Filtration media for removing chloramine, chlorine and ammonia, and method of making the same

Abstract

An activated carbon-based media for efficient removal of chloramines as well as chlorine and ammonia from an aqueous stream is presented, and a method for making the same. The method involves preparing activated carbon that remove chloramines efficiently from chloramine-rich aqueous media. In particular, this application relates to the use of high performance catalytically active carbon for an efficient removal of chloramine from drinking water in the form of a solid carbon block or granular carbon media. The activated carbon is treated with a nitrogen-rich compound, such as, melamine.

Claims

1. A method of making catalytically activated carbon particles comprising: providing a starting material in the form of an activated carbonaceous product; soaking said activated carbonaceous product in an acid solution to form acid treated carbon; drying said acid treated carbon; exposing said acid treated carbon to a nitrogen-rich compound, said nitrogen-rich compound residing in solution forming a nitrogen-rich suspension, wherein said acid treated carbon and said nitrogen-rich suspension are combined in a blender and homogeneously mixed to form nitrogen-rich impregnated carbon particles; heating said nitrogen-rich impregnated carbon particles in an inert atmosphere; and cooling said impregnated carbon particles in an oxygen-free or inert atmosphere to room temperature to form catalytically activated nitrogen-rich carbon particles that remove chloramines, chlorine, and/or ammonia from aqueous media.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein said activated carbonaceous product includes coconut based activated carbon or coal based activated carbon in either granular (GAC) or powdered (PAC) form.

3. The method of claim 1 wherein said activated carbonaceous product has a surface area of ranging from about 800 m.sup.2/g to about 1300 m.sup.2/g.

4. The method of claim 1 wherein said step of soaking said activated carbonaceous product in an acid solution includes soaking in 15% nitric acid for approximately three hours.

5. The method of claim 1 wherein said step of drying said acid treated carbon includes drying until moisture content of said acid treated carbon is about or less than two (2) %.

6. The method of claim 5 wherein said step of drying said acid treated carbon includes drying at a temperature of approximately 80° C.

7. The method of claim 1 wherein said step of heating said nitrogen-rich impregnated carbon particles in an inert atmosphere includes heating at a temperature in the range of 750° C. to 800° C.

8. The method of claim 1 wherein said inert atmosphere comprises argon gas or nitrogen gas.

9. The method of claim 1 where said step of cooling includes cooling said catalytically activated nitrogen-rich carbon particles in said oxygen-free atmosphere to room temperature.

10. A filter media formed by the method of claim 1 comprising an activated carbonaceous product impregnated with a nitrogen-rich compound to provide, after heating and cooling in an inert atmosphere, catalytically activated nitrogen-rich carbon particles formed into a solid carbon block filter bed or granular carbon media in a filter housing for removing chloramines, chlorine, and/or ammonia from aqueous media.

11. The filter media of claim 10 wherein said activated carbonaceous product includes coconut based activated carbon or coal based activated carbon.

12. The filter media of claim 11 wherein said activated carbonaceous product has a surface area of ranging from about 800 m.sup.2/g to about 1300 m.sup.2/g.

13. The method of claim 1 wherein said nitrogen-rich compound is added to water to form said nitrogen-rich suspension.

14. The method of claim 1 wherein said nitrogen-rich compound is present in said suspension in amounts ranging between 10%-15% based on a weight of said acid treated carbon.

15. The method of claim 1 wherein said nitrogen-rich impregnated carbon particles are heated in said inert atmosphere at a temperature that thermally decomposes said nitrogen-rich compound to enable a reaction between said nitrogen-rich compound and a surface of said carbon particles.

16. The method of claim 1 wherein said nitrogen-rich suspension are homogeneously mixed for a plurality of hours.

17. The method of claim 1 wherein before heating said nitrogen-rich impregnated carbon particles in said inert atmosphere, further including steps of centrifuging said nitrogen-rich impregnated carbon particles to remove excess water, and drying said nitrogen-rich impregnated carbon particles until a moisture level of less than 2%.

18. The method of claim 1 wherein said nitrogen-rich compound is selected from the group consisting of melamine, a melamine derivative, a triazine compound, pyridinium, guanidinium, morpholinium, imidazolium, triazole, cyanate having nitrogen, and combinations thereof.

19. The method of claim 1 wherein said catalytically activated nitrogen-rich carbon particles contains at least 10 times more nitrogen by total mass as compared to nitrogen content within said activated carbonaceous product.

20. A method of making a filter media for removing chloramines, chlorine, and/or ammonia, comprising: providing a starting material in the form of an activated carbonaceous product; soaking said activated carbonaceous product in an acid solution to form acid treated carbon; drying said acid treated carbon; exposing said acid treated carbon to a nitrogen-rich compound, said nitrogen-rich compound residing in solution forming a nitrogen-rich suspension, wherein said acid treated carbon and said nitrogen-rich suspension are combined in a blender and homogeneously mixed to form nitrogen-rich impregnated carbon particles; heating said nitrogen-rich impregnated carbon particles in an inert atmosphere; cooling said impregnated carbon particles in an oxygen-free or inert atmosphere to room temperature to form catalytically activated nitrogen-rich carbon particles; and forming said catalytically activated nitrogen-rich carbon particles in a bed or filter housing to remove chloramines, chlorine, and/or ammonia from aqueous media.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The features of the invention believed to be novel and the elements characteristic of the invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. The figures are for illustration purposes only and are not drawn to scale. The invention itself, however, both as to organization and method of operation, may best be understood by reference to the description of the preferred embodiment(s), which follows, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings of the invention in which:

(2) FIG. 1 depicts results of example 1 showing the percentage removal of chloramine at different contact times for the prior art compositions FX™-ChloraGuard®, Kuraray 80×325, and Aquaguard™ (MeadWestvaco), as compared to the treated nitrogen-rich carbon products of the present invention;

