A P-type dopant is provided, which is a planar aromatic compound having different numbers of fluorine atoms and cyano groups connected at a periphery thereof, and allows adjustment of highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy levels and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels and effectively increases luminous efficiency of a light emitting layer. Moreover, an organic light emitting diode is disclosed, including an anode, a cathode, and a light emitting structure located between the anode and the cathode, wherein a hole injecting layer of the light emitting structure is a hole injecting layer including the P-type dopant described above.

A compound having two or more donor groups differing in the structure and a linking group that links these donor groups, wherein the linking group is an aromatic group composed of one or more benzene rings optionally substituted with an alkyl group or a halogeno group, has good light-emitting characteristics.

Polymers of intrinsic microporosity are provided herein. Disclosed polymers of intrinsic microporosity include modified polymers of intrinsic microporosity that include negatively charged sites or crosslinking between monomer units. Systems making use of polymers of intrinsic microporosity and modified polymers of intrinsic microporosity are also described, such as electrochemical cells and ion separation systems. Methods for making and using polymers of intrinsic microporosity and modified polymers of intrinsic microporosity are also disclosed.

Polymers of intrinsic microporosity are provided herein. Disclosed polymers of intrinsic microporosity include modified polymers of intrinsic microporosity that include negatively charged sites or crosslinking between monomer units. Systems making use of polymers of intrinsic microporosity and modified polymers of intrinsic microporosity are also described, such as electrochemical cells and ion separation systems. Methods for making and using polymers of intrinsic microporosity and modified polymers of intrinsic microporosity are also disclosed.

Provided herein is an inhalable composition of clofazimine. Further provided herein are methods of producing the inhalable clofazimine composition by jet milling. Also provided herein are methods of treating pulmonary diseases by administering the inhalable clofazimine composition.

As an example of an EC element in which vertical color separation is suppressed, the present disclosure provides an EC element including a pair of electrodes, a solvent, an anodic EC compound, and a cathodic EC compound. In the EC element, the difference between a solvation free energy of an oxidized form of the anodic EC compound in water and a solvation free energy of the oxidized form in octanol is 35 kcal/mol or more, and the cathodic EC compound has a substituent containing any one element selected from halogens, sulfur, boron, phosphorus, and silicon.

Polymers of intrinsic microporosity are provided herein. Disclosed polymers of intrinsic microporosity include modified polymers of intrinsic microporosity that include negatively charged sites or crosslinking between monomer units. Systems making use of polymers of intrinsic microporosity and modified polymers of intrinsic microporosity are also described, such as electrochemical cells and ion separation systems. Methods for making and using polymers of intrinsic microporosity and modified polymers of intrinsic microporosity are also disclosed.

Polymers of intrinsic microporosity are provided herein. Disclosed polymers of intrinsic microporosity include modified polymers of intrinsic microporosity that include negatively charged sites or crosslinking between monomer units. Systems making use of polymers of intrinsic microporosity and modified polymers of intrinsic microporosity are also described, such as electrochemical cells and ion separation systems. Methods for making and using polymers of intrinsic microporosity and modified polymers of intrinsic microporosity are also disclosed.

An organic compound which can be used as the phosphorescent host material, the fluorescent host material, or the fluorescent dopant material of the light emitting layer, and/or the electron transporting material of the organic electroluminescence device is disclosed. The organic electroluminescence device employing the organic compound can lower driving voltage, prolong half-lifetime, and increase current efficiency.

An organic compound which can be used as the phosphorescent host material, the fluorescent host material, or the fluorescent dopant material of the light emitting layer, and/or the electron transporting material of the organic electroluminescence device is disclosed. The organic electroluminescence device employing the organic compound can lower driving voltage, prolong half-lifetime, and increase current efficiency.