Radically polymerizable, difunctional phenylene sulfide according to Formula I

##STR00001##

in which X, Y independently of each other in each case are absent or are O or NR.sup.6, R.sup.1, R.sup.2 independently of each other in each case are H, a linear or branched C.sub.1 to C.sub.10 alkyl radical, OR.sup.7, SR.sup.8, Cl or Br, R.sup.3 is absent or is a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkylene radical which can be interrupted by O or S, R.sup.4 is absent or is a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkylene radical which can be interrupted by O or S, wherein R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 cannot be absent at the same time, R.sup.5 is H or a C.sub.1-C.sub.5 alkyl radical, R.sup.6, R.sup.7, R.sup.8 independently of each other in each case are H or a linear or branched C.sub.1 to C.sub.10 alkyl radical, a, b, c, d independently of each other in each case are 0 or 1 and e is 1 or 2.

Radically polymerizable, difunctional phenylene sulfide according to Formula I

##STR00001##

in which X, Y independently of each other in each case are absent or are O or NR.sup.6, R.sup.1, R.sup.2 independently of each other in each case are H, a linear or branched C.sub.1 to C.sub.10 alkyl radical, OR.sup.7, SR.sup.8, Cl or Br, R.sup.3 is absent or is a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkylene radical which can be interrupted by O or S, R.sup.4 is absent or is a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkylene radical which can be interrupted by O or S, wherein R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 cannot be absent at the same time, R.sup.5 is H or a C.sub.1-C.sub.5 alkyl radical, R.sup.6, R.sup.7, R.sup.8 independently of each other in each case are H or a linear or branched C.sub.1 to C.sub.10 alkyl radical, a, b, c, d independently of each other in each case are 0 or 1 and e is 1 or 2.

In one aspect, the invention provides a method of promoting a carbon-sulfur bond forming reaction. In certain embodiments, the reaction comprises cross-coupling of a(n) (hetero)aryl halide with a thiol to form the carbon-sulfur bond, wherein the method is promoted by light irradiation in the absence of a photocatalyst. In other embodiments, the cross-coupling reaction can be promoted through visible light irradiation, including sunlight.

In one aspect, the invention provides a method of promoting a carbon-sulfur bond forming reaction. In certain embodiments, the reaction comprises cross-coupling of a(n) (hetero)aryl halide with a thiol to form the carbon-sulfur bond, wherein the method is promoted by light irradiation in the absence of a photocatalyst. In other embodiments, the cross-coupling reaction can be promoted through visible light irradiation, including sunlight.

An onium salt having a partial structure of formula (A) is provided wherein R.sup.a1 and R.sup.a2 are hydrogen or a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 hydrocarbyl group in which hydrogen may be substituted by halogen and CH.sub.2 may be replaced by O or C(?O), both R.sup.a1 and R.sup.a2 are not hydrogen at the same time, R.sup.a1 and R.sup.a2 may bond together to form an aliphatic ring. A chemically amplified negative resist composition comprising the onium salt as acid generator forms a pattern of good profile having a high sensitivity, improved dissolution contrast, reduced LWR and improved CDU. ##STR00001##

The invention provides compounds of Formula I useful for the measurement of temperature by .sup.19F magnetic resonance imaging.

The invention provides compounds of Formula I useful for the measurement of temperature by .sup.19F magnetic resonance imaging.

Provided are a carboxylate capable of producing a resist pattern with satisfactory CD uniformity (CDU), and a resist composition. Disclosed are a carboxylate represented by formula (I) and a resist composition: ##STR00001##
wherein Ar represents an aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 18 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, X.sup.1 represents an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom, R.sup.1 represents a halogen atom or a haloalkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, R.sup.2 represents a halogen atom, a hydroxy group, a haloalkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms or an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, CH.sub.2 included in the haloalkyl group and the alkyl group may be replaced by O or CO, m1 represents an integer of 1 to 6, m2 represents an integer of 0 to 4, and Z.sup.+ represents an organic cation.

One exemplary embodiment can be a process for oxidizing one or more thiol compounds from an alkaline stream. The process may include passing a mixed stream having the alkaline stream to a vessel having an oxidation section, a separation section and a vent gas section. Often, the oxidation section includes a body containing one or more packing elements. The process can further include passing an oxidized alkaline stream to the separation section containing a first chamber and a second chamber. Usually, the first chamber contains a coated mesh and packing. The two sections further form a neck contains a packing, a distributor, and a mesh.

One exemplary embodiment can be a process for oxidizing one or more thiol compounds from an alkaline stream. The process may include passing a mixed stream having the alkaline stream to a vessel having an oxidation section, a separation section and a vent gas section. Often, the oxidation section includes a body containing one or more packing elements. The process can further include passing an oxidized alkaline stream to the separation section containing a first chamber and a second chamber. Usually, the first chamber contains a coated mesh and packing. The two sections further form a neck contains a packing, a distributor, and a mesh.