(3) FIG. 2 depicts concentration of chloramine (ppm) in the effluent versus throughput (L) for the treated carbon product, Aquaguard™, Kuraray 80×325, and FX™-ChloraGuard®, respectively, tested based on Example 2;

(4) FIG. 3 depicts the concentration of chloramine (ppm) in the effluent versus throughput (L) for the treated carbon product of the present invention, Aquaguard™, Kuraray 80×325, and FX™-ChloraGuard® tested based on Example 3;

(5) FIG. 4 depicts the concentration of chloramine (ppm) in the effluent versus throughput (L) for blocks made with 100% of the treated carbon product of the present invention (100×325) and combination of 90% 100×325 mesh invention product and 10% -325 mesh catalytically activated nitrogen-rich carbon products tested based on Example 4;

(6) FIG. 5 depicts a concentration of chloramine (ppm) in the effluent versus throughput (L) for blocks made with 100% of the treated carbon product of the present invention (100×325 coconut-shell based) and invention product (100×325 coal-based) tested based on Example 5;

(7) FIG. 6 depicts an overlay of XRD patterns of regular activated carbon (top line), oxidized activated carbon (middle line), and the treated carbon product of the present invention;

(8) FIG. 7 depicts the FTIR spectrum of coconut-shell based regular activated carbon;

(9) FIG. 8 depicts the FTIR spectrum of oxidized activated carbon;

(10) FIG. 9 depicts the FTIR Spectrum of the treated carbon product of the present invention; and

(11) FIG. 10 depicts the concentration of chlorine (ppm) in the effluent versus throughput (L) for the treated carbon product of the present invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT(S)

(12) In describing the preferred embodiment of the present invention, reference will be made herein to FIGS. 1-10 of the drawings in which like numerals refer to like features of the invention. Features of the invention are not necessarily shown to scale.

(13) A method of preparing catalytic activated carbon media for enhanced removal of chloramine from aqueous media is presented. The catalytic activated carbon is prepared from carbon materials in a sequential process, which may include at least three (3) or more steps. In accordance with the invention, the activated carbon may be of different material sources, such as, for example, coconut-shell based activated carbon, coal-based activated carbon, wood-based activated carbon etc. The activated carbon may further be classified into granular activated carbon, powder activated carbon, and extruded activated carbon, all of which are based on the mean particle dimensions and shapes. Granular activated carbon is irregular shaped particles having sizes ranging from 0.2 to 5 mm. Powder activated carbon is pulverized carbon generally having a particle size distribution ranging from 5 to 150 Å. Extruded activated carbon is cylindrical pellets with diameters ranging from 1 mm to 5 mm. Surface area and porosity plays a major role in the process of adsorption by the activated carbon. Generally, the higher the internal surface area and pore volume, the higher the effectiveness of the carbon.

(14) Coconut shell based activated carbon has a greater number of micropores (pore size less than 2 nm), as compared to coal (more mesopores and less micropores) and wood (more mesopores and macropores) activated carbon. Coconut shell based activated carbon is well suited for water treatment application e.g. dichlorination, dechloramination etc. In accordance with one or more preferred embodiments of the invention, the activated carbon may include a coconut-based carbon or a coal-based carbon, either in granular (GAC) or powdered form (PAC). It is preferable that the carbon-based support is porous having high surface area ranging from about 800 m.sup.2/g to about 1300 m.sup.2/g, based on the Brunauer Emmet Teller (BET) method for nitrogen adsorption. In one or more embodiments the carbon-based support may have a porous surface area of at least 1000 m.sup.2/g based on BET method.

(15) A first step includes soaking the activated carbon in an acid solution having strong oxidizing capabilities. For instance, the strong oxidizing acid agent may include, but is not limited to, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, perchloric acid, and the like. Use of sulfuric acid and perchloric acid require care in handling since they are highly corrosive in nature. They also both have high boiling points. The boiling point of sulfuric acid is 337° C. while the boiling point of perchloric acid is 203° C., both of which are much higher than the boiling point of nitric acid which is 83° C. Nitric acid is used in one or more preferred embodiments since it is a strong oxidizing agent, has ease of handling, and a low boiling point.

(16) In one or more preferred embodiments, the activated carbon was soaked in a nitric acid solution (15% v/w nitric acid) at room temperature (does not require elevated temperature) for approximately three hours. This acid soaking step generates activated carbon having a desired pH of 3-4, in accordance with the invention. Anything less than or more than 15% v/w nitric acid soak may affect the final performance of the product. After the acid soak step, the activated carbon with pH 3-4 is dried in a tunnel drier/fluidized bed reactor at a low temperature, preferably at approximately 80° C., until the final moisture content of the acid treated carbon is less than approximately 2%. The nitric acid is easily removed and does not require an elevated temperature in the drying process.

(17) The acid-treated activated carbon is then contacted or exposed to a nitrogen-containing, preferably a nitrogen-rich, compound either in solid phase or in solution. The preferred nitrogen-rich compound used in the present invention is melamine (1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6-triamine, C.sub.3H.sub.6N.sub.6, molar mass 126.12 g/mol) which contains 67% nitrogen by total mass.

(18) The nitrogen-containing compound, e.g., melamine, is added to water to form a nitrogen-rich suspension, and the suspension is used to wet the acid-treated carbon particles. In the invention melamine is used as a source of nitrogen functionalities. Melamine is a trimer of cyanamide and alkaline in nature which readily form a non-covalent adduct/complex with the acid-treated activated carbon by an extensive two-dimensional network of hydrogen bonds. The reaction product of melamine and the acid-treated activated carbon provides nitrogen-rich impregnated carbon particles in accordance with the invention.

(19) In one or more embodiments, the nitrogen-rich compound, e.g., melamine, may be present in amounts between 10%-15% of the weight of carbon substrate, although lesser amounts may be used so long as there is sufficient nitrogen present in the product to produce an active chloramine removal material. While amounts of 10%-15%, or less, are described in relation to one or more embodiments of the invention, it should be appreciated that more than 15 weight percent nitrogen-rich compound to carbon may be used in accordance with the invention.

