used to mix the powdered surface-modified carbon nanotube 102 with the aqueous solution of nanoparticle 104. In some embodiments, the nanoparticles 104 are lithiophilic. In some examples, the nanoparticles 104 include silver nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, aluminum nanoparticles, aluminum oxide nanoparticles, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the nanoparticles 104 are formed by chemical reductions by agents. In some examples, the nanoparticles 104 may be formed by reducing metal ions with a reducing agent. For example, the nanoparticles 104 may be silver citrate nanoparticles as shown in FIG. 2. The surface of the nanoparticles of this structure is slightly negatively charged (5-15 mV). The silver citrate nanoparticles are formed by reducing the silver ions in the aqueous silver nitrate solution with sodium citrate, which form chemical bonds to wrap the citric acid molecules around the silver atomic groups. In other embodiments, sodium citrate can be replaced by sodium borohydride, formate, and sodium hydroxide mixed solution as reducing agents. In some embodiments, the plurality of the nanoparticles 104 has an average particle size of about 10 nm to 120 nm. If the particle size of the nanoparticles 104 is greater than 120 nm, the nanoparticles 104 tend to agglomerate during the synthesis process and do not easily attach to the surface-modified carbon nanotubes 102 strongly to form covalent bonds. When the resulting nanocomposite layer is applied to the battery, it will affect the stability of the silver particles during charging and discharging the battery. If the particle size of the nanoparticles 104 is less than 10 nm, it represents that the silver nitrate has not been fully reduced to silver nanoparticles. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of the surface-modified carbon nanotube 102 to the aqueous solution of nanoparticles 104 is about 1:10 to about 1:20.

[0033] The above mixture is then dried. In some embodiments, the mixture may be oven-dried to form a powder. Afterwards, the above powder is dissolved in an organic solvent and then stirred and crushed by an emulsifier to form the carbon nanotube composite material 100. It should be appreciated that, for ease of understanding, the carbon nanotube composite material 100 shown in FIG. 2 is illustrated as negatively charged silver citrate nanoparticles 104 attached to the surface of the surface-modified carbon nanotube 102 with a positively charged amido group, but the present invention is not limited thereto.

[0034] Referring further to FIG. 1, in operation 14 of method 10, the carbon nanotube composite material 100 is mixed with an organic solvent, a first polymer, a second polymer, and a lithium salt to form a nanocomposite gel. In some embodiments, the carbon nanotube composite material 100 may be mixed with the organic solvent, the first polymer, and the second polymer before mixing with the lithium salt. The nanocomposite gel can be coated on suitable substrate (e.g., the negative electrode of a battery).

[0035] In some embodiments, the organic solvent includes N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), ethylene carbonate (EC), polycarbonate (PC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), dimethyl acetamide (DMAC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), or combinations thereof.

[0036] In some embodiments, the first polymer is a piezoelectric polymer that has a high dipole moment and is prone to forming crystals in a chain structure. In some embodiments, the first polymer is a piezoelectric polymer comprising polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polyimide (PI), polyvinyl acetate (PVA), or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the nanocomposite gel includes from about 10 wt % to about 20 wt % of the first polymer. When the content of the first polymer is too high, the viscosity of the nanocomposite gel is too low, which affects the subsequent film formation of the resulting nanocomposite layer.

[0037] In some embodiments, the second polymer is a doping molecule that increases the mechanical strength of the first polymer, changes the viscosity of the first polymer, or increases the piezoelectric properties of the first polymer, and is miscible with the first polymer. The crystal structure of the first polymer can be changed by controlling the doping amount and type of the second polymer. In some embodiments, the second polymer is a doping molecule comprising poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), poly(γ-benzyl-L-glutamate), 4,4′-oxydiphthalic anhydride, or a ceramic perovskite material in combination with any of the above material. In some embodiments, the nanocomposite gel includes from about 1.5 wt % to about 3 wt % of the second polymer. When the content of the second polymer is too high, the dipole-dipole force between the second polymer and the first polymer is greater, making viscosity of the nanocomposite gel too high, causing the nanocomposite gel to be difficult to spread, and the resulting coating layer is fragile and loses its protective effect due to excessive stress.

