The invention relates to a method for calculating the strength and the service life of a process apparatus through which fluid flows, wherein: temperatures existing at a plurality of different points of the apparatus are measured at a first time point in order to obtain temperature measurement values (201); the temperature measurement values are used as constraints in a finite element method (203) in order to determine mechanical stresses existing at a plurality of different points in the material of the apparatus as stress values (204); the remaining service life of the material of the apparatus is determined from the obtained stress values (205); the remaining service life of the material of the apparatus is determined also in dependence on data regarding the apparatus that were determined at a second time point (207), which second time point is earlier than the first time point.

The invention relates to a method for calculating the strength and the service life of a process apparatus through which fluid flows, wherein: temperatures existing at a plurality of different points of the apparatus are measured at a first time point in order to obtain temperature measurement values (201); the temperature measurement values are used as constraints in a finite element method (203) in order to determine mechanical stresses existing at a plurality of different points in the material of the apparatus as stress values (204); the remaining service life of the material of the apparatus is determined from the obtained stress values (205); the remaining service life of the material of the apparatus is determined also in dependence on data regarding the apparatus that were determined at a second time point (207), which second time point is earlier than the first time point.

A microscale collector and injector device comprises a microscale passive pre-concentrator (μPP) and a microscale progressively-heated injector (μPHI). The μPP devices comprises first and second substrate portions, a first collection material, a μPP heater, and an outlet. The first substrate portion defines an array of microscale diffusion channels. The first and second substrate portions cooperate to define a first compartment in fluid communication with the diffusion channels. The first collection material is disposed within the first compartment, at least partially surrounding the outlet. The μPP heater is disposed in thermal communication with the second substrate portion. The μPHI device comprises third and fourth substrate portions, a second collection material, and a plurality of μPHI heaters. The third and fourth substrate portions cooperate to define a second compartment. The second collection material is disposed within the second compartment. The μPHI heaters are disposed in thermal communication with the second compartment.

A thermal emitter includes a freestanding membrane supported by a substrate, wherein the freestanding membrane includes in a lateral extension a center section, a conductive intermediate section and a border section, wherein the conductive intermediate section laterally surrounds the center section and is electrically isolated from the center section, the conductive intermediate section including a conductive semiconductor material that is encapsulated in an insulating material, wherein the border section at least partially surrounds the intermediate section and is electrically isolated from the conductive intermediate section, and wherein a perforation is formed through the border section.

A thermal emitter includes a freestanding membrane supported by a substrate, wherein the freestanding membrane includes in a lateral extension a center section, a conductive intermediate section and a border section, wherein the conductive intermediate section laterally surrounds the center section and is electrically isolated from the center section, the conductive intermediate section including a conductive semiconductor material that is encapsulated in an insulating material, wherein the border section at least partially surrounds the intermediate section and is electrically isolated from the conductive intermediate section, and wherein a perforation is formed through the border section.

A method includes providing thermal energy to a component, determining a thermal response of the component in response to providing the thermal energy, and determining a thermal characteristic of the component based on a reference thermal response and the thermal response. The method includes predicting a surface condition of the component based on the thermal characteristic and a predictive analytic model, where the predictive analytic model correlates the thermal characteristic of the component to an estimated surface condition of the component.

Methods for determining phase fractions of a downhole fluid via thermal properties of the fluids are provided. In one embodiment, a method includes measuring a temperature of a fluid flowing through a completion string downhole in a well and heating a resistive element of a thermal detector at a position along the completion string downhole in the well by applying power to the resistive element such that heat from the resistive element is transmitted to the fluid flowing by the position. The method also includes determining, via the thermal detector, a flow velocity of the fluid through the completion string and multiple thermal properties of the fluid, and using the determined flow velocity and the multiple thermal properties to determine phase fractions of the fluid. Additional systems, devices, and methods are also disclosed.

Methods for determining phase fractions of a downhole fluid via thermal properties of the fluids are provided. In one embodiment, a method includes measuring a temperature of a fluid flowing through a completion string downhole in a well and heating a resistive element of a thermal detector at a position along the completion string downhole in the well by applying power to the resistive element such that heat from the resistive element is transmitted to the fluid flowing by the position. The method also includes determining, via the thermal detector, a flow velocity of the fluid through the completion string and multiple thermal properties of the fluid, and using the determined flow velocity and the multiple thermal properties to determine phase fractions of the fluid. Additional systems, devices, and methods are also disclosed.

A device for measuring the total organic carbon content (TOC) of a sample fluid comprises a measuring cell (2) defining a volume (3) for containing a sample fluid and an excimer lamp (20) arranged to cause an oxidation reaction of the sample fluid by emitting radiation onto the sample fluid in the volume (3). A pair of electrodes is arranged to measure the conductivity of the sample fluid during the oxidation reaction and at least one temperature senor (31) is arranged on the measuring cell (2) to measure a temperature that is related to the sample fluid. The total organic carbon content (TOC) of the sample fluid is determined on the basis of the measured conductivity compensated by the temperature related to the sample fluid.

A device for measuring the total organic carbon content (TOC) of a sample fluid comprises a measuring cell (2) defining a volume (3) for containing a sample fluid and an excimer lamp (20) arranged to cause an oxidation reaction of the sample fluid by emitting radiation onto the sample fluid in the volume (3). A pair of electrodes is arranged to measure the conductivity of the sample fluid during the oxidation reaction and at least one temperature senor (31) is arranged on the measuring cell (2) to measure a temperature that is related to the sample fluid. The total organic carbon content (TOC) of the sample fluid is determined on the basis of the measured conductivity compensated by the temperature related to the sample fluid.