(20) While melamine, a nitrogen-rich heterocyclic triazine, is described in conjunction with one or more embodiments of the invention, it should be appreciated that other nitrogen-rich related triazine compounds may be suitable for use in accordance with the invention. For instance, the nitrogen-rich compound may include, but is not limited to, cyanuric acid (C.sub.3H.sub.sN.sub.3O.sub.3), ammelide (C.sub.3H.sub.4N.sub.4O.sub.2), ammeline (C.sub.3H.sub.5N.sub.5O.sub.2), trichloromelamine (C.sub.3H.sub.3Cl.sub.3N.sub.6), cyromazine (C.sub.6H.sub.10N.sub.6), and the like, or even combinations thereof.

(21) In one or more embodiments of the invention, approximately 12.5 wt. % melamine (14.3 g of melamine per 100 g of acid-treated carbon) was added to a sufficient amount of water to form a white milky suspension. A calculated amount of acid-treated activated carbon is loaded into a ribbon blender, followed by pouring the white suspension of melamine into the ribbon blender. The mixture of acid-treated activated carbon and melamine suspension is homogeneously mixed for about 4 hours.

(22) After 4 hours of mixing, the nitrogen-rich impregnated carbon (i.e., the melamine-impregnated carbon) is centrifuged to remove excess water and any remaining impurities. The melamine-impregnated carbon is then dried in a tunnel drier until the moisture level reaches less than 2%. Finally, the dried nitrogen-rich impregnated carbon (i.e., the melamine-impregnated carbon) is loaded into a retort and heated inside at a temperature of 750° C. to 800° C. for 5 hours under a continuous supply of nitrogen gas. It should be appreciated that any nitrogenous compounds or compounds that, after decomposition, forms nitrogen functionalities may be used in the invention. For example, urea may be used in the invention. Derivatives of melamine e.g. cyanuric acid (C.sub.3H.sub.sN.sub.3O.sub.3), ammelide (C.sub.3H.sub.4N.sub.4O.sub.2), ammeline (C.sub.3H.sub.5N.sub.5O.sub.2) may also be used in the invention. Various other nitrogen-based or nitrogen-containing compounds such as pyridinium, guanidinium, morpholinium, imidazolium, triazole, cyanate having nitrogen, and the like, or even combinations thereof, may be used in the invention.

(23) The resultant nitrogen-rich impregnated carbon particles are then dried and heated at a high temperature to generate the catalytically activated nitrogen-rich carbon particles. The thermal treatment of the nitrogen-rich impregnated carbon particles is carried out at a temperature that is sufficient to thermally decompose the nitrogen-rich compound, e.g., melamine, and enable its reaction with activated carbon particles (i.e., reaction between the surface of the carbon particles and the nitrogen-rich compound, e.g., melamine). In a preferred embodiment, the thermal treatment is carried out preferably between 750° C.-800° C. for about 4 hours under an atmosphere that is inert, such as for example an argon or nitrogen atmosphere. The thermally treated nitrogen-rich impregnated carbon particles are then cooled in an oxygen-free or otherwise inert atmosphere to ambient temperature to provide the resultant catalytically activated nitrogen-rich carbon particles that is able to remove chloramines, chlorine, and/or ammonia from aqueous media. The resultant high performance catalytically activated nitrogen-rich carbon particles efficiently remove chloramine from drinking water in the form of a solid carbon block or granular carbon media. Chlorine and ammonia may also be removed via this carbon-based media.

(24) The resultant nitrogen-rich impregnated carbon of the invention contains greater amount of catalytically active nitrogenous species than that of the raw activated carbon precursor material. For example, coconut-shell based raw activated carbon used in this invention contains only 0.3% nitrogen by total mass, whereas the treated carbon product (after treatment with melamine) contains about 3.0% nitrogen (10 times more) by total mass (see the table below). This greater amount of catalytically active nitrogenous species in the inventive resultant treated carbon product contributes to the better performance thereof. Table I below shows concentrations of various elements in the resultant nitrogen-rich ‘treated carbon product’ of the invention and the coconut-shell based raw activated carbon (in Weight %).

(25) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE I Sample C N O Na Si Cl K Treated carbon product 84.5 3.0 9.3 0.3 0.7 — 2.3 Coconut-shell based 86.5 0.3 7.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 5.2 raw activated carbon

Characterization of Surface Composition

(26) The surface composition of the resultant high performance catalytically activated nitrogen-rich carbon particles of the invention is evaluated and characterized by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy.

(27) To perform the characterization, the pH of the carbon surface was first evaluated using ASTM Method D6851-02. Using a graduated cylinder, 100 mL of water was measured and added to the 10-gram sample in the beaker. The solution was then stirred for ten minutes with sufficient turbulence to fluidize the sample in the beaker. After 10 minutes, stirring was stopped and without delay or filtering, pH of the suspension was measured using a pH-meter.

(28) Next, the surface area and pore size were analyzed. Nitrogen isotherms were measured using an ASAP 2020 instrument (Micromeritics) at −196° C. Before the experiment, the samples were heated to approximately 120° C. and then outgassed overnight at this temperature under a vacuum of 10.sup.−5 Torr to constant pressure. The isotherms were used to calculate the specific surface areas, micropore volumes, and pore size distributions. These parameters were obtained using the density functional theory (DFT) approach. The surface area was also calculated using the Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) method.

(29) The apparent density of carbons was evaluated using ASTM Method D 2854. It was determined by measuring the volume packed by free fall from a vibrating feeder into an approximately sized graduated cylinder and determining the mass of the known volume.