[0038] The first polymer and the second polymer can improve the surface coating of the carbon nanotube, thereby reducing the agglomeration phenomenon. In addition, the first polymer and the second polymer can regulate the viscosity of the nanocomposite gel. Specifically, when the surface-modified carbon nanotube 102 is covalently bonded with the nanoparticles 104, the overall structure will remain electrically neutral and lose the electric double-layer dispersion characteristics of the surface-modified carbon nanotube 102 due to its positive charge. Therefore, whether the polymer is well coated or not affects the overall dispersion characteristic of the nanocomposite gel. If the dispersion is poor, the viscosity is too low and the resulting nanocomposite layer loses its protective properties. If the viscosity is too high, the nanocomposite gel is difficult to be coated. Therefore, the coating properties of the polymer on the carbon nanotube composite material 100 and the viscosity of the nanocomposite gel have a great influence on the application of the nanocomposite layer.

[0039] In some embodiments, the lithium salt includes lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI), lithium bis(oxalate)borate (Li BOB), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF.sub.4), lithium difluoro(oxalate)borate (LiODFB), lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI), lithium difluorophosphate (LiPO.sub.2F.sub.2), lithium tetrafluoro(oxalato)phosphate (LiFOP), or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the nanocomposite gel includes from about 5 wt % to about 20 wt % of the lithium salt. The lithium salt increases the lithium ion conductivity of the nanocomposite gel, aids in lithium ion transport, and allows for a dynamic equilibrium with adjacent metal nanoparticles in intermetallic reaction.

[0040] Referring to FIG. 1, in operation 16 of method 10, the nanocomposite gel is baked. In some embodiments, after the nanocomposite gel is coated on a substrate, the nanocomposite gel is baked at 120-150° C. to dry the organic solvent to form the nanocomposite layer 200 shown in FIG. 3. In some embodiments, the nanocomposite layer 200 may be applied to battery. For example, the nanocomposite layer 200 may be formed on a negative electrode of the battery, as described in detail in the subsequent FIG. 4.

[0041] FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating the structure of nanocomposite layer 200 according to some embodiments of this disclosure. As shown in FIG. 3, the nanocomposite layer 200 includes the carbon nanotube composite material 100 and the lithium salt polymer composite 110.

[0042] The carbon nanotube composite material 100 includes a surface-modified carbon nanotube 102 with a positively charged group and a plurality of the nanoparticles 104 with a negatively charged group, in which a plurality of the nanoparticles 104 are attached to the surface-modified carbon nanotube 102. The carbon nanotube composite material 100 may be any of the carbon nanotube composite material 100 described above, and will not be repeated herein.

[0043] The lithium salt polymer composite 110 wraps the carbon nanotube composite material 100. In some embodiments, the lithium salt polymer composite 110 includes a first polymer, a second polymer, and a lithium salt. Specifically, the first polymer and the second polymer as described above may form a complex with the lithium salt. Examples of the first polymer, the second polymer, and the lithium salt may be any of the examples described above, and will not be repeated herein.

[0044] Another aspect of this disclosure is a battery. FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a battery 1000 according to some embodiments of this disclosure. As shown in FIG. 4, the battery 1000 includes a negative electrode current collector 310, a negative electrode 300, a nanocomposite layer 200, a solid-state electrolyte 400, a positive electrode 500, and a positive electrode current collector 510. In some embodiments, the battery 1000 may be a lithium-ion battery. For example, the battery 1000 may be a lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) battery, a lithium nickel cobalt manganese (NCM) battery, a lithium iron phosphate (LFP) battery, a lithium cobalt binary battery/ternary battery, or the like.

