A scanning ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) measurement system is disclosed with a radio frequency (RF) probe and one or two magnetic poles mounted on a holder plate and enable a perpendicular-to-plane or in-plane magnetic field, respectively, at test locations. While the RF probe tip contacts a magnetic film on a whole wafer under test (WUT), a plurality of microwave frequencies (f.sub.R) is sequentially transmitted through the probe tip. Simultaneously, a magnetic field (H.sub.R) is applied to the contacted region thereby causing a FMR condition in the magnetic film for each pair of (H.sub.R, f.sub.R) values. RF output signals are transmitted through or reflected from the magnetic film to a RF diode and converted to voltage signals which a controller uses to determine effective anisotropy field, linewidth, damping coefficient, and/or inhomogeneous broadening for a sub-mm area. The WUT is moved to preprogrammed locations to enable multiple FMR measurements at each test location.

A scanning ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) measurement system is disclosed with a radio frequency (RF) probe and one or two magnetic poles mounted on a holder plate and enable a perpendicular-to-plane or in-plane magnetic field, respectively, at test locations. While the RF probe tip contacts a magnetic film on a whole wafer under test (WUT), a plurality of microwave frequencies (f.sub.R) is sequentially transmitted through the probe tip. Simultaneously, a magnetic field (H.sub.R) is applied to the contacted region thereby causing a FMR condition in the magnetic film for each pair of (H.sub.R, f.sub.R) values. RF output signals are transmitted through or reflected from the magnetic film to a RF diode and converted to voltage signals which a controller uses to determine effective anisotropy field, linewidth, damping coefficient, and/or inhomogeneous broadening for a sub-mm area. The WUT is moved to preprogrammed locations to enable multiple FMR measurements at each test location.

A monitoring device is provided for analytical measurement of reaction fluid produced in a reaction vessel in a spectrometer with a monitoring cell. The distribution apparatus includes at least four supply and return lines that open into the distribution apparatus, wherein the distribution apparatus comprises a distribution device for distributing reaction fluid to the supply and return lines. The distribution apparatus comprises a distribution vessel in which the distribution device and an electrically controllable pump device for pumping of the reaction fluid are provided, wherein the distribution device comprises an electrically controllable valve device for distributing the reaction fluid to the lines that open into the distribution vessel. A control and regulating device for electrical control of the pump device and of the valve device is provided, wherein reaction control is prompt, automated, and optimized with respect to process parameters, and wherein temperature control may include the entire flow path.

Disclosed herein is a detection device comprising sensors with spin torque oscillators (STOs), at least one fluidic channel configured to receive molecules to be detected, and detection circuitry coupled to the sensors. At least some of the molecules to be detected are labeled by magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). The presence of one or more MNPs in the vicinity of a STO subjected to a bias current changes the oscillation frequency of the STO. The sensors are encapsulated by a material, such as an insulator, separating the sensors from the at least one fluidic channel. A surface of the material provides binding sites for the molecules to be detected. The detection circuitry is configured to detect changes in the oscillation frequencies of the sensors in response to presence or absence of one or more MNPs coupled to one or more binding sites associated with the sensors.

A light-trapping geometry enhances the sensitivity of strain, temperature, and/or electromagnetic field measurements using nitrogen vacancies in bulk diamond, which have exterior dimensions on the order of millimeters. In an example light-trapping geometry, a laser beam enters the bulk diamond, which may be at room temperature, through a facet or notch. The beam propagates along a path inside the bulk diamond that includes many total internal reflections off the diamond's surfaces. The NVs inside the bulk diamonds absorb the beam as it propagates. Photodetectors measure the transmitted beam or fluorescence emitted by the NVs. The resulting transmission or emission spectrum represents the NVs' quantum mechanical states, which in turn vary with temperature, magnetic field strength, electric field strength, strain/pressure, etc.

An exhaust gas sensing system includes a channel for flow of exhaust gas, a first directional antenna, a second directional antenna, a first transmitter, a first receiver, and signal processing circuitry. The first directional antenna and the second directional antenna are disposed in the channel. The first transmitter is coupled to the first directional antenna. The first receiver is coupled to the second directional antenna. The signal processing circuitry is coupled to the first transmitter and the first receiver.

A scanning ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) measurement system is disclosed with a radio frequency (RF) probe and one or two magnetic poles mounted on a holder plate and enable a perpendicular-to-plane or in-plane magnetic field, respectively, at test locations. While the RF probe tip contacts a magnetic film on a whole wafer under test (WUT), a plurality of microwave frequencies (f.sub.R) is sequentially transmitted through the probe tip. Simultaneously, a magnetic field (H.sub.R) is applied to the contacted region thereby causing a FMR condition in the magnetic film for each pair of (H.sub.R, f.sub.R) values. RF output signals are transmitted through or reflected from the magnetic film to a RF diode and converted to voltage signals which a controller uses to determine effective anisotropy field, linewidth, damping coefficient, and/or inhomogeneous broadening for a sub-mm area. The WUT is moved to preprogrammed locations to enable multiple FMR measurements at each test location.

A scanning ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) measurement system is disclosed with a radio frequency (RF) probe and one or two magnetic poles mounted on a holder plate and enable a perpendicular-to-plane or in-plane magnetic field, respectively, at test locations. While the RF probe tip contacts a magnetic film on a whole wafer under test (WUT), a plurality of microwave frequencies (f.sub.R) is sequentially transmitted through the probe tip. Simultaneously, a magnetic field (H.sub.R) is applied to the contacted region thereby causing a FMR condition in the magnetic film for each pair of (H.sub.R, f.sub.R) values. RF output signals are transmitted through or reflected from the magnetic film to a RF diode and converted to voltage signals which a controller uses to determine effective anisotropy field, linewidth, damping coefficient, and/or inhomogeneous broadening for a sub-mm area. The WUT is moved to preprogrammed locations to enable multiple FMR measurements at each test location.

A mass spectrometer is disclosed comprising a glow discharge device within the initial vacuum chamber of the mass spectrometer. The glow discharge device may comprise a tubular electrode located within an isolation valve, which is provided in the vacuum chamber. Reagent vapour may be provided through the tubular electrode, which is then subsequently ionised by the glow discharge. The resulting reagent ions may be used for Electron Transfer Dissociation of analyte ions generated by an atmospheric pressure ion source. Other embodiments are contemplated wherein the ions generated by the glow discharge device may be used to reduce the charge state of analyte ions by Proton Transfer Reaction or may act as lock mass or reference ions.

A mass spectrometer is disclosed comprising a glow discharge device within the initial vacuum chamber of the mass spectrometer. The glow discharge device may comprise a tubular electrode located within an isolation valve, which is provided in the vacuum chamber. Reagent vapour may be provided through the tubular electrode, which is then subsequently ionised by the glow discharge. The resulting reagent ions may be used for Electron Transfer Dissociation of analyte ions generated by an atmospheric pressure ion source. Other embodiments are contemplated wherein the ions generated by the glow discharge device may be used to reduce the charge state of analyte ions by Proton Transfer Reaction or may act as lock mass or reference ions.