(30) Elemental compositions and chemical states of the resultant product were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), using an ESCA Lab 250Xi (Thermo Fisher) at a base pressure below or equal to 10.sup.−9 Torr preferably to create an ultra-high vacuum in order to maximize surface sensitivity. The monochromatic Al K alpha (1486.6 eV) X-ray source was operated at 140 Watts (14 KV, 10 mA). Survey and high-resolution spectra were obtained using a hemispherical electron energy analyzer, which was operated at constant pass energy of 160 eV for survey and 20 eV for high resolution. The binding energy (BE) scale was calibrated relative to the BE of C1s peak. The C1s line (binding energy of C1s) has been used to calibrate the binding-energy scale for XPS measurements. A binding energy of 284.6±0.2 eV has been assumed for this purpose. The spectra were acquired at 90° take-off angle with respect to the sample surface. Data processing was then performed using software, such as Casa XPS Version 2.3.16 Dev41 software. Surface compositions were calculated from measured photoelectron peak areas in survey spectra after correction for appropriate Scofield ionization cross sections. The reported overall atomic concentrations are mean values derived from the survey spectra collected at multiple randomly selected sample regions (at least 5 different points). The surface content of catalyst functional groups was determined by de-convolution/curve fitting analysis of C1s (carbon 1s), O1s (oxygen 1s), N1s (nitrogen 1s), and S2p (sulfur 2p) core level spectra. The curve fitting analysis was based on the summed Gaussian/Lorentzian GL function and Shirley-type background subtraction.

Etching Process

(31) Etching was carried out by bombarding the surface in situ with Ar.sup.+ ions (monoatomic mode) accelerated to 2000 eV for 60 s. The etching step cleans the resultant catalytically activated nitrogen-rich carbon particles prior to performing the XPS process to allow accurately profiling concentrations of species of the resultant product. The relevant high-resolution core line spectra, i.e., K2p, Li1s, Nb3d, and O1s, of the bombarded surface were repeatedly collected 20 times. The measured data were fitted to the Gaussian peak shape with the Shirley type baseline.

(32) The samples of the invention analyzed included the following: 1) raw coconut shell based carbon (Core carbon); 2) treated carbon product under test; 3) Jacobi Carbon AquaSorb™ PAC-S; 4) Jacobi Carbon AquaSorb™ CX-MCA; 5) Centaur Carbon 12×40 (Calgon Carbon); 6) Aquaguard™ powder (Oxbow Activated Carbon LLC); 7) Hydro Darko, Lignite carbon HDB 3000 (Cabot Corporation); 8) Kuraray carbon PKC 80×325 (Kuraray Co. Ltd.); 9) Selecto carbon (Selecto, Inc.); and 10) 3M Water filter, HF95-CL (3M Specialty Products).

(33) Chloramine removal capacity of the reaction product disclosed in the present invention was evaluated both in powder as well as in the form of activated carbon block. In designing filtration media, it is always advantageous to have media that can quickly react with the contaminant of interest. It has been found that filtration media made using the reaction product disclosed herein can provide a fast reaction rate, and thus yields good performance for the removal of chloramines.

Results

(34) XPS Spectra tests were performed on raw carbon and various treated activated carbons in accordance with the present invention. The results are shown in Tables II and III below. Tests were performed on products both before and after etching. The binding energies and corresponding atomic percentages were determined to confirm the presence of at least carbon (C), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N) in the samples of the invention, as well as various other materials as indicated in the below tables. The atomic percentage is the percentage of one kind of atom relative to the total number of atoms present in the compound. Binding energy values were obtained at 284.8 eV (BE for C1s), 532.4 eV (BE for O1s) and 399.3 eV (BE for N1s) to confirm the presence of at least C, O and N in the various tested samples of the invention.

(35) Summary A: A consolidated elemental composition of all samples (in atomic %) is provided in Table II below.

(36) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE II Samples C1s O1s N1s S2p Ti2p Raw Carbon 92.3 7.03 — — — resultant 91.2 6.08 2.71 — — nitrogen-rich Carbon Prod. AquaSorb.sup.TM 92.8 6.42 0.89 — — PAC-S AquaSorb.sup.TM 93.3 5.56 0.73 — — CX-MCA Centaur 92.65 6.25 0.96 — — Carbon Aquaguard.sup.TM 95.33 2.7 1.97 — — powder Hydro 85.43 10.64 0.96 0.41 — Darko HDB 3000 Kuraray 94.5 4.97 1.10 0.30 — PKC Selecto 95.14 2.72 2.14 — — Carbon 3M water 94.05 3.90 1.71 — 0.83 filter HF95-CL Samples Si2p Ca2p Al2p Mg1s Cl2p Raw Carbon — — — — — resultant — — — — — nitrogen-rich Carbon Prod. AquaSorb.sup.TM — 0.30 — — — PAC-S AquaSorb.sup.TM — — — — 0.33 CX-MCA Centaur 0.77 — — 0.73 — Carbon Aquaguard.sup.TM — — — — — powder Hydro 1.48 1.21 0.88 — — Darko HDB 3000 Kuraray — — — — — PKC Selecto — — — — — Carbon 3M water — — — — — filter HF95-CL

(37) Summary B: A consolidated elemental composition of all samples (in weight. %) is provided in Table III below.

(38) The formula for conversion of atomic % into weight % is provided in the following example.