[0045] In some embodiments, the negative electrode current collector 310 may be any suitable material, such as copper foil. The negative electrode 300 is disposed on the negative electrode current collector 310. In some embodiments, the negative electrode 300 includes any suitable material, such as lithium metal, graphite, and silicon-carbon material. In some embodiments, the negative electrode 300 can be omitted.

[0046] The nanocomposite layer 200 is disposed between the negative electrode 300 and the solid-state electrolyte 400. The nanocomposite layer 200 may be formed by drying the aforementioned nanocomposite gel. The nanocomposite layer 200 includes a carbon nanotube composite material 100 and a lithium salt polymer composite 110. The nanocomposite layer 200 can be any of the nanocomposite layer 200 as described above. In some embodiments, the battery is a battery without negative electrode (i.e., anode-free battery), and the nanocomposite layer 200 is disposed on the negative electrode current collector 310.

[0047] The carbon nanotube composite material 100 includes the surface-modified carbon nanotube 102 with a positively charged group and a plurality of the nanoparticles 104 with a negatively charged group, and the plurality of the nanoparticles 104 are attached to the surface-modified carbon nanotube 102, as shown in FIG. 2. The covalent bond formed between the surface-modified carbon nanotube 102 and the nanoparticles 104 provide a very strong attraction to each other. When the lithium ions are intercalated and disintercalated during charging and discharging of the battery 1000, the metal nanoparticles 104 are interfused with the lithium ions to form an intermetallic compound, resulting in volume changes. The force between the surface-modified carbon nanotube 102 and the metal nanoparticles 104 can stabilize the metal nanoparticles 104 (e.g., silver particles shown in FIG. 2), and reduce the silver nanoparticles from detaching from the surface-modified carbon nanotube 102 and agglomerating to become ineffective particles. In addition, the surface-modified carbon nanotube 102 may also improve the conductivity of the nanocomposite layer 200. The carbon nanotube composite material 100 can be used to homogenize the rate and concentration of lithium ions as they transfer between the positive electrode 500 and the negative electrode 300.

[0048] The lithium salt polymer composite 110 includes a first polymer, a second polymer, and a lithium salt, as described above. By mixing the lithium ions of the lithium salt with the metal nanoparticles 104, the lithium ions can be induced to from an intermetallic compound with the metal nanoparticles 104 during the transfer at the interface of the negative electrode 300 to achieve a dynamic equilibrium of the lithium ions.

[0049] The nanocomposite layer 200 formed on the negative electrode 300 of the battery 1000 can effectively improve the lithium ion conductivity, the cycling performance of the cell under large discharge rate, and suppress the formation of lithium dendrites. In some embodiments, the nanocomposite layer 200 has a thickness of about 25 μm to about 50 μm. If the thickness of the nanocomposite layer 200 is greater than 50 μm, it will increase the component impedance. If the thickness of the nanocomposite layer 200 is less than 25 μm, it is prone to losing the protective effect on negative electrodes due to uneven coating.

[0050] Referring further to FIG. 4, the solid-state electrolyte 400 is disposed on the nanocomposite layer 200. In some embodiments, the solid-state electrolyte 400 includes any suitable solid-state electrolyte material. The positive electrode 500 is disposed on the solid-state electrolyte 400. In some embodiments, the positive electrode 500 includes any suitable positive electrode material. The positive electrode current collector 510 is disposed on the positive electrode 500. In some embodiments, the positive electrode current collector 510 includes any suitable material, such as aluminum foil.

[0051] The following examples are intended to detail particular aspects of the present disclosure and to enable those having ordinary skill in the art to implement the present disclosure. However, the following examples should not be used to limit the present disclosure.

Example 1: Anode-Free Half-Cell with a Nanocomposite Layer

[0052] FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view illustrating an anode-free half-cell 2000 having a nanocomposite layer according to some embodiments of this disclosure. As shown in FIG. 5, the anode-free half-cell 2000 includes a negative electrode current collector 310 (i.e., anode current collector), a nanocomposite layer 200, a separator 400′, and a positive electrode 500 (i.e., cathode).

