Disclosed is a system for treating a substrate surface. The system includes a conditioner composition and a first pretreatment composition. The conditioner composition comprises a hydroxide source and the first pretreatment composition comprises a magnesium element, a halide element, and an oxidizing agent. Methods of treating a substrate surface using the conditioner composition and the first pretreatment composition also are disclosed. Also disclosed are substrates treated with the system and method.

A process for removing a material that is adhered to an underlying surface includes using a laser beam to heat the material to reduce the strength of adhesion between the material and the underlying surface. A stream of gas is directed at the heated material to displace the heated material from the underlying surface.

A process for removing a material that is adhered to an underlying surface includes using a laser beam to heat the material to reduce the strength of adhesion between the material and the underlying surface. A stream of gas is directed at the heated material to displace the heated material from the underlying surface.

A method of removing a coating made of an organic material, in particular an organic lacquer or a polymer coating, which adheres to the surface of tin-plated sheet steel. In a first step, the tin layer of the tin-plated sheet steel is completely or incipiently melted by exposure to electromagnetic radiation with a predefined wavelength, to which the organic coating is at least primarily transparent, with the organic coating becoming detached from tin layer, and in a second step, the organic material of the coating which detached from the tin layer is removed.

A method of removing a coating made of an organic material, in particular an organic lacquer or a polymer coating, which adheres to the surface of tin-plated sheet steel. In a first step, the tin layer of the tin-plated sheet steel is completely or incipiently melted by exposure to electromagnetic radiation with a predefined wavelength, to which the organic coating is at least primarily transparent, with the organic coating becoming detached from tin layer, and in a second step, the organic material of the coating which detached from the tin layer is removed.

A non-hazardous cleaning solution/process has been developed to remove oxide residues from the surface of blackened needles. Low concentrations of citric acid solution are mixed with blackened needles and treated in an ultrasonic tank for short period of time (<5 minutes). The oxide residues are substantially removed. Quite surprisingly and unexpectedly, the penetration performance of the cleaned needles are greatly improved by up to 50% over other tested cleaning solutions.

The present invention is intended to provide a roll-bonded laminate, in which an ultrathin metal layer is laminated on another metal without generation of wrinkles, cracks and the like.

A roll-bonded laminate formed by lamination of at least three layers, which comprises a peelable carrier layer 10, an ultrathin metal layer 20 and a metallic foil 30, wherein the thickness of the ultrathin metal layer 20 is 0.5 m or more and 20 m or less.

In a coating pretreatment facility using microbubbles, an arrangement is made to make it possible to form the facility compact and to reduce the initial cost and the running cost of the facility. A preliminary cleansing water supplying passage 33 is provided for supplying cleansing waters W1, W2 used in cleansing of a coating subject article B in flushing sections 3, 4 following a degreasing section 2 as preliminary cleansing water W3 for use in preliminary cleansing of the coating subject article B in a preliminary cleansing section 1. A microbubble generator device 34 is provided for causing the preliminary cleansing water W3 used in the preliminary cleansing of the coating subject article B in the preliminary cleansing section 1 to contain microbubbles.

In a coating pretreatment facility using microbubbles, an arrangement is made to make it possible to form the facility compact and to reduce the initial cost and the running cost of the facility. A preliminary cleansing water supplying passage 33 is provided for supplying cleansing waters W1, W2 used in cleansing of a coating subject article B in flushing sections 3, 4 following a degreasing section 2 as preliminary cleansing water W3 for use in preliminary cleansing of the coating subject article B in a preliminary cleansing section 1. A microbubble generator device 34 is provided for causing the preliminary cleansing water W3 used in the preliminary cleansing of the coating subject article B in the preliminary cleansing section 1 to contain microbubbles.

Atomic layer etching (ALE) processes are disclosed. In some embodiments, the methods comprise at least one etch cycle in which the substrate is alternately and sequentially exposed to a first vapor phase non-metal halide reactant and a second vapor phase halide reactant. In some embodiments both the first and second reactants are chloride reactants. In some embodiments the first reactant is fluorinating gas and the second reactant is a chlorinating gas. In some embodiments a thermal ALE cycle is used in which the substrate is not contacted with a plasma reactant.