(39) Given two elemental constituents, “x” and “y, a conversion from At. % to Wt. % is calculated from the equation:

(40) $\mathrm{Wt}\%=\frac{\left(\mathrm{At}.\%x\right)\left(\mathrm{At}.\mathrm{Wt}.x\right)}{\left(\mathrm{At}.\%x\right)\left(\mathrm{At}.\mathrm{Wt}.x\right)+\left(\mathrm{At}.\%y\right)\left(\mathrm{At}.\mathrm{Wt}.y\right)}\times 100$

(41) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE III C O N S Ti Samples (Wt. %) (Wt. %) (Wt. %) (Wt. %) (Wt. %) Raw Carbon 90.78 9.22 — — — Treated 89.03 7.91 3.08 — — carbon Product Under Test AquaSorb.sup.TM 89.75 8.27 1.01 — — PAC-S AquaSorb.sup.TM 90.98 7.22 0.83 — — CX-MCA Centaur 87.94 7.90 1.06 — — Carbon Aquaguard.sup.TM 94.18 3.56 2.27 — — powder Hydro Darko 76.81 12.75 1.01 0.99 — HDB 3000 Kuraray 91.56 6.42 1.24 0.78 — PKC Selecto 93.95 3.58 2.46 — — Carbon 3M water 89.96 4.97 1.90 — 3.16 filter HF95-CL Si Ca Al Mg Cl Samples (Wt. %) (Wt. %) (Wt. %) (Wt. %) (Wt. %) Raw Carbon — — — — — Treated — — — — — carbon Product Under Test AquaSorb.sup.TM — 0.97 — — — PAC-S AquaSorbim.sup.TM — — — — 0.95 CX-MCA Centaur 1.70 — — 1.38 — Carbon Aquaguard.sup.TM — — — — — powder Hydro Darko 3.10 3.63 1.71 — — HDB 3000 Kuraray — — — — — PKC Selecto — — — — — Carbon 3M water — — — — — filter HF95-CL

(42) A Treated Carbon Product Under Test used in the performance evaluation was made using 12.5% (w/w) of melamine and 100×325 meshed (Example 1, 2, 3) or −325 meshed (Example 4) coconut-shell based activated carbon following the process as described earlier.

(43) To evaluate the chloramine removal performance of the treated carbon product under test in the powder form, an input chloramine solution of concentration 500 ppm was prepared by adding appropriate amount of commercial bleach (sodium hypochlorite) and solution of ammonium chloride to deionized water and stirred for 1 hour. The pH was adjusted to 7.5-8 by the addition of sodium carbonate.

(44) 100 ml of 500 ppm chloramine solution was equilibrated at a temperature of 21° C. followed by addition of carbon test samples (250 mg). The solution was then agitated, and a stopwatch started to record elapsed time. After a specific period of time the solution was immediately filtered to remove the carbon from treated water. The actual time of filtration of the carbon/water suspension was recorded as the elapsed time for that solution. The aqueous filtrates were analyzed for chloramine content immediately using DPD (N,N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine) reagent “pillow” for total chlorine determination (Hach Company, Catalog Number 21056-69). The reagent pillow was added to the filtrate (10 ml) and the sample vial shaken for 20 seconds to develop the characteristic magenta color of the “Wurster dye” DPD-oxidation product. The absorbance of the filtrate at a wavelength of 515 nm was measured and the concentration of chloramine remaining in the water was calculated using the appropriate calibration. A “blank” colorimetry measurement was made on the high purity water used to prepare the chloramine solutions to ensure that the absorbance at 515 nm was ±0.001. The test was done for different elapsed times e.g. at 2 min, 5 min, 10 min, 15 min, 20 min, and 25 min.

EXAMPLE 1

(45) The following carbon test samples were used in this study: 1. Reaction product disclosed in this invention (mesh size 100×325); 2. MEADWESTVACO AQUAGUARD 325″ (80×325 mesh) from MeadWestvaco Specialty Chemicals, North Charleston, S.C.) used as received without further treatment; 3. Kuraray 80×325 from Kuraray Chemical, Osaka Japan; and 4. FX™ChloraGuard® (mesh size 100×325) from Filtrex Technologies Pvt. Ltd, Bangalore, India.

(46) FIG. 1 depicts the percentage removal of chloramine at different contact time for FX™-ChloraGuard®, Kuraray 80×325, Aquaguard™ (MeadWestvaco), as compared to the catalytically activated nitrogen-rich carbon products of the present invention.

(47) Table IV depicts Chloramine removal capacity measured in terms of mg/g (mg of chloramine removed per g of carbon sample added) at 20 minutes of contact time.

(48) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE IV FX ™- Kuraray Nitrogen-rich ChloraGuard ® 80 × 325 Aquaguard ™ Carbon Products Chloramine removal 80 130 92 132 capacity (mg/g)

Evaluation of Chloramine Removal Performance of the Reaction Treated Carbon Product in the Form of an Activated Carbon Block (Cylindrical)

(49) A fixed amount of selected carbon substrate was blended (for 3-4 mins) with a binder material, such as a polyethylene, e.g., an ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, or a high-density polyethylene (HDPE) at a carbon substrate to binder ratio 70:30 (w/w). The mixture was then quantitatively transferred to a cylindrical shaped mold with a hollow cylindrical core. The mold was filled using an impulse filling to the maximum uncompressed density. The mold was covered and then heated in a convection oven at 180-200° C. for 50 minutes.

(50) After heating, the mold was immediately compressed with a piston to a fixed block length. The mold was cooled to room temperature and the resulting carbon block was removed from the mold. End caps were applied to the block using hot melt glue. The as-prepared carbon block was then placed into a standard filtration vessel that allowed radial flow from the outside to the inside of the filter media. The vessel was equipped with an inlet and outlet. The aqueous chloramine test solution was run through the filtration system at a given flow rate.

(51) The Chloramine removal test was performed in a flow-through system per a method based on the NSF/ANSI Standard 42 (Drinking Water Treatment—Aesthetic Effects. A 3 mg/L aqueous chloramine test solution was prepared having a pH of 7.6 total dissolved solids of 200-500 mg/L; a hardness less than 170 mg/L as CaCO.sub.3; turbidity of less than 1 Nephelometric Turbidity Units; and a temperature of 20±3° C. The chloramine concentration was controlled at 2.7-3.3 mg/L by the addition of a sodium hypochlorite solution and then addition of an ammonium chloride solution. The pH was controlled by adding sodium hydroxide as needed.

