The present invention refers to a process for a transition metal, particularly nickel-catalyzed cyanation reaction of aryl/vinyl halide using organic nitrile compounds. This new reaction provides a strategically distinct approach to the safe preparation of aryl/vinyl cyanides, which are essential compounds in agrochemistry and medicinal chemistry.

The new 1H-furo[3,2-b]imidazo[4,5-d]pyridine derivatives are selective Jak1 kinase inhibitors useful in treating disorders related to Jak1 activities such as autoimmune diseases or disorders, inflammatory diseases or disorders, and cancer or neoplastic diseases or disorders.

The new 1H-furo[3,2-b]imidazo[4,5-d]pyridine derivatives are selective Jak1 kinase inhibitors useful in treating disorders related to Jak1 activities such as autoimmune diseases or disorders, inflammatory diseases or disorders, and cancer or neoplastic diseases or disorders.

The present disclosure relates to novel pyridine-containing macrocyclic compounds and libraries thereof that are useful as research tools for drug discovery efforts. This disclosure also relates to methods of preparing these compounds and libraries and methods of using these libraries, such as in high throughput screening. In particular, these libraries are useful for evaluation of bioactivity at existing and newly identified pharmacologically relevant targets, including G protein-coupled receptors, nuclear receptors, enzymes, ion channels, transporters, transcription factors, protein-protein interactions and nucleic acid-protein interactions. As such, these libraries can be applied to the search for new pharmaceutical agents for the treatment and prevention of a range of medical conditions.

The invention provides compounds of formula (I):

##STR00001##

wherein the variables are defined in the specification, or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof, that are inhibitors of JAK kinases. The invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds, methods of using such compounds to treat gastrointestinal and other inflammatory diseases, and processes and intermediates useful for preparing such compounds.

The invention provides compounds of formula (I):

##STR00001##

wherein the variables are defined in the specification, or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof, that are inhibitors of JAK kinases. The invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds, methods of using such compounds to treat gastrointestinal and other inflammatory diseases, and processes and intermediates useful for preparing such compounds.

Cranial placodes are embryonic structures essential for sensory and endocrine organ development. The efficient derivation of cranial placodes from human pluripotent stem cells is disclosed where the timed removal of the BMP inhibitor Noggin, a component of the dual-SMAD inhibition strategy of neural induction, triggers placode induction at the expense of CNS fates. Further fate specification at the pre-placode stage enables the selective generation of placode-derived trigeminal ganglia capable of in vivo engraftment, mature lens fibers and anterior pituitary hormone-producing cells that upon transplantation produce hormones including, but not limited to, human growth hormone and adrenocortiocotropic hormone in vivo. Alternatively, anterior pituitary hormone-producing cells are generated in cell culture systems in vitro.

The new 1H-furo[3,2-b]imidazo[4,5-d]pyridine derivatives are selective Jak1 kinase inhibitors useful in treating disorders related to Jak1 activities such as autoimmune diseases or disorders, inflammatory diseases or disorders, and cancer or neoplastic diseases or disorders.

The new 1H-furo[3,2-b]imidazo[4,5-d]pyridine derivatives are selective Jak1 kinase inhibitors useful in treating disorders related to Jak1 activities such as autoimmune diseases or disorders, inflammatory diseases or disorders, and cancer or neoplastic diseases or disorders.

The present invention aims to provide an electrolyte solution containing a quaternary ammonium salt as an electrolyte salt and is capable of providing an electrochemical device having a high capacitance retention and reducing generation of gas. The electrolyte solution of the present invention contains a solvent, a quaternary ammonium salt, and a nitrogen-containing unsaturated cyclic compound. The unsaturated cyclic compound is a nitrogen-containing unsaturated heterocyclic compound. The unsaturated cyclic compound excludes salts of the unsaturated cyclic compound and ionic liquids obtainable from the unsaturated cyclic compound.