A method for in-situ generation of microbubbles is disclosed. The method includes preparing an electrochemical apparatus, where the electrochemical apparatus includes a substrate and an integrated three-electrodes array patterned on the substrate. The integrated three-electrodes array includes a working electrode, a reference electrode, and a counter electrode. The method further includes growing a nano-structured layer on the working electrode of the integrated three-electrodes array, putting the electrochemical apparatus in contact with a medium fluid, electrolyzing the medium fluid by applying an instantaneous electrical potential to the electrochemical apparatus, and generating a plurality of microbubbles around the electrochemical apparatus in contact with the medium fluid responsive to electrolyzing of the medium fluid.

A method for cancer diagnosis is disclosed. The method includes forming a plurality of cultured cells on an electrochemical biosensor placing the electrochemical biosensor in a medium solution comprising a cell culture solution of a plurality of biological cells, measuring a first electrochemical response from the electrochemical biosensor with the plurality of cultured cells, forming a plurality of stimulated cells on the electrochemical biosensor by ultrasonically stimulating of the plurality of cultured cells, measuring a second electrochemical response from the electrochemical biosensor with the plurality of stimulated cells, and detecting presence of cancer cells responsive to a difference between the first electrochemical response and the second electrochemical response being less than a threshold. Where, the first electrochemical response includes an electrochemical response of the plurality of cultured cells and the second electrochemical response includes an electrochemical response of the plurality of stimulated cells.

Technologies are described for methods for fabricating a film component. The methods may comprise sputtering a first film onto a substrate. The first film may include a semiconductor compound material. The semiconductor compound material may include a semi-metal material and one or more alkali material. The methods may further comprise evaporating a second film onto the first film. The second film may include the one or more alkali materials. The one or more alkali materials may catalyze crystallization of the semiconductor compound material in the first film substantially throughout the first film to form the film component in the first layer.

An extractive system, such as SPME, has an adsorptive phase in the form of a porous coating that has essentially vertical, mutually supporting, columnar structures with nanospaces at the boundaries of the grains.

The invention relates generally to perovskite materials, and in particular, to perovskite thin films having large crystalline grains. Methods of forming the perovskite thin films are disclosed herein. The perovskite thin films find particular use in photovoltaic applications.

The present invention relates to a ZnMg alloy-coated steel sheet with excellent blackening resistance and excellent coating adhesion and to a method for manufacturing same. Provided are a ZnMg alloy-coated steel sheet with excellent blackening resistance and excellent adhesion and a method for manufacturing same, the steel sheet comprising: a substrate steel sheet; a ZnFe intermetallic compound layer formed on the substrate steel sheet; a first ZnMg coating layer formed on the ZnFe intermetallic compound layer and comprising a ZnFe intermetallic compound in which the content of Zn is 95% by weight or higher; a second ZnMg coating layer formed on the first ZnMg coating layer and comprising a ZnMg intermetallic compound in which the content of Zn is 80 to 95% by weight; and an oxide film formed on the second ZnMg coating layer and comprising a metallic oxide.

A process for producing a metallic foam body, having a substrate made of at least one metal or metal alloy A and a layer of a metal or metal alloy B. The metal or metal alloy A and the metal or metal alloy B are selected from a group consisting of Ni, Cr, Co, Cu, Ag, and any alloy thereof and are different. The process includes providing a porous organic polymer foam. The process also includes depositing at least one first metal or metal alloy A on the porous organic polymer foam. The process further includes burning off the porous organic polymer foam to obtain a metallic foam body substrate. The process yet further includes depositing by electroplating a metallic layer of a metal or metal alloy B at least on a part of the surface of the metallic foam body substrate.

A method and structure for providing a pre-deposition treatment (e.g., of a work-function layer) to accomplish work function tuning. In various embodiments, a gate dielectric layer is formed over a substrate, and a work-function metal layer is deposited over the gate dielectric layer. In some embodiments, a first in-situ process including a pre-treatment process of the work-function metal layer is performed. By way of example, the pre-treatment process removes an oxidized layer of the work-function metal layer to form a treated work-function metal layer. In some embodiments, after performing the first in-situ process, a second in-situ process including a deposition process of another metal layer over the treated work-function metal layer is performed.

Processing methods comprising depositing an initial hardmask film on a substrate by physical vapor deposition and exposing the initial hardmask film to a treatment plasma comprising a silane compound to form the hardmask.

A coated probe is provided. The probe includes a probe body and a cladding layer. The probe body has a terminal. The cladding layer covers the surface of the terminal of the probe body, wherein the cladding layer includes a carbon nano-material layer, and the carbon nano-material layer includes a carbon nano-material.