(52) The aqueous chloramine test solution described above was flowed through the filtration system for 5 minutes to wet out the carbon block sample. After this, samples of the effluent (outflow from the carbon block sample) were taken periodically and the throughput in liter was recorded. Effluent samples were analyzed for chloramine by the DPD Total Chlorine Method, Hach Method 8167, which Hach Company claims to be equivalent to USEPA Method 330.5. The free chlorine (OCl.sup.−) concentration was periodically measured by the DPD Free Chloramine Analysis, Hach Method 8021, which Hach company claims is equivalent to EPA Method 330.5. Free chlorine was maintained at a negligible concentration (<0.2 ppm), thus, the total chlorine analysis was considered a good approximation of the concentration of chloramines in the effluent. The chloramine effluent concentration was then plotted as a function of the aqueous chloramine test solution throughput. The maximum effluent chloramine concentration per NSF 42 is 0.5 mg/L. Capacity of the carbon block sample is reported as the throughput attained before the concentration of chloramines in the effluent rises above 0.5 mg/L.

EXAMPLE 2

Comparative Chloramine Removal Performance Test of an Example of the Present Catalytically Activated Nitrogen-Rich Carbon Product Against Other Competing Products in the Form of a Block Under the Application of Pressure

(53) Block Dimensions: Length (L) 236 mm Inner diameter (ID) 31 mm Outer diameter (OD) 60 mm Carbon to binder ratio: 70:30 by weight Total weight including cap 430 g Net weight of carbon used (excluding binder and cap weight): approx. 280 g Experimental flow rate 1 gpm

(54) FIG. 2 depicts concentration of chloramine (ppm) in the effluent versus throughput (L) for the treated carbon product, Aquaguard™, Kuraray 80×325, and FX™-ChloraGuard®, respectively, tested based on Example 2.

(55) Table V summarizes the approximate chloramine removal capacities for the carbon blocks tested based on Example 2.

(56) TABLE-US-00005 TABLE V Chloramine removal Carbon material used to make carbon block capacity (L) EPC5 (Brand name FX ™ ChloraGuard ® 2200 Kuraray 80 × 325 5200 Aquaguard ™ 3000 Treated carbon product 6000

EXAMPLE 3

(57) Block Dimensions: Length (L) 180 mm; Inner diameter (ID) 10 mm; Outer diameter (OD) 47 mm Carbon to binder ratio: 70:30 by weight; Total weight including cap 190 g Net weight of carbon used (excluding binder and cap weight): approx. 125 g Experimental flow rate 0.53 gpm

(58) FIG. 3 depicts the concentration of chloramine (ppm) in the effluent versus throughput (L) for the treated carbon product of the present invention, Aquaguard™, Kuraray 80×325, and FX™-ChloraGuard® tested based on Example 3.

(59) Table VI summarizes the approximate chloramine removal capacities for the carbon blocks tested based on Example 3.

(60) TABLE-US-00006 TABLE VI Chloramine removal Carbon material used to make carbon block capacities (L) EPC5 (Brand name FX ™ ChloraGuard ® 1400 Kuraray 80 × 325 3400 Aquaguard ™ 2100 Treated carbon product 4200

EXAMPLE 4

(61) The effect of particle size on the final chloramine removal performance of carbon block was then determined.

(62) A test block was made using the following carbon: 100% treated carbon product (100×325) 90% treated carbon product (mesh size 100×325)+10% treated carbon product (mesh size −325)

(63) Block Dimension: Length (L) 180 mm; Inner diameter (ID) 10 mm; Outer diameter (OD) 47 mm Carbon to binder ratio: 70:30 by weight Total weight including cap 190 g; Net weight of carbon: approx. 125 g Experimental flow rate 0.53 gpm

(64) FIG. 4 depicts the concentration of chloramine (ppm) in the effluent versus throughput (L) for blocks made with 100% of the treated carbon product of the present invention (100×325) and combination of 90% 100×325 mesh invention product and 10% −325 mesh treated catalytically activated nitrogen-rich carbon products tested based on Example 4.

(65) Table VII summarizes the approximate chloramine removal capacities for the carbon blocks tested based on Example 4.

(66) TABLE-US-00007 TABLE VII Chloramine removal Carbon material used to make the blocks capacities (L) 100% treated carbon product (100 × 325) 4200 90% treated carbon product 5000 (100 × 325 mesh) + 10% treated carbon product (−325 mesh)

EXAMPLE 5

Comparative Chloramine Removal Performance Evaluation of the Invention Products (Coconut-Shell Based v/s Coal Based), Particle Size 100×325

(67) Block Dimension: Length (L) 180 mm; Inner diameter (ID) 10 mm; Outer diameter (OD) 47 mm Carbon to binder ratio: 70:30 by weight; Total weight including cap 190 g; Net weight of carbon: approx. 125 g; Experimental flow rate 0.53 gpm

(68) FIG. 5 depicts a concentration of chloramine (ppm) in the effluent versus throughput (L) for blocks made with 100% of the treated carbon product of the present invention (100×325 coconut-shell based) and invention product (100×325 coal-based) tested based on Example 5.

(69) Table VIII summarizes the approximate chloramine removal capacities for the carbon blocks tested based on Example 5.

(70) TABLE-US-00008 TABLE VIII Chloramine removal Carbon material used to make the blocks capacities (L) 100% treated carbon product (100 × 325 4200 coconut-shell based) 100% treated carbon product (100 × 325 5200 coal-based)

(71) Another embodiment of this technology is the ability to add antimicrobial activity, such as, bacteriostatic, bactericide, viricide. This can be accomplished by the addition of copper-zinc ions to the surface of the treated carbon product carbon. These complexes impart the anti-microbial activity to the carbon media without any detrimental effect on the chloramine reduction chemistry. Other anti-microbial complexes, e.g., silver, can also be used to supply anti-microbial activity.