[0053] The negative electrode current collector 310 was a copper foil with a thickness of about 8 μm. The nanocomposite layer 200 was manufactured by the above method and has a thickness of about 15 μm. The nanocomposite layer 200 was composed of 0.2 wt % carbon nanotube composite material as shown in FIG. 2 and a lithium salt polymer composite containing 11.5 wt % polyvinylidene difluoride, 1.6 wt % poly(methyl methacrylate) and 8.2% wt lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide. The separator 400′ was from W-Scope Corporation and had a thickness of about 20 μm. The positive electrode 500 was lithium metal with a thickness of about 200 μm. The anode-free half-cell was validated using a liquid electrolyte (not shown in the figure).

Comparative Example 1: Anode-Free Half-Cell without Nanocomposite Layer

[0054] The structure of the half-cell of the Comparative Example 1 was similar to the anode-free half-cell 2000 of Example 1, with the difference that the half-cell of the Comparative Example 1 did not have a nanocomposite layer 200.

[0055] The half-cells of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 were subjected to electroplating test at a current density of 0.5 mA/cm.sup.2 to evaluate the cell characteristics when the nanocomposite layer was used in the cell, and the results are shown in FIG. 6 and FIG. 7, respectively. During electroplating, the lithium ions transferred from the lithium metal positive electrode 500 to the copper negative electrode current collector 310, and deposited on the surface of the copper negative electrode current collector 310. At this time, a significant drop in potential can be observed. As shown in FIG. 6, the silver ions in the nanocomposite layer 200 of the Example 1 can react with the lithium ions at the interface of the negative electrode current collector 310 to form an intermetallic compound. The Comparative Example 1 shown in FIG. 7 does not have the nanocomposite layer 200 and therefore no intermetallic reaction occurs at the interface.

[0056] The electroplating process may include ion passage, electrolyte diffusion, charge transfer, atomic surface adsorption, surface diffusion, crystal grain nucleation, and grain growth. There is a significant and quantifiable activation energy (at voltage below 0 volts) in grain nucleation and grain growth, which is called overpotential. The smaller the overpotential, the more uniform the electroplating deposited layer is and the more it tends to grow in two dimensions (i.e., a film), while the larger the overpotential, the more it tends to grow in one dimension and the easier it is to form lithium dendrites. Referring to FIG. 6 and FIG. 7, the overpotential of Example 1 is about 50 mV and the overpotential of the Comparative Example 1 is about 95 mV. Therefore, Example 1 having the nanocomposite layer 200 can form a thin film with a more uniform thickness, instead of lithium dendrites.

[0057] As described above, according to the embodiments of the present disclosure, there is provided a nanocomposite layer, a method of forming the same, and a battery including the nanocomposite layer. The nanocomposite layer is disposed between the negative electrode and the solid-state electrolyte of the battery. The nanocomposite layer of the present disclosure is formed by drying a nanocomposite gel containing a carbon nanotube composite material, an organic solvent, a first polymer, a second polymer, and a lithium salt. The carbon nanotube composite material includes a surface-modified carbon nanotube with a positively charged group and a plurality of nanoparticles with a negatively charged group. The nanoparticles and the surface-modified carbon nanotube are covalently bonded to each other and have a strong attraction therebetween. Therefore, the nanoparticles have good stability under the large discharge rate of the cell, which can prevent the nanoparticles from detaching from the surface-modified carbon nanotubes. In addition, the nanocomposite layer can effectively improve the lithium ion conductivity, the cycling performance of the cell under large discharge rate, and suppress the formation of lithium dendrites.

[0058] Although the present invention has been described in considerable detail with reference to certain embodiments thereof, other embodiments are possible. Therefore, the spirit and scope of the appended claims should not be limited to the description of the embodiments contained herein.

[0059] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made to the structure of the present invention without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. In view of the foregoing, it is intended that the present invention cover modifications and variations of this invention provided they fall within the scope of the following claims.