A carboxylic acid or sulfonic acid salt containing a plurality of carbonyl groups, and a surfactant represented by the following formula:
R.sup.1C(O)R.sup.2C(O)R.sup.3-A
wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are as defined herein, and A is COOX or SO.sub.3X, wherein X is H, a metal atom, NR.sup.4.sub.4, imidazolium optionally containing a substituent, pyridinium optionally containing a substituent, or phosphonium optionally containing a substituent, where R.sup.4s are each H or an organic group and are the same as or different from each other; and any two of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 optionally bind to each other to form a ring.

A method of making an invert oil-based mud (OBM), a composition for an invert OBM, and a method of using an invert OBM are provided. The invert OBM includes an oil-based fluid, an emulsifier comprising a calcium salt of an alkyl esterified fatty acids from a vegetable oil, an emulsion activating agent, and a water-based fluid.

Anti-bit balling drilling fluids and methods of making and using drilling fluids are provided. The anti-bit balling drilling fluid contains water, a clay-based component, and at least one of a surfactant having the formula: R(OC.sub.2H.sub.4).sub.xOH, where R is a hydrocarbyl group having from 10 to 20 carbon atoms and x is an integer from 1 and 10, or a polyethylene glycol having the formula: H(OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2).sub.nOH, where n is an integer from 1 to 50. Methods of making and using these drilling fluids are also provided.

Polycationic polymeric antimicrobial surfactant and polymeric biocompatible antimicrobial surfactant compositions are useful in dispersing various compounds in a carrier liquid. The polycationic polymeric antimicrobial surfactant and polymeric biocompatible antimicrobial surfactant compositions employ polymers having both hydrophilic domains and hydrophobic domains so that the compositions can disperse particles such as polymer particles or droplets in a continuous phase as well as provide stable dispersions that have not been provided before. The antimicrobial properties of the compositions provide much-needed capabilities of fighting infectious agents such as bacteria and viruses in a wide spectrum of products such as paint, adhesives, and coatings. Methods of using these compositions as well as methods of making products using the compositions are disclosed.

The present invention discloses a two-dimensional nanomaterial dispersant, a preparation method of a two-dimensional nanomaterial by liquid phase exfoliation, and use thereof. The present invention utilizes a readily synthesizable and inexpensive oligoaniline, oligoaniline derivative, polyaniline conducting polymer or the like as a dispersant of a two-dimensional nanomaterial, such as a boron nitride nanosheet or a molybdenum disulfide nanosheet, simply mixes the dispersant with boron nitride or molybdenum disulfide in a dispersion medium, such as water, an organic solvent, or a polymer resin, and can significantly improve dispersity and dispersion stability of the two-dimensional nanomaterial in the dispersion medium by a physical interaction therebetween; and can also obtain the two-dimensional nanomaterial in the dispersant by a simple liquid phase exfoliation method, which is an environment friendly and efficient process with simple operations without impairing the physical structure and chemical properties of the two-dimensional nanomaterial, and facilitates large-scale implementation.

A nonionic surfactant that is environmentally friendly, has excellent surface active power (emulsifying power and solubilizing power), and is capable of stably maintaining the excellent surface active power for a long time is provided. A nonionic surfactant of the present invention contains polyglycerol monoether represented by the formula (1), wherein a ring Z represents a condensed ring of an aromatic hydrocarbon ring having 6 to 14 carbon atoms and a 3 to 6-membered heterocycle containing an oxygen atom as a heteroatom; R.sup.1 is a substituent bonded to the ring Z and represents an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 14 to 25 carbon atoms; the ring Z optionally has one or more substituents other than R.sup.1; and n is an average number of monomers of glycerol and represents 2 to 20. ##STR00001##

According to at least one embodiment of the present disclosure, a well bore cementing system may comprise a spacer fluid and a cement slurry. The spacer fluid may be positioned within a well bore, and the spacer fluid may comprise a first surfactant package comprising one or more surfactants. The cement slurry may be positioned within the well bore, and the cement slurry may comprise a second surfactant package comprising one or more surfactants.

The present disclosure is directed to highly concentrated foam formulations for blast suppression and dispersion mitigation. for use in responding to a terrorism incident involving a blast dispersion device. The foam formulation is more concentrated and more stable than current blast suppression foams, which reduces the logistics burden on the user.

The invention relates to the compounds of formula (I),

##STR00001##

in which R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 represent a linear, branched or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon group, comprising 1 to 6 carbon atoms, wherein the sum of the carbon atoms of the groups R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 is from 2 to 7; A represents a chain of one or a plurality of units of ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide and mixtures thereof; and n is an integer between 1 and 100 inclusive. The invention also relates to mineral or organic salts thereof; the use of the compounds of formula (I) and/or of one of the salts thereof as a surfactant, a wetting agent, a detergent, an emulsifying agent, a dispersant, a corrosion inhibitor, and the like; and to compositions comprising at least one compound of formula (I) and/or of one of the salts thereof.

The present invention relates to a composition comprising HFO-1234yf, or trans-HFO-1234ze, or a mixture thereof; HFC-32; and HFC-152a, HFO-1243zf, or a mixture thereof, wherein said composition is selected from the group consisting of: (I) a first composition, wherein said HFO-1234yf or trans-HFO-1234ze or a mixture thereof is at least 56 weight percent of said first composition; (II) a second composition, wherein said HFC-32 is at most 29 weight percent of said second composition; (III) a third composition, wherein said HFC-152a is at least 56 weight percent said third composition; (IV) a fourth composition, wherein said HFC-32 is at least 56 weight percent of said fourth composition; (V) a fifth composition comprising trans-HFO-1234ze, HFC-32, and HFC-152a, HFO-1243zf, or a mixture thereof; and (VI) a sixth composition, wherein said HFO-1243zf or mixture thereof with HFC-152a is at most 20 weight percent of said sixth composition.