(72) Steps are taken to bind zinc and copper using anionic surfactant so that there is less leaching of zinc and copper from the carbon filter media.

X-Ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD) of Regular Activated Carbon (Coconut-Shell Based), Oxidized Activated Carbon and EPC5-G2 (the Present Catalytically Activated Nitrogen-Rich Carbon Particles/Product)

(73) X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis was carried out on activated coconut-shell based carbon, oxidized activated carbon, and the treated carbon product of the present invention (EPC5-G2) to identify structural changes between regular activated carbon (coconut shell based), oxidized activated carbon, and the treated carbon product (EPC5-G2).

Sample Preparation

(74) Samples were ground with a mortar and pestle and passed through a 200-mesh sieve (74-μm nominal opening size). Samples were loaded on a low-background plate for XRD measurements.

(75) XRD patterns were acquired using a Bruker D2 Phaser equipped with a high-speed linear detector (LYNXEYE) and Cu K-alpha radiation (1.54184 Å) at 30 kV and 10 mA. The measurements were performed over a 2-theta range of 5 to 135 deg, with a scan speed of 1 sec/step and 0.02 deg increments.

(76) Identification of crystalline materials was conducted using the Bruker Diffrac.Eva search/match software and the ICDD PDF-2 database.

(77) FIG. 6 depicts an overlay of XRD patterns of regular activated carbon (top line), oxidized activated carbon (middle line), and the treated carbon product of the present invention (melamine impregnated activated carbon) (bottom line). (For clarity, the patterns were shifted in intensity with respect to each other.)

(78) Details of the center (2-theta), d-spacing and FWHM of the carbon peaks obtained by profile fitting for each sample are summarized in Table IX below:

(79) TABLE-US-00009 TABLE IX C(001) C(002) d- d- 2-theta spacing FWHM 2-theta spacing FWHM Sample (deg) (A °) (deg) (deg) (A °) (deg) Regular 8.784 10.067 4.458 23.710 3.753 5.541 Activated Carbon Oxidized 9.215 9.597 4.130 23.509 3.784 5.981 Activated Carbon EPC5-G2 9.043 9.779 4.317 23.503 3.785 5.783 C(100) d- 2-theta spacing FWHM Sample (deg) (A °) (deg) Regular 42.841 2.111 3.560 Activated Carbon Oxidized 42.695 2.118 3.440 Activated Carbon EPC5-G2 42.719 2.117 3.585

(80) Broad peaks of carbon were identified for all three samples, namely regular activated carbon, oxidized activated carbon and the treated carbon product. These samples exhibit four broad peaks corresponding to the (001), (002), (100) and (111) Bragg reflections of carbon. The background broad peaks at 2θ values around 9, 23.5, and 43 refer to the amorphous structure of the activated carbon. The XRD pattern of the treated carbon product is very much similar to both coconut-shell based regular activated carbon and the oxidized activated carbon, and indicates that the overall structural integrity of regular activated carbon in the treated carbon product remains the same before and after the melamine modification except small changes in the d-spacing for C (001) and C (002) reflection patterns.

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) Analysis

(81) The surface functional groups were determined by Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR, Perkin Elmer). The carbon samples were mixed with KBr of spectroscopic grade and made as thin pellets using a hydraulic press at a pressure of 1 MPa. The pellets were about 10 mm in diameter and 1 mm in thickness. The pellet was placed in the IR beam for spectral analysis. The FTIR spectra of coconut-shell based regular activated carbon, oxidized activated carbon, and the treated carbon product were recorded between the spectral range of 4000 and 450 cm.sup.−1.

(82) FIG. 7 depicts the FTIR spectrum of coconut-shell based regular activated carbon.

IR Peak Analysis of Regular Activated Carbon

(83) The presence of the bands between 3600-3120 cm.sup.−1 can be attributed to the stretching vibrations of N—H and O—H functional groups. The shoulder band at 2925-2853 cm−1 may originate from the asymmetric C—H stretching in the —CH.sub.2 and —CH.sub.3 groups. A very small peak near 1748 cm.sup.−1 is assigned to the C═O stretching vibrations of ketones, aldehydes, lactones or carboxyl groups. The sharp band at 1634 cm.sup.−1 indicates the presence of —C—H, —C═C— and characteristic aromatic C═C groups. The band at 1454 cm.sup.−1 may correspond to the O—H bending band. Bands between 1300-1035 cm.sup.−1 corresponds to C—O stretching vibration. Bands below 950 cm.sup.−1 correspond to the out-of-plane deformation vibrations of the C—H groups in the aromatic structure.

(84) FIG. 8 depicts the FTIR spectrum of oxidized activated carbon.

(85) The FTIR spectrum of oxidized activated carbon is very much similar to that of regular activated carbon other than some minor band shifting. Here also, IR peaks at 3600-3160 cm.sup.−1 region attributes to the stretching vibration of O—H and N—H functional groups. The bands at 2924-2854 cm.sup.−1 corresponds to the asymmetric C—H stretching of —CH.sub.2 and —CH.sub.3 groups. A very small peak near 1744 cm.sup.−1 is assigned to the C═O stretching vibrations of ketones, aldehydes, lactones or carboxyl groups. The sharp band at 1633 cm.sup.−1 indicates the presence of —CH—H, —C═C— and characteristic aromatic C═C groups. The band observed at 1543 cm.sup.−1 corresponds to the asymmetric stretching vibration of N═O. The band at 1454 cm.sup.−1 may correspond to the O—H bending band. Bands between 1300-1034 cm.sup.−1 corresponds to C—O stretching vibration. Bands below 950 cm.sup.−1 correspond to the out-of-plane deformation vibrations of the C—H groups in the aromatic structure.

FTIR Spectrum of the Treated Carbon Product

(86) FIG. 9 depicts the FTIR Spectrum of the treated carbon product (Melamine Impregnated Activated Carbon).

(87) The FTIR spectrum of the treated carbon product (melamine impregnated activated carbon) resembles that of regular activated carbon with some additional peaks. IR peaks at 3600-3130 cm.sup.−1 region attributes to the stretching vibration of O—H and N—H functional groups. The bands at 2923-2853 cm.sup.−1 corresponds to the asymmetric C—H stretching of —CH.sub.2 and —CH.sub.3 groups. A very small peak near 1742 cm.sup.−1 is assigned to the C═O stretching vibrations of ketones, aldehydes, lactones or carboxyl groups. The sharp band at 1618 cm.sup.−1 indicates the presence of —C—H, —C═C— and characteristic aromatic C═C groups. The band at 1457 cm.sup.−1 corresponds to the pyridinic C═N stretching vibration. The band observed at 1540 cm.sup.−1 corresponds to the asymmetric stretching vibration of N═O. The band at 1257 cm.sup.−1 corresponds to C—N stretching vibration. Bands between 1300-1035 cm.sup.−1 corresponds to C—O stretching vibration. Bands below 950 cm.sup.−1 correspond to the out-of-plane deformation vibrations of the C—H groups in the aromatic structure.

(88) In summary, FTIR is a well-known method for analyzing surface chemistry. It can be used to detect the functional groups present in the sample. IR Spectroscopy measures the vibrations of atoms and based on this it is possible to determine the functional groups. IR analysis involves the characterization of a material with respect to the presence or absence of a specific group's frequency associated with one or more fundamental modes of vibration. Here, FTIR spectroscopic analysis is performed on coconut-shell based regular activated carbon, oxidized activated carbon and the resultant activated nitrogen-rich (i.e., melamine treated) carbon of the invention (referred to on some figures as EPC5-G2) in order to identify the types of surface functional groups present in those sample. Table X summarizes the IR assignments of functional groups on coconut-shell based activated carbon, oxidized activated carbon and activated nitrogen-rich carbon of the invention (EPC5-G2):

(89) TABLE-US-00010 TABLE X IR Peaks (cm.sup.−1) Coconut-shell nitrogen-rich based regular Oxidized (Melamine) Functional activated activated carbon Groups Assignment carbon carbon (EPC5-G2) —OH O—H stretching 3467 3461 3474 vibration —NH N—H stretching — — 3551 vibration —CH.sub.2 C—H asymmetric 2925 2924 2923 stretching C—H 2853 2854 2853 symmetric stretching C═O Stretching vibration 1748 1744 1742 of C═O C═C Stretching vibration of 1634 1633 1618 C═C in aromatic rings C═N Pyridinic C═N — — 1457 str. vibration N═O Nitro N═O str. 1543 1543 1540 vibration C—O Stretching of C—O 1059, 1112, 1034, 1107, 1034, 1116, functional groups 1165, 1250 1165, 1262 1165, 1251 C—N C—N stretching band — — 1257 in the aromatic ring

(90) As observed from FIGS. 8 and 9, the IR spectrum of oxidized activated carbon is similar to that of coconut-shell based regular activated carbon except for the stronger peaks in the spectrum, suggesting higher intensities in the oxygen functional groups. It can be suggested from the spectra that the main oxygen groups present in the coconut-shell based regular activated carbon, oxidized activated carbon, and the treated carbon product are carbonyl, ethers, and alcohols group. The IR spectrum of the treated carbon product (EPC5-G2) is also similar to both coconut-shell based regular activated carbon and the oxidized activated carbon except for the appearance of some additional bands (such as pyridinic C═N stretching band at 1465 cm.sup.−1) due to melamine modification. As evident from these IR spectra, the overall structural integrity of regular activated carbon in the activated nitrogen-rich carbon of the invention (EPC5 G2) remains the same before and after the melamine modification except some additional spectral peaks indicating pyridinic and aromatic nitrogen functional groups.

Chlorine Removal Performance of the Treated Carbon Product (EPC5-G2) as a Block Used in Plumbed-In Systems

(91) The chlorine removal test was performed in a flow-through system as per a method based on the NSF/ANSI Standard 42 (Drinking Water Treatment—Aesthetic Effects). A 2 mg/L aqueous chlorine test solution was prepared having a pH of 7.6 total dissolved solids of 200-500 mg/L; a hardness less than 170 mg/L as CaCO.sub.3; turbidity of less than 1 Nephelometric Turbidity Units; and a temperature of 20±3° C.

(92) The aqueous chlorine test solution described above was flowed through the filtration system for 5 minutes to wet out the carbon block sample. After this, samples of the effluent (outflow from the carbon block sample) were taken periodically and the throughput in liter was recorded. Effluent samples were analyzed for chlorine by the DPD Total Chlorine Method, Hach Method 8167. Free chlorine was maintained at a negligible concentration (<0.1 ppm), thus, the total chlorine analysis was considered a good approximation of the concentration of chlorine in the effluent. The chlorine effluent concentration was then plotted as a function of the aqueous chlorine test solution throughput. The maximum effluent chlorine concentration per NSF 42 is 1.0 mg/L. Capacity of the carbon block sample is reported as the throughput attained before the concentration of chlorine in the effluent is 1.0 mg/L.

(93) Block Dimensions: Length (L): 236 mm Inner diameter (ID): 31 mm Outer diameter (OD): 60 mm Net weight of carbon: approx. 280 g Experimental flow rate: 1 gpm

(94) FIG. 10 depicts the concentration of chlorine (ppm) in the effluent versus throughput (L) for the treated carbon product of the present invention. As shown, the block passed more than 115,000 L for chlorine at a flow of 1 gallon per minute. Thus, the block passed more than its targeted life for chlorine reduction.

(95) While the present invention has been particularly described, in conjunction with a specific preferred embodiment, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the foregoing description. It is therefore contemplated that the appended claims will embrace any such alternatives, modifications and variations as falling within the true scope and spirit of the present invention.